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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agricultural produce'
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Gurung, Ananda Bahadur. "Impact of Agricultural Productivity Changes on Agricultural Exports." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29760.
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This study uses linear programming and econometric tools to determine the impact of agricultural productivity (technology) on agricultural exports. The study determines total factor productivity (TFP) using the Malmquist index method for a panel of 64 countries. Productivity impact on exports is determined by a two-stage estimation procedure. The results show agricultural productivity affects agricultural exports. This has important implications for developing countries. A 1 unit change in cumulative TFP increases agricultural output by .79% and a 1% increase in estimated agricultural output increases exports by .37%. Therefore, the total effect of technology on exports of primary and processed commodities is .29%. Developed countries generally have higher TFP rates, leading to higher export earnings; meanwhile, developing countries are not getting the benefits from agricultural exports because they have a relatively lower level of agricultural productivity. Investing in research and development for agriculture can improve technology, which, in turn, can Increase agricultural exports.
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Sowe, Amadou. "The marketing of horticultural produce from micro-scale producers in the Gambia." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288680.
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Trupo, Paul. "Agricultural Cooperation and Horticultural Produce Marketing in Southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36871.
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Agricultural production in Southwest Virginia is characterized by numerous small, geographically disperse farms dedicated to traditional practices of producing tobacco and cattle. Community leaders have expressed the desire to diversify the region's agricultural production base to include potentially more profitable commodities such as horticultural crops. In order for the small growers to penetrate the fresh horticultural market and compete with the larger production regions, they must organize themselves into a farmer cooperative that allows them to pool resources, reduce costs, and share risk.
A successful cooperative will increase farm incomes for the region's producers. The co-op will strive to obtain a higher price for the commodities produced than that price which can be obtained by growers acting independently. The increase in farm incomes should offset forecasted decreases in agricultural incomes resulting from declines in the region's traditional production activities. Increased farm incomes for a large number of small growers should have a substantial impact on agricultural producers, marketers, and equipment suppliers and lead to economic development for the region as a whole.
Several past horticultural cooperative efforts have been publicly financed and eventually failed for a wide variety of reasons. The methodology used in this research include surveying and interviewing marketing specialists, co-op managers, growers, extension agents, horticulturists, and other experts involved with both successful and failed cooperative efforts. The data gathered from these interviews has been used to identify key factors that have contributed to the success or failure of the other cooperative efforts.
Based on the key factors identified from the research, a specific cooperative structure has been developed for the Southwest Virginia growers. This organizational structure incorporates into its legal documentation (bylaws, business plan, and marketing agreement) the critical factors that must be carried out by members, management, extension, and marketers in order to increase the probability for the cooperative's long-term survival and profitability.
Master of Science
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ANAND, VIVEK. "GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS BASED AGRICULTURAL TRADE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18882.
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Agriculture has continued to provide a source of income for the majority of India's
population, either directly or indirectly. Over time, the structure of Indian agriculture trade has
changed significantly but still the methods are very traditional and no advance technologies
like Geospatial Data Science or Artificial Intelligence are used for its betterment. India, which
is primarily an agricultural economy, is showing signs of progress in agriculture and related
businesses. Agriculture has always been regarded as a valuable tool for economic development
in India, as many other major sectors of production depend on it. Despite the government's
efforts to double the income of the farmers, there is still a difference between a farmer's
investment and the return on that investment.
The laws governing agriculture markets in India have been archaic for a long time. The
government has found reasons to over-regulate the agriculture industry, such as price controls,
export bans, and restrictions on private trade. Agriculture's growth has been hindered by
excessive regulation and a lack of freedom, making it one of the most uncompetitive sector.
The government announced a complete reform of the country's farm markets after recognizing
the underlying flaws with their functioning. The government then passed the three Farm Bills
on September 20, amidst great controversy in Parliament.
This study incorporated the new farms laws passed by the Government of India in
September 2020 and developed a traditional mandi type model on an online platform with
additional geospatial analysis component to remove the existing constraints in the existing
flawed agriculture market which is currently regulated by the states under the Agricultural
Produce Marketing Committee (APMC). This study will outline how the usage of geospatial
data and location intelligence would prove to be a game changer in the Indian agriculture sector.
This study develops a WebGIS application where farmers and buyers will come to execute
agricultural trade form any location in the country through an online platform with the help of
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geospatial analysis-based information provided to them which they were previously unable to
conduct due to the restrictions imposed by APMC regulations and lack of any geospatial
analysis-based infrastructure for agricultural trade. In this WebGIS application, the farmers and
buyers will be provided with principal geospatial analysis based information like shortest
distance between their geolocations, location referenced dynamic map pointing the location of
each farmer and buyer, and network analysis based optimal route information via interactive
maps along with other necessary features of listing and buying options to let the buyers make
a calculated decision while buying the agricultural produce from any part of the country which
will in turn enable the farmers to sell their agricultural produce to any part of the country hence,
empowering them and subsequently increasing their revenue. Furthermore, the provision for
the third-party logistics is also provided where they can register themselves and the users can
choose the most suitable third-party logistics agency to handle the agricultural trade's
transportation.
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Cromwell, Jeff B. "Chaotic price dynamics of agricultural commodities." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3625.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 166 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-160).
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Efunkoya, Adeola Adefunke. "Agricultural sector: the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the creation of an integrated agriculture sector in Nigeria." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7046_1256021947.
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This research recommended ways in which Nigeria could unlock constraints to commercialization and investment in the Nigerian agricultural sector for sustained economic growth, enhanced food security, increased competitiveness of products in the domestic, regional and international markets, sustainable environmental management and poverty alleviation.
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Wang, Yan Chao. "EU's agricultural support policy and its revelation on China's agricultural policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555588.
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Goyette, Bernard. "Hyperbaric treatment to enhance quality attributes of fresh horticultural produce." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:8881/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92209.
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Bergefurd, Brad R. "Assessing Extension Needs of Ohio’s Amish and Mennonite Produce Auction Farmers." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313512162.
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Grant, Cerkia. "Geographical indications and agricultural products investigating their relevance in a South African context /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122007-173415.
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Mosoma, Khutsi Peace Wellington. "International comparison of agricultural exports : South Africa and the Cairns Groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49994.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study addresses two important research questions which are in essence motivated by the trade policy reform that took effect in the 1990s to reverse decades of inward industrialisation strategies towards outward industrialisation strategies to promote economic growth and development. This raised the expectation that a movement away from low-demand growth products towards commodities with stronger demand growth and buoyant price trends would be encouraged. The first central question that this study addresses is the extent to which South African agricultural exports are moving up the value chain relative to the agricultural exports of the other members of the Cairns Group. The second research question that the study addresses is to determine whether South Africa's movement up the value chain (value adding activities) in agricultural exports is more competitive than the other members of the Cairns Group. To adequately address the first research question data from the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) and World Trade Organisation (WTO) databases were used to examine their trade perspectives. The second research question was addressed by applying Relative Comparative Advantage (RTA) using data from the FAOSTAT 2002 to determine each country's competitive status in selected agro- food chains. The results show that South Africa managed to surpass all other members of the Cairns Group, except Chile, Philippines and Bolivia, whose export structures are highly dominated by high-value products relative to South Africa in terms of the movement up the value chain in agricultural exports. This is the case despite the fact that countries such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, New Zealand, Thailand and Uruguay have managed to increase their percentage export value of high-value agricultural products and that South Africa has experienced a decrease in the percentage export value of high-value products. The results also clearly show that the food chains in Costa Rica, Paraguay, Thailand and South Africa are generally marginally competitive, whilst the food chains in Canada, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia and Uruguay are only just marginally competitive as many of their RTA values are situated around zero. The food chains in Guatemala, Malaysia, New Zealand and Philippines are internationally uncompetitive. And the food chains in Argentina,Australia and Brazil are internationally competitive. The analysis also reveals that competitiveness decreases in all these countries when moving from primary to processed products in the agro-food chains which implies that value-adding opportunities are constrained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie spreek twee belangrike navorsingvraagstukke aan wat in wese gemotiveer is deur die handelsbeleidshervormingsproses wat in die 1990s 'n aanvang geneem het. Dekades van intern-gerigte industrialisasiestrategieë is na ekstern-gerigte industrialisasiestrategieë omgeskakel om sodoende groei en ontwikkeling aan te moedig. Hierdie proses het die verwagting geskep dat 'n beweging weg van produkte met lae groei in vraag, na goedere met 'n sterker groei in vraag en veerkragtige prystendense sal aanmoedig. Die eerste sentrale probleem waarop in hierdie studie gefokus word is die mate waartoe Suid- Afrikaanse landbou-uitvoere in die waarde-ketting op beweeg het relatief tot die landbouuitvoere van die ander lede van die Cairns Groep. Die tweede vraag wat die narvorsig aanspreek is an vas te stelof Suid Afrika se waardeletting oktiwiteite in landbou uitvore meer kompeterend is as die van onder lede van die Cairns Groep. Om die eerste navorsingsprobleem voldoende aan te spreek, is data van die Voedsel en Landbou Organisasie, Handel en Industriële Beleidstrategieë en die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie gebruik. Hierdie organisasies se databasisse is gebruik om handelsperspektiewe te bepaal. Die tweede navorsingsprobleem is aangespreek deur die toepassing van die Relatiewe Vergelykende Voordeel (RVV) op die data bekom van die FAOSTAT 2002. Hierdeur is elke land se mededingende status in sekere geselekteerde agri-voedselkettings bepaal. Die resultate wys dat Suid Afrika daarin geslaag het om die ander lede van die Cairns Groep verby te steek, met die uitsondering van Chilli, die Filippyne en Bolivië, waar uitvoerstrukture gedomineer word deur hoë waarde produkte relatief tot Suid Afrika. Hierdie tendens is ten spyte daarvan dat lande soos Argentinië, Australië, Brasilië, Colombië, Costa Rica, Indonesië, New Zealand, Thailand en Uruguay daarin geslaag het om hul persentasie uitvoerwaarde van hoë waarde landbouprodukte op te stoot, en dat Suid Afrika, daarenteen, ervaar het dat die uitvoere van hierdie produkte afgeneem het. Die resultate toon duidelik dat die voedselkettings in Costa Rica, Paraguay, Thailand en Suid-Afrika oor die algemeen marginaal kompeterend is, terwyl die voedselkettings in Kanada, Chile, Colombië, Indonesië en Uruguay tot 'n mindere mate marginaal kompeterend is aangesien hul RVV-waardes rondom nul lê. Die voedselkettings in Guatemala, Maleisië, Nieu-Seeland en die Filippyne is internasionaal nie-kompeterend, met die voedselkettings in Argentinië, Australië en Brasilië wel internasionaal kompeterend. Die analise wys ook dat die mededingendheid afneem in al hierdie lande wanneer hulle van primêre na geprosesseerde produkte beweeg in agri-voedselkettings, dit impliseer dat waarde toevoeging geleenthede tot produkte beperk is.
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Fura, Gashahun Lemessa. "Ethiopia's accession to the WTO: implications for the agricultural sector." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4286_1221731163.
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It is widely recognized that increased participation in international trade and investment can serve as an engine for economic growth and development.1 Implicit in international trade is the principle of comparative advantage that generally provides that states should trade with each other because they are better off by maximizing their production potential for some products and, through trade, obtain products they do not have or produce with less efficiency.2 Such comparative advantage, inter alia, presupposes a well-regulated trading system. Though attempts have been made to regulate the multilateral trading system by the GATT 1947 which was but meant to form only part of an agreement on the stillborn International Trade Organization (ITO), the first rule based World Trade Organization (WTO) was established only in 1995 and a number of countries have acceded to it thence. While there is no consensus on whether developing countries in general and the least developed countries (LDC s)4 in particular are beneficiaries of the system5, some countries have embarked on the accession process.6 Ethiopia is one such country.
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Hamze, Imad Abdul-Rahman. "Agricultural trade potential following peace in the Middle East : the case of Syria and Israel." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29782.
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The protracted Arab-Israeli conflict has adversely affected the economic, social, and political development in the Middle East. In spite of the centrality of political considerations, it is important to look at the potential for trade and other transactions between the countries from a purely economic point of view. In this thesis candidates for trade in agricultural commodities between Syria and Israel are identified, assuming a normalization of relations between these two countries.The history of trade in the region, from the Roman Empire to the present time is described and analyzed with an emphasis on Israel and Syria. This is followed by an examination of relative resource endowments, and political, economic, and social development, with special attention to the agricultural and food sectors.
Border trade analysis is used as a method for identifying commodities that are candidates for trade between Israel and Syria. In general, the method presumes that commodities that are sensitive to distance will be candidates for trade between neighboring countries. This sensitivity is assessed by an examination of border trade in a commodity compared to total trade in the same commodity, using data from a sample of countries. Commodities that tend to be traded between neighbors compared to between distant partners are assumed to have potential for trade between Israel and Syria.
The results of the analysis yielded 10 agricultural commodities (SITC three digit level) that are likely to be traded between Israel and Syria. Moreover, the possible direction of trade in these commodities could also be identified.
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Ndou, Khangale Seth. "Marketing of agricultural produce with particular reference to vegetables:the case of small-scale farmers in the Northern Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2104.
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Ejiasa, Cyprian Onyeogadirimma. "The exchange rate and the competitiveness of U.S. agricultural commodity trade /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487259125220352.
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Oledinma, Akunna. "Enhancing and sustaining agricultural transportation : the development of a framework for informing policy for agricultural produce distribution in Imo State." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688292.
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Pizarro, Aliaga Lucia. "Agricultural liberalization : the case of developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19629.
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The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate, through legal and regulatory analysis, how three non-trade issues - SPS measures, trade in GMOs and food security concerns - might result in new modem barriers to trade that might diminish the gains of freer markets. If developed countries use non-trade concerns to justify more generous domestic support in a non-decoupled way, may do as much harm to international trade as the traditional trade policies instruments did in the past. Such undesired behavior from the developed world is possible due to the inability of current WTO norms to control these new problems. These three special issues must be addressed in future negotiations in order to modify developing countries' perception that the payoffs of trade liberalization are not advantageous for them. The continuance of this perception during current negotiations might lead to the collapse of the current trading system.
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Wongprawmas, Rungsaran <1980>. "Fresh Produce Safety and Good Agricultural Practices: Stakeholders' Perception and Consumers' Choice in Thailand." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6650/1/wongprawmas_rungsaran_tesi.pdf.
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Concerns of Thai consumers on food safety have been recently increasing, especially in urban areas and for fresh produce because food safety scandals, such as chemical residues on fresh produce (e.g., cabbage) still frequently occur. The Thai government tried to meet consumer needs by imposing in the domestic market a stronger regulation aimed at increasing the baseline level of food safety assurance and by introducing a voluntary standard (based on Good Agricultural Practices or GAPs and known as Q-GAP) and the related food safety label (i.e., Q mark). However, since standards and regulations are weakly implemented in the domestic market compared to exported products, there is still a lack of Thai consumers’ confidence in the safety of local food products. In this work the current situation of GAPs adoption in Thai fresh produce production is analysed. Furthermore, it is studied whether Thai consumers place value on food safety labels available on the market, to know whether consumer demand could drive the market of certified safer products. This study contains three essays: 1) a review of the literature, 2) a qualitative study on stakeholders' perception toward GAPs adoption and 3) a quantitative study, aimed at analysing consumers' preferences and willingness-to-pay for food safety labels on fresh produce using a discrete choice experiment. This dissertation contributes to the economics of quality assurance and labelling, specifically addressing GAPs and food safety label in the fresh produce supply chain. Results show that Q-GAP could be effectively used to improve food safety in Thai domestic market, but its credibility should be improved. Stakeholder’s awareness toward food safety issues and the delivery of reliable and sound information are crucial. Thai consumers are willing to pay a premium price for food safety labelled produce over unlabelled ones. Implications for both government and business decision-makers are discussed.
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Wongprawmas, Rungsaran <1980>. "Fresh Produce Safety and Good Agricultural Practices: Stakeholders' Perception and Consumers' Choice in Thailand." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6650/.
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Concerns of Thai consumers on food safety have been recently increasing, especially in urban areas and for fresh produce because food safety scandals, such as chemical residues on fresh produce (e.g., cabbage) still frequently occur. The Thai government tried to meet consumer needs by imposing in the domestic market a stronger regulation aimed at increasing the baseline level of food safety assurance and by introducing a voluntary standard (based on Good Agricultural Practices or GAPs and known as Q-GAP) and the related food safety label (i.e., Q mark). However, since standards and regulations are weakly implemented in the domestic market compared to exported products, there is still a lack of Thai consumers’ confidence in the safety of local food products. In this work the current situation of GAPs adoption in Thai fresh produce production is analysed. Furthermore, it is studied whether Thai consumers place value on food safety labels available on the market, to know whether consumer demand could drive the market of certified safer products. This study contains three essays: 1) a review of the literature, 2) a qualitative study on stakeholders' perception toward GAPs adoption and 3) a quantitative study, aimed at analysing consumers' preferences and willingness-to-pay for food safety labels on fresh produce using a discrete choice experiment. This dissertation contributes to the economics of quality assurance and labelling, specifically addressing GAPs and food safety label in the fresh produce supply chain. Results show that Q-GAP could be effectively used to improve food safety in Thai domestic market, but its credibility should be improved. Stakeholder’s awareness toward food safety issues and the delivery of reliable and sound information are crucial. Thai consumers are willing to pay a premium price for food safety labelled produce over unlabelled ones. Implications for both government and business decision-makers are discussed.
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Abdel, Karim Imad. "The impact of the Uruguay round agreement on agriculture on Sudan's agricultural trade /." Aachen : Shaker, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/356661741.pdf.
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SPEECE, MARK WILLIAM. "MARKETING IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KORDOFAN, SUDAN." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184164.
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Although Sudan is a country with enormous agricultural potential, agriculture has not prospered over the last two decades and Sudan now finds itself a bankrupt net importer of food. Much of the country's agricultural resource base is found in the rainfed agricultural region of Western Sudan, which includes Kordofan. This study focuses on Kordofan, and reports on data gathered during work for the Western Sudan Agricultural Research Project. Rather than following the production orientation usually employed by economists, it addresses issues related to the role of marketing in agricultural economic development. Marketing in Kordofan, as well as production, is subject to disruption because of climatic variations characteristic of arid and semi-arid regions. Extended annual dry periods and droughts distort price performance for agricultural commodities and cause shifts in marketing channel structure. Risk levels are substantially increased for producers and small traders, while at the same time they must take on increased responsibility for many channel functions. Marketing also suffers from infrastructure deficiencies: roads are often impassable during the rainy season, and storage losses become huge over the course of a year. The private marketing system in Kordofan has adapted to these conditions, and is performing quite effectively, efficiently, and equitably, given the adverse conditions. Competition is extensive, farmers have many alternatives when selling crops, and merchants operate on fairly modest profit margins. A widespread bias against the private sector has led to extensive government intervention into marketing spheres. These policies include direct operation of some marketing channels, manipulation of price structures through artificial exchange rates and price controls, and restrictive licensing practices. Wherever such policies have been applied in Kordofan, they have led to declining production of government controlled crops, they have restricted competition in marketing channels, and they have lowered living standards for producers and consumers. Sudan has not successfully identified areas where private channels in Kordofan cannot solve problems, and which therefore require public intervention. The government seems to have based its economic decisions upon ideological considerations and intervened in areas which it cannot perform as well as the private market.
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Ibrahim, Hanaa Abdel Hamid. "Analysis of Sudan's agricultural trade under uncertainty /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/389983667.pdf.
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Jiang, Haiyan. "Japanese willingness to pay for agricultural products with the "U.S.A." label a choice-based conjoint analysis for pork /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 98 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1889099061&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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GOMAA, RAAFAT MAHMOUD MOHAMED 518237, and RAAFAT MAHMOUD MOHAMED GOMAA. "Possibility of treating agricultural byproducts by exogenous enzymes and anearobic bacteria to produce ruminant feeds." Tesis de maestría, Ain Shams University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/68377.
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The objectives of this study were to verify the potential benefits of growing green barley on anaerobic enzyme (ZAD) treated rice straw. In addition, the work intended to investigate the effect of this treatment on digestibility parameters in Ossimi sheep. A complete random design was used to distribute twelve mature male of Ossimi sheep (45.0 +0.5 Kg wt.) on the following treatments: Rice straw with grown barley (RSGB) without either ZAD or orange pulp (control, T1), RSGB plus ZAD (T2), RSGB plus orange pulp (T3) and RSGB + ZAD + orange pulp (T4). The obtained results could be summarized as follow 1- Significant decreases were observed in %CF from 38.09 for T1 to 32.01 and 30.02 for rations T4 and T2 respectively (P< 0.05). Percentage values of NDF were 70.01, 72.10 and 76.01 for rations T4, T2 and T1 respectively (P< 0.05); while %ADF values were 50.05, 52.10 and 58.10 for rations T4, T2 and T1 respectively (P< 0.05) and %ADL was 6.01for T4 versus 8.01for T1. And significant increases in %CP content to 7.96, 7.10, 7.95 for ration T4, T3, T2 respectively compared to the control ration was 5.75 (P< 0.05). 2- Adding ZAD to RSGB significantly increased (p< 0.05) %TDN to 55.02 and 59.02 for treatments T2 and T4 respectively and increased digestibility coefficients of CP to 72.43 and 77.70 respectively. 3- Rams fed rations T2, T3 and T4 had significantly higher values of ruminal ammonia-N 3 hrs. post feeding values were 25.41, 25.03, 25.96 mg/100ml respectively and total volatile fatty acids 3 hrs. post feeding were 8.20, 8.13 and 8.26 m.eq/100ml respectively. 4- Adding either ZAD, orange pulp or both to RSGB significantly increased (p<.05) plasma total protein values were 6.43, 6.23, 5.82 g/dl for treatments T4, T3, T2 respectively , while treating rations with ZAD reflected low level of GPT 6 hrs. post feeding values were 20.64 and 20.61 for treatments T2 and T4 respectively versus T1 (20.90 µ/l). It could be concluded that anaerobic enzyme matrix (ZAD) improved the nutritive value of soilless green barley and improved their digestibility coefficients in Ossimi sheep ZAD is a compound of enzymes are separated from anaerobic bacteria separated from the rumen, it contain a mixture of cellulase, hemicellulase, protease and alpha amylase enzymes.
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Alhomedey, Abdulaziz. "FUZZY IMAGE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE: A CASE STUDY OF DATES (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA)." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/631.
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Traditional fruit categorizations by humans in agricultural settings are inefficient, labor intensive and prone to errors. Automated grading systems not only speed up the time of the process but also minimize error. In this work, we propose and implement methodologies and algorithms that utilize digital image processing, content predicated analysis, and statistical analysis to detect, fuzzify, and classify the fruit dates. Our main contribution is design and development of an efficient algorithm for detecting and sorting dates. The system was accurate 85% of the times when compared to a human expert sorting. A larger sample size could help with tweaking the fuzzy system and improve the success rate. The proposed system is flexible and with minor changes can be adapted to other produce such as apples.
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McKoy, Shahera Diane. "The Impact of Multilateral Trade Association Membership on Agricultural and Food Trade." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29802.
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This thesis models trade flows between countries as a function of several variables, including those representing membership in multilateral trade agreements (MTAs). The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of trade policies, trading costs, trade agreements and other demographic characteristics on exports of food and agriculture products. More specifically, the paper uses a gravity model augmented with three sets of dummy variables to estimate the impact of 13 trade arrangements on intra-bloc and extra-bloc trade. Results indicate that several MTAs enhance intra-bloc trading at the expense of non-members while others have been successful at increasing both intra-bloc trade and trade with the rest of the world. Findings further suggest that several arrangements had no significant effect on member trading and that a few have effectively reduced trade for members.
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Bernardo, Sandra Maria de Vasconcelos. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects in settlements that produce Mammon: A Case Study in Recreation and New Canaan, Quixeramobim - CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9088.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoA busca de novas alternativas de energia renovÃvel à de grande relevÃncia, pois a problemÃtica do aquecimento global tem causado consequÃncias adversas para a populaÃÃo. Fontes advindas dos Ãleos vegetais para a produÃÃo do biodiesel tÃm sido adotadas no Brasil e constituem uma boa opÃÃo para que os produtores rurais possam se inserir na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustÃveis. No contexto do semiÃrido nordestino, a mamona tem sido usada, pois à uma cultura adequada Ãs condiÃÃes de semiaridez. A partir desta compreensÃo, este trabalho teve o objetivo geral de analisar e comparar os aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais dos grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona nos assentamentos Recreio e Nova Canaà e, os objetivos especÃficos foram: (i) analisar os indicadores de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade entre os nÃo produtores e produtores de mamona, (ii) mensurar os custos e renda da produÃÃo dos produtores de mamona com o plantio e venda no ano de 2009 e (iii) avaliar a situaÃÃo ambiental atravÃs da anÃlise da variaÃÃo dos atributos quÃmicos do solo em funÃÃo dos plantios . A metodologia se baseou em trÃs aspectos visando abranger uma interdisciplinaridade. Primeiramente adotou-se o mÃtodo estatÃstico usando uma amostragem nos dois assentamentos em estudo e a partir dessas amostras foram calculados os Ãndices de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econÃmico e a partir destes o Ãndice de sustentabilidade. No segundo aspecto foi calculada a renda dos agricultores atravÃs do calculo dos custos, receita e lucro com o plantio da mamona tomando como base o ano de 2009. No terceiro aspecto, o solo foi avaliado nas Ãreas cultivadas e nas Ãreas preservadas coletando-se amostras compostas e realizando-se anÃlises fÃsicas e quÃmicas do material em laboratÃrio. Entre os resultados verificados concluiu-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos de produtores e nÃo produtores de mamona em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices de capital social e ambiental, porÃm houve diferenÃa nos Ãndices de qualidade de vida, econÃmico e de sustentabilidade. NÃo se comprovou incremento de renda entre os produtores de mamona. No aspecto pedolÃgico foi comprovado que as Ãreas preservadas se mostraram com teores mais elevados de matÃria orgÃnica e de nutrientes, representando indÃcios de degradaÃÃo na Ãrea cultivada.
The search for new alternatives of renewable energy is of great importance, since the issue of global warming has caused adverse consequences for the population. Resulting sources of vegetable oils for biodiesel production have been adopted in Brazil and are a good option so that farmers may be inserted in the production chain of biofuels. Within the semiarid Northeast, castor bean has been used because it is an appropriate culture semiarid condition. From this understanding, this work was the general purpose of analyzing and comparing the economic, social and environmental groups of producers rather than producers of castor in the settlements Recreio and Nova CanaÃ, and the specific objectives were: (i) review the indicators quality of life, social equity, environmental and economic sustainability among non-producers and producers of castor, (ii) measure the costs of production and income of producers of castor oil with the planting and sale in 2009 and (iii) assess the environmental situation by analyzing the variation of soil chemical properties depending on the plantations. The methodology was based on three aspects in order to cover an interdisciplinary approach. First, we adopted the method using statistical sampling in a study in two settlements and from these samples were calculated for quality of life, social equity, environmental, economic and from these sustainability index. The second aspect was calculated farmers' income through the calculation of costs, revenue and profit with the planting of castor beans using as a base year of 2009. In the third aspect, the soil was evaluated in cultivated areas and preserved areas by collecting composite samples and performing chemical and physical analysis of the material in the laboratory. Among the results obtained it was concluded that there was no significant difference between groups of producers rather than producers of castor oil o growth of capital and environmental, but there was difference in the indices of quality of life and economic sustainability. No consistent increase in income between the producers of castor oil. In pedological point was proven that the preserved areas are shown with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, suggesting a degradation in the cultivated area
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Mulakala, Anthea Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Women as agents of social transformation: the inter-island traders of agricultural produce in the Caribbean." Ottawa, 1991.
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Bulagi, Mushoni Benedict. "Impact analysis of the linkage between agricultural exports and agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa : a case of Avocado, Apple, Mango and Orange from 1994 to 2011." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1166.
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Thesis (MA. Agricultural Management (Agricultural
Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014The role of agricultural exports to agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in South Africa is of extreme importance and exhibits strong interest from all parts of the economy. Many believe that agriculture can salvage the declining economic growth under such global economic conditions. The decision to diversify and expand exports of these avocados, apples, mangoes and oranges will improve the South African economy’s unstable conditions. This study accounts for all the factors that are truly unique to South African’s economy. Therefore, the study will help to shift the focus of avocado, apple, mango and orange growers to export more due to the international market demand for such produce. The aim of the study was to analyse the link between avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa. The specific objectives are to determine the correlation between avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and the agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa, investigate the contribution of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and the agriculture’s share of Gross Domestic Product in South Africa, determine the growth rate (trends) of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports and determine the volatility of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports. The study used secondary time series data that covered a sample size of 17 years (1994 - 2011) of avocado, apple, mango and orange exports in South Africa. Two Stages Least Square models and Growth rate and Volatility models were used for data analysis. i Empirical results for agricultural exports equation revealed that agricultural economic growth in South Africa was significant with a positive coefficient. While a negative relationship between the Net Factor Income (NFI) and the agricultural exports in South Africa was noticed. Real Capital Investments had a significant positive coefficient. Consequently, results from agricultural economic growth equation revealed that agricultural exports were significant with a positive correlation. A relationship between NFI and agricultural GDP was also witnessed. Like other variables, Real Capital Investment was significant but negatively correlated. The results of growth rate and volatility models showed positive trends. Furthermore, results showed that the quantity of agricultural exports was positively related to agricultural economic growth. Another point of interest was that while these exports were positive and significantly related, the magnitude of its coefficient is smaller than the coefficients of Real Capital Investments. It is in this framework that the positive correlation exists between agriculture economic growth and agricultural exports. It is recommended that investment opportunities in the agricultural sector need to be investigated further because there is limited knowledge of the subject. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery and the private sector need to join hands and build a mutual relationship to aid develop an agricultural economy which can be able to exports more than what it imports. This can also be done by subsidising farmers with capital to relieve them of other expenses.
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Williams, Brett Gerard. "The importance of disciplining the choice of policy instrument to the effectiveness of the GATT as international law disciplining agricultural trade policies /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw72122.pdf.
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Villa, Rodríguez Abel Osvaldo. "Global value chains (GVC) and social learning : developing producer capabilities in smallholder farmers : the case of San Francisco Produce/Peninsula Organics (SFP/PO)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33272.
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The thesis examines how resource-poor smallholder farmers in Mexico are integrated into a Global Value Chain. Most Global Value Chains depend on production located in developing countries. In agriculture, Global Value Chain tend to concentrate production in large enterprises and exclude smallholder farmers. The logic of Global Value Chains is to reduce the cost of production by allocating low value activities, such as production of commodities to developing countries to take advantage of cheap labour cost. High value activities such as branding, marketing and product development remain in high income countries. The thesis consists of the in-depth case study of San Francisco Produce/Peninsula Organics (SFP/PO) Global Value Chain. It is located throughout Southern Baja Peninsula in Mexico and San Francisco California, U.S.A. It sells organic certified produce to the American market, particularly California and east coast. SFP/PO was founded by a social entrepreneur and has been functioning for over 30 years. This Global Value Chain has an explicit social purpose. It focuses on integrating smallholder farmers into agricultural production. This value chain requires farmers to adopt organic production. The methods consisted of semi-structured interviews. In total, 50 interviews were conducted in Mexico to farmers that belong to the value chain in 9 co-operatives and 3 single farmers. The interviews focused on how farmers learned organic production to meet quality requirements of global buyers. The analysis uses three perspectives to explain the integration of smallholder farmers into SFP/PO and the development of organic production capabilities. First Global Value Chains are used to describe the network, connections and production activities smallholder farmers and global buyer carry out. The study sheds light on how the value chain achieves its social aims by using global markets and providing external inputs to improve farmers' livelihoods. Second, using Technological Capabilities the study explains the skills farmers need to develop to participate in the value chain. Third, a Communities of Practice perspective is used to explain how social learning is involved in developing production capabilities. The research explains how farmers collectively define competence and how they display three different levels of participation in the value chain, periphery, medium and full participation. And fourth, using the theory of Knowing in Action, the research explores co-learning between novice and expert farmers and the interactions among farmers that results in co-innovation to develop new technical solutions and crop varieties. The thesis presents a case of a value chain which is motivated by social purpose to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The study demonstrates that there is a change of ethos, where global value chain integrates farmers into agricultural production. These data highlight the importance of social structures which allow farmer-to-farmer connections which enhance novice farmer skills enabling interactions where there is respect, and negotiation of knowledge. These interactions take indigenous farmers' knowledge into account in ways that can be acknowledged and harnessed in the form of practices and techniques to produce globally marketable products.
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Martinez, Jason A. (Jason Alexander). "Improvement of kiln design and combustion/carbonization timing to produce charcoal from agricultural waste in Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40452.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).
Current economic conditions in third world countries like Haiti are so poor that the majority of the population has no access to energy sources that people in the first world take for granted. In Haiti the last two percent of the forests are being cut down to provide energy for basic cooking to survive. In response to the situation, MIT professors and students are designing a multi-step process for making charcoal briquettes from local agricultural waste products, or biomass. The process involves the combustion and carbonization of biomass at sustained high temperature in an air-tight metal barrel kiln to produce char. The char produced from Haiti's main agricultural waste product, bagasse, must be powderized, mixed with a binder, compressed into briquettes, and finally baked. The purpose of the thesis was to improve on key areas of the charcoal making process. The goals were to: conduct and investigation into alternative kiln layouts; address safety concerns with water boiling, briquette baking, and bottom venting; design of a method for uniform and complete briquette baking using heat from the carbonizing kiln; and gain a better understanding of the importance combustion timing and sealing.
(cont.) Design for affordable, low level manufacturing would be an important requirement as well. The results of the thesis were: an analysis of possible kiln designs based on the supplies typically available in developing countries; improvements to safety by using wire tethers on kiln hardware to allow kiln operators to keep a safe distance; a proposed new design for a briquette baking box with multiple briquette banks; and combustion timing and kiln insulation techniques to maximize char output.
by Jason A. Martinez.
S.B.
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Wolosin, Robert Tyrell. "El milagro de Almería, España a political ecology of landscape change and greenhouse agriculture /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05202008-114939/.
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Davila, Luis A. "Government participation in pricing farm products." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9830.
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Gumirakiza, Jean Dominique. "Assessment of Consumer Motivations to Attend Farmers' Markets, Their Preferences, and Their Willingness To Pay for Differentiated Fresh Produce: Three Essays." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1758.
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This dissertation analyzed consumer primary motivations for attending farmers' markets, preferences for product features, and differentiated produce. We used consumer survey data collected at farmers' markets in Nevada and Utah during summers of 2008 and 2011, respectively. This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay employed binary and multinomial logistic models to assess primary consumer motivations for attending farmers' markets. Results indicate that many consumers attend farmers' markets primarily to purchase fresh produce. Other motives such as social interaction, purchasing ready-to-eat food, and buying packaged foods, arts, and crafts were also analyzed. In this first essay, consumers who attended farmers' markets were clustered into three groups based on their similar characteristics. Results from this essay are useful to vendors at farmers' markets for they indicate primary motivations to attend. It also provides guidelines to farmers' markets managers in their efforts to meet attendees' expectations. The second essay used an ordered logistic model to analyze consumer preferences for eight fresh produce features. These features are product variety, quality, appearance, pricing, local, organic, freshness, and knowledge of local growers. Findings show that consumer preferences are strong for product quality, freshness, local and organic production. Policy makers can use results from this essay to provide necessary assistance to farmers to feature their products based on consumers' preferences. Health-related policy makers can use the results to implement programs aimed at increasing fresh produce consumption. The last essay used a multinomial logistic, conditional and ordinary least squares models to respectively investigate consumer preferences for differentiated fresh produce, willingness to pay, and stated demands for green peppers, cucumbers, and yellow squash. Comparison between preferences before and those after information about production and place of production was also done. Results demonstrate that consumer willingness to pay and the probability of purchasing each of the three products grown conventionally in Utah overweight those for either organically or conventionally grown of unknown origin. This essay provides information pertaining to produce differentiation through labels. The information has significant impact on preferences for conventionally grown local produce and negative effect on conventionally grown fresh produce of unknown origin. Green peppers, cucumbers, and yellow squash are ordinary goods with inelastic stated demands. Produce growers can use results from this essay to adopt production practices to meet consumer preferences. Results are useful to policy makers in enforcing local and organic certification regulations. They can also be used for pricing and marketing strategies.
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Dolan, Megan M. "The Impact of the Organic Mainstream Movement: A Case Study of New England Organic Produce Prices." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/100/.
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Chigavazira, Farai. "The regulation of agricultural subsidies in the World Trade Organization framework : a developing country perspective." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1874.
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The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) was adopted to eliminate the illegitimate use of tradedistorting agricultural subsidies and thereby reduce and avoid the negative effects subsidies have on global agricultural trade. However, the AoA has been fashioned in a way that is enabling developed countries to continue high levels of protectionism through subsidization, whilst many developing countries are facing severe and often damaging competition from imports artificially cheapened through subsidies. The regulation of subsidies in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been a highly sensitive issue. This is mainly due to the fear of compromising food security especially by developed countries. Developing countries have suffered negatively from the subsidy programmes of developed countries who continue to subsidize their agricultural sector. This position of the developing countries in the global trade system which has been described as weak, has drawn criticism that the WTO as it currently operates does not protect the interests of the weak developing nations, but rather strengthens the interests of the strong developed nations. The green box provisions which are specifically designed to regulate payments that are considered trade neutral or minimally trade distorting has grossly been manipulated by developed countries at the mercy of the AoA. Developed countries continue to provide trade distorting subsidies under the guise of green box support. This is defeating the aims and objectives of the AoA. The study examines the regulation of WTO agricultural subsidies from the developing countries’ belvedere. It looks at the problems WTO member states face with trade distorting subsidies, but focuses more on the impact these have on developing states. It scrutinizes the AoA’s provisions regulating subsidies with a view to identify any loopholes or shortcomings which undermine the interests and aspirations of developing countries. This is behind the background that some of the provisions of the AoA are lenient towards the needs of developed countries at the expense of developing countries.
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Rampokanyo, Lepolesa Michael. "Impact of animal traction power on agricultural productivity: case of lowlands of Mohale's Hoek district of Lesotho." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/483.
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Most farming at subsistence level is located in rural areas where the majority of smallholder farmers have low productivity which results in high rate of food insecurity. The areas are characterised by animal traction and poor farming practises, and monoculture is mostly preferred. In light of this, this study analyzed the impact of animal power on agricultural productivity. Smallholder farmers in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district of Lesotho were investigated by means of a case study methodology. The aim of the study was to inform agricultural policy about the level and key determinants of inefficiency in the smallholder farming system so as to contribute to policy designed to raise productivity of smallholder farmers. The sampling frame comprised farmers and extension workers in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district. From this frame, 118 farmers and 4 extension workers were randomly selected from four villages, namely‘Mapotsane, Potsane, Tsoloane and Siloe. The four groups of farmers include; the farmers owning and using cattle for ploughing, farmers owning tractor and cattle and using them for ploughing, farmers owning tractor only and using it for ploughing, and farmers who owned neither cattle nor tractor and normally hire these when ploughing operations are to be done on the farm. The interviews of these farmers and extension workers were conducted by means of semi-structured questionnaire which consisted of both open and close ended questions. The study used the stochastic frontier production model for the production efficiencies and linear regression model for the impact of animal traction on agricultural productivity. Both procedures provided insights into the relative contributions of animal power and traditional systems to poverty alleviation and food security in the project areas. Descriptive statistics were employed for farming systems and challenges facing small scale farmers. Gross Margins analysis was conducted for the animal power and tractor power yield levels for maize crop to compare the two types of power. Some diagnostic tests to detect serial correlation and heteroskedasticity and t-tests were also performed. The significant variables include the area of sorghum ploughed, members of the household that assist with family labour, education, quantity of fertilizer applied, time taken by the farmers in farming, members who are formally employed, household size, area of land ploughed, old age, costs of tractor and animal, marital status, income, area of maize ploughed, area of sorghum ploughed, quantity of fertilizers applied, costs of seeds and fertilizers applied, maize and sorghum yield and amount sold and consumed. The study revealed that monoculture is mainly practised and many smallholder farmers used traditional technologies that fail to replace nutrients in the soil. Nonetheless family labour was not a problem. During the farming season, tractors were used as the main source of power for ploughing. Most farmers hired these for maize production as it is a staple food crop even where animal power is available. It was noted that the tractors were few and in most cases old and malfunctioning. The cost of using animals in farming obviouslyplayed a role in the production of both maize v and sorghum in the lowland areas of Mohale’s Hoek district. Smallholder farmers who owned both tractors and animals produced more but they were mainly affected by high costs of maintaining the aging tractors, generally purchased on the used-equipment market. The increased challenges resulted in lower productivity of the smallholder farmers, including: unhealthy animals, drought, marketing problems, late ploughing, poor soils, lack of extension services, low yields, low income, lack of information, lack of appropriate implements, lack of support services, nutrition inadequacy, inappropriate farming systems. The study recommended the adoption and promotion of low-cost mechanization in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district so as to increase the production of the smallholder farmers. Increased productivity will in turn improve household food security.
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Won, Gayeon. "Bacterial Contamination of Water In Agricultural Intensive Regions of Ohio, USA." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338163933.
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Sigwele, Howard Kgalemang. "The effects of international trade liberalization on food security and competitiveness in the agricultural sector of Botswana." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10292007-102043/.
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Corbett, Johannes Kruger. "The EU-SA free trade agreement : implications for selected agricultural products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51976.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.
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Emongor, Rosemary Akhungu. "The impact of South African supermarkets on agricultural and industrial development in the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192009-132757/.
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Rodrigues, Bethânia Avila. "Planejamento estratégico para comercialização de produtos da agricultura familiar." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2285.
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CapesOs empreendimentos de agricultura familiar não são recentes no Brasil e vêm, dia a dia, ganhando força e reconhecimento. Quanto ao sistema orgânico de produção agrícola, este surgiu ao final do século XIX, com fortes movimentos contrários a utilização de produtos químicos na agricultura. Sendo uma alternativa sustentável no mercado, a demanda por produtos vem crescendo ao longo dos anos em todo o mundo, e, com isso o número de agricultores familiares dedicados à produção orgânica também se multiplica. O presente estudo objetiva delinear o planejamento estratégico voltado para a comercialização da produção orgânica de agricultores familiares, para inserção e manutenção dos seus produtos no mercado. Para isso, foram selecionados os agricultores familiares que possuem certificação por auditoria, pela certificadora IBD certificações LTDA, no município de Ponta Grossa/PR, configurando uma população de sete produtores. A obtenção dos dados se deu por meio de entrevistas pessoais, e o tratamento desses foi realizado por meio de estatística descritiva e análise interpretativa. Dessa forma, pode-se desenhar o perfil dos empreendimentos agrícolas familiares estudados, compreender os benefícios e dificuldades em obter a certificação de produção orgânica, compreender o processo produtivo e caracterizar o processo de comercialização dos empreendimentos. Além disso, foram averiguadas as estratégias adotadas para manter a produção e a comercialização da produção do núcleo familiar, bem como analisar o cenário em que estão inseridos, dentro do mercado de consumo de olerícolas e frutas. A partir desses resultados, foi possível concluir que: o baixo grau de escolaridade dos agricultores não interfere no processo produtivo, mas ainda é uma dificuldade no processo de gestão e planejamento dos empreendimentos; a obtenção da certificação de produção orgânica, embora tenha demandado um processo criterioso e demorado, é um diferencial para a comercialização; devido ao baixo volume de mão de obra dos núcleos familiares, esses dedicam muito tempo aos processos de produção e pouco tempo, ou nenhum, para planejar e gerenciar os processos de comercialização; embora haja políticas e programas de incentivo à comercialização na agricultura familiar, ainda existem carências de fomento aos processos produtivos, no sentido de expansão da oferta de insumos específicos para produção de orgânicos, e de capacitação de mão de obra; e, dentre os canais de comercialização existentes, a comercialização direta ao consumidor final é a que gera maior e mais rápido retorno financeiro, além de contribuir para a divulgação dos produtos através da comunicação boca a boca.
The family farming enterprises are not recent in Brazil and come from day to day, gaining strength and recognition. As for the organic system of agricultural production, this appeared at the end of the nineteenth century, with strong movements against the use of chemicals in agriculture. Being a sustainable alternative in the market, the demand for products has grown over the years all over the world, and with this the number of family farmers dedicated to organic production also multiplies. In this sense, the present study aims to outline the strategic planning aimed at marketing the organic production of family farmers, for insertion and maintenance of their products in the market. For this, we selected the family farmers who are certified by audit, by the certifier IBD certifications LTDA, in the city of Ponta Grossa / PR, constituting a population of seven producers. The data were obtained through personal interviews, and the treatment of these was performed through descriptive statistics and interpretative analysis. In this way, it is possible to design the profile of the family farms studied, to understand the benefits and difficulties in obtaining organic production certification, to understand the productive process and to characterize the commercialization process of the enterprises. In addition, the strategies adopted to maintain the production and commercialization of the production of the family nucleus were analyzed, as well as to analyze the scenario in which they are inserted, within the consumption market of vegetables and fruits. From these results, it was possible to conclude that: the low level of schooling of the farmers does not interfere in the productive process, but it is still a difficulty in the process of management and planning of the enterprises; the certification of organic production, although it has demanded a careful and time-consuming process, is a differential for the commercialization; because of the low volume of workforce in the family, they devote a lot of time to production processes and little or no time to plan and manage the marketing processes; although there are policies and programs to encourage commercialization in family agriculture, there are still deficiencies in the productive processes, in the sense of expanding the supply of specific inputs for organic production, and training of labor; and, among the existing marketing channels, direct marketing to the final consumer is the one that generates greater and faster financial return, besides contributing to the dissemination of products through word of mouth communication.
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Mzuyanda, Christian. "Assessing the impact of primary agricultural co-operative membership on smallholder farm performance (crops) in Mnquma Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021285.
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Elliot, Alexander Dean. "An investigation into the hydrothermal processing of coal fly ash to produce zeolite for controlled release fertiliser applications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1698.
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During the year that concluded prior to the commencement of this PhD (2001) 11.7 million tonnes of fly ash was produced in Australia, of which only 32% was utilised is some way, near its conclusion, the latest statistics (2004), reveal that 12.5 million tonnes was produced with only 35% utilised in some way (ADAA 2006), with the remainder being accumulated in landfills and ash dams. This low level of ash utilisation in Australia is inevitable due to the combination of inherently high transport costs, and relatively low value products. This situation argues for more value-added utilisation of coal ash to overcome the transport cost barrier.Zeolite synthesised from fly ash for agricultural application as a controlled release fertiliser, is a technology which offers considerable advantages in terms of economic, technical and environmental performance. This fertiliser market is both a high value and high volume market, with the potential to consume significant quantities of fly ash. Studies using natural zeolite have demonstrated significant improvements in fertiliser efficiency for zeolite compared to soluble salts.This thesis looks at the issues behind fly ash utilisation in the broader sense, evaluates the potential markets for zeolite products in Australia, assesses the established science behind producing zeolite materials from fly ash, and examines the direct hydrothermal treatment process for producing zeolites (including analcime, cancrinite, zeolite ZK-14, and zeolite P1) from coal fly ash, including the relationship between zeolite types produced and operating conditions, desirable zeolite properties for controlled release fertilisers, optimal production conditions, economic implications, and avenues for future research.The hydrothermal treatment process was studied through the control of reaction temperature (T), reaction time (t), the Si/Al mole ratio (n), the cation type (M), the pH, the H2O/Al mole ratio (p), and the M+/Al mole ratio in excess of unity (m), where MNO3 was used to control m independent of pH. A number of different zeolite types were produced from fly ash with a maximum zeolite yield of 57%. Due to impurities present in the fly ash, it is impossible to selectively synthesise pure zeolite of any kind using the direct hydrothermal treatment method, but this is adequate for the intended fertiliser applications.A systematic quantitative refinement method was developed using Rietica to characterise the mineralogy of fly ash and hydrothermal treatment products, resulting in substantially more information regarding the transformations taking place than has previous been available in the study of the synthesis of zeolites from fly ash. This in conjunction with SEM has provided unprecedented detail regarding the reactivity of fly ash components, namely glass, quartz, and mullite phases, as well as the independent role of M+ and OH− within the hydrothermal system, and the encapsulation of fly ash reactants by products.Notably quartz is more reactive than mullite; however at a pH of 14.6 mullite is completely dissolved while quartz is not, probably due to the significantly smaller size of mullite crystals relative to quartz particles; and for small increases in m with constant pH starting from x = 1, the total yield of zeolite increases, and the yields of different zeolite types change from low to a maxima back to low as functions of both pH and m.From the experiments conducted it appears that the processes of gel formation and zeolite crystal growth can be manipulated through the continuous presence of zeolites with fly ash reactants, and through the manipulation and control of M+ and OH− concentrations as well as temperature to balance the suppression of fly ash dissolution while enhancing crystallisation to minimise the encapsulation of reactants by products, increasing the productivity of hydrothermal treatment process, therefore improve its economic viability, which is key to its possible future implementation.
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Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon. "Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/938.
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Savard, Marielle. "Impact of Canadian stabilization programs on pork exports to the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55675.
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Gerona, Morales Marcelo Esteban. "El comercio de productos agrícolas en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC)." Quito : Abya-Yala, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/65189840.html.
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Zenda, Sipho Macriba. "A systems approach to marketing in less developed agriculture with reference to Bululwane Irrigation Scheme." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001045.
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Ribeiro, Douglas Tadeu de Oliveira. "Uma contribuição para mensuração dos ativos biológicos e produto agrícola sem mercado ativo e seus reflexos contábeis." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1540.
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-24The present study contributed to establish a cash flow model to measure the fair value of any biological asset teaching through examples based on best practices in asset valuation used by the market. Although CPC 29 (equivalent to international financial reporting standard IAS 41) establishes a level of hierarchy for measuring fair value, many assessments are performed using the discounted cash flow, in the absence of an active market or in the absence of market for the asset in its present condition, even if there is an active market for the mature biological asset. Given this difficulty, the method of discounted cash flow for the present value is used to evaluate a wider range of biological assets. The main aspect discussed was how to translate the elements necessary for an asset valuation by the method of discounted cash flow applied to different crops and also livestock. The accounting effects are different for each type of entity, farming or agribusiness, as well as its effects on the distribution of dividends and tax treatment. This study also evaluate the need for modification of internal controls to account for the fair value of agricultural produce for industrial entities and its practical implications. Since it is a relevant estimate in the financial statements, the measurement must be accompanied by extensive disclosures of significant assumptions used, which has not yet happened in the disclosures analyzed listed Brazilian companies. In many cases the disclosure makes comparison between companies operating in the same sector, since important information is not disclosed. The study also considers the effects of fair value of biological assets on the financial statements of the public entities and if the notes are sufficient to provide user with enough information to allow comparison
O presente estudo contribuiu para estabelecer um modelo de fluxo de caixa para mensuração do valor justo para qualquer ativo biológico, por meio de exemplos didáticos, com base nas melhores práticas de avaliação de ativos utilizadas pelo mercado. Embora o Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 29 (equivalente à norma internacional IAS 41) estabeleça um nível de hierarquia para mensuração do valor justo, muitas avaliações são realizadas utilizando-se o fluxo de caixa descontado, seja pela ausência de um mercado ativo ou pela ausência de mercado para o ativo na condição em que ele se encontra, mesmo que exista mercado ativo. Diante dessa dificuldade, a metodologia de fluxo de caixa descontado para obter o valor presente é utilizada para avaliar a maior variedade de ativos biológicos. O principal aspecto analisado foi como traduzir os elementos necessários para uma avaliação de ativos pelo método do fluxo de caixa descontado, aplicado às diferentes culturas agrícolas e também à pecuária. Os reflexos contábeis são diferentes para cada tipo de entidade, seja agrícola ou agroindústria, bem como os seus efeitos sobre a distribuição de dividendos e tratamento fiscal. O estudo avalia, igualmente, a necessidade de alteração dos controles internos para considerar o valor justo do produto agrícola naquelas empresas agroindustriais e suas implicações práticas. Por se tratar de uma estimativa relevante nas demonstrações financeiras, a mensuração deve ser acompanhada de extensa divulgação das premissas relevantes utilizadas, o que ainda não se verifica nas divulgações analisadas das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Em muitos casos, a divulgação dificulta a comparação entre empresas que operam no mesmo setor, já que informações importantes não são divulgadas. O estudo também trata dos efeitos do valor justo dos ativos biológicos sobre demonstrações financeiras das entidades abertas e se as divulgações são suficientes para permitir a comparabilidade pelos seus usuários