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Hanafiah, M. Ali, Witman Rasyid, and Agus Purwoko. "HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK, MOTIVASI DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PENYULUH PERTANIAN DI KOTA BENGKULU." Jurnal AGRISEP 12, no. 1 (April 7, 2013): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.12.1.69-84.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the correlation of the agricultural agents’ characteristics, motivation and competence to their work productivity. This research was conducted in February through April 2013 and used census methods. The study population was defined as many as 33 people of 45 people from the extension of existing civil servants. Data analysis was done by using Product Moment Pearson procedure. The results showed that: 1) some of the agents’ characteristics were correlated significantly with their job productivity, there were period of employment, training, agricultural area in the region of agriculture extension, 2) Some factors of the agents’ motivation were correlated significantly with their job productivity. There are recognition, salary and reward. 3) Some factors of the agents’ competencies were correlated significantly with their job productivity. There are planning, implementating, evaluation of agriculture extension, and communication skills real contact with the work productivity of agricultural extension. 4) Work productivity level of agricultural extension agents still not yet good (“low” category) because four of five factors work productivity as method extension, extension materials and increased knowledge and skills of farmers were low.Keywords: Agricultural Extension Agent, Characteristics, Motivation, Competence, Productivity
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Khuseno, Moch Toha. "PENGARUH PELATIHAN DAN LINGKUNGAN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KOMPETENSI SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA PENYULUH PERTANIAN (Studi Pada Dinas Pertanian Dan Peternakan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 15, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.15.3.2019.26494.
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This study aims to determine the effect of training on Agricultural Extension competencies; know the effect of the organization's environment on Agricultural Extension competencies; know the effect of training on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers; know the effect of the organizational environment on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers; know the training factors and organizational environment on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers through work competence as an intervening variable. This research was carried out using the exploratory method with a quantitative approach with the research location at the North Sulawesi Provincial Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department. The number of samples is equal to the total population of 18 people given the small population. Data collection methods used are descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis using path analysis with t-test as hypothesis testing. The results showed that training for Agricultural Extension Workers had a significant effect on work competence; the organizational environment also significantly influences the work competency of Agricultural Extension Workers; work Competence has a significant effect on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers; Training also has a significant effect on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers; the organizational environment has a positive and significant effect on the performance of agricultural instructors; training and Organizational Environment have a significant effect on the performance of Agricultural Extension Workers through their Work Competencies. There is an increase in the direct influence and indirect effect of each variable. *eprm*
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Luz, Maria de Lourdes Santiago, and Joao Alberto Camarotto. "Competencies of Work in Agricultural Research Units." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.627.
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This paper aims to investigate and discuss the concepts comprised of the competencies deriving from tacit and explicit knowledge of operational work, a critical factor in the transfer and retention of knowledge in an organization of agricultural activities, as well as their relationships. Thus, this article contains a review of the literature to understand the relationship between worker competencies and the work done in agricultural units linked to teaching and research institutes in Brazil. The term agricultural unitsrefers to experimental farms belonging to higher education institutions, intended to serve as a workplace for teaching, research and extension activities. This research is also based on the specific characteristics of work in an organization that fit in situations of high variability. The final product of an experimental farm includes not only research results and generated knowledge, but also the development of operational activities. Finally, this paper discusses the relationship of competencies necessary for the development of this kind of agricultural unit of teaching and research.
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Lawal-Adebowale, O. A., and A. M. Omotayo. "Agro-Research and Extension Personnel’s Knowledge of ICT Applications for Agricultural Development in Southwest-Nigeria." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2012010104.
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ICT integration in agriculture is changing the tempo of the sector globally. Successful application of ICT for agricultural development however depends on the agricultural workers’ knowledge of the information-driven technologies applications. Assessment of the Nigerian agricultural researchers and extension agents’ knowledge of the ICT applications showed that 92.9% of the researchers and 51.6% of the extension agents had knowledge of the ICT applications. The chi-square analytical test showed that the agricultural researchers’ knowledge of ICT applications was significantly related to their level of education (x<sup>2</sup> = 52.33, p = 0.017), work experience (x<sup>2</sup> = 26.37, p = 0.04), IT training (x<sup>2</sup>= 26.19, p = 0.036) at p < 0.05 level. The extension agents’ knowledge of ICT utilities was significantly related to their education (x<sup>2</sup> = 47.39, p = 0.047) at p < 0.05 levels. T-test of difference between the researchers and extension agents’ knowledge of ICT applications was found significant. It was concluded that the respondents’ knowledge of the ICT applications was influenced by their level of education; and was recommended that the agricultural researchers and extension agents should train anytime the organisational ICT devices are scaled up for new applications in agriculture.
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LADD, C. E. "THE RELATION OF RESEARCH TO EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2008): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1928.tb02465.x.
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Mansour, Tamer Gamal Ibrahim, Mahmoud Alaa Abdelazez, Khairy Hamed Eleshmawi, and Salah Said Abd el- Ghani. "Environmental SWOT Analysis for Agricultural Extension in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1503-1508.2216.
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North Sinai governorate is one of the largest desert areas in terms of intensity of agricultural extension work, In spite of efforts by state agencies to bring about agricultural development in the governorate, agriculture is still somewhat characterized by primitive traditional methods, making agricultural development rates almost indistinguishable, And with the scarcity of extension research carried out in North Sinai in the field of environmental SWOT analysis, It was necessary to conduct the study that is trying to analyze the current situation of agricultural extension in North Sinai governorate through identifying the strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). A participatory SWOT analysis study using open-ended qualitative-type instrument was conducted; Research data were collected through personal interviewing questionnaire with 90 respondents representing 75% of the total extension workers in North Sinai Governorate, during the period from May till October 2018. The results showed that the most important strengths of these were that a large proportion of the extension workers are specialized in agricultural extension, more than half of the guides were from rural areas and the high job satisfaction degree among of the majority of the extension workers while the most important weaknesses were Weak budget and inadequate funding for extension work, Absence of job description for the extension workers, and Lack of financial and material resources. On the other hand the most important opportunities were Availability of research institutes in the governorate, NGO-Public Sector Collaboration. While the most important threats were Decreased investments targeting the agricultural sector in general and the extension system in particular, Poor Farmer Organization, Security instability in the governorate. Depending upon SWOT outputs, some relevant strategies were discussed to develop agricultural extension system in the governorate through some dimensions that uses strengths and opportunities to overcome weaknesses and to avoid threats or minimize their effects.
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Baruah, Anushree, and G. Madan Mohan. "Exploring the ICT Preferences of Personnel from Agricultural Extension Organizations in the Northeastern Region of India." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2021.18.1.7.
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Although the public extension system in India is known to be one of the largest in the world, it still lacks coordinated effort in managing the links between research, extension, and farmers, resulting in non-uniform distribution of agricultural knowledge and technology. A vast majority of the population earning their livelihood through agriculture remain small and marginal farmers. Lack of computerized networks in agricultural extension departments, inadequate skilled manpower for disseminating agricultural information, and increasingly diverse needs of farmers across the Indian sub-continent pose hurdles in effective information transfer to the farming community. The use of information and communication technology (ICT) tools exerts a positive impact on agriculture worldwide by aiding speedy and effective dissemination of agricultural information. An increased awareness of modern ICT tools and their usage will contribute substantially to strengthening the extension network and expand its scope. This study explored the ICT preferences of personnel from agricultural extension organizations employed in public extension organizations in the north-eastern region of India. It found that electronic media is ranked below the conventional extension contact modes of print media and personalized contact regarding its use for disseminating agricultural information by the extension personnel. Demographic characteristics of the personnel from agricultural extension organizations such as sex, age, education, specialization, designation, and work experience were significantly associated with the pattern of ICT use specifically experience with ICT, frequency of use, training, and voluntary use.
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Calixte, Christelle, Grady Roberts, and J. C. Bunch. "Employment Opportunities for Graduates of Agricultural TVET Schools in Haiti." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 26, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2019.26303.
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The literature suggests that in Haiti, the extension work is primarily conducted by graduates from agricultural TVET schools. However, Haiti is a country with alarming data for food insecurity and severe hunger index. This situation arises questions about the manner in which TVET contributes to the dissemination of best agricultural practices amongst farmers and the role that extension agents play in bringing the scientific discoveries into the rural communities. Moreover, little research has been made about the current situation of Haitian TVET within the agricultural system. This study used basic qualitative methods with a constructivist approach, and backwards design as theoretical framework to explore the employment of TVET graduates within the Haitian agricultural system. Schools’ directors and teachers were individually interviewed, and focus groups conducted with the students, which revealed the employers of TVET graduates, the types of jobs they realize within the system and the external factors that affect employment opportunities. Employers of technicians were most likely public sector, NGOs and IOs as well as entrepreneurship activities. These TVET graduates’ job profiles are in extension performing versatile work, or as entrepreneurs. Their employment opportunities were affected by the overall unemployment, the existing opportunities in agriculture, and lack of government support. Keywords: Haiti; employment; technical schools; agriculture
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Abdel-Maksoud, Ahmed, and Bahgat Abdel-Maksoud. "Developing a performance measurement model for agricultural extension agents." Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-03-2013-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a performance measurement (PM) model for agricultural extension agents. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, management accounting-agricultural extension, the study has three main research objectives: highlight the main concepts to be embedded in a PM model for agricultural extension agents in an agricultural extension organization (RO1); identify main PM components of the proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents (RO2); and investigate empirically the causal relationships in the proposed PM model (RO3). Design/methodology/approach – An interdisciplinary literature review and a proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents are presented (RO1 and RO2). An empirical survey is incorporated, carried out in early 2011 (RO3), to examine three groups, totaling around 274 respondents. Data were collected through personal interviews using structured questionnaire forms. Path analysis technique was applied. Findings – The authors propose a PM model consisting of five components. The five components are: agricultural extension agents’ characteristics, agents’ work attitudes, services provided, use of agricultural extension services and farmers’ satisfaction with agricultural extension services. The overall findings of the empirical surveys were found to validate the suggested causal relations among the components of the model. Findings indicate that 85 per cent of changes in farmers’ satisfaction with services are explained by changes in the preceding variables in the model. Research limitations/implications – It is, however, important to view this study with a few limitations in mind; for instance, using a survey method (e.g. sampling and the use of questionnaires in data collection); and the constraints associated with the model. That is to say that the components of the model could be further increased to incorporate other aspects of stakeholders, e.g. the economic impact of governmental financial policies on tax and the customs duties on agricultural products. Practical implications – A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agricultural extension reference manual recommends certain purposes for a PM in agricultural extension organizations; interestingly, all these are already embedded in the proposed PM model, which makes it unequivocally a useful PM model for agriculture extension agents in agricultural extension organizations worldwide. Furthermore, the proposed model contributes significantly to agricultural extension practitioners and academics alike. It focuses the attention of agricultural extension organizations on the causal relationships among the model’s components. These components are linked to the agricultural extension organization strategies. Social implications – In addition to the practical implications above, the proposed PM model demonstrates the need for placing equal importance on all five components included and setting performance indicator (PI) targets. Originality/value – The importance of this study emerges from the fact that it is helpful to examine the development and implementation of PM models across various disciplines to enhance understanding. The PM model overcomes the shortcomings in previous PM models of agricultural extension agents’ criteria/models in the agricultural extension literature. It is not merely a theoretically proposed model because the proposed causal relations amongst its variables are empirically investigated. Following management accounting and strategy theories, the authors propose that the relative importance of the attributes of PI in the proposed model differs according to each agricultural extension organization’s strategy, size and organizational structure.
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Ifeanyi-obi, C. C., and H. D. Ibiso. "Extension agents perception of open data usage in agricultural communication in Abia State." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i4.10.
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The study assessed agricultural extension agent’s perception of open data usage in agricultural communication in Abia State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 83 extension agents for the study. Data for the study was collected with the use of questionnaire and described with frequency counts, percentages and mean. A moderate percentage (68%) of extension agents were aware of open data with only 15% and 7% having high and very high level of awareness. A relatively high percentage (54%) understand what open data is all about with only 49% consenting to be involved in the use of open data mainly at a moderate level (66%). Extension agents mainly perceive open data to facilitate agricultural research ( x̄ = 3.2), facilitate access to research findings (x̄ = 3.2), give access to the work of other extension agents in other states ( x̄ = 3.2), expose them to innovation in agriculture ( x̄ = 3.2) and ensure timely access to all necessary information (x̄ = 3.1). The major challenges to the use of open data among extension agents were lack of fund to purchase internet bundle ( x̄ = 2.2), unavailability of internet facilities( x̄ = 2.1), lack of basic ICT facilities ( x̄ = 2.1) as well as lack of adequate knowledge of the use of ICT( x̄ = 2.0) and open data ( x̄ = 2.0). Propagation of the use of open data could be done mainly by provision of ICTs in offices ( = 3.6), training of extension agents to understand the concept of open data ( x̄ = 3.6) and provision of internet facilities for extension agents ( x̄ = 3.5). The study emphasized the need for Government through the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) to provide basic ICT tools in offices and provision of internet facilities to enable extension agents maximize the use of open data.
Keywords: Open data, challenges, agriculture, extension agents
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Baker, Brian P., and Douglas B. Smith. "Self identified research needs of New York organic farmers." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 3 (1987): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001740.
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AbstractA survey of organic farmers in New York State identified problems in need of university research. Weed management was the most frequently mentioned problem by far, identified as significant by two-thirds of the organic farmers. Only a few other problems were listed as significant, including insufficient time for farm work, lack of markets, low prices, and lack of appropriate tools. These were cited by more than a third of the farmers. Drought, insect management, and a lack of a dependable supply of labor were cited by about one-third of the respondents. The survey also examined organic farmers' information sources. They do not use conventional sources of agricultural information, such as the extension service and conventional agricultural media, as much as books, magazines, and newsletters on organic f arming, other organic f armers, and on-farm experiments. Many respondents noted that local extension agents did not know very much about non-chemical solutions to organic production problems. They considered University Extension to be accessible, but not very useful in solving problems specific to organic farming, and had many suggestions to improve Land Grant research in organic agriculture.
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Suvedi, Murari, and Ramjee P. Ghimire. "In Search of an Alternative Agricultural Extension Strategy: An Action Research on Off-season Vegetable Production in Nepal." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 23, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2016.23204.
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Agricultural extension services in Nepal are in serious need of revival. An extension approach that brings agricultural stakeholders together and fosters co-learning among them is paramount for agricultural development. This study, conducted in 2013 in Hamsapur, Nepal, aims to assess the current agricultural extension services and search for an alternative extension strategy for speedy agricultural development. Specifically, the study seeks to examine the current agricultural production patterns; assess farmers’ perceptions of the participatory action research (PAR) approach; and identify barriers for adoption of new agricultural technologies by farmers. Personal interviews and observations were employed for collecting qualitative and quantitative data. Ninety-two farmers participated in the study. Farmers, including women and youths, found off-season tomato production beneficial to them. Marketing of vegetables and lack of irrigation, education and knowledge are problems facing farmers. Farmers are optimistic about increasing farm productivity by adopting new and improved technologies. The PAR approach appears to be effective in helping smallholders when non-governmental organizations, farmers and educational institutions work together. Agricultural programs would likely succeed if there were provision of input such as seeds, fertilizers and farmer-to-farmer extension, and if technologies were market-driven and compatible with target communities.
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Calixte, Christelle, Grady Roberts, and J. C. Bunch. "Understanding the Context for Agricultural Technical, Vocational, Education and Training in Haiti." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27236.
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Agricultural activities in developing countries are critical for the future of the world’s food security. These countries have the lowest agricultural productivity and dissemination of agricultural technologies are often insufficient. Extension has a vital role in improving agricultural productivity. The Caribbean country of Haiti is one such case. In Haiti, agricultural technicians perform much of the extension field work. Agricultural technicians often have a diploma earned at a Technical, Vocational, Education and Training (TVET) school. However, not much is known about Haitian TVET schools, as little research has been conducted. This study explored the context for Haitian agricultural TVET. Individual interviews with four school directors and three teachers per school (12 total), as well as a student focus group in each school allowed to identify the ambiguous cultural value of agricultural TVET in Haiti. Results identified the cultural disregard for TVET through its stakeholders’ contempt for this sector as well as the government’s failure to support it appropriately. However, it was also found that TVET added value to the agricultural system both for its inherent qualities, and because of the reputation, competitiveness it creates for the graduates through the schools’ curricula, INFP recognition, and the networking experiences it facilitates notably with internships. Keywords: TVET, Haitian, agriculture
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EI-Basioni, Sahar, and Mona Mohamed. "THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PERCEPTION HELD BY THE RESEARCHERS WHO WORK IN RESEARCH- EXTENSION TEAMS AT CENTRAL LABORATORY FOR AQUACULTURE RESEARCH." Journal of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 5157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaess.2006.157625.
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Tanjung, Hery Bachrizal. "The Role of Self-Supporting Extension Agent in Institutional Development of Farmers in Sijunjung Regency and West Pasaman Regency." JERAMI Indonesian Journal of Crop Science 2, no. 2 (February 29, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jijcs.2.2.79-85.2020.
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The advancement of agriculture sector in one region cannot be separated from the role of agricultural extension in the region. To cover the deficiency of agricultural extension agents, self-supporting extension agents are recruited from farmers or private parties. This study aims to analyze the role of self-supporting instructors in improving farmer institutions and analyze factors related to the role of self-supporting extension agents in improving farmer institutions. This research was a qualitative descriptive study, and it was conducted in West Pasaman and Sijunjung Regency with a sample of 38 people. The results showed that self-supporting instructors play a significant role in improving farmer institutions; this is seen from 78% of self-supporting extension agents have a role in increasing farmer institutions. Factors related to the role of self-supporting extension agents in improving farmer institutions are (1) the age of agents, (2) the number of partners from farmer groups, and (3) the frequency of training attended by self-supporting extension agents. To increase the role of self-extension extension agents in the institutional development of farmers, it is recommended that institutions who manage the agricultural extension recruit self-supporting extension agents from the millennial generation and facilitate self-supporting extension agents to be able to participate in training related to farming in the agent's area of work.
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Sadangi, BN, and Biswajit Mondal. "Integrating gender in rice research." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 56, Special Issue (May 29, 2019): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2019.56.s.9.
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Gender mainstreaming in agriculture is new trend to address the inequalities of resources and work participation between men and women for ensuring equity in gender. Though women constitute about half of the total agricultural labour, their access to resources as well as decision making power is limited. Particularly, women in rice-based farming system though undertake hard work, own or share very limited resources and benefits in comparison to other systems. Various needs of women, while undertake research and technologies developed should be addressed appropriately through gender focussed planning, project implementation, monitoring as well as impact assessment. A systematic understanding and capacity building of the planners, researchers, development and extension machineries on innovative mechanism and gender sensitive perspectives would bring socioeconomic upliftment of not only women but the whole society.
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Sadangi, BN, and Biswajit Mondal. "Integrating gender in rice research." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 56, Special (May 29, 2019): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2019.56.spl.9.
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Gender mainstreaming in agriculture is new trend to address the inequalities of resources and work participation between men and women for ensuring equity in gender. Though women constitute about half of the total agricultural labour, their access to resources as well as decision making power is limited. Particularly, women in rice-based farming system though undertake hard work, own or share very limited resources and benefits in comparison to other systems. Various needs of women, while undertake research and technologies developed should be addressed appropriately through gender focussed planning, project implementation, monitoring as well as impact assessment. A systematic understanding and capacity building of the planners, researchers, development and extension machineries on innovative mechanism and gender sensitive perspectives would bring socioeconomic upliftment of not only women but the whole society.
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Hakim, Rachman, Tri Haryanto, and Dyah Wulan Sari. "Analysis of Factors Affecting the Technical Efficiency of Rice Farming in East Java Province." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 18, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v18i2.12808.
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Agriculture is a dominant sector in Indonesia, mostly because many people work in this sector, especially in agricultural centers such as East Java Province. However, it is ironic that the farm sector does not have a considerable contribution to Indonesia's national income. This study aimed to measure rice farming's efficiency in East Java and determine whether education, access to credit, farmer group membership, age, and agricultural extension affected rice farming efficiency. The data source comes from the Central Statistics Agency (Agricultural Business Household Income Survey) in 2013 for East Java Province. The number of samples used was 8603 farmer households. The research method uses Stochastic Frontier Analysis. The results showed that the average efficiency for the Cobb-Douglas production function was 0.764, while the average efficiency for the translog production function was 0.759. The Cobb-Douglas production function is not suitable for this study; the translog production function is considered more appropriate. The variables of education, access to credit, membership of farmer groups, age, and agricultural extension significantly influence rice farming's technical efficiency in East Java. The extension variable has the most significant effect.
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Wahyono, Effendi, and Nurul Huda. "Agricultural Extension Education in Indonesia in the Colonial Period 1900-1941." Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 30, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i1.22893.
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This paper examines agricultural extension education during the colonial period in Indonesia and used historical research to investigate it. The agricultural extension was formed in 1911. Agricultural experts in Indonesia at that time were agricultural engineers who graduated from Agricultural College in Wageningen, the Netherlands. They did not understand much about indigenous cultures, languages, and agrarian systems. The task of the agricultural extension was to improve the economy of rural peasant communities. Agricultural education in Indonesia began with the Middlebare Landbouw School for higher education. For lower-level education or the first secondary school, Cultuur School was established. This school prepared graduates to work as forestry officials, agricultural supervisors, and agricultural extension workers. The number of graduates was minimal, so it can not reach the vast territory of Indonesia. For this reason, graduates of agricultural schools who worked in extension offices (Landbouwvoorlichtingsdienst) gave agricultural courses to village school teachers (Vervolksschool). The teachers then taught agriculture to grade five elementary school students, and peasant groups formed in the villages. These peasant groups were led by peasants who have succeeded in the village, which were then used as movers in village economic growth.Tulisan ini membahas pendidikan penyuluhan pertanian selama periode kolonial di Indonesia dan menggunakan menggunakan metode sejarah untuk menelitinya. Penyuluhan pertanian dibentuk pada tahun 1911. Ahli pertanian di Indonesia pada waktu itu adalah insinyur pertanian yang lulus dari Sekolah Tinggi Pertanian di Wageningen, Belanda. Mereka tidak mengerti banyak tentang budaya, bahasa, dan sistem agraria lokal. Tugas penyuluhan pertanian adalah untuk meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat petani pedesaan. Pendidikan pertanian di Indonesia dimulai dengan Middlebare Landbouw School untuk pendidikan tinggi. Untuk pendidikan tingkat rendah atau sekolah menengah pertama, Cultuur School didirikan. Sekolah ini mempersiapkan lulusan untuk bekerja sebagai pejabat kehutanan, pengawas pertanian, dan penyuluh pertanian. Jumlah lulusannya sangat minim, sehingga tidak bisa menjangkau wilayah Indonesia yang luas. Untuk alasan ini, lulusan sekolah pertanian yang bekerja di kantor penyuluhan (Landbouw voorlichtings dienst) memberikan kursus pertanian kepada guru sekolah desa (Vervolksschool). Para guru kemudian mengajar pertanian ke kelas lima siswa sekolah dasar, dan kelompok tani terbentuk di desa-desa. Kelompok tani ini dipimpin oleh petani yang telah berhasil di desa, yang kemudian digunakan sebagai penggerak dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi desa.
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Borodai, Iryna S. "The serial publications as sources of research on the history of agricultural experimental work in Ukraine." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190116.
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The aim is to analyze the bibliographic series based on the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The methods are source analysis, in particular, the use of traditional methods of classification and critique of documentary sources, its identification, analysis and synthesis. Scientific novelty. The article covers the topics of the most popular series “Agrarian Science of Ukraine in Persons, Documents, Bibliographies”, that was founded in 1998. The theoretical and practical contribution in the development of a strategy for managing the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine by well-known scientists M. Vavilov, O. Kvastsnyky, P. Sloskin, K. Gedroits, V. Resemlo, I. Lukinov, O. Alesho, S. Tretyakov, B. Yenken, A. Skorohodko, O. Bugutsky, D. Lykhvar, A. Sapegin, V. Peresipkin, C. Frankfurt, O. Kalachikov, M. Kravchenko, M. Zubets, P. Prokopovych, V. Kudashev is revealed. Originality. Thematic blocks of serial editions are devoted to issues of the role of academic scientific institutions in scientific and methodological support and coordination of scientific researches, development of some branches of agriculture, with its general characterization are set. Main results. The significance of serial publications as an information resource for studying the history of the forming and development of agricultural research work, the formation of a network of branch scientific institutions, the extension of agrarian education, the establishment of scientific schools and areas in agrarian science, actualization of the scientific heritage for solving urgent issues of the present, etc. The most numerous block of editions is devoted to the development of academic branch science, which took place within the framework of the functioning of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Southern Department of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Conclusions. It is shown that serial editions, created on the basis of a wide range of diverse sources, mainly Ukrainian archival funds, periodicals, statistical materials, scientific literature, promote the representation and evaluation of the activities of some agricultural scientists and research teams in the departmental, regional and sectoral aspects. Practical meaning. The article will contribute to the expansion of the source resource for the study of the formation and development of the agricultural researching work in Ukraine.
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Come, Sérgio Feliciano, Hadma Milaneze De Souza, José Ambrósio Ferreira Neto, and Ana Louise De Carvalho Fiúza. "The Mozambican Experience in Institutionalizing Agrarian Research." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p102.
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This work addresses the historical process of institutionalization of agrarian research in Mozambique as well as the main challenges that it faces. The study was based on secondary data that address agrarian research from its genesis to the present. The results indicate that in the period prior to Mozambique’s independence in 1975, the best agrarian research infrastructures were concentrated in the South of the country, the region with the lowest agricultural potential compared to the Centre and the North. With the independence, the Mozambican Agrarian Research Institute (IIAM), the largest national agrarian research institution, expanded the experimental stations to the Centre and North. However, due to the war that hit the country between 1976 and 1992, agrarian research was not very effective in this period. After the end of the civil war, IIAM and some institutions of higher education, especially Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), developed several technologies to increase agricultural productivity. Currently, the challenges of agrarian research are enormous, specially the need to: increase the quantity and quality of researchers, study the impact of climate change on agriculture, increase funding for research by government and other national partners, study the causes of the discontinuation of the use of improved agricultural technologies as well as the inclusion of farmers as priority subjects in agrarian research. Improving the linkage between research and rural extension is crucial for the generation and diffusion of appropriate agricultural technologies to the reality of Mozambican farmers.
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Kustanti, Eni, Agus Rusmana, and Purwanti Hadisiwi. "The Utilization of Internet By Extension Specialist in Efforts to Accelerate Agriculture Information Disemination." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 39, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v39n2.2020.p129-139.
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<p>One of the internet utilization inagricultural developmentby the Ministry Agriculture is to disseminate information of technology innovations to the agricultural extension specialist as intermediary users. This paper discusses the use of the internet by agricultural extension specialist in an effort to accelerate the dissemination of agricultural information. Several internet application used in the dissemination of agricultural information such as the IAARD(Indonesia Agency of Agricultural Research dan Development) website, cyber extension, agricultural digital libraries and social media.The intensity of using the internet by agricultural extension specialist for dissemination of agricultural informastion is still low with the frequency of 2-3 times a day and the duration of 1-2 hours a day because the task of agricultural extension in the field. The used of the internet by agricultural extension are depend on individual characteristic (age, length of work, media ownershipand education), perception on the internet, information needs, motivation and support of agencies. The agricultural extension used the internet for reports, content creation, and extension methods designed. Low internet acces capability and limited access facilities become obstacles on using the internet to obtain the necessary information. The ability of extension specialist to access the internet can meet the needs of agricultural information users and improve the competence of extension specialist themselves.</p><p>Keyword: Internet, dissemination, agricultural technology, extension.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>PEMANFAATAN MEDIA INTERNET OLEH PENYULUH DALAM UPAYA<br />PERCEPATAN DISEMINASI INFORMASI PERTANIAN</p><p>Salah satu pemanfaatan internet di Kementerian Pertanian adalah untuk diseminasi informasi teknologi pertanian kepada penyuluh sebagai pengguna perantara sebelum disampaikan ke petani dengan bahasa yang mudah dicerna. Tulisan ini membahas pemanfaatan internet oleh penyuluh dalam upaya percepatan diseminasi informasi pertanian. Beberapa aplikasi internet untuk diseminasi informasi pertanian diantaranya web Balitbangtan, cyber extension, perpustakaan digital pertanian, dan media sosial. Intensitas penggunaan internet oleh penyuluh untuk diseminasi informasi pertanian masih rendah dengan frekuensi 2-3 kali sehari dan durasi 1-2 jam sehari karena mereka lebih banyak berada di lapangan untuk tugas penyuluhan kepada petani. Penggunaan internet oleh penyuluh antara lain dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik individu (usia, lama bekerja, kepemilikan media, dan pendidikan), persepsi terhadap internet, kebutuhan informasi, motivasi dan dukungan lingkungan. Bagi penyuluh, internet digunakan untuk penyusunan laporan, pembuatan materi, program, dan mendesain metode penyuluhan. Kemampuan akses yang rendah dan keterbatasan sarana parasarana menjadi hambatan dalam pemanfaatan internet untuk memperoleh informasi yang diperlukan. Kemampuan penyuluh mengakses internet berperan penting dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna informasi pertanian dan meningkatkan kompetensi penyuluh itu sendiri.</p><p>Kata kunci: Internet, diseminasi, teknologi pertanian, penyuluh.</p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Kanwar, J. S., S. M. Virmani, and S. K. Das. "Farming Systems Research in India: A Historical Perspective." Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700022961.
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SummaryThis review gives a historical perspective of the development of Farming Systems Research (FSR) in India over the past 60 years, as India changed from a traditional, subsistence oriented agriculture to one based on science and technology. The first period relates to the years 1930–50, when the Government of India created the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and initiated research on dryland agriculture.The second period relates to the development of coordinated agronomic trials and simple fertilizer experiments on farmers' fields during the years 1950–65. This development was a forerunner of networks of coordinated applied agronomic research relevant to farmers' cropping systems and adaptive research with farmers' participation. The development of a soil conservation research network in the same period strengthened research on the natural resource base countrywide. The third period started with the reorganization of ICAR, the establishment of State Agricultural Universities and the introduction of coordinated research programmes on high-yielding varieties (HYVs). At the same time the coordinated dryland agricultural research programmes, and subsequently the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), were established, leading to the development of a national system of FSR for rainfed agriculture.The fourth period of FSR started with the establishment in 1972 of ICRISAT, an international agricultural research centre that accepted FSR as its mandate and developed the concept of integrating the management technologies for various components of climate, soil, water and crops with a farmers' perspective. ICRISAT's work was complementary to that of CRIDA and helped to bring about conceptual changes in Indian FSR through research aimed at understanding principles and processes of semi-arid tropical (SAT) farming systems. Following this, mechanisms for strengthening on-farm research were emphasized so as to provide stronger linkages between researchers, extension workers and farmers.Today, FSR with a farmers' perspective occupies pride of place in India's agricultural research agenda. Yet it is a long way from bridging the gap between the generation of technology and its adoption by farmers, who have shown a preference for its components rather than for the full package of technology.
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Ujj, Apolka, Csaba Bálint, Pál Goda, Paulina Jancsovszka, and Kennedy Mutua. "Development of the Agricultural Innovation Brokerage Concept in Eastern European Countries, Based on a Hungarian Situation Analysis." European Countryside 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe Agro-innovation Broker (AIB) concept was introduced by the European Commission solely to increase the vast spread of innovative solutions in Agriculture. The concept can be perceived as an intermediary between the demand and supply of agricultural research and extension services. This paper’s results are derived from the international research work that aims to develop a training curriculum in the field of agricultural innovation services with effective materials to boost capacity building actions in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE). Based on consultations with stakeholders, the Hungarian situation analysis allowed comparison with other CEE countries and the expansion of an AIB vocational training curriculum. It helps to better understand the needs of agricultural innovation services through a clear view of advisors’ competences. Our results suggest that apart from the similar knowledge requirements and skills of AIBs across CEE countries, country-specific expectations and needs should be addressed in AIB training.
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Faridhavin, Urfan, Roso Witjaksono, and Harsoyo Harsoyo. "Persepsi Pendamping Terhadap Pelaksanaan Program Upsus Pajale Di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta." Agro Ekonomi 27, no. 2 (November 9, 2017): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.22700.
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In an effort to realize food security, the Ministry of Agriculture made a policy of agricultural development by preparing food self-sufficiency program embodied with Special Effort of Increasing Productivity of Rice, Corn and Soy (UPSUS PAJALE). This escort and assistance is conducted by Agricultural Extension (PNS and THL), BABINSA (Bintara Pembina Desa) and students. This research aim to know 1) the implementation of UPSUS PAJALE program in Yogyakarta Special District; 2) the perception rate of program adviser to implementation of UPSUS PAJALE program; and 3) the factors which affect to the perception of program adviser. The research used descriptive method. The sampling of location was chosen purposively, while the sampling of program adviser was taken by simple random sampling and total sample is 40 respondents. The data were analyzed with proportion test and multiple linier regression. The research results showed that the rate of program adviser perception to implementation UPSUS PAJALE program was in good category. Knowledge of program adviser positively affect to the perception. Factors that did not significantly influence to perception of program adviser were experience, motivation to work in agriculture, interaction with farmers, interaction with agricultural extention worker, and interaction with BABINSA (TNI).
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Mokoginta, Sitti Nurlela, Vicky R. B. Moniaga, and Melsje Y. Memah. "KAJIAN KINERJA PENYULUH PERTANIAN DI DESA TOROUT KECAMATAN TOMPASO BARU." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 14, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.14.1.2018.19261.
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This study aims to describe the performance of agricultural extension workers in Torout Village, Tompaso Baru Subdistrict. This research was conducted in the village of Torout District of Tompaso Baru for 3 months from May to July 2017 of preparation, data collection through the preparation of research reports. Sampling method is done purposively (purposive), on paddy farmer and corn farmer. The method used in this study using primary and secondary. The method of analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis method. The results showed that the performance of agricultural extension in the Village Torout District of Tompaso Baru with 9 indicators which 6 indicators 3 indicators categorized as high and very high. The success of agricultural extension is a requirement of farmers. Agricultural extension that can be realized if supported by the presence of competent trainers. Agricultural extension are expected to have the ability to carry out complex work, on the basis of professional ability specified, including skills to plan, implement activities, solve problems with responsibilities independently at a certain level, managerial skills and be able to follow the development, knowledge and technologies in the field of expertise .
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Stone, Alexandra G., Danielle D. Treadwell, Alice K. Formiga, John P. G. McQueen, Michelle M. Wander, James Riddle, Heather M. Darby, and Debra Heleba. "eOrganic: The Organic Agriculture Community of Practice for eXtension." HortTechnology 22, no. 5 (October 2012): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.5.583.
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eOrganic is the organic agriculture community of practice (CoP) and resource area for eXtension. eOrganic’s primary community of interest (CoI) is organic farmers and the agricultural professionals who support them. The 250 members of the eOrganic CoP include farmers, researchers, certifiers, and extension/other agricultural professionals. eOrganic’s mission is to build a diverse national CoP and use web technologies to synthesize existing information, emerging science, and practical knowledge into information resources and training materials for its CoI. eOrganic strategies to achieve that mission include collaborative publication, stakeholder engagement, community development, project management, evaluation, and fundraising. eOrganic’s public site currently offers 240 articles, 250 videos, 80 webinars and broadcasts, and 100 frequently asked questions (FAQs). eOrganic CoP members have answered more than 1000 “Ask an Expert” questions. eOrganic authors collaboratively develop articles in eOrganic’s collaborative workspace, which undergo review by two anonymous reviewers and National Organic Program (NOP) compliance review. eOrganic will offer online courses in 2012. eOrganic stakeholders evaluated eOrganic articles and videos in 2010 and overall they stated that they were relevant, science-based, and useful. Three quarters of webinar and broadcast participants said the webinar improved their understanding of the topic, and 83% said they would recommend the webinar to others. Sixty-nine percent of webinar survey respondents stated that they changed practices or provided others with information as the result of the webinar. eOrganic surveyed active CoP members in 2011. Members view eOrganic as important because it is the only national organic agriculture resource with direct ties to university research and they considered all of eOrganic’s core activities important. eOrganic is supported by small grants from eXtension and subawards in more than 20 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) research/extension projects. To enhance its financial sustainability, eOrganic will work to solidify its partnership with NIFA programs and diversify its funding sources to include course fees and underwriters.
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Moehlenpah, Alexi, and David L. Lalman. "116 Oklahoma State University Continuing Education Online Courses for Extension Educators in 2020." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.007.
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Abstract The Smith–Lever Act of 1914 established a system of cooperative extension services to connect the land-grant universities to the people. Agricultural extension educators serve as the “front door” to the University, providing research-based information in a wide variety of agricultural topics such as livestock, crops, entomology, natural resources, etc. A bachelor’s degree in agriculture is a requirement for employment as an agricultural extension educator in most states. Generally, most new hires are knowledgeable in one or more areas and perhaps possess a degree focused in the same area. However, many educators are not fluent in all the agriculture sectors they are required to address on a daily basis. Our objective is to gradually develop an online in-service program specifically designed to strengthen educators’ knowledge and proficiency in basic beef cattle production. These courses will consist of five to ten modules each with an estimated five hours of course work per subject. The courses will include reading material, listening and visual material, interactive activities, and quizzes to aid in learning the basics. The Introduction to Beef Cattle Nutrition course is intended to enhance extension educators’ knowledge of the nutrient requirements of beef cattle, body condition scoring, ration calculation, etc. Extension educators will be expected to pass quizzes at the end of each module with an eighty percent or higher. Oklahoma extension educators will enroll in the Introduction to Beef Cattle Nutrition course during the 2020 calendar year and complete over a ten-week period. A survey at the end of each module will allow the authors to see how effective the course was, and if the representative feels more confident in discussing and helping producers with their herd nutrition upon completion.
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Ramadhan, Rendi Henda, Begem Viantimala, and Serly Silviyanti. "PERANAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN LAPANG (PPL) DALAM ADOPSI PENGELOLAAN TANAMAN TERPADU (PTT) USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI KECAMATAN SEPUTIH RAMAN." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 7, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v7i2.262-267.
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This study aims to determine the level of role of agricultural extension workers on adopting integrated crop management, determine the level of adoption of integrated crop management of paddy rice in increasing productivity, analyze the relationship between the role of agricultural extension workers and adoption of integrated crop management, and analyze the relationship between adoption of integrated crop management and the productivity of lowland rice. Determination of sampling conducted by proporsional random sampling and obtained 99 people divided into eight agricultural extension work areas. The research data is analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics of Rank Spearman correlation test. The results of the study showed that the role of field agricultural extension workers in the management of integrated crops of paddy fields was in the medium classification; these roles included activities in education, dissemination, facilitation, consultation, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation. Adoption of integrated plant management based on the use of quality seeds and planting systems, irrigation, fertilization, control of plant pests, handling of harvests to post-harvest were in the medium classification. The role of field agricultural extension workers was significantly correlated with the adoption of integrated crop management, while adoption of integrated crop management was related to the productivity of lowland rice.Key words : adoption, agricultural extension workers, integrated crop management, paddy, roles
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Pello, Wely Yitro. "Pengaruh Peran dan Motivasi Penyuluh Pertanian Terhadap Inovasi Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Kupang Timur, Kabupaten Kupang Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur." Jurnal Penyuluhan 15, no. 2 (October 2, 2019): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v15i2.27732.
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This research aimed to find out rice plant technology innovation level in East Kupang Sub District, to find out the effect of extension agent’s role and job motivation on rice plant technology innovation, and to find out the simultaneous effect of extension agent’s role and motivation on rice plant technology innovation. Data analysis was conducted using multiple regression analysis. The result of research found that Rice Plant Cultivation Technology Innovation (Y) in East Kupang Sub District belonged to medium category (78.33%); it is indicated with the aspect of rice plant cultivation technology innovation dissemination by extension agent of 74.50% only and the aspect of farmers’ participation in wet-rice cultivation technology of 66.17%. The agricultural extension agent’s role factor belonged to high category (50.00%), while agricultural extension agent’s motivation factor belonged to medium category (60.00%). Agricultural Extension Agent factor affected significantly the rice cultivation technology innovation (Y), as indicated with three aspects: extension agent’s role as educator and facilitator, role as analyzer and planner, and role as evaluation expert of activity and education result. Agricultural extension agent’s motivation factor significantly affected the rice cultivation technology innovation (Y), as indicated with three aspects: extension agent’s motivation on basic need, status/social need, and work performance need. Extension agent’s role and motivation simultaneously affected rice plant technology innovation with Fstatistic value of 13.11.
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Nasrah, Misah. "Peran penyuluh pertanian lapangan (PPL) dalam kegiatan kelompok tani di kecamatan gerung kabupaten Lombok barat." AGROTEKSOS: Agronomi Teknologi dan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 29, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/agroteksos.v29i1.201.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to (1) know the role of agricultural extension officer filed in farmers group activities (2) know the constraints facing the agricultural filed extension officer in the activities of the farmers group ad west Lombok Regency. This research uses descriptive method. The unit of analysis in this researh are farmers and extension officer who buid the farmers group. Location of reaserch set by purposive sampling. Determination of the respondent’s purposive sampling basis determined for respondent extension officr and administrators group, to mamber of the group specified in quota sampling as much as 3 people from each group. The election of the respondent group members determined in random samling. Data analysis in this study uses the skoring. The reasuld showed (1) agricurtule filed extension officer play a role in the activities of the group of farmres with a combined score of 67, mode fore a role as a facilitator obtained score of 28, to motivator retrieved score of 27 and fore the role of organizer of the obtained score of 12, (2) lack of capital, low resource farmers and agricultural extension officer work areas of the filed.Keywords: agricultural extension filed, activities, role
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Novianti, Novianti, Satria Putra Utama, and Septri Widiono. "EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION AND BASIC TRAINING EXPERT AGRICULTURE 2014 IN SECRETARIAT OF EXTENSION COORDINATION BENGKULU PROVINCE." Journal of Agri Socio-Economics and Business 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jaseb.3.1.13-20.
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The objectives of this research to measure the effectiveness and analyze the factors that influence the effectiveness of basic training agricultural extension experts organized by the Secretariat Bakorluh Bengkulu Province. This research was conducted in March through June 2015 and used slovin methods. The study population was defined as many as 36 people of 40 people from the extension of existing civil servants. Data analysis was done by using tobit models. The results showed that : 1) some characteristics of extension that is age and work experience significantly influence the effectiveness of training 2) several factors including the method of training, facilities and trainers significantly influence the effectiveness of training. 3) The level of effectiveness basic education and training of agricultural extension experts by secretariat of Bakorluh Bengkulu province in middle category or sufficiently effective;.
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del Cid, Alvaro, Ramiro Ortiz, and H. R. Valenzuela. "PRECODEPA: A MULTI-COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO IMPROVE THE RESEARCH-EXTENSION INTERFACE FOR POTATO PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 724C—724. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.724c.
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PRECODEPA was formed with the purpose of coordinating research and extension to improve small-farm potato production. The program involves 9 countries in North, Central America and the Caribbean with the cooperation of the International Potato Center (CIP). Research and extension work was planed based on identified bottlenecks. Work was coordinated when similar bottlenecks were identified in different regions and/or countries. The project strategies emphasized the following: training of personnel to coordinate the work between extension and research; development of integrated pest management (IPM) practices; technology generation and validation trials on farmers' fields, and market development for commercialization purposes. The success of this unique program should serve as a model for similar agricultural projects in the future.
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Kazi, Shahnaz, and Bilquees Raza. "Rural Women’s Access to Credit and Extension: A Strategy for Change." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.753-765.
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Although still ‘invisible’ to policy-makers, women’s involvement in agricultural and livestock production is empirically established through national surveys and intensive studies. The labour force participation rates for rural women in 1990-91 varied ranged between 57 percent (Agricultural Census) and 43 percent (Pakistan Integrated Household Survey). Evidence from micro studies also shows that women are active participants in the farm and livestock sectors [Freedman and Wai (1988); Masood (1988); Ali et al. (1976); Haque (1986); Khan and Bilquees (1976)]. While rural women’s contribution to agricultural and livestock production is well-documented, they have little or no access to productive inputs to enhance their economic participation in these sectors. Evidence based on national level data indicates that women’s participation in agricultural activities is constrained by the lack of land and other assets [Sathar and Desai (1994)]. Contrary to the general view, women belonging to households that own land or other assets have a higher labour force participation rate than landless women. While landless women are more likely to work as agricultural labourers, however, the demand for wage employment is seasonal, limited to a few activities and certain regions, and their lack of assets to work with excludes any possibility of self-employment. Findings of village level research indicate a wide gap between the technology used by rural women and the more efficient practices in livestock production, which is attributed to their lack of contact with extension services and to their lack of resources to adopt more efficient methods of livestock care [Haque (1986)].
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Petheram, R. J., and R. A. Clark. "Farming systems research: relevance to Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 1 (1998): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96055.
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Summary. Farming systems research was introduced into many international and national agricultural research institutes in lower income countries in the 1970s and 1980s with the purpose of improving the relevance of research for small-scale farmers. This review outlines the origin, context, goals, principles and process of farming systems research in these countries, and aims to enable agricultural professionals to assess the relevance and value of farming systems research to their work in particular situations in Australia and overseas. The key elements of farming systems research include a holistic approach, orientation towards the needs of defined target groups, high levels of farmer participation and hence co-learning by farmers and specialists. There is guidance by facilitators, continuous evaluation and linkage to policy makers. The goal of farming systems research is to improve the well-being of farmers through development of farming systems. It involves application of methods from various disciplines, first to define the constraints and opportunities for development and then to overcome these in a research process involving farmers, with specialists and policy makers. A generalised farming systems research procedure and various research activities are described. Initially in lower income countries, a fairly standard farming systems research procedure was used, but farming systems research has evolved to encompass a range of activities commonly regarded as the realm of agricultural extension or rural development. Basic science, applied science and farming systems research are compared in terms of the roles and relationships of the people involved in the research process. The implications of selecting farming systems research as a model for rural research and development are discussed. Achieving adequate levels of farmer participation can be a major issue in farming systems research so it is important that the principal notions of participation are understood. Success of farming systems research in Australia will depend on developing innovative ways of achieving high levels of participation. Current trends in the philosophy, practice and funding of agricultural research and extension in Australia make it timely to consider the wider adoption of farming systems research principles and practices. Farming systems research could provide a valuable philosophical and practical basis for the trend towards greater participation by researchers with end-users and extension practitioners in agricultural development programs. However, it seems unwise to adhere strictly to any one particular model of research and development from other places: farming systems research concepts are being combined successfully with those from other models, such as systems learning and computer modelling, to suit the needs of particular situations. Implications of a wider adoption of farming systems research in Australia for agricultural research and development organisations and professional bodies include, the establishment of multidisciplinary teams with shared goals, and the sourcing of funding for periods long enough to achieve outcomes. There is also a need for training in systems concepts and facilitation, for reputable channels of publication of the results of farming systems research and for greater recognition of participatory activities as valid forms of agricultural research.
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Tumurang, Patrix Juriko, Melsje Yellie Memah, and Melissa Lady Gisela Tarore. "PENDEKATAN METODE PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN USAHA TANI CABAI DI DESA TIWOHO KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 15, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.15.1.2019.23598.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate approach to agricultural extension methods of chili farmers in Tiwoho Village, Wori District. This research was conducted from October to December 2018. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Theprimary data collection method is done by asking respondents to fill out a questionnaire that uses a Likert Scale measurement tool and has been prepared. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling. The number of respondents is 15 people. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Secondary data obtained from the Tiwoho Village office and the internet, namely google cendekia to get articles from various scientific journals and theses from other universities related to the topic of this research, especially concerning agricultural extension methods. This study shows that the approach of individual agricultural extension methods is more suitable to have the highest total score as many as 314 and a percentage of 83.7%.*jnkd+eprm*
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Anwarudin, Oeng, and Dayat Dayat. "The Effect of Farmer Participation in Agricultural Extension on Agribusiness Sustainability in Bogor, Indonesia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.1028.
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Era of regional autonomy is marked by the transfer of agricultural extension management from the central government to local governments. That event does not immediately make the implementation of re-education work optimally. Nevertheless, the Bogor government has been trying to manage and organize extension in the hope of increasing the participation of farmers for the agribusiness sustainability. The research aims to analyze descriptively farmer participation and agribusiness sustainability and analyze the factors that influence agribusiness sustainability. The study was conducted in Bogor from July to November 2017. The study population is farmers who are members of farmer groups. Samples in this study are 93 people taken by using multi stage random sampling technique. The study variables consist of internal factors (X1) including age, education level, training, internship, agribusiness experience, perception and motivation. Further variables are external factors (X2), extension activities (X3), program factors (X4), participation of farmers (X5) and agribusiness sustainability (Y). Data were taken using questionnaire, and then, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The result showed that participation of farmers in extension activities is high (77.42%) and majority, they had the potential of agribusiness sustainability (87.09%). Factors affecting the agribusiness sustainability of farmers are training, internships, perceptions, motivation, extension activities and participation of farmers in extension activities.
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Che, Ferdinand Ndifor, Kenneth David Strang, and Narasimha Rao Vajjhala. "Voice of farmers in the agriculture crisis in North-East Nigeria." International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2019-0136.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to uncover ground truth insights underlying the agriculture crisis from the perspectives of rural farmers in North-East Nigeria. The needs of individual farmers are otherwise not adequately reflected in national or regional economic development strategies. Design/methodology/approach A unique sequential mixed-methods research design was adopted for this study. A grounded theory approach was used for the literature review followed by a consensual qualitative research (CQR) technique. Data were collected through a semi-structured sense-making focus group (FG) held at a field site with agricultural extension workers. The CQR technique included brainstorming, the nominal group technique, open discussions, sense-making and consensual agreement on the most important ideas. The FG sense-making was recorded, and discourse analysis was conducted to develop thematic concept maps using NVivo software. Findings Agriculture crisis ground truth insight themes were consistent with the extant literature but several different issues were also found. Rural farmers in North-East Nigeria have significant challenges with government support in six core areas, namely, farm input quality and dissemination, fair input subsidization, training, market facilitation, corruption and insecurity. Research limitations/implications The target population of this study was rural farmers in Adamawa State, North-East Nigeria. A relatively small sample of 16 agricultural extension workers – very experienced farmers who also act as mentors and are paid incentives by the government for doing so – was used. Practical implications In tackling the agriculture crisis in Nigeria, policymakers will do well to recognize the realities that the rural farmers face and their needs, the government must address the areas highlighted in this study where support for farmers lacks and urgently review the current process of farm inputs dissemination. Originality/value Agriculture crisis problems were explored from the perspectives of rural North-East Nigerian farmers, who have not been previously sampled due to cultural, language, literacy and schedule constraints. The extension workers were better able to communicate agriculture crisis insights in modern economic planning terminology because they are well-educated farmers, knowledgeable about the problems due to their field experience and because they have more flexible work schedules. A unique sequential mixed-methods constructivist research design was used with an embedded CQR technique, which would be of interest to scholars and research institutions.
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UEDA, Ken-etsu. "Agricultural Economics Research for Technology Development and Extension Works From the Perspective of Innovation Management." JOURNAL OF RURAL SOCIETY AND ECONOMICS 34, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11617/jrse.34.1_15.
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Jayashankar, Priyanka, Wesley J. Johnston, Sree Nilakanta, and Reed Burres. "Co-creation of value-in-use through big data technology- a B2B agricultural perspective." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2018-0411.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the concepts of co-creation and value-in-use with a specific focus on big data technology in agriculture. The authors provide a unique narrative of how farmers experience co-creation and value-in-use in monetary and non-monetary forms. Design/methodology/approach The qualitative study is based on semi-structured interviews with mid-Western farmers. The constant comparative method was used for coding the data. Results were analyzed through open and axial coding, and matrix queries helped establish linkages between different concepts via NVivo 12. Findings The paper provides rich insight into co-creation through direct and indirect interaction, autonomous co-creation and epistemic, monetary and environmental value-in-use in the digital agriculture sector. Interestingly, co-creation through indirect interaction gives rise to epistemic value-in-use. Also, value-co-destruction can undermine co-creation, while relational actors and the concept of psychological ownership are very relevant to the process of co-creation. Research limitations/implications The authors build on the extant literature on co-creation in knowledge-intensive B2B sectors with the unique findings linking different forms of co-creation with value-in-use. Practical implications The findings on co-creation and value-in-use are beneficial to diverse agriculture stakeholders such as farmers, agriculture technology providers, extension agents and policymakers. Agricultural technology providers can determine how to make the co-creation process more meaningful for farmers and also create suitable technology tools that enrich farmers’ knowledge about crop management. Agricultural stakeholders can learn how to develop big data analytic tools and marketing narratives to maximize value-in-use and pre-empt value co-destruction. Social implications The research can impact policy, as it addresses a very relevant issue of how farmers relate to big data technology amidst growing consolidation and privacy concerns in the digital agriculture sector. Originality/value Our work is both theoretically and contextually relevant. We incorporate elements of service-dominant and customer-dominant logic while analyzing farmers’ perspectives of co-creation and value-in-use.
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Vieira, Débora de FA, and Flávia Maria VT Clemente. "Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation: characterization and prospective study of the challenges and solutions associated with the protected cultivation of vegetable crops." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 4 (December 2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180402.
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ABSTRACT Farmers and the rural extension service in Planaltina, in the Federal District, an important pole of tomato and sweet pepper production in the Brazilian Midwest region, have been observing decreases in yield in protected cultivation lately. Yields are getting back to those registered in initial years of the system’s implementation in the region. Besides, prices paid to farmers dropped due to the retreat in fruit and vegetable consumption by Brazilians registered since 2015, triggering a crisis in the region. The so-called “Harvest-Expedition on Protected Cultivation” brought together Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), Emater-DF (Federal District Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension) and SEAGRI-DF (State Secretariat for Agriculture, Food Supply, and Rural Development) to contribute on identifying and possibly finding solutions to the bottlenecks related to the technological and behavioral challenges likely to be causing yield drops and, consequently, reductions in farmers’ incomes. We carried out semi-structured interviews in April 2017 with all 127 producers who adopt protected cultivation in the region to profile them, as well as to characterize their properties, protected cultivation structures, and crop management, especially for tomato and sweet pepper. Agriculture is eminently family-based in the region and pressure over yield comes mainly from the continuous increase in the incidence of pests and diseases, strengthened by the low level of implementation of good agricultural and management practices. Despite the current adverse scenario, collaborative and multidisciplinary work in the region, bringing together organized farmers and the institutions involved in this survey, could revert the situation.
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Kelley, W. T., D. M. Granberry, and D. C. Sanders. "HANK KEMBLE DOESN'T WORK HERE ANYMORE." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 756b—756. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.756b.
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Hank Kemble is the only county agent role ever cast in a network television series. On Green Acres, Mr. Kemble always had advice for novice farmer Oliver Douglas. Unfortunately, Mr. Kemble's advice was usually vague and uncertain. More unfortunate is that this is the only image many people have regarding Cooperative Extension. As the last segment of the land-grant system established, Extension personnel were the last recognized as equals among faculty. The mistaken image of the county agent as a book-trained farm boy with no common sense and a government job has been reinforced by declining respect for the farming community. In reality, county agents today deal with social and agricultural issues in urban and rural communities. Agents work with reduced staffs while being educators, scientists, and administrators in addition to routine duties. Extension specialists routinely teach and conduct research. National and international recognition and peer-reviewed publications are necessary for promotion while conducting traditional duties, too. As educational requirements of agents and specialists increased, numbers of undergraduates entering Extension dropped (<1% of Univ. of Georgia horticulture graduates in the last 5 years). Georgia specialists with a PhD increased from 60% (1979) to 89% (1996). Agents with MS degrees increased from 36% (1987) to 45% (1996). Image, salary, and job security determine if Extension can attract qualified personnel. Extension was never a Hank Kemble organization and graduates must be convinced that Extension is a viable and respectable career and Hank Kemble doesn't work here anymore.
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Osborne, Dennis J., Douglas C. Sanders, Donn R. Ward, and James W. Rushing. "MANAGING A REGIONAL USDA-FUNDED FOOD SAFETY PROGRAM." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 869d—869. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.869d.
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This paper summarizes the management framework of a multi-state, multi-institutional partnership delivering a targeted train-the-trainer program. The program provided Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)-based training to southeastern U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable (produce) growers and packers. Twelve southern U.S. states cooperated in this project: Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. The 2000–04 work was funded by United States Department of Agriculture – Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (USDA–CSREES) National Food Safety Initiative grants. This project developed materials, pilot tested them, refined them for use by a regional group of specialized agents, assisted the agents in delivering the new programming and evaluated the results.
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Pandey, Chitra, and Hema Diwan. "Integrated approach for managing fertilizer intensification linked environmental issues." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 324–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-09-2017-0093.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the critical factors associated with growing fertilizer usage culminating in contamination of soil/water in agriculturally intensive regions of Uttar Pradesh, India. The agriculture sector is seen as one of the major contributors in ensuring food security, however adoption of sustainable agriculture to protect water resources from contamination due to fertilizers and pesticides is becoming pressing to achieve long term environmental security. Design/methodology/approach A two staged study aimed at monitoring the soil quality status followed by stakeholder survey has been attempted. Attitude-behavior framework based on the theory of reasoned action has been tried to explain the fertilizer use behavior in the study. The results are analyzed through Analysis of variance. Findings Soil monitoring data showed nitrate and total nitrogen loadings beyond the permissible limit in the identified regions. A questionnaire aimed at determining farmer’s attitude toward fertilizer usage showed a significant influence of factors like net farm income, overall farm yield, extension services, farmer characteristics on one hand and risks associated with changing farming practices, costs of substitutes available, market-based instruments like subsidies and loans on the other. Divergent responses were observed with respect to farmer’s perceived risks from adopting to organic substitutes, linkages of fertilizer application with environmental degradation and the level of adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Research limitations/implications The study can be scaled up to study the inter-regional differences by benchmarking regional responses. It would be interesting to extend the work to find solutions from the farmers as alternative fertility management strategies. The items used in questionnaire are self-made; hence there is still a possibility of enhancing the robustness of scale by applying advanced statistical techniques. Practical implications Results of the study indicate excessive nitrogen loadings in farm soils which is an indicator of potential future nitrate contaminated zones or vulnerable zones emerging in agricultural intensive regions. Findings reinforce the role of education, knowledge transfer and awareness for long-term agricultural sustainability. The paper highlights the urgency for reorientation of the support system by the government and policymakers. Originality/value The paper attempts to understand the linkage between the agricultural productivity and the environmental implications followed by the reasons culminating in the agri-environmental imbalance. On-site monitoring study followed by assessment of reasons culminating in this scenario has not been attempted earlier and this paper contributes to understanding at dual level. This paper emphasizes on the insights of stakeholder which is instrumental in ensuring agricultural sustainability or otherwise. It takes the position that the farmer’s farm management behavior is strongly influenced by factors like food security and income, keeping environmental quality at second place. It also identifies the barriers for organic farming and other alternative systems as well as explores the economic, social, and philosophical aspects of sustainable agriculture.
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Yusuf, Shehu Folaranmi Gbolahan, Oluwabunmi Oluwaseun Popoola, Lindokhule Gwala, and Thinandavha Nesengani. "Promoting University–Community Alliances in the Experiential Learning Activities of Agricultural Extension Postgraduate Students at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810411.
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This study examines the university–community alliance with regard to experiential learning activities that may be used to enhance the competencies of agricultural extension postgraduate students (AEPS). Through research and alliance, university education provides agricultural extension students with ideal learning spaces to explore cause-related social, economic, and sustainability aspects of agriculture. The objectives of the study were for the AEPS to work on community farms for between six to eight weeks, to identify production challenges, and to attempt to solve problems using a participatory action research (PAR) approach. Students collected data daily, using parameters that included types of agro-enterprise, agricultural practices, observation and control of pests and diseases, identification, and control of weed infestation types, control of predators, and management of various security challenges. Social media were also used to share posts (pictures and videos) of the various project activities with the public for discussion and knowledge sharing. Findings show that there was an improved relationship between the students and their community collaborators. All participants mutually benefited from the programme; students gained indigenous farming knowledge from the farmers, while farmers benefited from the scientific approaches to solving common farming problems employed by the students—mostly improvised technologies with local content. Both the students and the farmers learned from the knowledge shared by various followers on Facebook, who gave suggestions to address some of the challenges posted on social media. The programme advocates the need to shift from a mostly rigid, conventional curriculum to a more dynamic, interactive one, which embraces active experimentation with theoretical knowledge. It underscores the significance of experiential learning for developing students’ technical competencies. The success of the programme could influence curriculum development and re-design to accommodate more experience-based modules.
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Córdova, Bélgica Bermeo, José Luis Yagüe Blanco, Maritza Satama, and Carlos Jara. "Identification of Variables That Cause Agricultural Graduates Not to Return to the Rural Sector in Ecuador. Application of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 4270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104270.
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In Ecuador, the factors that encourage agricultural graduates to return to the rural production sector are unknown. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the variables that influence why agricultural graduates do not return to the rural sector. Fuzzy cognitive maps and hierarchical clustering were used to achieve this. Interviews were carried out with academic experts from the rural development field and agricultural planning managers who work across 10 of Ecuador’s provinces. Eighteen categorized variables were identified in the study, of which five were strategies for agricultural development that involve different actors. These were: (1) State policies for rural development, (2) quality academic training, (3) innovation and entrepreneurship training, (4) national research and university extension programs, and (5) associative cooperativism. The identification of these variables supports state authorities and universities in designing strategies that promote the involvement of agricultural graduates in the rural production sector.
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Bowley, Patricia. "Ontario Agriculture in the 1910s: The Move Toward Regional Specialization in Crop Production." Scientia Canadensis 20 (June 30, 2009): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800398ar.
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ABSTRACT Until the beginning of the 1910s, mixed farming was the most common type of agriculture in Ontario and was based on "self-subsistence": the farm family produced as many of the essentials of life as possible and traded for the other things they needed. During the decade 1910-1920, specialization was recognized as the most practical way to earn a comfortable living at farming. There were two important reasons for this move: the recognition that all crops were not adapted to each climatic and geographic region of Ontario; and the desire to farm according to the principles of soil conservation or "good farming" while still maximizing profits. The Ontario Department of Agriculture in conjunction with the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph was very active in conducting research and extension work. Through these programs, farmers were able to choose the particular crops and soil management systems which were the best for them.
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Kuche, Desalegn, Tesfaye Hailu, Girmay Ayana, Alemnesh Petros, Mekonnen Sisay, Masresha Tessema, Bezuayehu Gutema, et al. "Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia (SURE): A Qualitative Study Assessing Feasibility of the Program Implementation in Basona Worana District, Ethiopia." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_037.
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Abstract Objectives The Ethiopian government designed the SURE program which aims to reduce the prevalence of stunting by improving complementary feeding and dietary diversity as part of its national nutrition program. This study was conducted to test the feasibility of the SURE program before its implementation. Methods A qualitative research design with purposive sampling was employed for this study. A five-day overall SURE program training was provided for 6 health extension workers (HEWs) and 10 agriculture extension workers (AEWs). Trainees completed pre-post knowledge tests. Following their training, two pairs of health and agriculture extension workers jointly conducted household visits in each of three selected kebeles (sub-unit of district) to assess needs and counsel mother-father pairs. They also facilitated women's and men's group dialogues to reinforce messages in gender-specific peer groups. Research assistants and investigators observed 12 joint household visits. To further assess the program, 24 semi-structured interviews with extension workers and mother-father pairs and 6 focus group discussions with men's and women's groups were conducted. Data were analyzed using Nvivo version 11. Results Health and agriculture extension workers gained demonstrable knowledge about infant and young child feeding and nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices following their training, but they largely failed to apply the 3A's counselling process (assess, analyze and act) and delivered inconsistent messages during the counselling visits based on observation. However, they felt that they can realistically continue to work together. Pairs of mothers and fathers visited were supportive of the joint HEWs and AEWs visits. Focus group discussants from women's groups reported that segregating the group discussions by gender was helpful to ensure their participation and expression of ideas. Conclusions The SURE training provided to HEWs and AEWs resulted in knowledge retention. The integrated service delivery model of the SURE program is well-accepted by both extension workers and mother-father pairs. Further support to build counselling skills will be needed to improve program processes and the quality of services. Funding Sources Childrens' Investment Fund Foundation (UK) funded this research. No other involvement in carrying out the research activities.
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Afrinawati, Afrinawati, Mustafa Usman, and Akhmad Baihaqi. "Efektivitas Penyuluhan Pertanian Terhadap Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v1i1.1378.
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ABSTRAK - Tujuan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Objek penelitian ini adalah petani padi sawah yang tergabung dalam kelompok tani di Wilayah Kerja Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini terbatas pada efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Besarnya sampel penelitian 52 dengan metode analisis deskriptif dan efektivitas penyuluhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian pada usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar sebesar 94,8% dari sebelum adanya kegiatan penyuluhan sebesar 72,9%. Dimana artinya ada juga peningkatan pendapatan di tingkat petani dari sebelumnya hanya Rp.20.194.705 per Ha per MT telah mampu meningkat menjadi Rp.30.046.062 per Ha per MT.Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, Penyuluhan, Pendapata, Usahatani ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study is how the effectiveness of agricultural extension on farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. This research was conducted in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri. The object of this research is the paddy rice farmers who are members of farmers' groups in the Work Area of the Agricultural Extension Center (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. The scope of this study is limited to the effectiveness of agricultural extension services to farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. The amount of sample 52 with descriptive analysis and the effectiveness of counseling. The results showed that the effectiveness of agricultural extension on paddy rice farming in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri of 94.8% on the prior existence of extension activities by 72,9%. Which means there is also an increase in the income level of farmers from previously only Rp.20.194.705 per ha per MT has been able to increase to Rp.30.046.062 per ha per MT.Keywords: Effectiveness, Education, Income, Farming
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Yee, Jet, Mary Clare Ahearn, and Wallace Huffman. "Links among Farm Productivity, Off-Farm Work, and Farm Size in the Southeast." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, no. 3 (December 2004): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026882.
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This paper examines the linkages among agricultural total factor productivity, farm size, and farm household participation in the off-farm labor market for the Southeastern states for the period 1960-1996. We find evidence of a simultaneous relationship between productivity and measures of farm structure. The results support the expected relationships between the endogenous variables, namely that productivity and farm size are positively related, farm size and off-farm work participation are negatively related, and off-farm work and productivity are negatively related. We find positive and significant impacts of government policies (investments in public research, extension, and highways) on productivity growth.