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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural trade'
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1
Zhu, Yuxuan. "A Study on the Development of Chinese Agriculture under the US-China Tariff War and Countermeasures." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/48/20230417.
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Since the trade friction between China and the US in 2018, the US has maintained a surplus in agricultural trade between China and the US, and China will also impose agricultural tariffs in response to the US sanctions. the list of tariff increases announced by China and the US in 2018 covers all types of agricultural products traded between China and the US, meaning that agricultural trade becomes an important part of the game between the two countries. Based on the list and the analysis of previous literature, this paper focuses on the development of Chinese agriculture and tries to provide countermeasures. The study finds that the US-China tariff war has both positive and negative impacts on China's agricultural development, bringing benefits to some enterprises and pushing back the development of new foreign trade markets. It has caused losses to relevant stakeholders, increased price volatility of agricultural products, and is detrimental to the development of agricultural foreign trade and the restructuring of agriculture. In the future, the development of Chinese agriculture can be promoted through the promotion of market stability, the continuous optimization of the agricultural structure and the improvement of modernization.
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Sunge, Regret, and Nicholas Ngepah. "Agricultural Trade Liberalisation and Agricultural Total Factor Productivity Growth Convergence in Africa." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 9, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v9i2.61612.
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Reducing income inequality in Africa rests on agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) growth and convergence. Liberalizing agricultural trade has emerged as a force of agricultural TFP growth convergence. Notwithstanding increasing agricultural trade, TFP in Africa is falling while the differences in TFP growth rates remain wide. We provide evidence on the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on agricultural TFP growth convergence. We examine trade by origin, disaggregated into intra-Africa, and rest-of-the-world trade. Also, we recognize the uniqueness of agricultural trade liberalization and analyze the effect of the removal of trade-distorting agriculture support. Using maize and rice data for the period 2005-2016, we apply a Feasible-Generalized- Least-Squares estimation of panel data models derived from Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1990). We find evidence for both absolute and conditional convergence, which is stronger for maize. Moreover, agricultural trade openness speeds up TFP growth convergence for both crops. Convergence speed is higher for intra-Africa trade. Estimations on domestic agriculture support suggest that reduction of support beyond distortion-free levels enhances TFP growth convergence. Our findings call for more agricultural trade liberalization. We appeal that the recently launched Africa Continental Free Trade Area prioritizes intra-Africa agricultural trade liberalization and further elimination of trade-distorting domestic agriculture support.
Vol. 9, No. 2, August 2022: 71-88
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Sunge, Regret, and Nicholas Ngepah. "Agricultural trade liberalization, regional trade agreements and agricultural technical efficiency in Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019870551.
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Despite increased agricultural trade liberalization, high productive inefficiency in agriculture has kept Africa as a net importer of agriculture products. Empirical studies have focused on the trade liberalization–productivity growth nexus and overlooked the efficiency linkage. Also the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and institutions in reducing inefficiency in agriculture have been sidelined. We use a stochastic frontier approach and single-stage maximum likelihood estimation of a true fixed-effects panel data model for our analysis. Using maize and rice data, we provide evidence that through technology transfer, agricultural trade statistically improves technical efficiency. Moreover, results suggest that RTAs provide favourable technical efficiency effects, which varies across products and membership. Furthermore, we document that while regulatory quality reduces technical inefficiency, control of corruption increases it. Our findings call for increased role of RTAs in promoting agricultural trade liberalization. This should be complemented by further strengthening of institutions involved in the agriculture value chain.
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Grega, Libor. "Agricultural trade liberalization and positive externalities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 3 (2005): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553030035.
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Changes in the perception of economic growth within the context of sustainable development lead to the broadly defined concept of further development of all industries, while agriculture plays qualitatively new role in this concept. Agriculture is not any more viewed only as an industry ensuring nutrition of population, but also its non-production benefit has growing importance. There is growing importance of the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture both in the Czech Republic and in the whole European Union, where agriculture historically played an important role in landscape formation and determined the development of social structures, while these aspects have growing importance for formulating of agricultural policies. Multifunctionality reflects the fact, that agriculture produces many food and non-food commodities, while some of them have the character of externalities and public goods.One of important conditions of efficient conception of agricultural policy is the answer on the question, what is the impact of growing trade liberalization on social welfare, respectively welfare of producers and consumers, if there are positive agricultural externalities. The analysis brings comparison in welfare development when externalities are internalized and when they are not. There are important consequences for social welfare, if state does not evaluate extra-production benefit of agriculture in a proper way.For the distribution analysis of benefits and costs of agricultural trade liberalization in presence of positive externalities connected with agricultural production, e.g. the analysis of impacts on consumers, producers and social welfare, is used traditional international trade model.Under the present tendency to liberalization of world agricultural markets there should be an effort of policy makers to internalise agricultural externalities. If there are agricultural industries, which are net exporters and at the same time produce positive agricultural externalities, trade liberalization brings additional increase of social welfare, connected with increased production of given agricultural commodity and at the same time increased production of positive agricultural externality. Growth of social welfare will be higher if positive agricultural externality will be internalised.For agricultural industries with positive externalities which are net importers, the change of social welfare brought by trade liberalization is not obvious. It depends on concrete character of cost and demand curves. However in any case, the social welfare will be higher with internalised externality that without internalization.
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LAIPRAKOBSUP, THANAPAN. "Democracy, Trade Openness, and Agricultural Trade Policy in Southeast Asian Countries." Japanese Journal of Political Science 15, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146810991400019x.
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AbstractThis paper examines the relation between trade, political openness, and agricultural trade policy in developing countries. It argues that trade openness and democracy contribute to lower taxes and control programs in the agricultural sectors. Examining the politics of agricultural trade policy in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, it was found that trade expansion and democratic regimes lead to fewer taxes and control programs imposed on agriculture. The results indicate that elected governments in industrializing countries are less likely to impose more tax and control programs on agriculture in order to encourage exports and in order to appeal to farmers, who are a major voting bloc in these countries.
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Zang, Dungang, Zhijia Hu, Yunqi Yang, and Siyu He. "Research on the Relationship between Agricultural Carbon Emission Intensity, Agricultural Economic Development and Agricultural Trade in China." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 11694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811694.
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Under the interactive background of more emphasis on low-carbon and environmentally friendly agricultural production modes and the coordinated development of agricultural foreign trade, China is paying more and more attention to the coordination between agricultural trade, economic development and ecological agriculture development. This paper selects the relevant data of China from 2002 to 2020 as the research object. Taking the agricultural carbon emission intensity as an indicator of environmental pollution, measuring it and then constructing a time series model for analysis, the research finds that, in the long run, the increase in agricultural carbon emission intensity in China will reduce the level of agricultural trade by 2%, which will also lead to a decline in the overall development level of the agricultural economy by 2 to 4 percent. At the same time, this paper also finds that the current situation of China’s agricultural trade reduces the development of China’s agriculture by 1%, which will also lead to an increase in agricultural carbon emission intensity by about 0.5%. Finally, this paper finds that the development of the agricultural economy makes the overall increase in agricultural trade 2%, and with the development of the agricultural economy, the agricultural carbon emission intensity decreases by 0.1%, but the impact is small. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the construction of a leadership mechanism, implement the development strategy of low-carbon agriculture and provide corresponding financial security and other policy suggestions to promote the coordinated development of China’s agricultural trade and low-carbon agricultural production environment.
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Angelini, Elisabetta Croci. "AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Agricultural Economics 8, no. 1 (December 1992): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1992.tb00232.x.
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STOECKEL, ANDY. "TRADE WARS-AGRICULTURAL." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 6, no. 3 (September 1987): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1987.tb00548.x.
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Ferrier, Peyton. "Illicit Agricultural Trade." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 2 (October 2008): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003051.
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Agricultural and wildlife trade is subject to sudden, disruptive import restrictions arising from concerns over sanitary and phytosanitary safety and the conservation of natural resources. These restrictions can create significant international price differences that encourage the smuggling of goods across borders. This article presents an equilibrium model of smuggling where the supply and demand for smuggled goods depend on interregional price disparities in the presence of a trade ban. In this model, smuggling is more prevalent when demand and supply among trade partners is more inelastic or when there are fewer total trade partners at the time a trade ban is enacted. Applications are presented for regionalization, destruction of goods in government eradication programs, price support, stockpiling, and the development of substitutes. Regionalization may increase smuggling under certain production and consumption patterns.
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Hussain, Zakir, Riaz Hussain Qureshi, and Waqar A. Jehangir. "Trade Liberalisation Policies, Intra-regional Trade and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Development." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 1053–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.1053-1074.
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Many of the Near East (NE) countries are currently opening their agricultural markets at three distinct but interacting levels: unilateral liberalisation, regional integration schemes and multilateral trade liberalisation. These changes hold important implications for intra- and extra-regional trade, use of agricultural resources and sustainability of agricultural development in the NE countries. Unilaterally, and since the late 1980s, most countries of the region have liberalised their agriculture sectors by eliminating or reducing input subsidies, removing or reducing guaranteed producer prices, reducing the number of subsidised commodities and liberalising the exchange rate and the trade regime. Most of the implicit and explicit subsidies for agricultural inputs and outputs were withdrawn. However, some of the NE countries were able to continue supporting agriculture mainly for food security reasons. Experiences showed that domestic reform is necessary but not sufficient condition for economic growth.
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Moon, Wanki. "Are there dynamic productivity gains from agricultural trade?" China Agricultural Economic Review 14, no. 1 (December 16, 2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-02-2021-0030.
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PurposeThe primary purpose of this paper is to take an in-depth look at the question of whether liberalizing trade in agriculture can generate dynamic productivity gains comparable to those in the manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approachIn contrast to the manufacturing sector that has generated firm/plant-level trade data, there is a lack of farm-level trade data that are needed for empirical measurement of dynamic productivity gains. Therefore, the authors use thought experiments to analyze the sequence of events that would occur when trade is liberalized for agriculture; delineate the expected behaviors of the actors involved in the trade and draw inferences about whether there would be dynamic productivity gains from agricultural trade.FindingsThe central finding is that there would be little dynamic gain from agricultural trade at the farm level due to the limited role of producers in shaping their international competitiveness. Yet, agricultural trade may generate dynamic gains if states or input supply corporations respond to the freer trade environment by making more investments for research and development (R&D). Further, when intraindustry prevails, there can be productivity gains at the industry level due to the transfer of resources from less to more efficient farm producers.Originality/valueThe findings of the paper are expected to present insights into value for researchers working in the area of agricultural trade; for agricultural trade policymakers in developing countries and for trade negotiators engaged in reforming or designing World Trade Organization (WTO)’s trade rules for agriculture.
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Beronio, Ronilo, and Jane Payumo. "Enforcing TRIPS in Asia: The Implications for Agricultural Trade and Development, and an Agenda for Effective Compliance." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2007): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2007.4.1.6.
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In accordance with its mandate to ensure the production and trade of better and competitively priced goods and services around the world, the World Trade Organization has to enforce several multilateral agreements, one of which is that on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Geared towards protecting the intellectual property rights (IPR) of inventors and authors on goods traded worldwide, TRIPS sets minimum standards of IPR protection, which member countries can legislate. Due to the difficulty in estimating the impact of TRIPS on agriculture, it has spawned spirited debates among its proponents and critics since its implementation in 1995. Unfortunately, the bases of arguments from both sides about the impact of TRIPS on global goods trade in general, and on agricultural trade in particular, have been anecdotal. Although some economists have tried to develop models to analyze the impact of TRIPS on trade, their findings have been inconclusive. The same holds true as well with respect to the expected impact of TRIPS on agricultural trade and development. This paper examines the legal provisions of TRIPS and their implications on Asian agricultural trade and development. It also discusses other issues—not addressed by TRIPS but attributed to it, such as agriculture R&D, "bio-piracy", traditional knowledge and folklore, and plant breeder's rights—whose links to TRIPS have not been established by evidence, or are, at best, anecdotal. Documenting a specific application of TRIPS, the paper highlights the experience of the Philippines in the testing and commercialization of Bt corn, an agricultural biotechnology product developed and commercialized after TRIPS had gone into effect. The Philippine Bt corn experience provides some evidence that TRIPS and agricultural biotechnology—given the conducive environment of TRIPS-compliant domestic IPR laws, bio-safety policy regulations, information and education campaigns, and research and development—can have a positive impact on agricultural trade and development, even in a developing and agricultural country like the Philippines. Based on the analysis of the current impact of TRIPS on Asian agricultural trade and development, and the Bt corn experience of the Philippines, the paper proposes an Asian agenda for member countries, by which they can effectively deal with, and benefit from TRIPS.
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Niranjan, Dr Sunil Kumar. "W.T.O. AND SUGAR TRADE OF INDIA." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2016.415.
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WTO is a product of Uruguay round of negotiation of world trade and successor organization of GATT.It has lots of agreement regarding agriculture and other parts of the trade but as the developing countries has expecting the positive result on trade of agriculture is not going to fulfill due to deterioration of terms of trade of agriculture products.therefore the true benefit of the formation of WTO is not achieved by the international community in respect of agriculture trade specially the sugar trade of India
The obligation and disciplines incorporated in the agreement on agriculture, therefore related to :
Increased market access for agricultural trade.
Reduce domestic subsidies or domestic support on agricultural trade.
Commitments to reduce export subsidies on agricultural products.
But developed nations is not fulfilling the above given agreement is also the major setback for free and fair agro trade of the international level.
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Yan, Liu. "Development of International Agricultural Trade Using Data Mining Algorithms-Based Trade Equality." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5046244.
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The development of international agriculture trade during the COVID-19 pandemic has encountered significant challenges. The processing of international agricultural trade data using machine learning techniques needs to be improved to perform effective analysis of agricultural trade. An essential issue for international agricultural trade is the accurate yield estimation for the numerous crops involved in international trade. Data mining techniques are the necessary approach for accomplishing practical and effective solutions for this problem. This paper combined the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model to conduct data mining and developed a trade data analysis system with efficient data analysis capabilities. Our results indicate that our model does reasonably well and obtains adequate information in deciding international agricultural trade. It can also be instrumental for policy and decision-making regarding international agricultural trade.
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Simbolon, Putu George Matthew, and Angel Damayanti. "Indonesian Trade Policy in Adjusting the 2020 WTO’s Trade Policy Review." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 1 (June 9, 2023): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v12i1.18038.
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This article analyzes the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) review of Indonesia in 2020, mainly in the agricultural sector, and how Indonesian compliance with the WTO Agreement is helpful for the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). This study uses the normative method by gathering primary and secondary legal sources. The 2020 TPRB review perceives that Indonesia has applied untransparent safeguard measures related to its agricultural products, prohibited subsidies, and quantitative restrictions on other WTO member states. However, the Job Creation Law, launched in 2020, can be viewed as a proportional law as it puts imported products in an equivalent position with domestic agriculture or food products. The discussions reveal that Law No 11/2020 aims to balance its national interest with the WTO Agreement and the TPRB review of Indonesian trade policy, mainly in agriculture. With such legal certainty, this article recommends that Indonesia consider the TPRB review in good faith by invoking transparent safeguards, reducing its export subsidies on agricultural products, conducting a persistent report to the Committee on Agriculture, and protecting its public health and morals. The Indonesian government should also conduct text mining to determine its trade policies and deal with international trade uncertainty.
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Kulkarni, Sujata, Raviraj Dave, Udit Bhatia, and Rohini Kumar. "Tracing spatiotemporal changes in agricultural and non-agricultural trade networks of India." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 26, 2023): e0286725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286725.
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The evolving international economic instability and international trade relationship demand a nation to move towards a self-reliant integrated system at a sub-national scale to address the growing human needs. Given India’s role in the global trade network, it is critical to explore the underlying extensive complex trade network at the domestic scale. The potential advantages of complex interaction among the different commodities remain unexplored despite the known importance of trade networks in maintaining food security and industrial sustainability. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of agricultural flows in contrast with non-agricultural commodities across Indian states. The spatio-temporal evolution of the networks from 2010–2018 was studied by evaluating topological network characteristics of consistent spatially disaggregated trade data. Our results show an increase in average annual trade value by 23.3% and 15.4% for agriculture and non-agriculture commodities, respectively, with no significant increase in connectivity observed in both networks. However, they depict contrasting behavior concerning the spatio-temporal changes, with non-agriculture trade becoming more dependent on production hubs and the agriculture trade progressing toward self-reliance, which signifies the evolution of the diversification in the existing agrarian trade network. Our findings could serve as an important element in deepening the knowledge of practical applications like resilience and recovery by devising design appropriate policy interventions for sustainable development.
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Wang, Yinghan, He Liu, Jie Zhou, Dungang Zang, and Qianling Shen. "The Impact of Green Finance on China’s Agricultural Trade." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (May 8, 2023): 7688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097688.
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Enhancing the effectiveness of green development of the agricultural trade economy with green finance is a practical need to promote the healthy development of agricultural trade. This manuscript empirically analyzes the impact of green finance on China’s agricultural products import and export trade by using provincial-level panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2001–2019. The findings show that: (1) Green finance positively impacts China’s agricultural import and export trade at the 1% significant level, expanding the scale of agricultural imports and exports. (2) The positive impact of green finance on China’s agricultural import and export trade is heterogeneous across regions. Accordingly, this paper puts forward policy suggestions such as strengthening the support of green finance to agriculture, focusing on the improvement of green total factor productivity in agriculture, and promoting synergistic regional development through the implementation of differentiation of green finance.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Máté, and Attila Jámbor. "The Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Trade: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031152.
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In line with the development of international trade, environmental concerns have arisen as a global problem. International trade has the potential to increase environmental externalities such as transboundary pollution, deforestation, transportation and production relocation avoiding environmental standards. The share of agricultural goods in total export reached 15% in 2017. Since 2002, the proportion of unprocessed agricultural products have more than doubled, while the volume of processed goods in global trade has tripled. Despite the importance of agricultural trade worldwide, the number of studies exploring the trade-agriculture-environment nexus has so far been limited. This paper aims to provide an overview of the environmental impacts of agricultural trade based on the international economics literature published in recent years by way of a systematic literature review. Results suggest that most recent environmental studies do not view extended trade or trade liberalization in agriculture favourably. Only a limited number of papers state that a country or countries’ environment could benefit from agricultural trade, and only a few researchers have found that agricultural trade did not have any significant influence at all, or have instead found the effects on the environment to be ambiguous. Finally, the research reveals the most important consequences of pollution and offers potential solutions.
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Ferguson, Shon M., and Johan Gars. "Measuring the impact of agricultural production shocks on international trade flows." European Review of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 1094–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz013.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to measure the sensitivity of traded quantities and trade unit values to agricultural production shocks. We develop a general equilibrium model of trade in which production shocks in exporting countries affect both traded quantities and trade unit values. The model includes per-unit trade costs and develops a methodology to quantify their size exploiting the trade unit value data. Using bilateral trade flow data for a large sample of countries and agricultural commodities, we find that the intensive margin of trade is relatively inelastic to production shocks, with a 1 per cent increase in production leading to a 0.5 per cent increase in exports. We also find that per-unit trade costs are large, comprising 15–20 per cent of import unit values on average. Overall, our results suggest that there is room for improving trade as a mechanism for coping with food production volatility.
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Pokrivčák, J., P. Ciaian, and A. Kancs. "Modelling the factor content of agricultural trade." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 8 (August 23, 2011): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/116/2010-agricecon.
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This article examines the factor content of agricultural trade in the Central and East European (CEE) transition countries. It relates the factor content of agricultural trade to the cross-country differences in technology stemming from different farm organisations between the CEE countries agricultural sectors and to the differences in relative factor endowments. The relative factor endowments alone do not satisfactorily explain agricultural trade flows in the CEE countries. We find that transaction costs and market imperfections that affect the organisation of production also distort farm specialisation and hence V the actor content of agricultural trade.
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Záboj, M. "Agricultural and food wholesale and retail trade in the intra-community trade." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 9 (September 24, 2008): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2701-agricecon.
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The paper focuses on the evaluation of the contemporary situation of two economic sectors in the frame of the European Union, namely the wholesale and retail of agricultural and food products. For these industries, the structural profile with the indicators of turnover, value added and employment was elaborated. Hereafter the costs, productivity and profitability indicators ranking of the top 5 Member States were compared to the EU-25 averages. After a 3.1% increase in the turnover index in 2000, the evolution of sales for the agricultural wholesaling sector recorded a series of small increases and decreases in the turnover, ranging from – 0.6% in 2002 to 1.5% in 2004. Between 2000 and 2005, the agricultural wholesaling sector generally recorded a slower rate of expansion for turnover than the wholesale trade average. The specialised in-store food retailing sector generated EUR 120.4 billion of turnover in 2003. The wealth creation of the specialised in-store food retailing was valued at EUR 23.8 billion; equivalent to 6.5% of the retail trade and repair total, while this activity employed 1.4 million persons, some 9.0% of the retail trade and repair workforce. Half (49.9%) of the turnover in the specialised in-store food retailing sector in the EU was generated by enterprises selling fruit, vegetables, meat, fish or bakery products.
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Josling, Tim. "Agricultural Trade Issues in Transatlantic Trade Relations." World Economy 16, no. 5 (September 1993): 553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1993.tb00320.x.
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Lee, S. Y., and S. S. Lim. "Determinants of the Korean agricultural trade with the LDCs and the OECD countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 3 (March 27, 2014): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/118/2013-agricecon.
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The study aims to analyze Korea’s import trade in agricultural products with (i) the least developed countries (LDCs) and (ii) the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Extended versions of a gravity model are adopted and the balanced panel data for the unilateral trade over the period of 2003 to 2008 are constructed using the Harmonized System Codes. The Heckman two-stage analysis is incorporated to detect the potential selection bias arising from many zero trades. We find that only preferential tariffs on the LDCs have significantly contributed to the trade flows. However, in contrast, gross domestic products (GDPs), free trade agreements (FTAs), the applied tariff rates, and the exchange rates turn out to be statistically significant in the trade with the OECD countries, thus highlighting the possibility of the potential trade benefits associated with the trade policy reforms. The study is unique in that it empirically estimates the determinants of agricultural trade between the LDCs and developed countries and reveals the potential effectiveness of the preferential treatment and the implementation of the trade policy reforms.
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Anbumozhi, V., and J. Radhakrishnan. "Effects of Agricultural Free Trade on Environmental Quality." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (June 2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224355.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) initiated the globalization of world trade, and increasing concerns for the quality of the environment have resulted in discussions about agricultural policy involving many different perspectives. There are several issues linking trade liberalization, agriculture and the environment, one implicitly assuming that the more efficient allocation of resources and high income are associated with the improvement of agro-environmental quality. Another view is that agricultural trade policies influence crop-production patterns, farming practices and input use. The net effect is that each approach cancels out some of the influence of the other. Two examples from Mexico and Bangladesh point out that agro-environmental responses to free trade are non-linear and that it is not easy to draw a simple causal relationship between free trade and the agroenvironment. A basic challenge before the research community is to confront reductionist approaches, as traditional research into trade–agriculture–environment interactions reveals difficulty in dealing with the knowledge gaps. A transdisciplinary, systems approach provides one possibility for dealing with the needs of free trade in agriculture.
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Prekajac, Zora. "Treatment of agriculture within WTO with a review of developing and transition countries." Privredna izgradnja 46, no. 1-2 (2003): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0302039p.
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The agricultural sector is very important for almost all countries although the share of agriculture in international trade is relatively small (9%). GATT's rules allowed the use of various non-tariff barriers and because of that the agricultural protectionism of the developed countries has strengthened. All the attempts to broaden the general rules of trade to agriculture were unsuccessful because the opposition of developed countries. The acceptation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was the first step in liberalization of trade in agricultural products and extension of multilateral rules to this sector. New round launched in the end of 2001. in Doha is the new test for multilateral trading system, especially for the process of liberalization of international trade in agricultural products.
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Nengroo, Tariq Ahad, Imtiyaz Ahmad Shah, and Md Sarafraz Equbal. "Determinants of Bilateral Agricultural Trade of SAARC Region: a Gravity Model Approach." Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal 103, no. 2 (June 16, 2023): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.40.
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The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region is an important player in the world agriculture trade. They have vast potential to strengthen their position in global agricultural trade due to theregion's opportunities to increase agricultural production combined with growing global demand. To discover the SAARC potential of agricultural trade patterns, the present paper examines the determinants of bilateral agricultural exports from 2000 to 2019. The gravity model was estimated by employing the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PMML) technique, including zero trade flows for panel data. The results confirm the positive and significant impact of exporter gross domestic product (GDP), importer GDP, Broder, common language, South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), and India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) on bilateral agricultural trade inthe SAARC region. On the other hand, distance and development levels significantly negatively impact bilateral agricultural trade. Lastly, the study showed an insignificant impact of the bilateral exchange rate.
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Pant, Krishna P. "Environmental implications of agriculture trade in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.724.
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International trade of the goods and services has implications to environment via their effects on environment on production and consumption. Agriculture being closely linked with the natural environment the trade of agricultural products and the inputs required for agriculture affects the environment. This paper attempts to identify and analyze trade issues of environmental protection that mainly falls under the purview of Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade under the World
Trade Organization. The analyses will be helpful to identify and understand trade remedy measures that protect environment required for more sustainable agricultural development.
The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 30-37
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Saifuddin and Dewi Fatimah. "PENENTUAN KADAR ZAKAT PERTANIANDAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PERTANIAN MASYARAKAT INDUSTRI DI INDONESIA." Qawãnïn Journal of Economic Syaria Law 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/qaw.v7i1.207.
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Ratio of agriculture zakat is 1.400 kg grain or 653 kg rice, whereas the quantity of zakat is 5 % if the irrigation needs cost and 10 % if not. If we compare with trade zakat, the ratio of it is higher than of agriculture, but the quantity of trade zakat is only 2,5%. The reason is because Madinah, city of Messanger, is an agrarian city where the main profession is farmer. The trader is the secondary one. It is different with Macca, the main profession of its people is trading. The problem arises now is when it is contextualized with Indonesian agriculture which is eliminated. Absolutely, it is not fair. This article will discuss that problem. From the results of the analysis it can be concluded that agriculture in Indonesia has a different variety. It is already irrelevant the level of agricultural zakat when compared to the beginning of the lowering of the agricultural zakat order. Because in Indonesia itself agriculture is not like the old days. If the harvest does not reach the nisab, then no zakat is required. As for industrial-based agriculture, it depends on the type. If it is included in agribusiness, the zakat issued is trade zakat, which is 2.5% with haul according to trade zakat
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Zombory, Katarzyna. "The agricultural land trade." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 16, no. 30 (April 30, 2021): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2021.30.174.
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This paper aims to provide a report on the conference titled The agricultural land trade. Theory and Practice, which was held on 26 November 2020 by Adam Mickiewicz University (UAM) in Poznań. The conference report deals with the three sessions of the conference in separate chapters, and in the end, it contains concluding remarks. In parallel with the presentation of the sessions, legal literature is provided in connection with each issue.
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Peters, G. H. "Agricultural policy and trade." Food Policy 12, no. 1 (February 1987): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(87)90050-9.
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KININMONTH, IAN. "AGRICULTURAL TRADE LOTS (AGLOTS)." Australian Planner 37, no. 2 (January 2000): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2000.9657879.
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Anderson, Kym. "Globalisation and Agricultural Trade." Australian Economic History Review 54, no. 3 (October 27, 2014): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12050.
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Alagh, Yoginder K. "Agricultural Trade and Policies." Indian Economic Journal 46, no. 3 (March 1999): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466219990305.
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Li, Xiaozhong, and Feng Huang. "Path Deconstruction of Agricultural Environmental Sustainable Development Policy in the Process of International Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 28, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3101244.
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Agriculture is particularly essential in the equilibrium between man and nature because of its intimate contact with nature. So the cornerstone for the sustainable development of the human economy and society is the sustainable development of agriculture. When it comes to global trade, agricultural trade has always been in a very special position. The basic situation of agriculture involves food safety, environmental protection, Chinese politics, and many other issues. In order to overcome the problems of overlapping, repetitive, and too many indicators in the evaluation method of agricultural environmental sustainable development and unfavorable for practical operation, this paper proposes an ecological footprint model based on emergy. The model can effectively evaluate the ability of sustainable development of agricultural environment and solve the problem that traditional evaluation methods cannot comprehensively evaluate. This makes agricultural development sustainable and is conducive to the liberalization of international agricultural trade. The experimental results of this paper show that from 2014 to 2018, the degree of damage to the agricultural environment has increased from 21% to 45%, which has led to a decline in the quality of agricultural products, and the output and sales are not as good as before. It can be seen that only by ensuring the sustainable development of the agricultural environment can we ensure the smooth progress of the international agricultural trade liberalization and make China’s economy flourish.
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Blanco, Cesar. "Agricultural Trade and Structural Change: Evidence from Paraguay." B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 21, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 773–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejm-2020-0020.
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Abstract We study how international trade affects structural change in an agricultural exporting country. For this purpose, we calibrate a three-sector growth model to quantify the role of international trade in explaining structural change patterns observed in Paraguay. This country experienced a significant rise in net agricultural exports as a percentage of aggregate output during the period 1962–2012. We find the following results. First, international trade is crucial to explain the sectoral composition of employment in this country. The model including trade explains 84.2% of observed changes in employment shares during this period, while the model without trade can only account for 35.6% of observed changes. Second, employment in agriculture remains large in order to satisfy foreign demand. Third, employment shifts directly from agriculture into services in the long run, bypassing manufacturing. These patterns can only be explained by the rise in net agricultural exports.
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Muthoka, Edna. "A sectoral analysis of Trade openness and Women employment in selected East African Countries." International Journal of Science and Business 24, no. 1 (2023): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2120.
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Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya improved their trade openness by 26 and 8 points, respectively, between 1995 and 1998 as a percentage of these countries’ gross domestic product. percent from 1998 to 2008. East African Community employment is dominated by agriculture, which motivated this study. Generally, this study pursued an analysis of openness of trade and women employment in selected EAC countries. The study examined the impact of openness of trade on both agriculture and service sector employment of women. In particular, the purpose of this study was to investigate how trade opening affects the employment of women in the agricultural sector in some EAC counties. and explore how trade opening affects the employment of women in the service sector in some counties of the EAC. The results show that trade opening had a negative impact on women’s employment in the agricultural sector, but had a positive impact on the service sector. This implies trade openness has shifted female employment pattern from agriculture to services sector. The study was conducted using a longitudinal panel design. The study concludes that efforts should be made to retain female workers in agriculture by retraining them, while promoting their employment through trade facilitation services and support with marketing. Concerning agricultural sector, the study recommends retraining of female workers in the agricultural sector to improve their skills set as well as providing credit to enable them move from lower cadre employment in agriculture.
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Sharif, Shahzad, M. Siddique Javed, Azhar Abbas, and Sarfraz Hassan. "Impact of WTO’s Trade Liberalisation on Selected Food Crops in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.547-563.
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There is a great potential in Pakistan for production of all types of food commodities due to vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones. Most of the agricultural commodities produced in the country are consumed by the local population while the rest is exported in the form of primary products and some value added products. Previously, Pakistani products had a good market overseas with no restrictions of quality and quantity but under the changing environment affected by WTO, it is expected that Pakistan will face a strong competition in the agriculture sector from its competitors in the world market. According to the neoclassical trade theory, trade flows and pattern will develop along the lines of comparative advantage and competitiveness that can act as indicators of trade potential and direction. There has been extensive government involvement in the determination of the overall structure of agriculture and its patterns of production, employment and trade. Pakistani government has been intervening in agriculture sector in the past in order to support agricultural production, income supports, ensure food security, improve the balance of trade, reduce consumer prices, address environmental and regional concerns and to pursue sanitary and phyto-sanitary objectives [Hassan (1995)]. Pakistan is a founding member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since its creation. Following the Uruguay Round negotiations, all agricultural products were brought under multinational trade rules by WTO, under the Agreement on Agriculture. This established a framework to begin liberalising agricultural trade through the reduction of import duties (tariffs), trade-distorting production subsidies and export subsidies. Prior to the Uruguay Round, trade in agriculture was highly distorted. Market access for agricultural products was limited as most markets were restricted by physical import barriers. The presence of massive domestic subsidies led to overproduction of temperate crops in the developed countries that led to excess supply, and export subsidies were used to dump the surplus agricultural output in international markets. This resulted in depressed market prices and, in spite of being low-cost producers of agricultural products; developing countries could not compete with the subsidised exports from developed countries.
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Chen', Cyucze. "Problems and prospects of cooperation between China and Russia in agriculture." Agrarian Bulletin of the 219, no. 04 (May 4, 2022): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-219-04-93-102.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to clarify the place of Sino-Russian agricultural cooperation for the PRC in the context of Sino-American trade frictions, to identify the main factors that have a positive and negative impact on cooperation in the field of agriculture between the PRC and the Russian Federation. To achieve the goal, the following goals have been established: 1) analyze the state of agricultural cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation; 2) explore the problems in agricultural cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation at this stage; 3) evaluate the impact of Sino-US trade frictions on Sino-Russian agricultural cooperation. Statistical, analytical and graphical methods were used. Correlation-regression analysis was used to identify the impact of Sino-American trade frictions on agricultural cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation. Results. Agricultural cooperation with the United States and the Russian Federation is an important part of international cooperation in the field of agriculture for China. Sino-American trade tensions have, to some extent, indirectly contributed to agricultural cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation. The volume of trade in agricultural products between China and Russia in 2020 amounted to 5.544 billion US dollars, of which the import of agricultural products of China from the Russian Federation reached 4.087 billion US dollars, and China became the largest exporter of Russian agricultural products. The main reason is that under the influence of Sino-American trade frictions, China and Russia actively reacted and adjusted the direction of agricultural cooperation between the two countries. First, China expanded the types and volume of agricultural products imported from Russia and created a favorable environment for its trade. Second, China and Russia will seize the opportunity of “cooperation in the entire agricultural industry chain” to create a mutually beneficial investment environment. Third, to promote the creation of innovative platforms and mechanisms for scientific research and technology in the field of agriculture. The scientific novelty consists in assessing the impact of Sino-American trade frictions on agricultural interaction between the PRC and the Russian Federation and its trends in the future.
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Hedoui, Mohamed Amine, Dimitrios Natos, and Konstadinos Mattas. "EU AGRICULTURAL INTEGRATED POLICIES: THE CASE OF EU AND MEDITERRANEAN COUNTIES." New Medit 18, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1903b.
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EU agricultural integrated policies among the EU and the southern Mediterranean countries are more evidently distilled through the EU-Mediterranean process (EUROMED). After 10 years of the Agadir agreement entry into force, this paper attempts to assess the agriculture trade integration among countries signed under the agreement, namely Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan, by evaluating firstly the degree of sectorial and geographical dispersion of the four countries agricultural exports and secondly appraising the extent of agricultural trade complementarity towards EU countries. In this study, using the available agricultural trade data for the period 2007-2016 and the twenty-four agricultural sectors classification (CN codes 01-24), we will build three trade indices; Regional Hirschman, Sectorial Hirschman and the Trade Complementarity Index. And, finally, we will discuss the result and highlight the limitation and the challenges that hinder agricultural trade integration among southern and northern Mediterranean countries.
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Kułyk, Piotr, and Łukasz Augustowski. "Zastosowanie modeli grawitacyjnych dla wybranych zbóż w handlu między UE a USA." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.119.
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This article presents the use of gravity models in bilateral trade in agricultural products such as wheat, oats and maize between the EU and the USA. The analysis covered the years 2000-2016, and the explanatory variables included GDP, PSE index, value added in agriculture and value added per employee in agriculture. The conducted research revealed significant disturbances in trade between selected EU and US agricultural products. Consequently, the gravity model applied to wheat, oats and maize did not confirm that the masses of economies expressed in their real GDP are attracting and strengthening trade. The phenomenon of repulsion was also noticed for added values in agriculture. However, the research has shown that agricultural support creates the effects of attracting trade, for wheat and oats.
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Malhotra, Nisha, Horatiu Rus, and Shinan Kassam. "Antidumping Duties in the Agriculture Sector: Trade Restricting or Trade Deflecting?" Global Economy Journal 8, no. 2 (March 2008): 1850131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1299.
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In this article we analyze whether US antidumping (AD) duties in the agricultural sector are effective in restricting trade. More specifically, does imposing an antidumping duty restrict imports of the named commodity or are imports deflected from countries named in the AD petition to countries not named in the petition? We find that AD duties have significantly restricted imports of agricultural commodities from countries named in the petition. However, our results also indicate that, unlike the manufacturing sector in the US, there was little trade diversion towards countries not named in the petition. Our results indicate that AD is a plausible protectionist policy in the agriculture sector.
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Long, Andrew G., Justin J. Kastner, and Raymond Kassatly. "Is Food Security a New Tariff? Explaining Changes in Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulations by World Trade Organization Members." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 1 (April 2013): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0025.
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Scholars at the intersection of agricultural trade policy and health regulation have speculated that some governments, under the pretext of health protection, have adopted food safety and plant and animal health regulations to shield domestic farmers from foreign competition. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between trade protection for agriculture and the number of trade-restricting sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulatory notifications issued by World Trade Organization (WTO) members. We construct an empirical model to determine the influence of agricultural protectionism, agricultural interest groups, consumer sentiment, and institutional capacity on changes to a government’s SPS rules. The findings suggest that governments’ adoption of trade-restricting sanitary and phytosanitary regulations are influenced by agricultural protectionism, even after controlling for consumer awareness and institutional capacity. The evidence suggests that health related trade policies are substituting for more traditional forms of agricultural protectionism.
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Setiawan, Mohamad Arief, Perdi Setiawan, and Kalfin Kalfin. "COMPARISON OF INDONESIA'S EXPORT-IMPORT WITH CHINA AFTER THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (AoA)." International Journal of Global Operations Research 2, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/ijgor.v2i3.85.
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The agricultural sector is the most important sector in the Indonesian and Chinese economies. The role of this sector is not only in international trade activities, but also plays a role in the domestic economy, including food sufficiency. The agricultural policies of Indonesia and China are not only oriented to increasing agricultural productivity for trade purposes but also to improving the standard of living of the people, especially farmers. The flow of economic liberalization brought by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has become a dilemma for Indonesian and Chinese agriculture. On the one hand, the WTO accession decision opens access to wider international trade, but on the other hand, both countries must protect their agriculture through the determination of prices for agricultural products by the government. This paper aims to find out the comparison of Indonesia's exports and imports with China in the field of trade in agricultural products after the implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) or agricultural agreements which are part of the WTO from January 1, 1995, to the present. The results of the study obtained that the comparison of Indonesia's exports and imports with China was more optimal. From the research results, it can be used as a comparison for the government in determining further policies to get maximum results.
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Evangelista, Jenneli, Niña Michaella Estrella, and Kristine April Suin. "Trade Liberalization: Reaping Its Effects on the Agricultural Performance of the Philippines." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.9.
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Over the years, economists had been taught that "Trade can make everyone better off", thus the rationale of the dynamic shift in the Philippine agricultural trade system from protectionism to trade liberalization. It was known that the Philippines was one of the champions in the agriculture sector as it had massively produced agricultural goods and exports during the late 20th century. However, various studies and reports have shown and concluded that agriculture in the Philippine setting is now dubbed as the “poor man’s sector”. In this study, it has reaped the reality of the country’s stance in trade agreements as it has examined the correlation of trade openness, imports of goods, and employment to the Value of Production in Agriculture—wherein, it has resulted in distinct conclusions such as (1) trade openness has a negative impact to VPA, (2) imports of goods increase VPA by 0.094373, and (3) employment’s positive impact is estimated to be at 4570.708. The researchers suggest that such results and analysis are vital for the government sector and thus revisit the pros and cons of trade policies and weigh their net effects on the agricultural sector to which people owe their daily nutrition.
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Seale, James L., and Gary F. Fairchild. "Trade Agreements, Competition, and the Environment: Gridlock at the Crossroads." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 1 (July 1994): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800019210.
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In the 1980s, few agricultural economists, particularly from the Southern Region, published works on international trade or the globalization of the world economy. The initiation of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986 stimulated such writings as the Southern Agriculture in a World Economy series by the Southern Region Extension International Trade Task Force (Rosson et al.). An even smaller number of agricultural economists were writing on policy linkages between trade and the environment. An early effort to remedy this situation was the Workshop on Linkages between Natural Resources and International Trade in Agricultural Commodities (Sutton).
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ZHANG, FENGHE, and VIKTORIIA MEDVID. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CHINA'S REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORT TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(151) (December 16, 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-151-2-23-32.
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Since the reform and opening up, especially since its accession to the WTO, China has become an important agricultural trade country in the world. As China's agriculture and the entire national economy share the benefits of global economic integration, they must also meet the impact of fierce market competition, price fluctuations and industrial restructuring caused by this. This study puts the export trade of agricultural products into the national economic growth system and explores the impact and contribution of agricultural export trade to China's economic growth. Based on the theory of international trade in agricultural products and economic growth, the paper analyzes the analysis framework of the impact of international trade in agricultural products on China's regional economic growth. First, based on the realistic understanding of the development of China's agricultural export trade, comprehensive and systematic analysis of the characteristics of China's agricultural export trade development to determine the future trend of it. Secondly, the correlation analysis of SPSS software is used to verify the impact of agricultural export trade on economic growth. Third, based on the test and analysis of the research results, systematically evaluate the contribution of agricultural export trade to China's economic growth. Studies have shown that the increase in agricultural export trade has made great contributions to China's economic development and has become increasingly prominent in economic development. This paper uses the economic data from 2010 to 2017. According to China's 31 administrative divisions and the three economic divisions of the eastern, central and western regions, the technical methods such as absolute value increment analysis and correlation analysis are used to explain the promotion of regional agricultural products to economic development. To this end, China needs to increase investment in agricultural science and technology, promote the development of agricultural industrialization, improve the circulation of agricultural products, reduce the transaction costs of agricultural products, improve the efficiency of international trade in agricultural products, and continuously improve the comprehensive production capacity and international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products. Keywords: China, regional agricultural products, exports, economic growth, correlation analysis, impact.
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Leitão, Nuno Carlos, and Jeremiás Máté Balogh. "The impact of intra-industry trade on carbon dioxide emissions: The case of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 5 (May 25, 2020): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/312/2019-agricecon.
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The reductions of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions are an essential objective of the European Union (EU) to achieving the reduction target by 20% by 2020. Along with energy consumption and agriculture, trade has a diverse impact on climate change. International trade usually negatively affects the environment, while the influence of intra-industry trade is more favourable. The paper investigates the impact of energy use, agriculture, and intra-industry trade on environmental pollution in EU countries using panel data for the period 2000–2014. The research frames the theoretical hypothesis that describing the relationship between agricultural intra-industry trade and climate change. The assumptions are confirmed by panel fixed effects, and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimations, and the panel cointegration test. The empirical results have supported by the literature, and all variables used in this study are stationary applying panel unit root test. Results show that agricultural intra-industry trade, renewable energy is negatively correlated with climate change, confirming the less pollutant hypothesis, while economic growth and agricultural productivity induce environmental problems. This study confirms the theoretical hypotheses explaining the effect of intra-industry trade for agricultural products as well as the impacts of renewable energy use, agricultural land productivity, and economic growth on CO2 emissions.
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Et. al., Raghav Bansal,. "WTO and India’s Agricultural Trade Potential." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 10, 2021): 1934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.2274.
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India is an agrarian economy, which contributes about 15 percent of GDP and provides livelihood to more than 50 percent of the total population of the country. WTO has shown a momentous part in the expansion of the export market for developing and developed economy. Several measures are taken by WTO in order to reduce trade restrictions and trade barriers. In this study, we have been analyzed India’s agriculture trade, composition, direction and potential. The study is dependent on secondary data which is gathered from International Trade Centre, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation. Two-digits HS code products range from 01-24 were taken for the study. Few specific two and four-digit HS code products were taken to analyze the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). Data were taken for the period 2001-2018. The export potential of India in international market was identified using reckoning of Balassa’s index of RCA. Study reveals that there has been a positive agricultural trade balance since 1990-91. In some agriculture commodities like coffee, oilseeds, tea and wheat India has a comparative advantage in export and India have both developed and developing countries such as UAE, USA, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam and Iran are exporting partner. In the last, study suggest that the government of India should focus more on producing agriculture products which has a country comparative advantage in trade like tea, oilseeds, coffee and wheat. Study suggests that EXIM bank should provide adequate credit to encourage agricultural export. The farming should be export-oriented to meet international standards.
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Niemi, Jyrki. "The significance of agricultural input trade in global food production." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75562.
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During the last 40 years, we have seen that despite a doubling of global population, agricultural production has expanded faster still, suggesting that global food security has increased. The volume of cereals production has more than doubled and world meat production has more than quadrupled, for example. The traded volumes of food products have been expanding even more rapidly than world’s output. Since 1960, each 1 percent increase in food output has been accompanied by 3 percent trade increase. Consequently, the economic value of food products traded worldwide has increased almost thirtyfold since the 1960s to equal over USD 1,020 billion by 2010. In other words, agriculture’s worldwide dependence on trade has been increasing in spite of the impediments to agrifood trade erected over the years by national governments. Trade expansion in agricultural commodities and food products has been accompanied by significant increases in agricultural input trade, such as fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, feedstuffs and genetic material. This paper attempts to increase our understanding of the structure and characteristics of international trade in agricultural inputs and to provide a historical perspective on the extent and direction of global trade in agricultural inputs. A general discus sion of the factors which influence the magnitude and changes of agricultural input trade flows is also included. Global trade in agricultural inputs occupies a special niche in the discussion and analysis of international agricultural trade. Trade in agricultural inputs arises partly because of the geographic disparity between agricultural input manufacturing and mining activities and the production of agricultural commodities. Just as the location of agricultural cropland and the production of agricultural commodities are unevenly distributed around the world, so is the production of agricultural inputs. The specific agricultural inputs examined here are fertilizers, pesticides, feedstuffs and agricultural machinery. The empirical analysis of the study will be conducted with a sample of annual data that cover international trade flows in agricultural inputs from 1961 to 2009. Volume and value statistics by country on imports and exports of fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery and foodstuffs are obtained from FAOSTAT and COMTRADE, supplemented with individual country sources as required to fill gaps. The results show that expansion of the global food market has resulted in a reshuffling of resources over the entire globe, providing food and livelihood possibilities where they may have been previously limited, unavailable or untenable (e.g. food provision to cities, or the development of animal production through imports of feed inputs). This market expansion has been accompanied by significant increases in agricultural input trade, such as fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery, and genetic material. The major exporters of fertilizers are those countries with energyrich resources or mineral reserves. In the case of pesticides and farm machinery, the major developed countries of North America and Western Europe tend to be major input exporters. This is due to their manufacturing infrastructure and heavy commitment to public and private research and development expenditure.
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HERNANDEZ, FERNANDO MARIANO SCHMIDT. "The Causal Role of Ideas in Taiwan’s Protectionist Agricultural Trade Policy." Issues & Studies 53, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251117500072.
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While embracing trade policies that foster trade liberalization, Taiwan has clear protectionist policies covering its agricultural trade, which combine border measures with domestic support, and are closely modeled on the policies created by the European Union. The idea of multifunctionality of agriculture — and its link to trade policy — has created a normative framework whereby the agricultural markets have to be shielded in order for them to provide non-commodity attributes or public goods. This paper aims to explore the causal power of ideas (liberalization and multifunctionality) in the definition of Taiwan’s agricultural trade policy, by analyzing them from the perspective of historical institutionalism, and taking Taiwan as a case study. It is the institutionalization of the idea of multifunctionality that gives it an explanatory power toward understanding the ideational source of protectionism in agricultural trade.