Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agricultural processing plants

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Agricultural processing plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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Larry Leistritz, F., and Randall S. Sell. "Socioeconomic Impacts of Agricultural Processing Plants." Journal of the Community Development Society 32, no. 1 (March 2001): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330109489696.

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Kára, J., Z. Pastorek, J. Mazancová, and I. Hanzlíková. "New mixtures and technologies for biogas production at biogas plants of agricultural type processing livestock slurry." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 2 (June 17, 2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2009-rae.

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The basis of the biogas production in agriculture is the processing of waste agricultural products (particularly excrements of farm animals but also phytomass). Different but rather similar is the biogas production from biologically degradable municipal waste (BDMW) and biologically degradable industrial waste (BDIW) coming mainly from food industry. The processing of these wastes in agricultural biogas stations could significantly improve their economy. It is necessary to note that all these biogas stations differ from the wastewater cleaning plants where municipal sludge water from public sewers is processed. The municipal sludge water processing to biogas by anaerobic fermentation is a classical technology introduced all over the world. At present, about 100 wastewater cleaning plants operate in the Czech Republic using regular sludge processing into biogas. Electricity produced is utilised mainly for the needs of own operation of waste water treatment plant (WWTP), partly it is sold into public power net. The heat energy is used for heating in the process and its surplus is utilised for operational and administrative facilities. Usually, the heat and electricity quantities produced do not cover the wastewater cleaning plant operation. Agricultural biogas stations and biogas stations for BDMW processing provide considerably higher gas yields because they work with higher dry matter contents in substratum, i.e. 8–12% (compared with waste water treatment plants – 2–6%), and are able to produce high gas surpluses for following applications. Frequently discussed issue are the processing of slaughter waste and grass (or public green areas at biogas stations).
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ja, Athira, Prof K. Geetha, S. Arulraj, N. Megala, and Prasa na. "Survey on Identify the Agricultural Diseases Using Image Processing and Soft Computing Techniques." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i2/ajas21130.

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The agricultural land mass is more than just being a feeding sourcing in today’s world. Agriculture productivity defines the economy of India in a great manner. So, in plants, disease detection plays a vital role in agriculture field. Automatic disease detection approaches are used for detecting plant diseases during the initial stages. To identify the agricultural diseases using digital image based on various features like color, textures and shape. Research firm currently doing a research to detect and diagnosis agricultural diseases based on digital image. This survey provides a better understanding of the soft computing techniques and image processing used for researcher and farmers to identify the agricultural diseases. This survey highlights several diseases of agricultural plants like rice, apple, cucumber, graphs, banana, cherry, wheat and sugarcane. And also this analysis work provides the comparison analysis of different research techniques in terms of their merits and demerits along with numerical analysis.
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Dereszewska, Alina, and Stanisław Cytawa. "PROCESSING OF AGRO-WASTES IN THE LIGHT OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 6 (January 10, 2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7903.

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The article discusses the procedures of agricultural waste management in the context of the principle of maximum closed loop for organic compounds. The concept of regional agro-waste economy is presented taking into account existing technological solutions including agricultural biogas plants as well as biogas plants located at sewage treatment plants. The biogas potential for agricultural waste co-fermented with primary sludge of the ‘Swarzewo’ wastewater treatment plant was estimated.
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Kiryluk, Aleksander. "Biogazownie w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich na przykładzie województwa podlaskiego." Polish Journal for Sustainable Development 24, no. 2 (2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/pjsd.2020.24.2.5.

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One of the causes of climate change is high exhaust emissions from combined heat and power plants and many case furnaces. In order to release these verbal energy sources, gradually switch to the production of electricity from renewable sources (RES). Hence, there are many sources of renewable energy. The article presents the possibility of obtaining energy from agricultural substrates. One of the methods is the production of biogas in the methane fermentation process in agricultural biogas plants. For the production of biogas in agricultural biogas plants in agricultural biogas is maize silage, slurry, and other waste from agriculture and agri-food processing. 9 biogas plants are registered in the Podlaskie Voivodship, producing about 9.5 million m3 of biogas, allowing for the production of 7.695 MWe. The substrates in these biogas plants are mainly maize and agricultural waste (slurry). The positive effects of cultivating plants for energy purposes, as well as the impact of monoculture perennial crops on the agricultural cultivation of agrocenoses were indicated.
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Grismer, Mark E., and Heather L. Shepherd. "Plants in constructed wetlands help to treat agricultural processing wastewater." California Agriculture 65, no. 2 (April 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v065n02p73.

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Sharma, Savita. "Pest Detection in Plants Using Convolutional Neural Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38890.

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Abstract: Agriculture or farming is an imperative occupation since the historical backdrop of humanity is kept up. Artificial Intelligence is leading to a revolution in the agricultural practices. This revolution has safeguarded the crops from being affected by distinct factors like climate changes, porosity of the soil, availability of water, etc. The other factors that affect agriculture includes the increase in population, changes in the economy, issues related to food security, etc. Artificial Intelligence finds a lot of applications in the agricultural sector also which includes crop monitoring, soil management, pest detection, weed management and a lot more. Significant problems for sustainable farming include detection of illness and healthy monitoring of plants. Therefore, plant disease must automatically be detected with higher precision by means of image processing technology at an early stage. It consists of image capturing, preprocessing images, image segmentation, extraction of features and disease classification. The digital image processing method is one of those strong techniques used far earlier than human eyes could see to identify the tough symptoms. Considering different climatic situations in various regions of the world that impact local weather conditions. These climate changes affect crop yield directly. There is a great demand for such a platform in the world of today which would enable the farmer market his farm products. We have proposed in this study a system where farmers can sell their products directly to customers without the intervention of distributors and traders. The predictive analytics system is necessary for the farmer to get the maximum yield which benefit the farmer. This may be done if the environment, market conditions and knowledge of the timely planning of farms are known properly. Keywords: Pest Detection, Artificial Intelligence, Agriculture, Image processing, Convolutional Neural Networks
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Nagila, Ashish, and Abhishek K. Mishra. "The effectiveness of machine learning and image processing in detecting plant leaf disease." Scientific Temper 14, no. 01 (March 25, 2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.1.02.

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In our daily lives, the agricultural sector is crucial. Therefore, it is crucial to be clear about the steps taken to identify any diseases on agricultural plants’ leaves. Plant leaf disease is a significant issue or contributor to crop losses in an agricultural context. Some farmers are able to know every disease name and how to prevent them as it becomes increasingly crucial to recognize the sickness. Different plant leaf diseases appear during various seasons. This problem can be resolved using a deep learning-based approach by identifying the affected regions in plant leaf images, enabling farmers to better comprehend the disease. The primary goal of this research is to survey several image-processing methods for detecting plant diseases and to compare them. India is an agricultural nation, and the majority of its people depend on agriculture for a living. Focusing on farming with modern technology is essential to ensuring their comfort and ease of living. Crop productivity may be greatly increased by introducing new technologies. An autonomous plant disease detection method using image processing and a neural network methodology can be utilized to solve issues with plant and agricultural diseases. Plants can contract a wide range of illnesses. Different patterns are needed to detect various disorders.
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Vafoev, Safo, Ilkhomjon Turdibekov, Rustam Vafoev, and Ozoda Vafoeva. "Initial results of watering plants via sub-irrigation technology." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403056.

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In this developing world, saving water is the main problem for agricultural sciences. So, in this field, scientists are using many methods to save water-for instance, traditional irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and others. Solving irrigation and the problems in this article demonstrated the sub-irrigation method for agriculture plants in the Uzbekistan regions. According to watering theory in the field condition and compared to drip irrigation in the region, scientifically experiment was done. According to the results of the study, this method will automate the stability of soil moisture in the irrigation of agricultural crops: save 4 … 5 times water and prevent soil salinization; the cost of processing plants and fuels and lubricants with the help of technical means is sharply reduced; land use coefficient increases; hardening of crop rows and the number of their processing is sharply reduced; it is guaranteed to increase crop yields by mixing the juice with water; environmental pollution and soil salinity are sharply reduced. In the case of drip irrigation of agricultural crops, flexible plastic pipes with a diameter of 16… 20 mm are laid on the soil near the crop stalks, from which water holes or cracks are formed at certain intervals, from which water drips and irrigates crops. It is also possible to mix the juice of chemical and local fertilizers with water.
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Nova Ria Sar, Romoldus W. Samiu, and Randi Tangdialla. "Pengembangkan dan Memonitoring Tanaman Hidroponik dan Saluran Pengairan Sawah di Lembang Randan Batu." ASPIRASI : Publikasi Hasil Pengabdian dan Kegiatan Masyarakat 1, no. 5 (September 30, 2023): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.61132/aspirasi.v1i5.363.

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This service aims to develop and monitor hydroponic plants in an effort to increase agricultural efficiency in Lembang Randan Batu. The hydroponic farming method was chosen as a solution to increase agricultural efficiency by utilizing water optimally and reducing land use. Apart from that, cleaning of rice field irrigation channels is carried out to reduce environmental pollution due to plastic waste. This research uses the method of selecting plants, creating a hydroponic system, planting and maintaining plants, collecting plastic waste, sorting and processing plastic waste. The research results show that hydroponic plants can grow well and provide satisfactory results, while cleaning rice field irrigation channels can reduce environmental pollution due to plastic waste. This service contributes to the development of sustainable agriculture and plastic waste management in Lembang Randan Batu.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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Wolters, Dustin Joseph. "Assessment of Corn Plant Population at Emergence from Processed Color Aerial Imagery." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437666741.

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Moreira, Lucas Pladevall. "Proposta de sensor de amido em folha de plantas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-05122017-140650/.

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Para contribuir com o desenvolvimento da automação agrícola, este trabalho descreve abordagens metodológicas e cria uma proposta para a elaboração de um sensor de medição de amido em folhas de plantas, para a quantificação de amido nas folhas das plantas, utilizando técnicas de processamento de imagem em cortes de secção transversal de folhas de goiabeira Psidium guajava L marcadas com Lugol para quantificar após calibração os grãos de amido presentes na folha. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, com redução do tempo necessário para obtenção da medição, propiciando sua utilização como sensor em sistemas de controle de crescimento de plantas em malha fechada, em especial aqueles que utilizam iluminação artificial.
To contribute to the development of agricultural automation, this work describes methodological approaches and creates a proposal for the elaboration of a starch measurement sensor in plant leaves, for the quantification of starch in the leaves of the plants, using image processing techniques in cross-sections of Psidium guajava L guava leaves marked with Lugol to quantify after calibration the starch grains present in the leaf. The results obtained were satisfactory, with a reduction in the time required to obtain the measurement, favoring its use as a sensor in closed-loop plant growth control systems, especially those using artificial lighting.
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Kusmak, Michael T. "An analysis of the economic feasibility of a pistachio processing facility." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/618.

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Ma, Xing. "Characterization and Management of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Processing Tomato in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440386548.

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Kacira, Murat. "Non-contact and early detection of plant water stress using infrared thermometry and image processing /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488193665236214.

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Rethwisch, Michael D., Dick Beckstead, and Larry Parker. "Effect of a Plant Growth Regulator on Green Beans Grown for Processing." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214770.

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Three rates of the plant growth regulator Foliar Triggrr were applied to green beans grown for processing at 5% bloom. The 6 oz rate increased yields of size 1 and 2 beans compared to all other treatments and the untreated check and had the fewest size 3 beans (which would be culls). The 11 oz rate was similar to the untreated check while the 16 oz rate decreased yields. Total bean numbers per plant were similar. Although treatment differences in this experiment were not statistically significant, a yield increase of 10.2% for the 6 oz rate compared with the untreated check may well result in increased economic returns.
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Cacho, Joyce Agnes Sabina. "Growth in Brazil's soybean processing industry and government policies, 1970-1993 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962507.

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Calixte, Sophie. "RNA processing of the ccmFn-rps1 and rpl5-Psirps14-cox3 loci in wheat mitochondria during seedling development." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27580.

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Plant mitochondria possess a gene expression system in which post-transcriptional events, such as transcript end maturation and turnover mechanisms play a key role in regulating the transcriptome. In addition, during early developmental stages of embryo germination, differing transcript profiles have been seen. This research focuses on two loci in wheat mitochondria, ccmFn-rps1 and rpl5-Psirps14-cox3, to elucidate the transcription and post-transcriptional events involved in their expression. Northern analysis of the ccmFN-rps1 genes during early seed-to-seedling development reveals a 3.2 kb primary transcript and a 2.7 kb bicistronic mRNA. A 0.7 kb monocistronic rps1 mRNA is detectable up to 2d but there is no detectable monocistronic ccmFN transcript during the stages examined. Transcript ends were mapped using circular-RT-PCR and phosphatase treatment at three different developmental stages and revealed two processing sites as well as a single 3' end common to all three transcripts. The 5' ends of the processed rps1 transcripts are heterogeneous and do not always include the start codon, questioning the rps1 transcript functionality. Gene order varies between plant species due to the high recombination rate in mitochondrial genomes, as is seen for rpl5-Psirps14 in wheat and rice. In both plants, the functional rps14 gene is encoded in the nucleus and the mitochondrial rps14 copy is a pseudogene. In wheat, rpl5-Psirps14 are co-transcribed with cox3 as two RNA species of 3.5 kb and 2.7 kb at 24hr post-imbibition and exhibit developmentally-specific differences in abundance in seedlings. Two promoter regions were mapped in wheat upstream of rpl5 and both transcripts have the same 3' end. In rice 24hr and 6d however, rpl5-Psirps14 are co-transcribed as a 1.4 kb bicistronic mRNA. This presumably reflects the different regulatory signals used in different species. In addition, rpl5 has been subject to several independent gene transfers to the nucleus in the cereal lineages. For example, there is a functional copy of rpl5 in the mitochondria and the nucleus in wheat but it is absent from the mitochondria in rye and maize. In oat mitochondria, rpl5 appears to be a pseudogene and in barley, rearrangements at the 3' end and low transcript levels question its functionality. The characterization of transcription initiation sites, processing sites and 3' ends for these two loci reflect the relaxed nature and flexibility of signals exploited by plant mitochondria. This research supports the significant role of post-transcriptional events in the regulation of gene expression in plant mitochondria.
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Rethwisch, Michael D., Charles Poole, Rick Poole, and Rudy Pacheco. "Effect of Dry Seed+ Application at Planting 1998 on Processing Onion Yields." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214952.

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Dry Seed+, a fertilizer/plant growth regulator, was applied to processing onions at planting in the fall of 1998 to evaluate the effect on yields. Yield data obtained June 1999 indicated no effect in this experiment, although this was dissimilar to other trial results. Salt content at the field was thought to have limited yields, and have stressed growing plants, which may have contributed to lack of yield differences noted. Further testing is necessary to further evaluate this product.
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Brilhador, Anderson. "Análise semi-automática do arranjo espacial de plantas de milho utilizando visão computacional." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2954.

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A demanda mundial por alimentos cresce a cada ano, tornando necessário o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que aumentem a produção de grãos sem aumentar as áreas destinadas ao para plantio. A cultura de milho é uma das principais commodities do mundo, sendo utilizada na alimentação humana e como ração de outros animais, além de possuir outros fins industriais. O milho é sensível ao arranjo espacial de plantas e qualquer variação no padrão de distribuição pode levar à redução na produção do milho. Atualmente, o processo de verificação da uniformidade dos espaçamentos entre plantas é realizado de forma manual por agrônomos e produtores, a fim de prever possíveis perdas de produção. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem automática para a análise do arranjo espacial de plantas por meio da mensuração dos espaçamentos entre plantas de milho em fases inicias de crescimento. A partir dessa mensuração são extraídas informações relevantes como densidade populacional, uniformidade do plantio e estimativas de perdas. A abordagem proposta utiliza técnicas de visão computacional de baixo custo computacional para identificar as plantas de milho e mensurar os espaçamentos entre plantas, permitindo seu uso em dispositivos com baixo poder computacional como smartphones e tablets. Um conjunto de imagens foi construído como uma contribuição adicional do trabalho contento 222 imagens panorâmicas da linha de plantio de milho em três condições de plantio: direto, convencional e direto após aplicação de herbicidas. Os resultados dos experimentos alcançaram uma taxa de 90% de precisão e 87% de sensibilidade na identificação das plantas de milhos presentes na base. Uma comparação entre as medidas dos espaçamentos entre plantas realizadas de forma manual e por visão computacional, não apresentou diferenças significativas entre as medições, indicando a eficácia da abordagem proposta no trabalho.
Global demand for food is growing every year, requiring the development of new technologies that increase grain production without increasing the areas destined for planting. The corn crop is a major commodity in the world and is used as food, feed for other animals, in addition to having other industrial purposes. Corn is sensitive to the spatial arrangement of plants and any variation in distribution pattern can lead to reduction in the production of corn. Currently, the process of checking the uniformity of spacing between plants is done manually by agronomists and producers in order to predict possible production losses. In this context, this paper proposes an automatic approach to the analysis of the spatial arrangement of plants by measuring the spacing between corn plants in early stages of growth. From this measurement are extracted relevant information such as population density, uniformity of planting and loss estimates. The proposed approach uses computer vision techniques of low computational cost to identify corn plants and measure the spacing between plants, allowing its use in devices with low computational power such as smartphones and tablets. A set of images was built as an additional contribution of work, containing 222 panoramic images of corn planting in three conditions of planting: direct, conventional and direct after applying herbicides. The experimental results achieve 90% of rate accuracy and 87% sensitivity in identification of corn plants present on the base. A comparison of the measurements of the distances between plants made of manual and computer vision way, no presented significant differences between the measurements, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach at work.
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Books on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (3rd 2003 Chiang Mai, Thailand). A proceedings of WOCMAP III: The IIIrd World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Edited by Brovelli E, International Council on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants., and International Society for Horticultural Science. Leuvin, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science, 2005.

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Brown, Dennis M. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Brown, Dennis M. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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F, Petrulis Mindy, and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, eds. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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F, Petrulis Mindy, and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, eds. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Brown, Dennis M. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Brown, Dennis M. Value-added agriculture as a growth strategy. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Mónica, Bendini, Bonaccorsi V. Nélida, and Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Grupo de Estudios Sociales Agrarios., eds. Con las puras manos: Mujer y trabajo en regiones frutícolas de exportación. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial La Colmena, 1998.

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Mónica, Bendini, and Pescio Cristina, eds. Trabajo y cambio técnico: El caso de la agroindustria frutícola en el Alto Valle. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial La Colmena, 1996.

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United States. Agricultural Research Service. Agricultural research on cotton fiber and processing. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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Gomez, A., R. Leschber, and F. Colin. "Sampling Techniques for Sludge, Soil and Plants." In Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes, 112–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4756-6_7.

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Czekała, Wojciech. "Processing of Digested Pulp from Agricultural Biogas Plant." In Innovative Approaches and Applications for Sustainable Rural Development, 371–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02312-6_21.

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Orlova, Nadezhda, Evgenia Serova, Vladimir Popov, and Marina Petukhova. "Key Areas of the Agricultural Science Development in Russia in the Context of Global Trends and Challenges." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 799–812. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_42.

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AbstractThe modern Russian agrifood industry is a steadily developing sector of the national economy. The production of a number of goods has reached historically high levels. Russia has a strong position in the export of agricultural raw material commodities, while the country remains dependent on imports from other countries. This chapter examines critical areas of scientific research in Russia that will create opportunities for increasing competitiveness in the transition of the world food systems from conventional agriculture to Agriculture 4.0. Science and technology-based innovations for transforming food systems in Russia include productivity growth through breeding technologies and improved genetics, in combination with technologies that will ensure optimal realization of this potential (feed additives, fertilizers, plant protection products, animal health, and other so-called “package” solutions). The introduction of digital technologies and cross-platform solutions in agriculture, to reduce the gaps in labor productivity, will increase overall productivity and reduce food losses. Diversification of food products includes priorities for high-margin segments of healthy, functional and personalized nutrition, and the deep processing of agricultural commodities. The paper explores closed farming systems (including “urban farming”) that are independent of external climatic and biological factors. Development of the agricultural waste recycling sector is a priority too. Russia lags behind its competitors in terms of the scientific quality of its production. This is due to a lack of efficiency in the financing of agricultural science, as well as an imbalance within its structure. An increasingly acute problem of the transition of Russian food systems to the innovative path is the reduction of human resources. This trend is typical both in the scientific sector, where it is expressed in a decrease in the number of researchers and an aging staff (which threatens the continuity in the established scientific schools and the viability of research teams) and in agriculture as a whole.
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Behera, Bibhu Santosh, K. S. S. Rakesh, Patrick Kalifungwa, Priya Ranjan Sahoo, Maheswata Samal, and Rakesh Kumar Sahu. "Plant Disease Detection Using Image Processing Methods in Agriculture Sector." In Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks, 759–67. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1844-5_60.

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Genemo, Musa. "Quantum Convolutional Neural Network for Agricultural Mechanization and Plant Disease Detection." In Fourth International Conference on Image Processing and Capsule Networks, 225–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7093-3_15.

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Chakraborty, Debangshu, and Indrajit Ghosh. "Image Processing Techniques in Plant Disease Diagnosis: Application Trend in Agriculture." In Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2021), 691–705. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0095-2_66.

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Spiher, Alan T. "FDA Regulations: A New Development in Agriculture." In The Effect of FDA Regulations (GRAS) on Plant Breeding and Processing, 1–6. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub5.c1.

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Wegmann, M. A., R. Ch Daniel, H. Häni, and A. Iannone. "Toxic Organic Substances in Sewage Sludges: Case Study of Transfer Between Soil and Plant." In Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes, 532–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4756-6_50.

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Mangina, Eleni, Elizabeth Burke, Ronan Matson, Rossa O’Briain, Joe M. Caffrey, and Mohammad Saffari. "Plant Species Detection Using Image Processing and Deep Learning: A Mobile-Based Application." In Information and Communication Technologies for Agriculture—Theme II: Data, 103–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84148-5_5.

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Ammann, Pierre, Armand Cotton, and Nicolas Maire. "Labscale Simulation of Isman-Cotton Batch Phase Anaerobic Digestion for Prediction of Plant Design and Performance." In Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes, 393–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4756-6_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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Yalcin, Hulya. "Phenology monitoring of agricultural plants using texture analysis." In 2016 24th Signal Processing and Communication Application Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2016.7495926.

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SUBIĆ, Jonel, and Marko JELOČNIK. "ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PUBLIC SUPPORT IN PROMOTION OF COOPERATIVES IN SERBIA." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2021/10/12.

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Agricultural cooperatives are excellent tool for strengthening the competitiveness of overall agriculture and individual farms. In previous period there are significant state support allocated to affirmation and development of reasonable entrepreneurial initiatives related to agricultural cooperatives. Even more are valued the sustainable business ideas that have initiated organization of processing at the cooperative level. The main goal of paper is to present the part of mechanism for assessing the economic effectiveness of planed investment in medicinal plants production and processing at selected agricultural cooperative that will be granted from public fund. Investment project suppose the modernization and purchase of missing production elements that will boost the production results of observed cooperative active in sector of medicinal plants. To perceive if or how much the investment is internally/externally economically welcomed, it will be conducted the investment analysis based on use of common static methods. Besides the strengthening of cooperative economic sustainability, both sides, i.e. policy maker and agricultural cooperative, are expecting that realization of investment will surely has certain ecological and social impact to cooperative and local community. Gained results of investment analysis show that supporting the investment in medicinal plant production and processing could be a win-win combination for observed cooperative and local community it belongs.
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Катаев, Михаил, Mikhail Kataev, Кирилл Ёлгин, and Kirill Yolgin. "Determination of Plant Phenological Cycle From RGB Images." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-178-181.

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Automated visual assessment of the state of the earth and plants, wilting and pests of leaves, plant growth indicators, using technical vision, can be used as a basis in smart (precision) agriculture (SA). This article discusses a brief review of the literature on the use of computer (technical) vision (CV) for analyzing the condition of agricultural fields and plants growing on them. The introduction of vision systems into real agricultural production practice is associated with the development of complex mathematical approaches that must be resistant to a variety of technical and weather changes. It is necessary to overcome image changes caused by atmospheric conditions and daily and seasonal variations in sunlight. An approach is proposed, which is based on an RGB image obtained using a typical digital camera. The results are given on the use of CV systems in solving individual tasks of agricultural production.
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Dikici, Birce, Samarth Motagi, Prahruth Kantamani, Suma Ayyagari, Gustavo Villarroel, and Marwan Al-Haik. "Processing of Agricultural Biomass for Producing Reinforced Polymer Composites." In ASME 2019 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2019-1873.

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Abstract Fast growing plants or biomass wastes can be used as affordable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to synthetic insulation materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties (tensile strength and Young’s modulus) of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites as potential building materials. As a natural fiber, Bermuda grass seeds, conifer cones and pinecones are selected. The fundamental processes to develop nanofiber reinforced resin by processing agricultural waste fibers into nanocellulose is also investigated. Tensile tests are conducted to define stress/strain relationship. SEM tests are conducted to evaluate the surface topologies after fracture. The tensile fracture surfaces of composites were investigated. With the addition of Bermuda fibers, the stiffness of the vinyl ester sample was observed to increase by 624.2% compared to neat vinyl ester sample. With the addition of nanocellulose fibers, the stiffness of the composite was observed to increase by 53.3% compared to neat vinyl ester sample.
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Sudhesh, R., V. Nagalakshmi, and A. Amirthasaravanan. "A Systematic Study on Disease Recognition, Categorization, and Quantification in Agricultural Plants using Image Processing." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscan.2019.8878816.

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Francis, Mercelin, and C. Deisy. "Disease Detection and Classification in Agricultural Plants Using Convolutional Neural Networks — A Visual Understanding." In 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spin.2019.8711701.

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Kong, Xiangling, and Yunjun Xu. "Strawberry Plant Localization via Relative Pixels in Sequential Images." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9034.

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When conducting precision operations, such as disease detection, weed removal, yield prediction, and harvesting, on plants such as strawberries and blueberries, it is necessary to know the exact location of each plant. To date, GPS and LiDAR based methods have been proposed, however these methods either cannot routinely store position data, are labor intensive, expensive, or bulky. In this study, a low cost and lightweight localization approach is proposed using relative pixel information of adjacent plants. The kinematic information of a scouting robot carrying the camera and the relative position information of adjacent plants are modeled. The centroids of strawberry plants are identified one by one via image processing technologies. An extended Kalman filter is then developed to estimate the relative positions of adjacent plants. The proposed strawberry plant localization algorithm is validated in a commercial farm. The method is low cost and can be used in routine localization operations in agricultural fields.
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A.A., Zavaliy, Volozhaninov S.S., and Volozhaninova N.V. "DEVELOPMENT OF A SLOTTED MICROWAVE EMITTER FOR SOIL, SEED AND PLANT TREATMENT." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.69-74.

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To reduce the chemical load on the soil, plants and fruits, it is important to use alternative methods of tillage and plants, which include irradiation with non-ionizing radiation. The developed and investigated slit parabolic microwave emitters are offered for placement on stationary and mobile devices for processing biological objects of agricultural production.
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Setyawan, Chandra, Endita Prima Ari Pratiwi, Ngadisih, Nur Endri Ekawati, Aryanis Mutia Zahra, Prieskarinda Lestari, and Muhamad Khoiru Zaki. "Household Scale-Low Input Farming for Community Food Self-Sufficiency After the Covid-19 Pandemic in Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia." In 3rd International Conference on Community Engagement and Education for Sustainable Development. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.151.15.

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Population growth increases the demand for world food needs. Meanwhile, the agricultural sector’s challenges are increasing due to reduced agricultural land, climate change, and natural disasters. The covid-19 pandemic teaches us the importance of precision agriculture to produce optimal food products with minimal input. This study aims to introduce low-input farming practices at the household scale. Low-input farming (LIF) was chosen because its production costs are relatively low with low inputs. Low-input farming is an agricultural practice that maximizes the use of land resources, ensures the achievement of profits, minimizes environmental damage and negative impacts, and prevents adverse effects on health. The study was carried out in partnership with women farmer groups. This study introduced three main programs to support food self-sufficiency at the household scale: hydroponics, aquaponics, and training in processing processed food products made from fish. The selection of program types was determined based on the community's needs following the community's economic capacity to provide inputs in cultivating food crops on a household scale. Intensive assistance was also carried out by a team of experts from agronomy, environmental science, and food technology to ensure the successful implementation of the program. In addition, agricultural inputs with hydroponics in planting media, seeds, and fertilizers are available at low and affordable prices with optimal yields. Meanwhile, for aquaponics, the cultivation of vegetable and fish were introduced in one cultivation medium. The selected plants and fish were species that can grow easily in various climatic conditions and were widely consumed by the community. The training on processing processed food products from fish continues the other two programs. This program increases the knowledge of farmer groups to process fish so that it can increase the added value of fish harvests as well as for household consumption.
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Chen, Kuan, Gary M. Sandquist, and Wongee Chun. "Cogeneration of Clean Water Using Nuclear Power Plant Waste Heat." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29325.

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The production of clean water in the US as well as other countries is a critical need along with non-greenhouse gas electrical power generation. Low-temperature waste heat from nuclear power plants can be used to produce the large quantities of clean water for reactor cooling (∼25,000 acre-ft/yr), potable water for culinary and agricultural use and many other applications. Cogeneration of nuclear electrical power and clean water is reviewed and discussed in this paper. These cogeneration systems can utilize grey and/or brackish water that can markedly extend potential sites for future nuclear plants in areas where only poor water sources are available. A steam adsorption system for on-line production of clean water and refrigeration using nuclear power plant waste heat is also proposed and discussed. This improved design for more energy-efficient use of the steam adsorption cooling has the potential to substantially reduce the intense electrical power consumption for food processing and storage, ice- and snow-making and air-conditioning.
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Reports on the topic "Agricultural processing plants"

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Zamir, Dani, and Steven Tanksley. Fine Mapping and Genetic Interactions of Nearly-Isogenic Allelic Series Representing Yield and Quality QTLs Derived from Wild Tomato Species. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586460.bard.

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Wild germplasm represents a rich source of QTLs capable of enhancing productivity of crop plants. Using the molecular linkage map of tomato in conjunction with novel population structures, we have identified QTLs from five Lycopersicon species that improve key yield and quality associated traits of processing tomatoes. In this research we employed multi-testing sites for fine mapping analysis of the different components of the affected traits combined with genetic interaction studies. Our results demonstrate that 'exotic libraries', which comprise of marker-defined genomic regions taken from wild species and introgressed onto the background of elite crop lines, provide an important opportunity for improving of the agricultural performance of modem crop varieties. Furthermore, we showed that these genetic resources can also serve as reagents for the discovery and characterization of genes that underlie traits of agricultural value. The results set the stage for using the QTLs in marker assisted programs and for applying map-based cloning of the targeted QTL/genes. The cloning of QTLs revealed genes that control pathways for agricultural yield in tomato that may be common for other crop species.
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Steffens, John C., and Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.
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Steffens, John, Eithan Harel, and Alfred Mayer. Coding, Expression, Targeting, Import and Processing of Distinct Polyphenoloxidases in Tissues of Higher Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613008.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones at the expense of O2. PPOs are ubiquitous in higer plants, and their role in oxidative browning of plant tissues causes large annual losses to food production. Despite the importance of PPOs to agriculture, the function(s) of PPOs in higher plants are not understood. Among other roles, PPOs have been proposed to participate in aspects of chloroplast metabolism, based on their occurrence in plastids and high Km for O2. Due to the ability of PPO to catalyze formation of highly reactive quinones, PPOs have also been proposed to be involved in a wide array of defensive interactions with insect, bacterial, and fungal pests. Physiological and biochemical studies of PPO have provided few answers to the major problems of PPO function, subcellular localization, and biochemical properties. This proposal achieved the following major objectives: cloning of PPO cDNAs in potato and tomato; characterization of the tomato PPO gene family; antisense downregulation of the tomato PPO gene family; and reduction in post-harvest enzymic browning of potato through expression of antisense PPO genes under the control of tuber-specific promoters. In addition, we established the lumenal localization of PPO, characterized and clarified the means by which PPOs are imported and processed by chloroplasts, and provided insight into the factors which control localization of PPOs. This proposal has thereby provided fundamental advances in the understanding of this enzyme and the control of its expression.
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Gal-On, Amit, Shou-Wei Ding, Victor P. Gaba, and Harry S. Paris. role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in plant virus defense. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597919.bard.

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Objectives: Our BARD proposal on the impact of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) in plant defense against viruses was divided into four original objectives. 1. To examine whether a high level of dsRNA expression can stimulate RDR1 transcription independent of salicylic acid (SA) concentration. 2. To determine whether the high or low level of RDR1 transcript accumulation observed in virus resistant and susceptible cultivars is associated with viral resistance and susceptibility. 3. To define the biogenesis and function of RDR1-dependent endogenous siRNAs. 4. To understand why Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) can overcome RDR1-dependent resistance. The objectives were slightly changed due to the unique finding that cucumber has four different RDR1 genes. Background to the topic: RDR1 is a key plant defense against viruses. RDR1 is induced by virus infection and produces viral and plant dsRNAs which are processed by DICERs to siRNAs. siRNAs guide specific viral and plant RNA cleavage or serve as primers for secondary amplification of viral-dsRNA by RDR. The proposal is based on our preliminary results that a. the association of siRNA and RDR1 accumulation with multiple virus resistance, and b. that virus infection induced the RDR1-dependent production of a new class of endogenous siRNAs. However, the precise mechanisms underlying RDR1 induction and siRNA biogenesis due to virus infection remain to be discovered in plants. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: We found that in the cucurbit family (cucumber, melon, squash, watermelon) there are 3-4 RDR1 genes not documented in other plant families. This important finding required a change in the emphasis of our objectives. We characterized 4 RDR1s in cucumber and 3 in melon. We demonstrated that in cucumber RDR1b is apparently a new broad spectrum virus resistance gene, independent of SA. In melon RDR1b is truncated, and therefore is assumed to be the reason that melon is highly susceptible to many viruses. RDR1c is dramatically induced due to DNA and RNA virus infection, and inhibition of RDR1c expression led to increased virus accumulation which suggested its important on gene silencing/defense mechanism. We show that induction of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis is associated with production of a genetically distinct class of virus-activated siRNAs (vasiRNAs) by RNA dependent RNA polymerase-1 targeting hundreds of host genes for RNA silencing by Argonaute-2. Production of vasiRNAs is induced by viruses from two different super groups of RNA virus families, targeted for inhibition by CMV, and correlated with virus resistance independently of viral siRNAs. We propose that antiviral RNAi activate broad-spectrum antiviral activity via widespread silencing of host genes directed by vasiRNAs, in addition to specific antiviral defense Implications both scientific and agricultural: The RDR1b (resistance) gene can now be used as a transcription marker for broad virus resistance. The discovery of vasiRNAs expands the repertoire of siRNAs and suggests that the siRNA-processing activity of Dicer proteins may play a more important role in the regulation of plant and animal gene expression than is currently known. We assume that precise screening of the vasiRNA host targets will lead in the near future for identification of plant genes associate with virus diseases and perhaps other pathogens.
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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.
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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.

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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Micrometeorological methods for inferring whole canopy evapotranspiration in large agricultural structures: measurements and modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594402.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives as stated in the approved proposal were: (1) To establish guidelines for the use of micrometeorological techniques as accurate, reliable and low-cost tools for continuous monitoring of whole canopy ET of common crops grown in large agricultural structures. (2) To adapt existing methods for protected cultivation environments. (3) To combine previously derived theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in large agricultural structures (an outcome of our previous BARD project) with ET data derived from application of turbulent transport techniques for different crops and structure types. All the objectives have been successfully addressed. The study was focused on both screenhouses and naturally ventilated greenhouses, and all proposed methods were examined. Background to the topic Our previous BARD project established that the eddy covariance (EC) technique is suitable for whole canopy evapotranspiration measurements in large agricultural screenhouses. Nevertheless, the eddy covariance technique remains difficult to apply in the farm due to costs, operational complexity, and post-processing of data – thereby inviting alternative techniques to be developed. The subject of this project was: 1) the evaluation of four turbulent transport (TT) techniques, namely, Surface Renewal (SR), Flux-Variance (FV), Half-order Time Derivative (HTD) and Bowen Ratio (BR), whose instrumentation needs and operational demands are not as elaborate as the EC, to estimate evapotranspiration within large agricultural structures; and 2) the development of mathematical models able to predict water savings and account for the external environmental conditions, physiological properties of the plant, and structure properties as well as to evaluate the necessary micrometeorological conditions for utilizing the above turbulent transfer methods in such protected environments. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions are: (i) the SR and FV techniques were suitable for reliable estimates of ET in shading and insect-proof screenhouses; (ii) The BR technique was reliable in shading screenhouses; (iii) HTD provided reasonable results in the shading and insect proof screenhouses; (iv) Quality control analysis of the EC method showed that conditions in the shading and insect proof screenhouses were reasonable for flux measurements. However, in the plastic covered greenhouse energy balance closure was poor. Therefore, the alternative methods could not be analyzed in the greenhouse; (v) A multi-layered flux footprint model was developed for a ‘generic’ crop canopy situated within a protected environment such as a large screenhouse. The new model accounts for the vertically distributed sources and sinks within the canopy volume as well as for modifications introduced by the screen on the flow field and microenvironment. The effect of the screen on fetch as a function of its relative height above the canopy is then studied for the first time and compared to the case where the screen is absent. The model calculations agreed with field experiments based on EC measurements from two screenhouse experiments. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of four simple TT techniques for ET estimates within large agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable the future development of lowcost ET monitoring system which will be attainable for day-to-day use by growers in improving irrigation management.
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Levin, Ilan, John Thomas, Moshe Lapidot, Desmond McGrath, and Denis Persley. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato: molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613888.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes. Although first identified in the Mediterranean region, it is now distributed world-wide. Sequence analysis of the virus by the Australian group has shown that the virus is now present in Australia. Despite the importance of the disease and extensive research on the virus, very little is known about the resistance genes (loci) that determine host resistance and susceptibility to the virus. A symptom-less resistant line, TY-172, was developed at the Volcani Center which has shown the highest resistance level among all tested varieties. Preliminary results show that TY-172 is a good candidate to confer resistance to both TYLCV and to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Queensland conditions. Furthermore, Segregation analysis has previously indicated that the resistance is determined by 2-3 genes. In this proposal we aimed to substantiate that TY-172 can contribute to resistance breeding against TYLCV in Queensland, to develop DNA markers to advance such resistance breeding in both Israel and Queensland, and to exploit these markers for resistant breeding in Australian and Israeli lines. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling TYLCVresistance in TY172, appropriate segregating populations were analyzed using 69 polymorphic DNA markers spanning the entire tomato genome. Results show that TYLCV resistance in TY172 is controlled by a previously unknown major QTL, originating from the resistant line, and four additional minor QTLs. The major QTL, termed Ty-5, maps to chromosome 4 and accounts for 39.7-to-46.6% of the variation in symptom severity among segregating plants (LOD score: 33-to-35). The minor QTLs, originated either from the resistant or susceptible parents, were mapped to chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and contributed 12% to the variation in symptom severity in addition to Ty-5. Further analysis of parental lines as well as large F₁, BC₁F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₂ populations originating from crosses carried out, in reciprocal manner, between TY172 and the susceptible processing line M-82 (LA3475) during spring-summer 2010, indicated that: (1) the minor QTLs we have previously identified are in effect not reproducible, (2)Ty-5 alone can yield highly resistant plants with practically no extra-chromosomal effects, and (3) the narrow-sense heritability estimate of resistance levels, attributed to additive factors responsive to selection, does not significantly deviate from 1. All of these results point to Ty-5 as the sole resistance locus in TY172 thus significantly increasing the likelihood of its successful molecular dissection. The DNA markers developed during the course of this study were transferred together with the TY172 genotype to Queensland. TY172 was crossed to a panel of Australian genotypes and the resulting populations were subjected to segregation analysis. Results showed that resistant locus, Ty-5, is highly reproducible in the Australian conditions as well. The Australian group was also able to make improvements to the marker assays by re-designing primer pairs to provide more robust PCR fragments. The Ty-5 locus has now been introgressed into elite Australian germplasm and selection for TYLCV resistance has begun. Cumulatively, our results show that Ty-5 can be effectively used, together with the TY172 genotype to expedite TYLCV resistance breeding and improve our understanding of the genetics that underline the response of tomato to TYLCV. Contributions to agriculture include: (1) the development of tools for more efficient resistance breeding, allowing the incorporation of resistance to local tomato varieties in Australia, Israel and elsewhere; and (2) establish a solid framework for a future attempt to clone the genes that encode such resistance. The latter will enable to decipher the resistance mechanisms that could be applied to other geminiviruses in tomato and possibly in other plant species.
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9

Opportunities and drivers for SME agribusinesses to reduce food loss in Africa and Asia. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191175.

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Climate change, conflict, and the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath have caused a sharp increase in food insecurity globally. Reducing food loss - a decrease in the quantity and/or quality of food that takes place from production through to processing - in places where food insecurity is most severe has the potential to be a win-win for food security, climate outcomes, and for commercially driven agribusinesses. This report reviews the common drivers of food loss in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which include inadequate storage, lack of cold chain, and poor post-harvest and distribution practices. It then highlights five technologies or approaches which have the potential to address food loss, and which are appropriate for agricultural small and medium-sized enterprises (agri-SMEs) operating in much of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which face particular challenges (e.g. an unreliable electrical grid and fragmented value chains). Finally, the report highlights the main barriers to adoption and scale for these technologies and approaches, and identifies opportunities for governments, development partners, investors, and technology manufacturers to improve their uptake among agri-SMEs. The five technologies and approaches covered in this report are as follows: Decentralization of processing using solar dryers: The decentralization of primary food processing, in which some portion of value addition is undertaken close to the farm gate by farmers or SMEs, can have multiple benefits, including reducing food loss, lowering transport costs, and increasing rural incomes. Solar drying technology can enable this model, particularly in areas where there is a tradition of sun drying fruits and vegetables and there is a viable domestic or regional market for these products. Successful models typically involve an agribusiness off-taker who works with farmers and SME producers, providing technology and services (e.g., guaranteed off-take, training etc.) that ensure the production of high-quality produce. Hermetic storage (e.g. bags and cocoons): This maturing technology is increasingly available in local markets and represents a potentially easy-to-implement solution which could help to substantially address food loss during storage - where most loss occurs - for key staple grains. Cost and usage remain challenges for smallholders, with greater potential for small- to medium-scale traders and aggregators in rural areas with limited storage infrastructure. By creating a hypoxic environment around the produce, these solutions can achieve 100% insect mortality and reduce the growth of mould and aflatoxins. Bags are more appropriate for agri-SMEs involved in distribution, whereas cocoons (i.e. storage containers consisting of two plastic halves joined together by an airtight zip) are more useful for those storing large volumes for periods of six months or longer. Off-grid cold storage (e.g. solar-powered cold rooms): Innovative technologies and delivery mechanisms are still being tested in markets in India, Nigeria, and Kenya. Despite the high upfront cost, there are several examples of agri-SMEs and co-operatives achieving payback periods of as little as two years across a range of fruit and vegetable value chains, with returns driven by reductions in food loss and improved pricing due to better quality of the produce. Cooling as a service business models also offer the potential to reach smaller agri-SMEs and micro-entrepreneurs operating in informal rural and peri-urban value chains, but their application is limited to high-value crops that are generally out of the reach of the rural poor. Agri-ecommerce platforms: Agri-ecommerce platforms are a well-developed technology that aims to reduce food loss by improving the availability of information on market demand for farmers. Technology providers can also engage in logistics, warehousing, and quality control, taking collection of the produce from rural-based hubs, combining it at a central packing house, and delivering to urban retailers. Models of this kind have scaled more effectively in South Asia than sub-Saharan Africa, where they are constrained by poor road and logistics infrastructure. Waste-to-value approaches: Waste-to-value or circular economy approaches have the potential to reduce food loss by utilizing bruised or damaged fruits and vegetables which are unable to be sold as intended as inputs into other food products. Although the application of these approaches to the production of products such as condiments and oils is popular, they are unlikely to have a material impact on food security. However, models such as using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to produce animal feed (after consuming the food waste) are more promising, with a range of related technologies and business models operating in markets in both Africa and Asia. The main barriers to the success and scaling up of these technologies and approaches include a lack of knowledge and awareness of their commercial benefits, a lack of finance for manufacturers and agri-SME customers, a need for further research and development (R&D) and business model innovation (e.g. to bring down cost), and a lack of supportive policies and regulatory frameworks. Policymakers, development partners, investors, and the private sector can all play important roles in addressing these barriers.
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