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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural water pollution'
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1
Baudišová, D. "Microbial pollution of water from agriculture." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 10 (October 21, 2009): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2009-pse.
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Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, <I>Escherichia coli</I> and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relation to high precipitation. The water quality in three (and/or four) localities exceeded the acceptable counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci given by the Czech legislation (40 CFU/ml for faecal coliforms and 20 CFU/ ml for enterococci). In agriculturally polluted streams, there were detected more enterococci than faecal coliforms, and also some less frequent species related to farm animals (<I>Streptococcus equines</I> and <I>S. bovis</I>) or plant rests (<I>E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus</I>) were present. <I>E. faecalis</I> and <I>E. faecium</I> strains (these are the most common species related to human faecal pollution) were less frequent there.
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Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.
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Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.
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Toerien, D. F. "Pollution of water supplies." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 5, no. 1 (March 17, 1986): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v5i1.972.
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Water is used in agriculture for irrigation as well as for drinking water for man and beast. The pollution of water with salts, plant nutrients, organic material, pathogens and parasites, as well as toxic components, decreases its value for agricultural purposes. The rapid development of and the population growth in South Africa will increase water pollution, and agriculture will thus be influenced. Agriculture will also have to intensify in the future to meet the expected increased demand for food; the role of agriculture as a water polluter will thus also increase. South African agriculturists and water managers will have to meet unique challenges in the next decade. However, there are also unique opportunities to utilise.
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Masujima, Hiroshi. "Water Pollution from Agricultural Land Use." Japan journal of water pollution research 11, no. 12 (1988): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.11.733.
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Akinbile, C. O., A. E. Erazua, T. E. Babalola, and F. O. Ajibade. "Environmental implications of animal wastes pollution on agricultural soil and water quality." Soil and Water Research 11, No. 3 (May 27, 2016): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2015-swr.
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Miller, Watkins W., Chauncey T. K. Ching, John F. Yanagida, and Paul Jakus. "Agricultural water pollution control: An interdisciplinary approach." Environmental Management 9, no. 1 (January 1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01871439.
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Moss, Brian. "Water pollution by agriculture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 30, 2007): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2176.
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Agriculture disrupts all freshwater systems hugely from their pristine states. The former reductionist concept of pollution was of examining individual effects of particular substances on individual taxa or sub-communities in freshwater systems, an essentially ecotoxicological concept. It is now less useful than a more holistic approach that treats the impacts on the system as a whole and includes physical impacts such as drainage and physical modification of river channels and modification of the catchment as well as nutrient, particulate and biocide pollution. The European Water Framework Directive implicitly recognizes this in requiring restoration of water bodies to ‘good ecological quality’, which is defined as only slightly different from pristine state. The implications for the management of agriculture are far more profound than is currently widely realized.
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Novotny, Vladimir. "Diffuse pollution from agriculture - a worldwide outlook." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0124.
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Until the 1950s most farming was carried out on smaller family farms that used organic fertilizers and essentially their waste production was easily assimilated by soils and receiving water bodies. The period post 1950 has seen a worldwide shift to larger monocultural, intensively operated farm units. The farm yields have increased dramatically, however, to sustain the increasing yields and productivity farms are using large quantities of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At the same time, deforestation has occurred on a large scale since the 1950s and the deforested land has been converted to agricultural (mostly in developing countries) and urban (both developed and undeveloped countries) land uses. Also, a massive shift of population from rural areas to the cities has occurred in developing countries since the 1950s. Surface and groundwater quality degradation due to agricultural practices and conversion of land to agriculture can be categorized as follows: a) degradation due to land use conversion from native lands to agriculture; b) increased erosion and soil loss due to agricultural practices; c) chemical pollution by fertilizers and pesticides; and d) pollution from animal operations. Abatement of agricultural diffuse sources of pollution can and must be conducted in the context of moving toward sustainable agriculture. Some trends toward sustainable agriculture are already emerging in the US and Europe.
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Kolanek, Agnieszka, Rafalina Korol, Marzenna Strońska, and Urszula Szyjkowska. "Assessment of water pollution by nitrates in the Middle Odra Basin." Journal of Water and Land Development 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-008-0008-z.
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Assessment of water pollution by nitrates in the Middle Odra Basin The objective of the study was to characterise the quality of surface waters in order to determine their vulnerability to pollution by nitrogen compounds from agricultural activity, as well as to specify the areas with increased exposure, where nitrogen runoff from agricultural sources has to be reduced. It was necessary to determine surface waters liable to pollution by these compounds due to the fact that agricultural production should be carried out in the way which limits and prevents water pollution by nitrogen compounds of agricultural origin. The study addressed the following issues: the concentration of nitrogen compounds in the surface waters of the Middle Odra Basin, and the extent of eutrophication in flowing inland waters (with nitrogen as the main nutrient). The results have been plotted in figures and gathered in tables.
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Da Silva, Christian Luiz, Nádia Solange Schimitd Bassi, and Weimar Freire da Rocha Jr. "Technologies for rational water use in Brazilian agriculture." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 11, no. 2 (April 15, 2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1808.
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Brazil has the highest water availability of any country in the world. Nearly 20% of all the world’s rivers flow on Brazilian soil. Brazil’s herds of cattle, pigs and poultry are among the largest in the world, and the country uses irrigated agriculture extensively, which accounts for most water consumption (approximately 70% of the water consumed in the world). The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), the largest and most important public institution of Brazilian agricultural research, has attempted to develop environmental technologies in order to minimize the impact caused by the scarcity and pollution of water resources. This paper describes the technologies this institution offers to different regions. For this purpose, a descriptive and exploratory study was conducted in various Embrapa research units. The results showed that research on the rational use of water in agriculture has intensified since the early 2000s. However, the pace of growth in agricultural activities and their impact is much greater than that of the generated technologies, demonstrating the difficulty in striking a balance in this relationship. Furthermore, it is clear that that water scarcity and the increasing pollution of shallow and deep waters are complex issues with no short-term solution.
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Miller, Robert H. "Ground water pollution: Research strategies and priorities." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001466.
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AbstractPollution of ground water by agricultural chemicals and nitrate is one of the major problems facing agriculture in the 1980s. Before this problem is resolved additional research is needed in the following areas: 1) identification of areas within each state where ground water contamination is most likely to occur; 2) data to establish levels of pesticides in ground water that present health risks; 3) the fate and transport of pesticides in soil and underlying strata; 4) improved nitrogen use efficiency of agronomic and horticultural crops and improved management of nitrogen fertilizers; and 5) cropping and management systems that reduce or eliminate the need for problem pesticides. Improved research information in these areas should assist society in resolving current problems of ground water contamination.
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Tonmanee, N., and N. Kanchanakool. "Agricultural diffuse pollution in Thailand." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0137.
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Over the past two decades there have been a number of changes in Thailand, changes in the environment and quality of life for its people, changes in its communities and in the foundations of its economy. Before 1970, Thailand was a rural society in which local communities depended on the natural resources which surrounded them, and the national economy relied on the export of native crops. The sustainable use of resources was a fundamental aspect of rural life, people understood the interrelationships between the different components of their local environment and their activities which were defined by the need to protect their surrounding resources. Agriculture is the major profession and source of income for the rural poor. Land degradation and soil depletion result in low crop yields and pollution of the environment; soil erosion and landslides are found in Thailand. Nutrient uptake by crops and loss by leaching is much greater than the nutrients applied. Hence soils become less productive and it results in more land requirement for food production. Forest land declines rapidly in hilly watershed areas. Thailand is located in a tropical region and European countries are located in a temperate region. The climate is completely different, the temperature during summer in some European countries is probably almost the same as winter in Thailand. Not only is the climate in the two regions different, but land use and soil type are different also. These parameters have to be considered when studying the impact of agricultural diffuse pollution on the environment. Research studies on agricultural diffuse pollution in water resources in Thailand show that nutrient loads and pesticide residues still do not exceed the standard level. However, there was a trend showing the increase of N-NO3 in water resources, in short-term monitoring of nutrients in the east of Thailand between 1988-1990 and 1993-1995. The result showed the increase of N-NO3 from 1.60 ppm to 2.54 ppm in the same watershed and landuse areas. If the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is increased without due consideration, Thailand will face the same problem as European countries.
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Xiang, Long, Zhong Bo Yu, Li Chen, Jia Ji He, Cheng Chen, and Xiao Lei Fu. "Evaluating the Characteristics of Hydraulic Driven Non-Point Source Pollution Loss in Agricultural Watershed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.518.
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Non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the major pollution sources in agricultural watershed, and the NPS pollution is the governing factor for polluting surface water. In this paper, series of hydrologic response units were set in various land-use plots to observe the runoff yields and NPS pollution yields from 2008 to 2010. The rainfall and fertilization were recorded in various types of land-use. Based on the long-term observation data, the characteristics of flow yield and critical precipitation intensities for generating runoff were quantified, and the hydraulic driven NPS pollutions (TN, TP) were analyzed temporally and spatially. The results show the flow yield is positive to total amount and intensity of precipitation and hillslope, but negative to vegetation canopy and Tillage intensity. Based on surface hydraulic conditions, the NPS pollution yield on various lands are calculated statistically. The seasonal fluctuations of NPS pollution yield rates are strongly related to flow production and human artificial fertilization. This work will enhance the understanding of NPS loss in agricultural watersheds.
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Fredrick, Mwanuzi. "Modelling of Agricultural Non-point Sources Pollutants in Upper Pangani River Basin (UPRB), Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v30i2.405.
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The Upper Pangani River and its watershed are increasingly being impacted by environmental problems which includenon point source pollutants that are threatening the watershed resources. Increased human activities due to populationincrease, and hence agricultural activities, livestock development, the use of agrochemicals and other land developmentin the basin, have tended to lead to a serious pollution of the river water which also affects not only the aquatic life butalso human health.With intensive and extensive modern agriculture in which artificial fertilizers are in frequent use, there is a highprobability to find chemicals easily flowing into water, thus polluting it. The introduction of agricultural chemicals inrivers may be detrimental. Nitrogen and Phosphorus which are present in agricultural chemicals are essential plantnutrients, which when introduced into surface waters may cause some health problems such as blue-baby syndrome andstomach cancer.To carry out this study we divided the Upper Pangani River basin into two sub-basins; Kikuletwa and Ruvu. The studyconcentrated on Ruvu sub-basin to study and model the pollution transported to the rivers. QUAL2E model was chosenand applied to assess the pollution status of the river network. The model simulated stream flow, dissolved oxygen,phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. From model results, the amount of non-point source load reaching Ruvu river wasfound to be 7857.81tons/yr for nitrogen and 12057.39 tons/yr for phosphorus. The results of the QUAL2E model suggestthat there is pollution at upstream rivers as a result of application of fertilizers to the irrigation schemes which are themain sources of non point source pollution.
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Archer, J. "Avoiding pollution from poultry manure." World's Poultry Science Journal 49, no. 2 (July 1993): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps19930014.
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In the UK the poultry industry has a good record with regard to surface water contamination and has been responsible for only a small proportion of the total pollution incidents attributable to agriculture. Guidance is provided to farmers by a Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the Protection of Water. Because poultry manures have high concentrations of total nitrogen, with much of this in soluble form, the pollution of ground water with nitrates is a more serious problem. A voluntary Pilot Nitrate Scheme has been introduced in some parts of the UK which controls the quantities of animal waste applied to the land and also the timing of waste application. Linked to the scheme is a comprehensive programme of scientific monitoring. The broad requirements of the European Community Nitrate Directive are described. In the case of air pollution due to odours, poultry farms were reported to be responsible for 17% of complaints attributed to agriculture. Where appropriate, legislative means exist to reduce the nuisance and a Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the Protection of Air has been published. Some implications for poultry production in the future are considered.
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Boyle, Sam. "The Case for Regulation of Agricultural Water Pollution." Environmental Law Review 16, no. 1 (March 2014): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2014.16.1.200.
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Wu, Zhong Wei, and Xi Wu Lu. "Industrialization of Pollution-Purifying Agriculture to Control Non-Point Source Pollution in Poyang Lake Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.690.
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Poyang Lake is under the potential threaten from water eutrophication. The implementation of pollution-purifying agricultural industrialization in the Poyang Lake area is an important strategy for controlling the non-point source pollution and achieving economic transformation in the area. In this article, the characteristics of pollution-purifying agriculture and the advantages for its industrialization in the Poyang Lake is discussed. The suitable patterns for the implementation of purifying-agricultural industrialization in Poyang Lake are also proposed.
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O'Bannon, C., J. Carr, D. A. Seekell, and P. D'Odorico. "Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-503-2014.
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Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water-scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce nitrogen concentrations from fertilizers and pesticides released into streams and aquifers to allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on international trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries, and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.
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O'Bannon, C., J. Carr, D. A. Seekell, and P. D'Odorico. "Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 27, 2013): 11221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11221-2013.
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Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce the concentrations of fertilizers and pesticides released in streams and aquifers to the allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on global trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.
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Chen, M., and J. Chen. "Phosphorus release from agriculture to surface waters: past, present and future in China." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.256.
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So far, there is no clear picture at national level regarding the severity, spatial distribution, trend and driving forces of phosphorus (P) release from agriculture to surface waters in China, which presents a major obstacle for surface water quality management and relevant policy-making. By applying a proposed Activity-Unit-Balance (AUB) methodology, this paper retrospects and prospects phosphorus release from agricultural activities to surface waters from1978 to 2050 in China. Modelling results reveal that P load from agriculture has increased 3.4 times during 1978–2005 and will increase by 1.8 times during 2005–2050. Although major contribution factors are mineral fertiliser application (MFA) and livestock feeding activities (LFAs), LFAs will be the single largest source of increased total P load in the next decades. Most importantly, agricultural pollution in China is spatially overlapped with industrial and domestic pollution, and regions in the southeast to “Heihe-Tengchong” line have to be confronted with an austere challenge to control and manage industrial and domestic pollution as well as pollution from agriculture at present and in future.
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Agrawal, G. D., S. K. Lunkad, and T. Malkhed. "Diffuse agricultural nitrate pollution of groundwaters in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0138.
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Nitrate pollution of groundwater due to urban waste and industrial effluents usually centres around cities. This study has shown that nitrate levels in groundwater over vast agricultural areas can be correlated with intensive irrigated agriculture, corresponding use of nitrogenous fertilizers and groundwater development, and consequent diffuse agricultural pollution has already endangered the safety of potable groundwater for future generations in both rural and urban areas. Chemical and bacterial treatment of groundwater for nitrate removal relies on advanced technology and is considered costly even in the developed world. In a country like India where economic resources are inadequate, action on the suggested preventive measures may be taken without delay at this stage when alarming trends have been recorded.
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Hatfield, J. L. "Sustainable Agriculture: Impacts on Nonpoint Pollution." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0444.
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Current agricultural practices are thought to contribute to nonpoint source pollution because of large inputs of pesticides and fertilizers and intensive cultivation and crop production. Trends towards sustainable practices which involve crop rotations, alternative weed and pest control measures, use of manure as fertilizers, and crop residues can lead to improved resource management. Sustainable agricultural systems should be viewed not as a reversion to past systems but as adoption of systems which promote efficient resource management and improved efficiency in the use of natural resources. Many of the aspects currently considered to be sustainable agricultural practices will lead to decreased nonpoint source pollution on both the field and landscape scale. There are large changes in the physical, chemical, and biological factors which promote these reductions. The net result of adoption of these practices will be improved environmental quality; however, to realize this benefit will require both educational efforts and improved decision making tools to aid in the management decisions required in agriculture.
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Monteny, Gert J. "The EU Nitrates Directive: A European Approach to Combat Water Pollution from Agriculture." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.377.
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From 1991 onward, the European Union (EU) member states have had to comply with the Nitrates Directive. The aim of this directive is to sustainably protect ground and surface waters from pollution with nitrogen (nitrate) originating from agriculture. Agriculture is, on an EU level, the largest single source of nitrate (runoff, leaching) pollution, although households and industries also contribute to some extent. An important element in the directive is the reporting every 4 years on the monitoring of ground- and surface-water quality. Furthermore, all 15 member states are compelled to designate so-called Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). These are regions where the nitrate concentrations in the groundwater amount to 50 mg/l or more. In addition to Codes of Good Agricultural Practice, valid on a countrywide basis and often consisting of voluntary-based measures, specific Action Programmes with mandatory measures have to be developed for the NVZs. The first reporting period ended in 1995. This paper describes the progress in member states’ compliance with the Nitrates Directive during the second period (1996–1999), with a focus on the agricultural practices and action pro- grammes. An evaluation of the member states’ reports shows that good progress is being made on the farmers’ awareness of the need to comply with EU regulations on the protection of the aquatic environment. Action programmes are valuable tools to enforce measures that lead to a reduction of the water pollution by agricultural activities. Regional projects show that significant improvements can be achieved (e.g., reduced fertiliser inputs) while maintaining crop yields and thus maintaining the economic potential of agriculture.
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Shala, Albona, Fatbardh Sallaku, Agron Shala, and Shkëlzim Ukaj. "The effects of industrial and agricultural activity on the water quality of the Sitnica River (Kosovo)." Geoadria 20, no. 1 (March 9, 2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.28.
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An important issue in Kosovo is water pollution. The use of polluted water has a direct impact on human health and cause long-term consequences. The longest and most polluted river in Kosovo is the Sitnica, a 90 km long river with its source located near the village of Sazli. The river flows into the Ibar River in Northern Kosovo. Agriculture is prevailing activity in the basin of Sitnica which is why agricultural as well as industrial waste are the biggest water pollutants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate water quality of the river and analyse the pollution level along the Sitnica River caused by agricultural activities and industrial discharges. In order to assess the impact of pollutants on this river, a measurements were carried out in four (five) monitoring stations: the first station represents the reference station which has not undergone or has not been affected by polluting pressures, two stations in water areas affected by the irrigation of farming land and two monitoring stations in water areas affected by industrial wastewater discharge. Some of the parameters of water quality analysed are temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, DO, COD, BOD, P total, nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals iron, manganese, zinc, nickel. Compared to the reference station the results obtained from the Gracka and Pestova monitoring stations prove that the dominant form of pollution is that from agricultural lands irrigation, while the Plemetin and Mitrovica stations show that the Sitnica River is affected by wastewater discharge which contains significant concentrations of heavy metals, as well as metal ions selected in this paper. It can be concluded that the irrigation of agricultural lands and discharges from mining significantly affect water quality of the Sitnica River.
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Evans, Alexandra EV, Javier Mateo-Sagasta, Manzoor Qadir, Eline Boelee, and Alessio Ippolito. "Agricultural water pollution: key knowledge gaps and research needs." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 36 (February 2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.003.
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Ward, N., J. Clark, P. Lowe, and S. Seymour. "Keeping Matter in its Place: Pollution Regulation and the Reconfiguring of Farmers and Farming." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 7 (July 1998): 1165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a301165.
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In this paper we examine the regulation of agricultural practice to reduce the risks of water pollution in England and Wales. We present case-study material concerning water pollution from farm livestock effluents and from agricultural pesticides, and focus on the ways in which farmers and farming practices are being reconfigured under the banner of a move towards a ‘more sustainable agriculture’. Pollution policies can be seen as attempts not only to ‘stabilise’ nature in the rural environment, but also as a process of social ordering as farmers are recast as responsible environmental managers with newly instrumentalised self-governing properties.
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Ma, Jian, Xin Chen, and Yi Shi. "Distinguishing the Main Pollution Source an Efficient Way in Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2195.
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Agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution is a growing environmental problem, contributing much to water eutrophication in China as well as in other parts of the world. NPS pollutants are heterogeneously distributed and discharged from agricultural lands and other sources, and extremely hard to control by technical measures. Hence, control of the water quality problems caused by agricultural NPS pollution becomes difficult if recommended best management practices (BMPs) can’t be well implemented. In this paper, current research progress related to distinguishing agricultural NPS pollution sources was reviewed. Three pivotal methods for identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach were discussed. Finally suggestions were presented on better identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources in China.
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Ribaudo, Marc, and James Shortle. "Reflections on 40 Years of Applied Economics Research on Agriculture and Water Quality." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 48, no. 3 (December 2019): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.32.
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Reducing agricultural nonpoint pollution has been an environmental policy issue since the early 1980s. We discuss the evolution and results of federal and state policy, the contributions of applied economic research to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of water pollution control policies for agriculture, elements of policy reforms that are consistent with the Clean Water Act, and the outlook for needed policy innovation.
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Chen, M., J. Chen, and P. Du. "An inventory analysis of rural pollution loads in China." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.831.
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Rural pollution has attracted increasing attention over the past decade for its important consequences on surface and groundwater quality. This is particularly so in China due to the wide and effective control of industrial and municipal wastewater discharges over the past decade. Based on the discussion of rural activities in China, this paper develops a new method of inventory analysis through the definition of elementary unit (EU). This inventory analysis approach is then applied to estimate the total rural pollution loads of COD, TN and TP, as well as their spatial distributions in China. Further analysis is also conducted to investigate the correlations between rural pollution loads and agricultural production outputs, as well as population. It is found that China's agriculture is developing largely at the cost of environment quality, and a high population, as well as the increasing demand for agricultural products, is one of the dominant driving forces. The constructed EKC, which describes the relationship between rural pollution loads and agricultural income, also reveals that current agricultural development in China is mostly far from de-locked from the environmental problem.
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Kartika Febriani, Ika, and Hadiyanto. "Application of Pesticide Phytoremediation in Irrigated Rice Fields System Using Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Plants." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183103019.
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The problem of environmental pollution especially urban water pollution becomes major issue in Indonesia. The cause of water pollution is not only from industrial factory waste disposal but also other causes which become pollution factor. One cause of water pollution is the existence of agricultural activities with the use of the amount of pesticides that exceed the threshold. As regulated in Government Regulation No. 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, it is necessary to manage water quality and control water pollution wisely by taking into account the interests of current and future generations as well as the ecological balance. To overcome the problem of water pollution due to agricultural activities, it is necessary to conduct research on phytoremediation technique by utilizing eceng gondok plant. It is excepted that using this phytoremediation technique can reduce the problem of water pollution due to the use of pesticides on agricultural activities.
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Wang, Xiaoyan. "Management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in China: current status and challenges." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.033.
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Water quality in China shows an overall trend of deterioration in recent years. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural and rural regions is the leading source of water pollution. The agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are mainly from fertilization of cropland, excessive livestock and poultry breeding and undefined disposal of daily living wastes in rural areas. Agricultural nonpoint sources contribute the main source of pollution to most watersheds in China, but they are ignored in management strategy and policy. Due to the lack of full understanding of water pollution control and management and the lack of perfect water quality standard systems and practical legislative regulations, agricultural nonpoint source pollution will become one of the biggest challenges to the sustainable development of rural areas and to society as a whole. The system for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control in China should include an appropriate legislation and policy framework, financing mechanisms, monitoring system, and technical guidelines and standards. The management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution requires multidisciplinary approaches that will involve a range of government departments, institutions and the public.
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Zheng, Yumei, Guangchun Lei, and Peng Yu. "Eco-Compensation Schemes for Controlling Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Maoli Lake Watershed." Water 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111536.
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Maoli Lake is the water source for local residents and a national nature protected area. However, due to intensive agriculture development, the water quality has deteriorated over the past decades. An effective measure to improve water quality is to control the agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution through elaborate schemes based on eco-compensation. In order to develop such eco-compensation schemes, three scenarios of agricultural activity adjustment were designed: S1 (halving fertilization every year), S2 (fallow every other year), and S3 (returning agricultural land to forest). A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was adopted to simulate runoff, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Based on SWAT results, a multi-criteria spatial evaluation model considering the environmental, economic, and social effects of eco-compensation was created for best scenario decision. The results reveal the following: (1) the total nutrients loss of agricultural land reduces in all scenarios, but S2 has more reduction compared to S1 and S3; (2) from the comprehensive perspective of environment–economy–society effects, S2 is the best scenario for rice land and dry land; (3) the comprehensive effect of eco-compensation at the grid scale has a significant spatial difference, and therefore, we highlight the necessity and significance of controlling agricultural NPS pollution by eco-compensation on a precise spatial scale. This study can broaden the application field of the SWAT model and provide a scientific basis and experience for the evaluation and spatial design of agriculture eco-compensation.
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Beránková, D., and J. Ungerman. "Nonpoint sources of pollution in the Morava River basin." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0496.
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The diversity of natural conditions as well as the industrial and agricultural character of the landscape are responsible for changes influencing the share of point and nonpoint sources of pollution in the Morava River basin. Nonpoint sources of pollution were specified on the basis of data on agriculture, forestry, erosion, suspended solids, water quality parameters, mass flow of nutrients and atmospheric deposition. The relationship between concentrations of nitrates and application rates of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in the lower part of the Morava River basin was significant. In the longitudinal profile of the Morava River concentrations of mineral nitrogen and total phosphorus were specified and mass flow calculated by characteristic discharge. Changes of political system in 1989 in the Czech Republic initiated dynamic development of the state agricultural policy with consequences for the intensity of nonpoint pollution. Mainly in the field of plant and animal production some influences were evidently reduced. Consumption of industrial fertilizers was minimized to 13 of the former level and livestock population was also significantly decreased. Although privatization in agriculture is practicaly finished, there are not many positive changes in the field of large-area land use and structure of plots. The process of soil erosion still causes damages of land and pollution of surface waters.
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Song, Lin Xu, and Ping Liu. "Study on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Based on SWAT." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.390.
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Nonpoint source pollution, especially agriculture nonpoint source pollution is the major reason resulting in eutrophication in many receiving water bodies. At first, agriculture nonpoint source pollution and the harm pollutants bring is analyzed. Then around the questions about how the nonpoint source pollutants export from the soil and how much pollutant import into the receiving water, my study provide an overview of the progress of research on pollution forming mechanism, pollutants leaching from soil and pollutants migrating with streamflow into water body, and briefly summarizes the history of nonpoint source load estimation include model developing and application, and introduce the SWAT model which will be applied in my study. At last, I look forward to some important research direction in pollution mechanism and load estimation.
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Qiu, Zeyuan, and Tony Prato. "Accounting for Spatial Characteristics of Watersheds in Evaluating Water Pollution Abatement Policies." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, no. 1 (April 1999): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200028855.
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AbstractThis study evaluates three agricultural nonpoint pollution abatement policies: regulating the spatial pattern of agricultural activities, ambient tax, and abatement tax/subsidy. All three policies incorporate spatial characteristics of agricultural emission loading and movement for an agricultural watershed in the Midwest. The effects of spatial variation in natural conditions and landscape features on agricultural emissions and crop yield are evaluated using a newly developed biophysical simulation model and experimental data. While the policies are equally cost effective in reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution, their implementation feasibility is quite different.
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Smith, Rodney B. W., and Theodore D. Tomasi. "Multiple Agents, and Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Water Pollution Control Policies." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28, no. 1 (April 1999): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000952.
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Assuming asymmetric information over farmer profits and zero transaction costs, prior literature has suggested that when regulating nonpoint source water pollution, a tax on management practices (inputs) can implement full-information allocations and is superior to a tax on estimated runoff. Using mechanism design theory under asymmetric information, this paper shows that under the same assumptions, management practice taxes and taxes on estimated runoff are equally efficient.
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Shortle, James S., and James W. Dunn. "The Relative Efficiency of Agricultural Source Water Pollution Control Policies." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, no. 3 (August 1986): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241551.
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KIREYCHEVA, L. V., and L. V. KIREYCHEVA. "THE INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ON POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 5 (2020): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-5-18-27.
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Zhang, Xiaodong, Guo H. Huang, and Xianghui Nie. "Possibilistic Stochastic Water Management Model for Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 137, no. 1 (January 2011): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000096.
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Young, C. Edwin, and Richard S. Magleby. "AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL: IMPLICATIONS FROM THE RURAL CLEAN WATER PROGRAM." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 23, no. 4 (August 1987): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00844.x.
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Logan, Terry J. "Agricultural best management practices for water pollution control: current issues." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 46, no. 1-4 (September 1993): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90026-l.
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Lacroix, Anne, Nicolas Beaudoin, and David Makowski. "Agricultural water nonpoint pollution control under uncertainty and climate variability." Ecological Economics 53, no. 1 (April 2005): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.11.001.
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Meals, Donald W. "Watershed-scale response to agricultural diffuse pollution control programs in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0505.
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From 1979 to 1990, the LaPlatte River Watershed and the St. Albans Bay Watershed Rural Clean Water Program projects in Vermont (USA) sought to reduce sediment, nutrient, and bacteria loads to parts of Lake Champlain impaired by eutrophication. Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control diffuse sources of pollution from dairy agriculture were widely implemented through a voluntary program of technical assistance and cost-sharing by agencies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Intensive water quality monitoring was undertaken to document water quality changes resulting from the land treatment programs, including studies of BMP effectiveness and long-term watershed-scale trend monitoring. Some BMPs significantly reduced edge-of-field pollutant delivery to surface waters. Phosphorus export from corn fields was up to 1500% higher where manure was winter spread and up to 15% of the phosphorus applied in winter-spread manure was lost in runoff. A vegetated filter strip retained more than 90% of sediment and nutrients in milking center waste and functioned effectively year-round. Watershed-level response, however, was not simply the sum of edge-of-field changes. Sediment concentration and export decreased in both project areas, but anticipated decreases in nutrient concentrations and loads did not occur. The most significant water quality trends observed were 50–75% reductions in indicator bacteria counts in all study watersheds. Factors contributing to the lack of general response in nutrient levels, recommendations for future agricultural pollution control projects, and implications for planning of diffuse source pollution control programs are discussed.
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Zhang, Xiao Hui, Qi Guang Cao, and Guo Li Xie. "Approaches for Chinese Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4843.
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Nonpoint sources of pollution, primarily from agricultural sources, are a major cause of water quality impairment in China. Yet approaches for addressing this issue remain underexplored. This article first introduces the current status of China’s agricultural nonpoint sources pollution.The article then discusses some practical approaches for agricultural nonpoint sources pollution control in terms of China’s current economic development levels and conditions.The article concludes that voluntary programs, command and control programs and economic incentive instruments are feasiable for addressing agricultural nonpoint sources pollution, if such approaches are designed and implemented well.
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Belic, S. Sima, and Andjelka V. Belic. "Water quality changes in a small plain agricultural catchment area." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0506.
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Anthropogenic activities in a catchment area influence in a most direct way the surface water quality. Detailed studies of the factors of all production processes in the catchment enable establishing the degree of their possible individual participation in the pollution of that region, which is the first step in finding out the way of its appropriate protection. Such a study we carried out on the example of the Krivaja catchment area (the river Krivaja and the reservoir Zobnatica), in the north of Yugoslavia during the 1980–1992 period. The analysis encompassed natural characteristics of the soil and production activities in the region, which is characterized by numerous point and nonpoint pollution sources. Surface water quality was assessed on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. Besides, inorganic forms of nutrients, first of all nitrogen, were also analyzed. The results indicate deterioration of surface water quality in the catchment during the investigated period. In view of the fact that the state of point pollution sources did not change during the investigation, it is quite clear that nonpoint pollution, having mainly the origin in agricultural production, were the main cause of deterioration of surface water quality.
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Owa, F. W. "Water Pollution: Sources, Effects, Control and Management." International Letters of Natural Sciences 8 (January 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.8.1.
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Human activities including industrialization and agricultural practices contributed immensely in no small measure to the degradation and pollution of the environment which adversely has an effect on the water bodies (rivers and ocean) that is a necessity for life. This paper tries to discuss basically what water pollution is and equally to address the source, effect control and water pollution management as a whole. Some recommendations such as introduction of environmental education were mentioned.
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Dr Jagseer Singh. "Climate Change Implication on Agricultural Growth." Journal of Chemistry, Environmental Sciences and its Applications 4, no. 1 (September 6, 2017): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jce.2017.41003.
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Global climate change brings many disasters like floods and droughts which pose great danger to human life. Pollution and greenhouse gases also affect agriculture adversely. Environmental degradation occupies the place of utmost importance when it comes to green debate. Environmental pollution can be reduced greatly by providing bathing water, pure air quality and access to neat and clean drinking water. These measures will ensure that the ambitions of climatic health and valuable environment are achieved at the earliest. In this research paper, I illustrate the international causes of degradation of environmental, climate change and its implication for agriculture growth. The paper argues that such certainty components can be projected by altering the current slowed perspectives on the problem talking the load from recent conceptual work on “cumulative change” as against” system change” to properly understand global environmental. Change and environmental degradation, the paper presents an approach to identify and use the” certainty components” it is strong point is that it help to warming. The research at hand is a review on the study survey associated by reduction of environment risk, water, air pollution, enhanced quality of water and betterment of climate factors.
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Williams, J. R., B. J. Chambers, K. A. Smith, and D. R. Chadwick. "Minimising diffuse pollution from livestock manures – the challenges ahead." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021670.
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In the region of 90 million tonnes of farm manures, supplying 450,000 tonnes of nitrogen (N) and 119,000 tonnes of phosphorus (P) are applied to agricultural land in the UK each year. These applications are a valuable source of plant nutrients but they are also recognised as the largest source of controllable pollution in present day farming systems. Over 70% of nitrate entering water systems is estimated to originate from agricultural land and the transfer of particulate and soluble P from agricultural land has been estimated to contribute 40-50% of P loads in watercourses. Ammonia (NH3) emissions from UK agriculture contribute c.80% of total UK emissions with losses following the land spreading of farm manures responsible for c.96,000 tonnes of NH3 each year.
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Contant, C. K., M. D. Duffy, and M. A. Holub. "Determining Tradeoffs Between Water Quality and Profitability in Agricultural Production: Implications for Nonpoint Source Pollution Policy." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0400.
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Agricultural nonpoint sources of water pollution have received increased attention over the past decade as routine monitoring has indicated the presence of contamination in both surface and ground waters. In Iowa (as well as other states), policy makers have debated the effectiveness of alternative policy mechanisms to control these agricultural pollution sources. In this study, we investigate both the water quality and farm profitability impacts of four policy options: regulation, taxation, intensive technical assistance including cost sharing, and research and education. Simulations of water quality and profitability impacts are run for a sample of farm fields in Iowa. Summarized results identify both the range of impacts from a particular policy and the tradeoffs between improvements in water quality and declines in farm profitability within and between policies. Results indicate that impacts differ across policy options and by location; however, improvements to both water quality and profitability can be achieved with some of these policies. These findings suggest that agricultural nonpoint source pollution policies can improve water quality without significant cost to farmers or statewide residents.
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Roebeling, P. C., M. C. Cunha, L. Arroja, and M. E. van Grieken. "Abatement vs. treatment for efficient diffuse source water pollution management in terrestrial-marine systems." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 5 (May 25, 2015): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.259.
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Marine ecosystems are affected by water pollution originating from coastal catchments. The delivery of water pollutants can be reduced through water pollution abatement as well as water pollution treatment. Hence, sustainable economic development of coastal regions requires balancing of the marginal costs from water pollution abatement and/or treatment and the associated marginal benefits from marine resource appreciation. Water pollution delivery reduction costs are, however, not equal across abatement and treatment options. In this paper, an optimal control approach is developed and applied to explore welfare maximizing rates of water pollution abatement and/or treatment for efficient diffuse source water pollution management in terrestrial-marine systems. For the case of diffuse source dissolved inorganic nitrogen water pollution in the Tully-Murray region, Queensland, Australia, (agricultural) water pollution abatement cost, (wetland) water pollution treatment cost and marine benefit functions are determined to explore welfare maximizing rates of water pollution abatement and/or treatment. Considering partial (wetland) treatment costs and positive water quality improvement benefits, results show that welfare gains can be obtained, primarily, through diffuse source water pollution abatement (improved agricultural management practices) and, to a minor extent, through diffuse source water pollution treatment (wetland restoration).