To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Agricultural surpluses.
Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural surpluses'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Agricultural surpluses.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ulbricht, Tilo. "Alternative uses for agricultural surpluses." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 20, no. 4 (July 1988): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90170-3.
Full text
2
Paterson, A. C. "Alternative uses for agricultural surpluses." Biological Wastes 23, no. 2 (January 1988): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90073-0.
Full text
3
LEHTONEN, H., J. LANKOSKI, and K. KOIKKALAINEN. "Economic and environmental performance of alternative policy measures to reduce nutrient surpluses in Finnish agriculture." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125366.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides an economic sector level analysis of the effectiveness of different policy measures in decreasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses from agriculture in order to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural fields to watercourses and to improve water quality of surface waters. Assuming no changes in the EU level policies after CAP reform 2003 we focus on national level policy measures such as full or partial de-coupling of national support from production, payments for reduced nutrient surpluses of N and P, and N fertiliser tax. None of the analysed policy measures is superior one with respect to environmental performance, since full decoupling of national support would be the most effective in reducing P surpluses while payment for reduced nutrient surplus performed best with respect to N surpluses. Economic performance (farmers compliance cost per %-reduction of N or P surplus) of full and partial de-coupling of national support is clearly better than that of specialised agri-environmental policy instruments, because both decoupling scenarios result in the increase of farmers income in comparison to base scenario, and thus compliance costs are in fact negative in these two cases. Our analysis confirms the fact that the overall policy package matters a lot for the effectiveness of agrienvironmental policy measures. Environmental performance of agri-environmental policy measures may be significantly reduced, if they are implemented jointly with production coupled income support policies. Thus, in order to increase the effectiveness of agri-environmental policy measures agricultural income support policies should be decoupled from production and this alone would bring substantial reduction in nutrient surpluses.;
4
Burrell, Alison. "EC AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES AND BUDGET CONTROL." Journal of Agricultural Economics 38, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1987.tb01020.x.
Full text
5
Rosillo-Calle, F. "Book review: Alternative Uses for Agricultural Surpluses." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600426.
Full text
6
Canters, Kees J. "The Mac Sharry Plan and integration of EU policy on agriculture and nature conservation." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 3 (September 1996): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038807.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past few decades the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) has resulted in major surpluses of agricultural products. However, it has also resulted in severe environmental pollution and degradation. For these reasons, in the early 1990s, the CAP was reformed by means of the Mac Sharry Plan (MSP) (Commission of the EC 1991). This Plan aims to: 1) reduce agricultural surpluses and expenses, 2) adopt a more market-oriented approach, 3) keep a sufficient number of farmers in the countryside, and 4) render agriculture more benign to nature and the environment. The last of these aims has not yet been adequately elaborated in the MSP and it is uncertain whether the adopted measures will really lead to less agricultural pressure on nature and the environment.
7
Oenema, O., L. van Liere, S. Plette, T. Prins, H. van Zeijts, and O. Schoumans. "Environmental effects of manure policy options in The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 3 (February 1, 2004): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0172.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the effects of manure policy options for agricultural land in The Netherlands on nitrate leaching to groundwater, ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere and on eutrophication of surface waters. The implementation of the farm gate balance MINAS at farm level, with levy-free N surpluses in the range of 300 to 40 kg per ha per year, and levy-free P surpluses in the range of 17.5 to 0.4 kg of P per ha per year, have been examined. Results indicate that nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater are related to N surplus, land use, soil type and groundwater level. On dry sandy soils, the N surplus has to be below 60 to 140 kg of N per ha per year, depending on land use, to decrease the nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater to below 50 mg nitrate per litre. Decreases of N and P concentrations in surface waters, upon lowering levy-free surpluses appear relatively small. For improving the ecological state of surface waters, we recommend a combination of low levy-free N and P surpluses with dredging P rich sediments, flushing of ditches, and decreasing discharges from other sources.
8
Gradziuk, Piotr, Barbara Gradziuk, Anna Trocewicz, and Błażej Jendrzejewski. "Potential of Straw for Energy Purposes in Poland—Forecasts Based on Trend and Causal Models." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195054.
Full textAbstract:
The mitigation of climate change poses a major challenge to the legal framework which aims to stimulate the development of renewable energy sources. The European Union’s direction for the use of renewable energy is distributed generation and an increased use of by-products and organic waste, especially in the production of next-generation biofuels. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the production potential of straw in Poland and the possibility of its use for energy purposes, including a forecast for 2030, on the assumption that the management of this resource is in accordance with the provisions of the Polish Code for Good Agriculture Practice. In Poland, in the years 1999–2018, the average annual surplus of straw harvested over agricultural consumption equalled 12.5 million tons (4.2 Mtoe). Its largest surpluses were in the Dolnośląskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lubelskie, Wielkopolskie, and Zachodniopomorskie voivodeships (NUTS2). Based on the developed panel models, forecasts for straw surpluses in Poland are presented in three perspectives: realistic, pessimistic, and optimistic. The forecasts show regional differentiation until 2030. Each of the three perspectives indicate a slow increase in these surpluses, and depending on the adopted version, it will range from 10.6% to 21.9%.
9
Burkart, M., D. James, M. Liebman, and E. van Ouwerkerk. "Integrating principles of nitrogen dynamics in a method to estimate leachable nitrogen under agricultural systems." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.063.
Full textAbstract:
Surplus nitrogen (N) in ground and surface water is of concern in intensive agricultural regions. Surplus N leaches during lengthy periods where annual crop systems are used in temperate regions. This paper presents a model to estimate the surplus N available for leaching to ground water beneath agricultural systems and applies the model to watersheds in an intensive maize and soybean production system. The model utilizes commonly available georeferenced data on soils, crops, and livestock, making it applicable to watersheds in many regions. The model links stocks of N in soil, crops, livestock, fertilizer and the atmosphere. Nitrogen flow centers on exchange between the soil N stocks. Nitrogen mineralization rates are defined for three soil organic matter pools, crop residue, and manure based on carbon:N ratios. Nitrogen exports from the system are harvested crops, livestock and losses to the atmosphere. Application of the model in 26 Iowa watersheds finds surpluses of 18 to 43 kg-N/ha. Surpluses exceeded measured annual nitrate-N loads in regional streams by amounts equivalent to denitrification rates in groundwater. Deficits in soil N were sufficiently small to suggest that the system is in equilibrium with soils of the region.
10
Kunkel, Ralf, Michael Eisele, and Frank Wendland. "Assessing necessary nutrient reduction for measurement planning in groundwater bodies." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.821.
Full textAbstract:
For the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, nitrogen management options are developed and implemented in three pilot areas using new participation approaches and technologies suitable for programs of measures to reduce diffuse pollution from agriculture. As a target value for water protection measures a nitrate concentration in percolation water of 50 mg/l as an average for a larger area defined by the groundwater bodies and their hydrogeological subdivisions has been defined. An integrative emission model is used to simulate the interactions between agricultural practice, nitrogen surpluses and the nitrogen flow through the soil and aquifer to the outflow into surface waters. The actual nitrate concentrations in percolation water are calculated for the entire Federal State of Lower Saxony considering site-characteristics, N-surpluses, water balance and denitrification in the soil. The tolerable N-surpluses needed to meet the environmental target are quantified as averages for each of the hydrogeological subdivisions by “backward” calculation using this model system. The required reduction of N-surpluses was estimated by comparing the tolerable N-surpluses with the actual state of nitrogen emission. For the evaluation of the amount and efficiency of water protection measures, the required reduction of N-surpluses to accomplish the environmental target is quantified, using the current status as a reference.
11
Möckel, Stefan. "Germany’s Excessive Agricultural Nitrogen Emissions and the Need for Improving Existing Regulatory Concepts." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 16, no. 3 (September 11, 2019): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01603005.
Full textAbstract:
For decades, German agriculture has been responsible for high nitrogen inputs into the environment. Recent reductions in nitrogen surpluses that were originally caused by fertilization are not sufficient to meet European requirements. In the case of ammonia emissions, there has even been an upward trend despite contradicting national emission targets due to the expansion of animal husbandry. Both developments are not surprising, since German agricultural policy has for years been unable to adopt stricter measures that would reduce nitrogen surpluses and ammonia emissions and modernise existing regulatory concepts in line with European requirements. This paper presents the state of current emissions in section 1. Subsequently, sections 2 to 4 present the regulatory concepts for livestock facilities, agricultural fertilisation as well as the protection of Natura 2000 areas from agricultural intervention and identify their shortcomings in the light of recent rulings by the European Court of Justice. The paper offers a summary assessment that includes the most important areas for improvement.
12
Oenema, O., and C. W. J. Roest. "Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture into surface waters; the effects of policies and measures in the Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0167.
Full textAbstract:
The increased input of fertilizers and animal wastes after 1950 has boosted agricultural crop production to a high level in many industrialized countries, but it has also contributed to increased nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from agriculture to groundwaters and surface waters. This paper summarizes the pathways and controls of nitrogen and phosphorus losses to surface waters, and it presents estimates and predictions of the losses from agricultural soils in The Netherlands into surface waters, before and after the implementation of policies and measures to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture. Implementation of the nutrient accounting system MINAS, aiming at a step-wise lowering of nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses at farm level, will decrease the total nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses between the years 1985 and 2008 by 58 and 82%, respectively. These large decreases are the result of a strong decrease in the input via fertilizers and animal wastes, combined with only a minor decrease in the output via harvested products. Nitrogen emissions from agricultural land to surface waters will decrease by 38% between 1985 and 2008. Phosphorus emissions from agricultural land to surface waters are expected not to decrease on the short term.
13
Ondersteijn, C. J. M., A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink, G. W. J. Giesen, and R. B. M. Huirne. "Improving Nutrient Efficiency as a Strategy to Reduce Nutrient Surpluses on Dairy Farms." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.266.
Full textAbstract:
Dutch nutrient policy aims at reducing leaching of agricultural nutrients by internalizing the negative externalities associated with inefficient nutrient use. This is done by taxation of nitrogen and phosphate surpluses that exceed a hectare-based threshold of maximum-allowed surpluses. One management strategy farmers may use to reduce the nutrient surpluses on their farms is to improve the nutrient efficiency of the agricultural production process. This study employs Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to calculate nitrogen and phosphate efficiencies and an overall nutrient efficiency measure for a 3-year panel of 114 Dutch dairy farms. Subsequent analyses show the impact of both farm intensity and nutrient efficiency on the nitrogen and phosphate surpluses. It appears that farm intensity has a positive effect on efficiency, but efficiency and intensity exert opposite influences on nutrient surpluses. This is especially the case for nitrogen. The magnitude of a possible reduction of nitrogen surpluses through a strategy of efficiency improvement is therefore limited by the intensity of the farming system, unless the technology with which nutrients are used by the farming system can be further improved or input/output ratios will be altered.
14
Stevanović, Miodrag, Alexander Popp, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Jan Philipp Dietrich, Christoph Müller, Markus Bonsch, Christoph Schmitz, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Florian Humpenöder, and Isabelle Weindl. "The impact of high-end climate change on agricultural welfare." Science Advances 2, no. 8 (August 2016): e1501452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501452.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change threatens agricultural productivity worldwide, resulting in higher food prices. Associated economic gains and losses differ not only by region but also between producers and consumers and are affected by market dynamics. On the basis of an impact modeling chain, starting with 19 different climate projections that drive plant biophysical process simulations and ending with agro-economic decisions, this analysis focuses on distributional effects of high-end climate change impacts across geographic regions and across economic agents. By estimating the changes in surpluses of consumers and producers, we find that climate change can have detrimental impacts on global agricultural welfare, especially after 2050, because losses in consumer surplus generally outweigh gains in producer surplus. Damage in agriculture may reach the annual loss of 0.3% of future total gross domestic product at the end of the century globally, assuming further opening of trade in agricultural products, which typically leads to interregional production shifts to higher latitudes. Those estimated global losses could increase substantially if international trade is more restricted. If beneficial effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide fertilization can be realized in agricultural production, much of the damage could be avoided. Although trade policy reforms toward further liberalization help alleviate climate change impacts, additional compensation mechanisms for associated environmental and development concerns have to be considered.
15
Brown, Oliver M. R. "Alternative uses for agricultural surpluses, proceedings of the seminar on research and the problems of agricultural surpluses in Europe, EEC, June 1985." Agricultural Systems 26, no. 2 (January 1988): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(88)90066-2.
Full text
16
Shepherd, Jack. "Ethiopia: The Use of Food as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy." Issue 14 (1985): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700505885.
Full textAbstract:
In December, 1980, John Block, the Illinois farmer selected by Ronald Reagan as his new Secretary of Agriculture, told reporters: “I believe food is the greatest weapon we have for keeping peace in the world.” Mr. Block envisioned America shipping its agricultural surpluses to hungry nations in return for “more stability in the world.”
17
Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, U. Dragosits, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European agricultural landscapes – a method for farming system assessment, emission hotspot identification, and mitigation measure evaluation." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2012): 8859–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8859-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm nitrogen (N) balances and N surplus from the in total 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively. However, all landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with landless large-scale poultry farming. So, whereas the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1yr−1, the landscape average was similar to those of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry were included. However, the challenge remains how to account for indirect N surpluses and emissions from such farms with a large export of manure out of the landscape. We conclude that farm N balances are a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate levels in soils and groundwater, measured during the landscape data collection campaign from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. However, no significant correlation was found to N measured in surface waters, probably because of the short time horizon of the study. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22 % reduction, related to statistically significant effects (p < 0.01) of measures targeted at reducing N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences between the average and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that N-surplus reductions of 25–50 % as compared to the present level were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective at comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options, and is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N sink and N source hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
18
Richards, Peter, and Eugenio Arima. "Capital surpluses in the farming sector and agricultural expansion in Brazil." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 075011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aace8e.
Full text
19
F�bregas, J., E. D. Morales, N. Polanco, M. Pati�o, A. Otero, and J. F. Tobar. "Use of agricultural surpluses for production of biomass by marine microalgae." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00327799.
Full text
20
Mittermayer, Martin, August Gilg, Franz-Xaver Maidl, Ludwig Nätscher, and Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen. "Site‐specific nitrogen balances based on spatially variable soil and plant properties." Precision Agriculture 22, no. 5 (February 5, 2021): 1416–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09789-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this study, site-specific N balances were calculated for a 13.1 ha heterogeneous field. Yields and N uptake as input data for N balances were determined with data from a combine harvester, reflectance measurements from satellites and tractor-mounted sensors. The correlations between the measured grain yields and yields determined by digital methods were moderate. The calculated values for the N surpluses had a wide range within the field. Nitrogen surpluses were calculated from − 76.4 to 91.3 kg ha−1, with a mean of 24.0 kg ha−1. The use of different data sources and data collection methods had an impact on the results of N balancing. The results show the need for further optimization and improvement in the accuracy of digital methods. The factors influencing N uptake and N surplus were determined by analysing soil properties of georeferenced soil samples. Soil properties showed considerable spatial variation within the field. Soil organic carbon correlated very strongly with total nitrogen content (r = 0.97), moderately with N uptake (sensor, r = 0.60) and negatively with N surplus (satellite, r = − 0.46; sensor, r = − 0.56; harvester, r = − 0.60). Nitrate content was analysed in soil cores (0 to 9 m) taken in different yield zones, and compared with the calculated N surplus; there was a strong correlation between the measured nitrate content and calculated N surplus (r = 0.82). Site-specific N balancing can contribute to a more precise identification of the risk of nitrate losses and the development of targeted nitrate reduction strategies.
21
Van der Hoek, Klaas W. "Nitrogen Efficiency in Agriculture in Europe and India." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.385.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen balance sheets are useful tools for studying the quantitative aspects of nutrients. Nitrogen balance sheets have been prepared for the animal production system, crop production system, and for the agricultural sector as a whole for all 15 member states of the European Union (EU15) and for the Indian subcontinent. The EU15 and India were chosen for this study on nitrogen efficiency using balance sheets because they each occupy roughly 300 million ha of land and use about 65 kg nitrogen fertiliser per hectare of agricultural land. Balance sheets were constructed for three systems: animal production, crop production, and the agricultural sector as a whole. In addition to detailed descriptions of the nitrogen balance sheets, brief recommendations for reducing nitrogen surpluses are also given. Surprisingly, the balance sheets for crop production and the agricultural sector as a whole showed a surplus of about 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare of agricultural land.
22
Dalgaard, T., J. F. Bienkowski, A. Bleeker, U. Dragosits, J. L. Drouet, P. Durand, A. Frumau, et al. "Farm nitrogen balances in six European landscapes as an indicator for nitrogen losses and basis for improved management." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2012): 5303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5303-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Improved management of nitrogen (N) in agriculture is necessary to achieve a sustainable balance between the production of food and other biomass, and the unwanted effects of N on water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity deterioration and human health. To analyse farm N-losses and the complex interactions within farming systems, efficient methods for identifying emissions hotspots and evaluating mitigation measures are therefore needed. The present paper aims to fill this gap at the farm and landscape scales. Six agricultural landscapes in Poland (PL), the Netherlands (NL), France (FR), Italy (IT), Scotland (UK) and Denmark (DK) were studied, and a common method was developed for undertaking farm inventories and the derivation of farm N balances, N surpluses and for evaluating uncertainty for the 222 farms and 11 440 ha of farmland included in the study. In all landscapes, a large variation in the farm N surplus was found, and thereby a large potential for reductions. The highest average N surpluses were found in the most livestock-intensive landscapes of IT, FR, and NL; on average 202 ± 28, 179 ± 63 and 178 ± 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. All landscapes showed hotspots, especially from livestock farms, including a special UK case with large-scale landless poultry farming. Overall, the average N surplus from the land-based UK farms dominated by extensive sheep and cattle grazing was only 31 ± 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but was similar to the N surplus of PL and DK (122 ± 20 and 146 ± 55 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively) when landless poultry farming was included. We found farm N balances to be a useful indicator for N losses and the potential for improving N management. Significant correlations to N surplus were found, both with ammonia air concentrations and nitrate concentrations in soils and groundwater, measured during the period of N management data collection in the landscapes from 2007–2009. This indicates that farm N surpluses may be used as an independent dataset for validation of measured and modelled N emissions in agricultural landscapes. No significant correlation was found with N measured in surface waters, probably because of spatial and temporal variations in groundwater buffering and biogeochemical reactions affecting N flows from farm to surface waters. A case study of the development in N surplus from the landscape in DK from 1998–2008 showed a 22% reduction related to measures targeted at N emissions from livestock farms. Based on the large differences in N surplus between average N management farms and the most modern and N-efficient farms, it was concluded that additional N-surplus reductions of 25–50%, as compared to the present level, were realistic in all landscapes. The implemented N-surplus method was thus effective for comparing and synthesizing results on farm N emissions and the potentials of mitigation options. It is recommended for use in combination with other methods for the assessment of landscape N emissions and farm N efficiency, including more detailed N source and N sink hotspot mapping, measurements and modelling.
23
Wishart, David M. "Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 1 (March 1995): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040596.
Full textAbstract:
Debate over the level of economic development for the Eastern Cherokees was heated during the 1830s. Removal opponents argued that the Cherokees had adopted white agricultural methods, whereas advocates of removal maintained that little evidence of progress existed. Removal advocates believed that Cherokee economic progress required that they be removed from contact with whites. This article examines the statistical record to show that a majority of Cherokee households produced surplus food before removal. The large number of Cherokee households producing surpluses before removal suggests the existence of significant rents to be transmitted to white farmers via the removal policy.
24
Zhao, Zhong Hua, and Zu Min Qiu. "Research on Nitrogen Budgets of Agricultural Fields of the Tao River Basin." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.237.
Full textAbstract:
Based on a nitrogen (N) budget change model of agricultural fields, nitrogen budget change in each county in Tao River basin was calculated. For the whole basin, N-inputs, N-outputs and N-surpluses were obtained. The results indicated that N-inputs and N-outputs of Tao River from 2006 to 2008 increased obviously. The total N-inputs (N-outputs) in 2006, 2007 and 2008 were 31935 (18109) Tg, 33162 (17982) Tg and 33878 (19048) Tg, respectively. Compared the sources of N inputs, chemical fertilizer accounted for 44.94%, followed by human and animal excreta with 26.06%. For the N-outputs, the percent of crop harvest was biggest with 49.36%. N surpluses were 13826 Tg yr-1 in 2006, 15179 Tg yr-1 in 2007 and 15829 Tg yr-1 in 2008g. Annual growth rates were 9.9% in 2007 related to 2006 and 4.3% in 2008 related to 2007. The N-budgets with positive values showed that it increased significantly. Therefore, it was very urgent to control the non-point source of nitrogen pollution in Tao River basin.
25
Isono, Kimiko. "An analysis of the Cereals Surpluses Problems under the Common Agricultural Policy." EC studies in Japan 1987, no. 7 (1987): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5135/eusj1981.1987.7_88.
Full text
26
Svanbäck, Annika, Michelle L. McCrackin, Dennis P. Swaney, Helena Linefur, Bo G. Gustafsson, Robert W. Howarth, and Christoph Humborg. "Reducing agricultural nutrient surpluses in a large catchment – Links to livestock density." Science of The Total Environment 648 (January 2019): 1549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.194.
Full text
27
Jansson, Torbjörn, Hans Estrup Andersen, Berit Hasler, Lisa Höglind, and Bo G. Gustafsson. "Can investments in manure technology reduce nutrient leakage to the Baltic Sea?" Ambio 48, no. 11 (October 3, 2019): 1264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01251-5.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, quantitative models of the agricultural sector and nutrient transport and cycling are used to analyse the impacts in the Baltic Sea of replacing the current Greening measures of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy with a package of investments in manure handling. The investments aim at improving nutrient utilization and reducing nitrogen leaching, based on the assumption that lagging farms and regions can catch up with observed good practice. Our results indicate that such investments could reduce nitrogen surpluses in agriculture by 18% and nitrogen concentrations in the Baltic Sea by 1 to 9% depending on the basin. The Greening measures, in contrast, are found to actually increase nitrogen leaching.
28
Irfan, Mohammad. "Migration and Development in Pakistan: Some Selected Issues." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i4pp.743-755.
Full textAbstract:
Economic progress entails various shifts in resource allocations. A progressive deployment of factors of production from the primary-goods-producing sector to secondary and tertiary sectors is regarded as a vital concomitant of economic transformation. This inter-sectoral transfer of resources, both human and capital, very often involves geographic transfer because of imbalances which manifest themselves u shortages or surpluses. Viewed in this context, migration performs a useful role by transferring excess labour from the agricultural (rural) to the modem industrial sector in urban areas. In fact, a vast amount of literature, under the rubric of the 'labour Surplus' models, has evolved, especially during the 1950s, in which migration is seen as an equilibrating and growth-promoting mechanism leading to reductions in wage differentials, equitable income distribution and elimination of surpluses and shortages. Evidence accumulated during the 1960s and 1970s has also shown that migration could lead to worsening geographic and socio-economic in~ ties. This has led quite a few scholars to characterize migration as a dis-equilibrating rather than an equilibrating mechanism. Not only are the theoretical possibilities Varied, but the empirical evidence is also mixed and inconclusive .
29
Peng, Kui. "Main Chemical Nutrient Balances of a Typical Arable Ecosystem in North China." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2728.
Full textAbstract:
Changes of nutrient cycle and balance in agricultural ecosystem will bring heavy impacts not only on land production, but also on ecological and environmental condition. We studied on the balances of main nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphor) and their long-term changes in a typical arable ecosystem in North China, based on the resource data got from household surveys combined with land use data derived from remote sensing imagery. The results show that C and N balances of large-scale irrigated land changed from deficits in 1945 into great surpluses in 2002, respectively, and P surpluses also doubled in 2002. C, N and P balances in overall arable ecosystem showed significant surpluses despite of decreased total arable area after 60 years. Contrarily, C and N fluxes of arable landscape in 1945 showed overall deficits. Nutrient balance changes of arable lands were impacted mainly by anthropogenic factors such as fertilizer input, land productivity crop residue utility and land use.
30
Hansen, B., T. Dalgaard, L. Thorling, B. Sørensen, and M. Erlandsen. "Regional analysis of groundwater nitrate concentrations and trends in Denmark in regard to agricultural influence." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2012): 5321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5321-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The act of balancing between an intensive agriculture with a high potential for nitrate pollution and a~drinking water supply almost entirely based on groundwater is a challenge faced by Denmark and similar regions around the globe. Since the 1980s, regulations implemented by Danish farmers have succeeded in optimizing the N (nitrogen) management at farm level. As a result, the upward agricultural N surplus trend has been reversed, and the N surplus has reduced by 30–55 % from 1980 to 2007 depending on region. The reduction in the N surplus served to reduce the losses of N from agriculture, with documented positive effects on nature and the environment in Denmark. In groundwater, the upward trend in nitrate concentration was reversed around 1980, and a larger number of downward nitrate trends were seen in the youngest groundwater compared with the oldest groundwater. However, on average, approximately 48 % of the oxic monitored groundwater has nitrate concentrations above the groundwater and drinking water standards of 50 mg l−1. Furthermore, trend analyses show that 33 % of all the monitored groundwater has upward nitrate trends, while only 18 % of the youngest groundwater has upward nitrate trends according to data sampled from 1988–2009. A regional analysis shows a correlation between a high level of N surplus in agriculture, high concentrations of nitrate in groundwater and the largest number of downward nitrate trends in groundwater in the livestock-dense northern and western parts of Denmark compared with the south-eastern regions with lower livestock densities. These results indicate that the livestock farms dominating in northern and western parts of Denmark have achieved the largest reductions in N surpluses. Groundwater recharge age determinations allow comparison of long-term changes in N surplus in agriculture with changes in oxic groundwater quality. The presented data analysis is based on groundwater recharged from 1952–2003, but sampled from 1988–2009. Repetition of the nitrate trend analyses at five-year intervals using dating of the groundwater recharged in the coming years and a longer time series of the nitrate analyses can reveal the evolution in nitrate leaching from Danish agriculture during the past 10 yr. Similar analyses can be carried out to compare with other regions internationally.
31
Hansen, B., T. Dalgaard, L. Thorling, B. Sørensen, and M. Erlandsen. "Regional analysis of groundwater nitrate concentrations and trends in Denmark in regard to agricultural influence." Biogeosciences 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2012): 3277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3277-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The act of balancing between an intensive agriculture with a high potential for nitrate pollution and a drinking water supply almost entirely based on groundwater is a challenge faced by Denmark and similar regions around the globe. Since the 1980s, regulations implemented by Danish farmers have succeeded in optimizing the N (nitrogen) management at farm level. As a result, the upward agricultural N surplus trend has been reversed, and the N surplus has reduced by 30–55% from 1980 to 2007 depending on region. The reduction in the N surplus served to reduce the losses of N from agriculture, with documented positive effects on nature and the environment in Denmark. In groundwater, the upward trend in nitrate concentrations was reversed around 1980, and a larger number of downward nitrate trends were seen in the youngest groundwater compared with the oldest groundwater. However, on average, approximately 48% of the oxic monitored groundwater has nitrate concentrations above the groundwater and drinking water standards of 50 mg l−1. Furthermore, trend analyses show that 33% of all the monitored groundwater has upward nitrate trends, while only 18% of the youngest groundwater has upward nitrate trends according to data sampled from 1988–2009. A regional analysis shows a correlation between a high level of N surplus in agriculture, high concentrations of nitrate in groundwater and the largest number of downward nitrate trends in groundwater in the livestock-dense northern and western parts of Denmark compared with the southeastern regions with lower livestock densities. These results indicate that the livestock farms dominating in northern and western parts of Denmark have achieved the largest reductions in N surpluses. Groundwater recharge age determinations allow comparison of long-term changes in N surplus in agriculture with changes in oxic groundwater quality. The presented data analysis is based on groundwater recharged from 1952–2003, but sampled from 1988–2009. Repetition of the nitrate trend analyses at five-year intervals using dating of the groundwater recharged in the coming years and a longer time series of the nitrate analyses can reveal the evolution in nitrate leaching from Danish agriculture during the past 10 yr. Similar analyses can be carried out to compare with other regions internationally.
32
Martiin, Carin. "From farmer to dairy farmer: Swedish dairy farming from the late 1920s to 1990." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural 73 (November 15, 2017): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.073e04m.
Full textAbstract:
Swedish dairy farming became increasingly commercialized up until the mid-twentieth century, when nine out of ten farmers supplied milk to dairy plants. They adopted the view that milk sales were the path to progress for agriculture and the countryside in times of urbanization. Dairy farming was obviously embedded in functions that went beyond food production, which complicated the situation when the surplus of dairy farmers led to overproduction. At the same time, domestic demand became saturated and the international butter market proved more challenging than expected. This article focuses on collective outcomes of farmers’ actions in terms of commercialization, intensification, specialization and geographic concentration from the late 1920s to 1990. The timeframe includes an expansive phase until the late 1940s, which was followed by decades of declining demand for milk and a more restrictive political policy toward agricultural surpluses. It is argued that the vision of dairy farming as a safe way to make a living in agriculture underestimated the potential for increased production and limited demand. Contrary to initial hopes of using milk as a way to save the countryside, increasingly intensive and specialized dairy farming served to drive many out of farming.
33
Khmel, K. V. "Organizational operation model of water supply agricultural organizations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 64, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2019-64-1-114-125.
Full textAbstract:
Water supply for agricultural organizations in sufficient quantity and quality with minimum costs is the foundation of efficient production and raw materials for some industries, as well as the basis for water management.This article discusses the features and operation problems in water supply systems, surpluses on the balance of agricultural organizations. Science-based approaches to optimize the operation of water supply systems are presented in the article.For planning and control of exploitation of water supply systems in agricultural organizations it is recommended to group all repair and maintenance works into stages. These stages vary in purpose, scope and deadlines. One of four designed organizational operating models must be used for delegation of authorities.
34
Kopiński, Jerzy. "EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN THE EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8344.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was evaluation the use of nitrogen in Polish agriculture, at national (NUTS-0) and regional (NUTS-2) levels. The conducted analysis between 2002 and 2014, based on the gross nitrogen balance, showed an improvement in the use of this macronutrient in the agricultural production process in Poland. Despite the continuing negative relationship between N:P:K in applied mineral fertilizers, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization has far exceeded 60% in recent years. The use of this nutrient has also improved in most Polish voivodeships. However the differences between them are quite significant and range from 55% in wielkopolskie to 84% in the podkarpackie voivodeships. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization is significantly negatively correlated with its balance surpluses (r2 = 0.77).
35
Klages, Susanne, Claudia Heidecke, and Bernhard Osterburg. "The Impact of Agricultural Production and Policy on Water Quality during the Dry Year 2018, a Case Study from Germany." Water 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061519.
Full textAbstract:
The hot summer of 2018 posed many challenges with regard to water shortages and yield losses, especially for agricultural production. These agricultural impacts might further pose consequent threats for the environment. In this paper, we deduce the impact of droughts on agricultural land management and on water quality owing to nitrate pollution. Using national statistics, we calculate a Germany-wide soil surface nitrogen budget for 2018 and deduce the additional N surplus owing to the dry weather conditions. Using a model farm approach, we compare fertilization practices and legal restrictions for arable and pig breeding farms. The results show that, nationwide, at least 464 kt of nitrogen were not transferred to plant biomass in 2018, which equals an additional average nitrogen surplus of 30 kg/ha. The surplus would even have amounted to 43 kg/ha, if farmers had continued their fertilization practice from preceding years, but German farmers applied 161 kt less nitrogen in 2018 than in the year before, presumably as a result of the new implications of the Nitrates Directive, and, especially on grassland, owing to the drought. As nitrogen surplus is regarded as an “agri-drinking water indicator” (ADWI), an increase of the surplus entails water pollution with nitrates. The examples of the model farms show that fertilization regimes with high shares of organic fertilizers produce higher nitrogen surpluses. Owing to the elevated concentrations on residual nitrogen in soils, the fertilization needs of crops in spring 2019 were less pronounced than in preceding years. Thus, the quantity of the continuously produced manure in livestock farms puts additional pressure on existing storage capacities. This may particularly be the case in the hot-spot regions of animal breeding in the north-west of Germany, where manure production, biogas plants, and manure imports are accumulating. The paper concludes that water shortages under climate change not only impact agricultural production and yields, but also place further challenges and threats to nutrient management and the environment. The paper discusses preventive and emergency management options for agriculture to support farmers in extremely dry and hot conditions.
36
Gill, B. N. "“Agriculture at a New Dawn: Food Security v Energy Security”." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021591.
Full textAbstract:
The Post War era has seen UK agriculture experience mixed fortunes. Following the scarred memories of food shortages farming experienced one of its regular cyclical booms in the sixties and seventies with guaranteed prices that pushed forward production to improve the level of self sufficiency demanded by the politicians. In continental Europe this encouragement was provided by the emerging Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which Britain joined in 1973. The CAP promoted greater food production by different methods based on intervention buying at guaranteed prices when there were surpluses only to release the products back on the market at times of shortage. This system worked effectively while the periods of excess were smaller than the periods of surplus. The eighties saw the reversal of this pattern and the establishment of unacceptably high levels of intervention stocks of all major commodities. The system became unworkable and although the French and Germans fought to retain the status quo, the old CAP had become not only indefensible but critically not in the best interests of either consumer or farmer.
37
Kára, J., Z. Pastorek, J. Mazancová, and I. Hanzlíková. "New mixtures and technologies for biogas production at biogas plants of agricultural type processing livestock slurry." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 2 (June 17, 2009): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2009-rae.
Full textAbstract:
The basis of the biogas production in agriculture is the processing of waste agricultural products (particularly excrements of farm animals but also phytomass). Different but rather similar is the biogas production from biologically degradable municipal waste (BDMW) and biologically degradable industrial waste (BDIW) coming mainly from food industry. The processing of these wastes in agricultural biogas stations could significantly improve their economy. It is necessary to note that all these biogas stations differ from the wastewater cleaning plants where municipal sludge water from public sewers is processed. The municipal sludge water processing to biogas by anaerobic fermentation is a classical technology introduced all over the world. At present, about 100 wastewater cleaning plants operate in the Czech Republic using regular sludge processing into biogas. Electricity produced is utilised mainly for the needs of own operation of waste water treatment plant (WWTP), partly it is sold into public power net. The heat energy is used for heating in the process and its surplus is utilised for operational and administrative facilities. Usually, the heat and electricity quantities produced do not cover the wastewater cleaning plant operation. Agricultural biogas stations and biogas stations for BDMW processing provide considerably higher gas yields because they work with higher dry matter contents in substratum, i.e. 8–12% (compared with waste water treatment plants – 2–6%), and are able to produce high gas surpluses for following applications. Frequently discussed issue are the processing of slaughter waste and grass (or public green areas at biogas stations).
38
Yu, Xiaomin, Haigang Li, and Reiner Doluschitz. "Towards Sustainable Management of Mineral Fertilizers in China: An Integrative Analysis and Review." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 7028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177028.
Full textAbstract:
China has not only successfully fed 20% of the world’s population using only 9% of the world’s arable land; it has also become the world’s largest producer of various agricultural products. The widespread application of mineral fertilizers played a critical role in accomplishing this achievement. In this study, we conducted an integrative analysis of China’s mineral fertilizers over the last six decades from multiple perspectives—domestic production, consumption and international trade at national and international levels, and the agricultural use of fertilizers at a regional level. In addition, we quantitatively estimated fertilizer nutrient surpluses for 30 provinces in mainland China for the time period spanning from 1987 to 2018 and integrated the results as a reference to the evaluation of the implementation of the Zero Growth Action Plan regulating fertilizer use by 2020. We concluded that by 2019, 83% and 93% of the provinces had already achieved zero growth in fertilizer use and fertilizer nutrient surpluses, respectively. This shows promising potential for China in finalising the Zero Growth Action Plan of Fertilizers nationwide by 2020.
39
Heller, Chaia. "Another (Food) World Is Possible." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2011.200106.
Full textAbstract:
If the post-war industrial model entails a mix of technological and chemical interventions that increase farm productivity, then post-industrial agriculture (emerging in the 1970s) constitutes agricultural surpluses, as well as an array of trade, aid and biotechnology practices that introduce novel foodstuffs (processed and genetically modified) on an unprecedented scale. While industrial agriculture reduces the farming population, the latter gives rise to new sets of actors who question the nature and validity of the industrial model. This essay explores the rise of one set of such actors. Paysans (peasants) from France's second largest union, the Confederation Paysanne, challenge the industrial model's instrumental rationality of agriculture. Reframing food questions in terms of food sovereignty, paysans propose a solidarity-based production rationality which gives hope to those who believe that another post-industrial food system is possible.
40
Ackermann, Andrea, Judith Mahnkopf, Claudia Heidecke, and Markus Venohr. "Reducing agricultural nitrogen inputs in the German Baltic Sea catchment – trends and policy options." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 5 (June 14, 2016): 1060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.267.
Full textAbstract:
We depict recent agricultural nitrogen input and future loads to be expected in 2021 in the German Baltic Sea catchment to assess the feasibility of reaching water quality targets defined by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We calculate recent and future nitrogen balances from agriculture by applying an interdisciplinary modelling system, also considering the effects of the Nitrate Directive. The nitrogen surpluses are transferred to a nutrient emission model to simulate nitrogen emissions, in-stream retention and resulting riverine loads to the sea until 2021. Finally, we analyse input reduction demands and agri-environmental measures necessary to attain water quality targets of the MSFD. The results are target-oriented mitigation options relevant for implementation, based on regional land use and nitrogen reduction demands. Furthermore, this paper discusses the effects of policies and measures implemented to reduce nitrogen loads.
41
Reyes, Mamerto. "La rentabilidad social de la investigación agrícola gubernamental en granos básicos: el caso del maíz en Guatemala, 1973-90." Agronomía Mesoamericana 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v8i2.24652.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we evaluate the social rentability of maize agricultural research conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (ICTA), from 1973-90. We used an econometric model ofthe national maize market in Guatemala. As social benefits we take into account the increases in the surpluses ofproducers and the savings obtained by notimporting maize. In the evaluation we obtained a B/C relationship of 6.06 and a TIR of 96.95%, which indicate that maize agronomic research has proved to be a highly profitable activity for this society.
42
Friedmann, Harriet. "The International Political Economy of Food: A Global Crisis." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 3 (July 1995): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/451a-896w-gglk-elxt.
Full textAbstract:
The largest gap between national regulation and transnational economic organization is in the agro-food sector. This gap is the legacy of the post-World War II food regime, whose implicit rules gave priority to national farm programs (including import controls and export subsidies); placed the United States at the center; generated chronic surpluses; and allowed international power to take the unusual form of subsidized exports of surplus commodities, particularly wheat. The author analyzes the emergence and contradictions of the postwar food regime as a tension between replication and integration of national agro-food sectors, often interpreted as “export of the U.S. model.” By the early 1970s, replication led to international economic conflict, while transnational corporations found national regulatory frameworks to be obstacles to further integration of a potentially global agro-food sector. A new axis between Asian import countries and new agricultural countries, such as Brazil, has destabilized the Atlantic-centered food regime, without creating a new regime. Alternative future regimes are identified, based on the shift from agriculture to food, employment, and land use as political issues: private global regulation or democratic regulation of nested, regional agro-food economies, federated at the international level.
43
Fenton, Owen, and Daire Ó hUallacháin. "Agricultural nutrient surpluses as potential input sources to grow third generation biomass (microalgae): A review." Algal Research 1, no. 1 (May 2012): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2012.03.003.
Full text
44
Kunkel, R., H. Bogena, H. Goemann, P. Kreins, and F. Wendland. "Management of regional German river catchments (REGFLUD) impact of nitrogen reduction measures on the nitrogen load in the River Ems and the River Rhine." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0603.
Full textAbstract:
The REGFLUD-project, commissioned by Germany's Federal Research Ministry (BMBF), addresses the problem of reducing diffuse pollution from agricultural production. The objective of the project is the development and application of multi-criteria scientific methods, which are able to predict diffuse pollution in river basins subject to economic feasibility and social acceptability. The selected river basins (Ems and Rhine basins) cover a variety of landscape units with different hydrological, hydrogeological and socio-economic characteristics. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of certain policy measures to reduce diffuse pollution by nitrogen. For this purpose a model system consisting of an agricultural sector model, a water balance model and a residence time/denitrification model was developed and applied. First results indicate a wide range of annual nitrogen surpluses for the rural areas between less than 10 kg N/ha up to 200 kg N/ha or more depending on the type and intensity of farming. Compared to the level of nitrogen surpluses the level of nitrogen inputs into the surface waters is relatively moderate because of degradation processes during transport in soil and groundwater. Policy impact analysis for a nitrogen tax and a limitation of the livestock density stress the importance of regionally tailored measures.
45
Leytem, April, and James Mutegi. "Manure Phosphorus Management from a Global Perspective." Better Crops with Plant Food 103, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24047/bc103126.
Full textAbstract:
While livestock manure is a significant global reserve of P, it is not always used efficiently in agricultural production. Due to the segregation of livestock and cropping systems in many countries, poor redistribution of manure P has led to regions with both surpluses and deficits. As phosphate rock must be considered a finite source, the recycling of P from manures regionally, nationally, and even globally needs to be improved for food security in the future.
46
Hiemstra, Stephen J. "Food Program Policy Initiatives in an Era of Farm Surpluses." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 67, no. 2 (May 1985): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1240693.
Full text
47
Stackpoole, Sarah M., Edward G. Stets, and Lori A. Sprague. "Variable impacts of contemporary versus legacy agricultural phosphorus on US river water quality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (September 23, 2019): 20562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903226116.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) fertilizer has contributed to the eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems. Watershed-based conservation programs aiming to reduce external P loading to surface waters have not resulted in significant water-quality improvements. One factor that can help explain the lack of water-quality response is remobilization of accumulated legacy (historical) P within the terrestrial-aquatic continuum, which can obscure the beneficial impacts of current conservation efforts. We examined how contemporary river P trends (between 1992 and 2012) responded to estimated changes in contemporary agricultural P balances [(fertilizer + manure inputs)—crop uptake and harvest removal] for 143 watersheds in the conterminous United States, while also developing a proxy estimate of legacy P contribution, which refers to anthropogenic P inputs before 1992. We concluded that legacy sources contributed to river export in 49 watersheds because mean contemporary river P export exceeded mean contemporary agricultural P balances. For the other 94 watersheds, agricultural P balances exceeded river P export, and our proxy estimate of legacy P was inconclusive. If legacy contributions occurred in these locations, they were likely small and dwarfed by contemporary P sources. Our continental-scale P mass balance results indicated that improved incentives and strategies are needed to promote the adoption of nutrient-conserving practices and reduce widespread contemporary P surpluses. However, a P surplus reduction is only 1 component of an effective nutrient plan as we found agricultural balances decreased in 91 watersheds with no consistent water-quality improvements, and balances increased in 52 watersheds with no consistent water-quality degradation.
48
Gömann, Horst, Peter Kreins, and Claudia Heidecke. "How global conditions impact regional agricultural production and nitrogen surpluses in the German Elbe River Basin." Regional Environmental Change 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2010): 663–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0198-1.
Full text
49
Jarosz, Zuzanna. "Potencjał energetyczny biomasy roślinnej i możliwości wykorzystania do celów energetycznych." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.2.28.
Full textAbstract:
The need to ensure energy security, decouple energy production from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emission are driving the use of renewable energy sources. The purpose of the study is to assess the energy potential of agricultural crops biomass and to indicate its potential for electricity and heat production. The data from the Agricultural Census 2010 were used for analyses. On the basis of the detailed analysis of the changes in agricultural production in the years 2010-2015 the data has been updated. Is was assumed that the changes in communes were similar to those in voivodships. The energy potential of the crop biomass was estimated taking into account surpluses of straw, hay and perennial energy crops biomass. The study shows that energy potential of the biomass without jeopardizing food production amounts at 305,8 thousand TJ per year.
50
Bečvářová, V. "EU enlargement and the Common Agricultural Policy." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 10 (March 2, 2012): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5431-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The incorporation of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) to the common agrarian market of the European Union is an entrance the saturated market solving problems with surpluses of main agricultural commodities. That is why an increasing of competition among both current member states and the new members has been anticipated. The question related to productivity of factors as well as technology level influence on competitiveness on the occasion of lower prices of agricultural commodities that could bring about shift of trade between agricultural enterprises and food processors in the first stage of processing within commodity chain into some of new member countries (or changes within them) and steer flows of some of agricultural commodities utilised as raw materials. The decisive position of the second stage of agricultural products processing, characterised by highly finalised products, probably will push forward the existing member states, especially the main producers and major exporters of finalised food products in Europe. Their interest in generation and expansion of this kind of market with highly finalised food products on the CEECs food markets would be expected. Moreover, the “demand driven agriculture” implying qualitative criteria such as food safety and precaution, favourable method of production, environmental impact etc., presented by agricultural policies in last decade and for future, is largely influenced by final stages of agri-food commodity chains. Distributors and well-established processors are those who “translate” the consumer’s demand to agricultural producers. Those decide significantly about the dimension, structure and market share of agricultural production in concrete area in essence. This situation has influenced effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) exactly. Based upon the last reforms of the CAP in the EU evaluation, the significant changes of commodity markets regulation tools and a new approach partly related to income stabilisation policy partly to support of technological change and restructuring in wider social and regional aspects of the CAP are demonstrated there.