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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural workers' diseases Tuberculosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Pradeepkumar, Narayanappa Shiroorkar, and Noyal Mariya Joseph. "Chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in a child from India." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 07 (July 5, 2011): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1392.

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Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It usually occurs following trauma with vegetative matter and mainly affects middle-aged male agricultural workers. Only a few cases have been reported in children. The lesions commonly involve the lower limbs, while the upper limbs and face are only rarely affected. We report a case of cutaneous chromoblastomycosis of the left arm, caused by Cladophialophora carrionii, in a 9-year-old boy from India, who was earlier misdiagnosed as cutaneous tuberculosis. The patient showed a good response to treatment with itraconazole and terbinafine.

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2

Subbotina, I., I. Andamov, B. Bakyev, I. Kuprijanov, and Safar-zadeh Hamid Raﬁ k ogly. "Communicable diseases common to man and animals – current state of the problem." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2(152) (December 17, 2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2019-152-2-36-45.

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Оne of the signiﬁ cant problems for the veterinary service and for human medicine workers around the world are infectious diseases (parasitic and infectious), common to humans and animals. In most countries, this group of diseases is called “zoonoses,” although in many countries and many researchers this term raises many questions and disagreements. In a number of countries, it is customary to strictly divide them into “zooanthroponoses” and “anthropozoonoses”. However, despite the diﬀ erence in terminology, the importance of zoonotic diseases remains relevant for everyone. Of course, in countries with diﬀ erent climatic, geographical, cultural and gastronomic characteristics, certain diseases will prevail, but their social and economic signiﬁ cance, however, will be similar for everyone. In our work, we wanted in a comparative aspect to show the most signiﬁ cant zoonoses and the dependence of their distribution on climatic, geographical, gastronomic, cultural and a number of other features of the countries. We have carried out work in such countries as the Republic of Belarus, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. In our work, we identiﬁ ed the most signiﬁ cant zoonoses for the above countries and determined the main causes and factors contributing to the emergence and dissemination of these pathologies The studies were carried out using modern research methods, such as epizootological, virological, bacteriological, molecular genetic, statistical. As a result of the studies, it was found that a number of zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, are quite widespread in almost all of these countries, while anthrax, brucellosis, echinococcosis, have a signiﬁ cant diﬀ erence in the intensity of spread, and the immediate causes of this diﬀ erence are both climatic and geographical factors, and features of agriculture, and a number of others. Key words: zoonoses, infections, infestations, rabies, pasteurellosis, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis, echinococcosis, cestodoses, trichinosis, ascariasis, cryptosporidiosis.

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Bhargava, Salil, and Satyendra Mishra. "Tuberculosis among prisoners & health care workers." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 67, no. 4 (December 2020): S91—S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.002.

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4

Lee, Soo-Jin. "The Occupational Diseases of Agricultural Workers." Hanyang Medical Reviews 30, no. 4 (2010): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2010.30.4.305.

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5

Arora, V. K., Kalpana Chandra, and Mina Chandra. "Occupational tuberculosis in sewage workers: A neglected domain." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 66, no. 1 (January 2019): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.09.001.

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6

Smith, Ian. "Tuberculosis Control Learning Games." Tropical Doctor 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559302300304.

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In teaching health workers about tuberculosis (TB) control we frequently concentrate on the technological aspects, such as diagnosis, treatment and recording. Health workers also need to understand the sociological aspects of TB control, particularly those that influence the likelihood of diagnosis and cure. Two games are presented that help health workers comprehend the reasons why TB patients often delay in presenting for diagnosis, and why they then frequently default from treatment.

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7

Perri, Giovanni Di, GianPietro Cadeo, Francesco Castelli, Rocco Micciolo, Sergio Bassetti, Franco Rubini, Angelo Cazzadori, et al. "Transmission of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis to Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646685.

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AbstractObjective:A retrospective investigation was made to compare the occupational risk of tuberculosis in personnel assisting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected subjects with active tuberculosis.Design:We retrospectively reviewed 6 years of hospital activity in 3 units where HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis are hospitalized and in 2 units where non-HIV-infected tuberculosis patients are hospitalized. The risk of occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers who assisted HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis was investigated.Participants:The risk of occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers was studied by considering the numbers of potential source cases (hospitalized patients with tuberculosis) in the two conditions investigated (HIV-positive and HIV-negative). Both potential source cases and cases of tuberculosis in healthcare workers had to be microbiologically proven in order to be considered..Results:Seven cases of tuberculosis occurred in persons who cared for 85 HIV-infected subjects with tuberculosis, while only 2 cases occurred in staff members who took care of 1,079 HIV-negative tuberculosis patients over the same period (relative risk=44.4; 95% confidence interval = 8.5-438).Conclusions:Tuberculosis seems no longer to be a neglectable risk in healthcare workers assisting patients with HIV infection. Further study is urgently needed to see whether such unexpectedly high dissemination of tuberculosis also is demonstrable in the community.

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8

Cobelens, F. G. J. "Tuberculosis Risks for Health Care Workers in Africa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 44, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/509935.

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9

Di Perri, Giovanni, Gian Pietro Cadeo, Francesco Castelli, Rocco Micciolo, Sergio Bassetti, Franco Rubini, Angelo Cazzadori, et al. "Transmission of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis to Healthcare Workers." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30147163.

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10

Senior, Kathryn. "Russian health-care workers run high risk of latent tuberculosis." Lancet Infectious Diseases 7, no. 4 (April 2007): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70074-9.

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11

Deffontaines, G., F. Vayr, E. Rigaud, D. Brenot, M. L. Boschiroli, V. Caron, T. Comolet, et al. "Guidelines for monitoring workers after occupational exposure to bovine tuberculosis." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 49, no. 8 (November 2019): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2019.09.006.

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12

Harries, A. D., T. E. Nyirenda, A. Banerjee, M. J. Boeree, and F. M. Salaniponi. "Tuberculosis in health care workers in Malawi." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no. 1 (January 1999): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90170-0.

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13

Khatib, Nadia, Ria Daly, Martin Dedicoat, Alison Larkins, and Claire Robertson. "O15 IGRA testing for latent tuberculosis in commercial sex workers." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 1 (May 18, 2015): A5.3—A6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052126.15.

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14

Chandra, Kalpana, and Vijay Kumar Arora. "Tuberculosis and other chronic morbidity profile of sewage workers of Delhi." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 66, no. 1 (January 2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.09.003.

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15

Ong, Adrian, Irina Rudoy, Leah C. Gonzalez, Jennifer Creasman, L. Masae Kawamura, and Charles L. Daley. "Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers: A Molecular Epidemiologic Study in San Francisco." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504504.

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Objective.Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis through occupational exposure. To identify HCWs who became infected and developed tuberculosis as a result of their work, we studied the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in HCWs.Design.Eleven-year prospective cohort molecular epidemiology study.Setting.City and County of San Francisco, California.Patients.All persons reported with tuberculosis between 1993 and 2003. HCWs were identified from the San Francisco Tuberculosis Control Section's database, and mycobacterial isolates from culture-positive subjects were analyzed by IS6110-based genotyping. RESULTS. Of 2510 cases of tuberculosis reported during the study period, 31 (1.2%) occurred in HCWs: the median age of the HCWs was 37 years, and 11 (35%) were male. HCWs were more likely than non-HCWs to be younger (P= .0036), born in the United States (P= .0004), and female (P= .0003) and to not be homeless (P= .010). The rate of tuberculosis among HCWs remained constant during the study period, despite a significant decrease in the overall case rate in San Francisco. Work-related transmission was documented in at least 10 (32%) of 31 HCWs, including 4 of 8 HCWs whose isolates were part of genotypically determined clusters. Only 1 of 7 cases of tuberculosis in HCWs after 1999 was documented as being work related.Conclusions.Although most cases of tuberculosis in HCWs, as in non-HCWs, developed as a result of endogenous reactivation of latent infection, at least half of clustered cases of tuberculosis in HCWs were related to work. The number of work-related cases of tuberculosis in HCWs decreased during the study period.

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16

Roh, Sangchul. "Work-related diseases of agricultural workers in South Korea." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 55, no. 11 (2012): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2012.55.11.1063.

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17

Tokars, Jerome I., George F. McKinley, Joan Otten, Charles Woodley, Emilia M. Sordillo, Joan Caldwell, Catherine M. Liss, et al. "Use and Efficacy of Tuberculosis Infection Control Practices at Hospitals With Previous Outbreaks of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 22, no. 7 (July 2001): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501933.

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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the implementation and efficacy of selected Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for preventing spread ofMycobacterium tuberculosis.Design:Analysis of prospective observational data.Setting:Two medical centers where outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) had occurred.Participants:All hospital inpatients who had active TB or who were placed in TB isolation and healthcare workers who were assigned to selected wards on which TB patients were treated.Methods:During 1995 to 1997, study personnel prospectively recorded information on patients who had TB or were in TB isolation, performed observations of TB isolation rooms, and recorded tuberculin skin-test results of healthcare workers. Genetic typing ofM tuberculosisisolates was performed by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis.Results:We found that only 8.6% of patients placed in TB isolation proved to have TB; yet, 19% of patients with pulmonary TB were not isolated on the first day of hospital admission. Specimens were ordered for acid-fast bacillus smear and results received promptly, and most TB isolation rooms were under negative pressure. Among persons entering TB isolation rooms, 44.2% to 97.1% used an appropriate (particulate, high-efficiency particulate air or N95) respirator, depending on the hospital and year; others entering the rooms used a surgical mask or nothing. We did not find evidence of transmission of TB among healthcare workers (based on tuberculin skin-test results) or patients (based on epidemiological investigation and genetic typing).Conclusions:We found problems in implementation of some TB infection control measures, but no evidence of healthcare-associated transmission, possibly in part because of limitations in the number of patients and workers studied. Similar evaluations should be performed at hospitals treating TB patients to find inadequacies and guide improvements in infection control.

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18

Wang, Fu-Der, Chi-Hwar Chang, Wei-Juin Su, Jen-Fu Shih, Kuang-Ming Hsiao, Ming-Sheng Chern, Te-Li Chen, Ming-Yin Lin, Yin-Yin Chen, and Chen-Hsen Lee. "Screening of Hospital Workers for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Medical Center in Taiwan." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503639.

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At a medical center in Taiwan, all workers were examined by chest radiography, to determine the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence of tuberculosis among all hospital workers was 0.12%, that among nurses was 0.35%, and that among externally contracted cleaners was 0.57%. All of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates recovered from 2 nurses and from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis were the Beijing strain, but the strains had different serotypes.

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19

Lai, Kwan Kew, Sally A. Fontecchio, Anita L. Kelley, and Zita S. Melvin. "Knowledge of the Transmission of Tuberculosis and Infection Control Measures for Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 3 (March 1996): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30142376.

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20

Lai, Kwan Kew, Sally A. Fontecchio, Anita L. Kelley, and Zita S. Melvin. "Knowledge of the Transmission of Tuberculosis and Infection Control Measures for Tuberculosis Among Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 3 (March 1996): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700006494.

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AbstractTwo hundred seventy-five of 325 (85%) healthcare workers (HCWs) completed a questionnaire testing their knowledge of transmission of tuberculosis (TB) and infection control measures for TB. Of the 75 HCWs with no patient contact, 49 (65%) felt that masks should be worn, and 40 (53%) would use gowns. In contrast, 175 (88%) of 200 HCWs having contact with patients thought masks should be worn, and 70 (35%) would use gowns (P=.0001 and .0085, respectively). Only 87% of HCWs with patient contact felt that respiratory precautions should be instituted for TB patients. The results of our sur vey showed that HCWs should be reeducated about TB.

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Lai, Kwan Kew, Sally A. Fontecchio, Anita L. Kelley, and Zita S. Melvin. "Knowledge of the Transmission of Tuberculosis and Infection Control Measures for Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 3 (March 1996): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647265.

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22

Wardani, Hamidah Retno, Ni Made Mertaniasih, and Soedarsono Soedarsono. "RISK FACTORS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT HOSPITALS IN JEMBER CITY INDONESIA." African Journal of Infectious Diseases 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.4.

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Background: Healthcare workers in Tuberculosis (TB) and non-TB units in hospitals have a high risk of experiencing Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI), because of exposure to droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to prove LTBI incidence and risk factors to healthcare workers at the hospital in Jember City. Material and Methods: a cross-sectional study, from January to March 2020 in two hospitals in Jember City. Healthcare workers in the TB care and non-TB care unit were examined using Tuberculin skin test (TST) with a cut off ≥ 10 mm for positive LTBI. Chest x-ray and clinical examination to rule out active TB and a standardized questionnaire were also used. Results: 128 healthcare workers completed the questionnaires, clinical, tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest x-ray data. LTBI incidence of positive results 61.7% (n = 79). Contacts TB in the workplace (p value = 0.219; OR = 1.643; CI = 0.742-3.641) and a unit of work (p value = 0.102; OR = 0.760; CI = 0.559-1.031) has no relationship with LTBI. The profession (p value = 0.020; OR = 1.112; CI = 0.896-1.403), the duration of the work (p value = 0.039; OR = 2.984; CI = 1.067-8.342), and BCG immunization (p value =0.000; OR = 0.151; CI = 0.052-0.438) have important relationships with LTBI. Conclusion: TB infection with a high incidence, a risk of transmission to healthcare workers, and a relationship between occupational risk factors and LTBI among healthcare workers in Jember City, Indonesia have been established in this study.

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23

SARI, Tuğba. "Evaluation of Latent Tuberculosis in Health Care Workers of Chest Diseases Hospital." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.66280.

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24

Prihatiningsih, Septyani, Jonny Karunia Fajar, Fredo Tamara, Aditya Indra Mahendra, Chrisandi Yusuf Rizqiansyah, Oktavia Rahayu Adianingsih, and Tjipto Suwandi. "Risk factors of tuberculosis infection among health care workers: A meta-analysis." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.10.003.

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25

Laniado-Laborín, Rafael, and Noemí Cabrales-Vargas. "Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers at a General Hospital in Mexico." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503641.

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Objective.To determine the incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) disease among healthcare workers (HCWs) at a general hospital.Design.Retrospective analysis of TB cases among HCWs over the course of 5 years.Setting.A 140-bed general hospital in Tijuana, Mexico.Participants.All hospital employees who developed TB during the 5-year period.Results.From 1 January 1999 through 31 December 2003, 18 TB cases were diagnosed among the hospital personnel. During that period, the mean ( ± standard deviation) annual work force of the hospital was 819 ± 21.7 employees. The TB incidence rate was 439.56 cases per 100,000 employees; this rate was 10.98 times higher than the rate for the general population of the city. The TB incidence rate for physicians was 860.21 cases per 100,000 employees, that for nurses was 365.85 cases per 100,000 employees, and that for physicians in training was 1,846.15 cases per 100,000 employees. Physicians in training had a higher risk of acquiring TB than did either physicians (relative risk, 2.14 [95% confidence interval, 1.34-35.66) or nurses (relative risk, 5.04 [95% confidence interval, 3.16-83.33). Three of the HCWs with TB disease were infected with a drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and one of the infecting strains was multidrug resistant. Asymptomatic TB infection among HCWs was not addressed during this study.Conclusions.The TB incidence rate among the HCWs at the hospital is extremely high, compared with that in the general population. The implementation of infection control measures is an urgent priority, to reduce this occupational hazard.

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Villarino, Margarita E., and Gerald Mazurek. "Tuberculosis Contacts, Concerns, and Controls: What Matters for Healthcare Workers?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504499.

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27

Driver, Cynthia R., Rachel L. Stricof, Karen Granville, Sonal S. Munsiff, Galina Savranskaya, Cheryl Kearns, Athalia Christie, and Margaret Oxtoby. "Tuberculosis in health care workers during declining tuberculosis incidence in New York State." American Journal of Infection Control 33, no. 9 (November 2005): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.016.

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Vaquero-Álvarez, Esther, Antonio Cubero-Atienza, Pilar Ruiz-Martínez, Manuel Vaquero-Abellán, María Dolores Redel-Macías, and Pilar Aparicio-Martínez. "Tuberculosis and Other Airborne Microbes in Occupational Health and Safety." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197088.

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Airborne pathogens and non-malignant infectious diseases such as tuberculosis are highly contagious and can have severe effects on healthcare workers. The symptoms of these diseases take time to manifest, which can prevent workers from noticing that they have been exposed until symptoms appear. The current paper sought to assess the occupational safety and preventative measures taken in laboratories in Spain, and to compare these measures with those reported by other studies worldwide. A cross-sectional study of workers (35–50 years old) was conducted using a web survey (N = 30), and a bibliometric analysis was carried out in the Scopus database (92 documents were selected). The occupational safety and health measures were inadequate, according to the opinions of the workers. The training (p < 0.01), the amount of work (p < 0.05), and how the workers followed their protocols (p < 0.001) were linked to incidents and exposure to airborne pathogens. The most significant previous publication was a report (848 citations) stating that the previous variables linked to exposure are vital for prevention. Most works focused on countries like the U.S.A. (p = 0.009) were reviews, with a limited number of studies focused on occupational safety.

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29

Borgohain, Parismita, Purnima Barua, Jagadish Mahanta, Lakhi Ram Saikia, Dipika Shaw, and Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy. "Lasiodiplodia theobromae onychomycosis among agricultural workers: A case series." Journal of Medical Mycology 31, no. 3 (September 2021): 101167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101167.

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30

Mattioli, Stefano, Davide Gori, Valentina Di Gregori, Lara Ricotta, Alberto Baldasseroni, Andrea Farioli, Francesca Zanardi, et al. "PubMed search strings for the study of agricultural workers' diseases." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 56, no. 12 (September 6, 2013): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22252.

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31

Mok, Jeong Ha. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Healthcare Workers." Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 79, no. 3 (2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.2016.79.3.127.

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32

Ramirez, Julio A., Pamela Anderson, Sharon Herp, and Martin J. Raff. "Increased Rate of Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion Among Workers at a University Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 10 (October 1992): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646431.

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AbstractObjectives:To summarize the results of an investigation of increased rates of tuberculin skin test conversion in employees at a university hospital.Design:The results of annual tuberculin skin tests performed on all 1,845 hospital employees from 1986 to 1991 were reviewed.Setting:A 450-bed acute tertiary care university hospital.Results:The rate of tuberculin skin test conversion was 0.35% (standard deviation ± 0.15) from 1986 to 1989 and increased to 1.7% during 1991. Investigation revealed deviations from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for tuberculosis control, which included the failure to consider tuberculosis as a probable cause of community-acquired pneumonia and the failure to initiate isolation precautions when tuberculosis was suspected.Conclusions:The epidemic appeared to be secondary to delays in diagnosis and isolation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Future control measures should include isolation of all hospital patients admitted with pneumonia until tuberculosis has been excluded.

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Shriraam, Vanishree, R. Srihari, T. Gayathri, and Lakshmi Murali. "Active case finding for Tuberculosis among migrant brick kiln workers in South India." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 67, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.09.003.

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Simon, Teresa A., Sindy Paul, Daniel Wartenberg, and Jerome I. Tokars. "Tuberculosis in Hemodialysis Patients in New Jersey: A Statewide Study." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 9 (September 1999): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501679.

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AbstractObjective:To study the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), tuberculin skin testing (TST) practices, and infection control practices at outpatient hemodialysis centers.Design:Mail surveys performed in December 1994 and 1995.Main Outcome Measures:The numbers of patients with incident active TB during 1994 and 1995, TST policies during 1994, and TB infection control policies in 1994.Setting:All outpatient dialysis centers in New Jersey.Patients or Participants:Healthcare workers and patients in dialysis centers in New Jersey.Results:Of 47 centers, 41 provided information on TST and TB infection control policies and practices. TSTs were performed on newly hired healthcare workers at all 41 centers and on established workers at 39 centers. In contrast, only 1 center reported performing TSTs on hemodialysis patients; 5 other centers reported screening of patients for TB using chest radiographs. Active TB was reported in 3 of 4,550 chronic hemodialysis patients in 1994 (rate, 66/100,000 patient-years) and in 4 of 4,831 patients in 1995 (rate, 83/100,000 patient-years). Both rates were several times higher than the rate in the New Jersey general population during this period (10.7-10.8/100,000).Conclusion:Although based on small numbers of patients with TB, we found a relatively high incidence of TB among hemodialysis patients in New Jersey. Most centers reported performing TSTs on workers but not on patients. These results suggest the need for improved TB screening and infection control precautions at outpatient dialysis centers.

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Burwen, Dale R., and M. Franklin Seawright. "staffTRAK-TB: Software for Surveillance of Tuberculosis Infection in Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 11 (November 1999): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501582.

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AbstractThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends periodic tuberculin skin testing of healthcare workers with potential exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, many healthcare facilities have neither a system to identify workers due for their skin test nor a means of analyzing aggregate data. To illustrate some of the complexities involved in tuberculin skin test (TST) tracking and analysis, and how these might be addressed, this report describes a software package called staffTRAK-TB, developed by the CDC to facilitate surveillance of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers. staffTRAK-TB records data for each healthcare worker, including demographic information, occupation, work location, multiple TST results, and results of evaluations to determine if clinically active tuberculosis is present. Programmed reports include lists of workers due and overdue for skin tests, and skin test conversion rates by occupation or worksite. Standardization of types of occupations and locations allows data from multiple facilities to be aggregated and compared. Data transfer to the CDC can be performed via floppy diskettes. staffTRAK-TB illustrates important issues in software structure, standardization of occupation and work-location information, relevant data items, and reports and analyses that would be useful in practice. Developing software that adequately addresses the epidemiological issues is complex, and the lessons learned may serve as a model for hospital epidemiologists, infection control personnel, occupational health personnel, and computer programmers considering software development in this area or trying to optimize their facility's TST surveillance.

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Grimes, Richard M., Deanna E. Grimes, and Edward Graviss. "Tuberculosis control in health care workers: An algorithmic approach." American Journal of Infection Control 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(96)90002-4.

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37

Zurlo, John J. "Tuberculosis control in health care workers: An algorithmic approach." American Journal of Infection Control 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(96)90003-6.

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38

McKinley, F. W., B. Raucher, D. Sczesny, V. A. DePalo, N. Salomon, D. Perlman, and A. Kolokathis. "Resistant tuberculosis: A new crisis for health care workers." American Journal of Infection Control 19, no. 2 (April 1991): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(91)90059-l.

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Harada, Nobuyuki, Yutsuki Nakajima, Kazue Higuchi, Yukie Sekiya, Jim Rothel, and Toru Mori. "Screening for Tuberculosis Infection Using Whole-Blood Interferon-γ and Mantoux Testing Among Japanese Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504358.

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Objective.To examine the hypothesis that results of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay (QFT-G), a whole-blood test for detection of tuberculosis infection, are more significantly related to known risk factors for tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers (HCWs) who have received bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine than are results of the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST).Design.All HCWs (approximately 510) from a 370-bed general hospital in Tokyo where patients with and patients without tuberculosis are treated were invited to participate in the study. All study participants completed a questionnaire about their Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection risk factors as HCWs at the general hospital. They were then tested for LTBI by means of the QFT-G, followed by the TST. Statistical analyses were performed to compare results of each test with M. tuberculosis infection risk factors (age, length of employment in the healthcare industry, history of working with tuberculosis-positive patients in a tuberculosis ward or in the outpatient department of the hospital's tuberculosis clinic for more than 1 year, chest radiograph evidence of healed tuberculosis, history of performing bronchoscope procedures, and job classification), and for TST-positive HCWs, to compare the QFT-G result with the TST induration diameter.Results.A total of 332 HCWs (95% of whom had been vaccinated with BCG) participated in the study, and 33 had positive QFT-G results, suggesting a prevalence of LTBI of 9.9%. Of 304 HCWs who underwent TST, 283 (93.1%) had an induration diameter of 10 mm or more. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that positive QFT-G results were significantly associated with age and with a history of working in a tuberculosis ward or an outpatient department of a tuberculosis clinic. TST results were not correlated with any of the tuberculosis infection risk factors we evaluated.Conclusions.Positive QFT-G results were closely associated with the presence of risk factors for LTBI in a hospital setting, suggesting that the QFT-G can detect LTBI in a population composed predominately of BCG vaccinees. Because most HCWs worldwide have been vaccinated with BCG, the QFT-G offers a significant improvement over the TST in tuberculosis screening programs and minimizes un-warranted use of tuberculosis prophylaxis.

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AL-Thwani, A. N., and M. S. AL-Mashhadani. "Tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle and workers in some abattoirs of Baghdad governorate." International Journal of Mycobacteriology 5 (December 2016): S250—S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.09.069.

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Jelip, Jenarun, George G. Mathew, Tanrang Yusin, Jiloris F. Dony, Nirmal Singh, Musa Ashaari, Noitie Lajanin, C. Shanmuga Ratnam, Mohd Yusof Ibrahim, and Deyer Gopinath. "Risk factors of tuberculosis among health care workers in Sabah, Malaysia." Tuberculosis 84, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2003.08.015.

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Chang, Y. M., S. C. Chang, M. L. Liu, Y. J. Hu, C. H. Chiu, S. Y. Yang, and Y. N. Chao. "An Epidemiological Study of Tuberculosis among Health Care Workers in Taiwan." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12 (December 2008): e343-e344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.916.

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Bock, Naomi N., Mark J. Sotir, Patricia L. Parrott, and Henry M. Blumberg. "Nosocomial Tuberculosis Exposure in an Outpatient Setting Evaluation of Patients Exposed to Healthcare Providers With Tuberculosis." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 6 (June 1999): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501644.

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Objective:To evaluate the risk of tuberculosis (TB) transmission to patients potentially exposed to two healthcare providers who worked in outpatient settings for several weeks prior to being diagnosed with acid-fast bacilli smear-positive pulmonary TB.Design:Potentially exposed patients were notified by letter and television reports of the recommended evaluation for TB infection or disease and availability of free screening at the hospital. Prevalence of infection in the screened patients and the incidence rate of TB over the subsequent 2 years were compared to those of a control group of unexposed outpatients.Setting:An urban inner-city hospital.Patients:1,905 patients with potential exposure to the ill healthcare workers; 487 (25%) presented for evaluation. Controls consisted of 951 unexposed patients.Results:361 potentially exposed patients had their tuberculin test read; 97 (27%) had a purified protein derivative ≥10 mm. In the comparison group, 148 (25%) of 600 with test readings had a ≥10-mm reaction (risk ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.60). In multivariate analysis, male gender, non-white race, and older age were significantly associated with a positive tuberculin test; exposure was not. No TB cases were identified during screening. Two years after the exposure, 7 TB cases had been reported to the state registry among 1,905 potentially exposed patients (184 cases/100,000 person-years) versus 4 cases in the comparison group of 951 (210 cases/100,000 person-years).Conclusions:Evaluation of patients exposed to health-care workers with TB disease in ambulatory settings of an inner-city hospital revealed no evidence of transmission ofMycobacterium tuberculosisdue to the exposure.

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Sharma, Divakar, Juhi Sharma, Nirmala Deo, and Deepa Bisht. "Prevalence and risk factors of tuberculosis in developing countries through health care workers." Microbial Pathogenesis 124 (November 2018): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.057.

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Vekemans, Johan, Martin O. C. Ota, Jackson Sillah, Katherine Fielding, Mark R. Alderson, Yasir A. W. Skeiky, Wilfried Dalemans, Keith P. W. J. McAdam, Christian Lienhardt, and Arnaud Marchant. "Immune Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens in the Gambian Population: Implications for Vaccines and Immunodiagnostic Test Design." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 1 (January 2004): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.1.381-388.2004.

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ABSTRACT Recombinant immunodominant mycobacterial antigens are needed for the development of new vaccines and immunodiagnostic tools for use against tuberculosis. Ubiquitous exposure to mycobacteria in tropical countries could influence vaccine-induced immunity and the specificity of tuberculosis immunodiagnosis. For this study conducted in The Gambia, cellular immune responses to recombinant mycobacterial antigens were characterized in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated and nonvaccinated infants, adult community controls, household contacts, health care workers, and tuberculosis patients. Neonatal BCG vaccination induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to Mtb8.4, Mtb32-C, Mtb39A, Mtb9.9A, and Mtb32-N, but not CFP-10 (Mtb11) and α-crystallin (Mtb16). Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in household contacts and health care workers was associated with high responses to CFP-10 and α-crystallin. Generally, low IFN-γ responses were found in tuberculosis patients. These results suggest that Mtb8.4, Mtb32-C, Mtb39A, Mtb9.9A, and Mtb32-N may be used in a subunit vaccine to boost BCG-induced immunity. While CFP-10 and α-crystallin are promising candidates for the immunodiagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection or for vaccine use, disease-associated immunosuppression may prevent IFN-γ immunodiagnosis of more advanced tuberculosis.

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Kim, Tae Hee, Yoon Suk Jang, Sun Ju Jung, Yeon Jae Kim, Hyun Joo Pai, and Sung Hee Oh. "A Tuberculosis Contact Investigation on Health Care Workers in One Hospital." Pediatric Infection and Vaccine 23, no. 2 (2016): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/piv.2016.23.2.94.

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Kootbodien, Tahira, Kerry Wilson, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, Vusi Ntlebi, Felix Made, David Rees, and Nisha Naicker. "Tuberculosis Mortality by Occupation in South Africa, 2011–2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122756.

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Work-related tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. The use of vital registration data for monitoring TB deaths by occupation has been unexplored in South Africa. Using underlying cause of death and occupation data for 2011 to 2015 from Statistics South Africa, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) were calculated for all persons of working age (15 to 64 years) by the direct method using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate mortality odds ratios (MORs) for occupation groups, adjusting for age, sex, year of death, province of death, and smoking status. Of the 221,058 deaths recorded with occupation data, 13% were due to TB. ASMR for TB mortality decreased from 165.9 to 88.8 per 100,000 population from 2011 to 2015. An increased risk of death by TB was observed among elementary occupations: agricultural labourers (MORadj = 3.58, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.96–4.32), cleaners (MORadj = 3.44, 95% CI 2.91–4.09), and refuse workers (MORadj = 3.41, 95% CI 2.88–4.03); among workers exposed to silica dust (MORadj = 3.37, 95% CI 2.83–4.02); and among skilled agricultural workers (MORadj = 3.31, 95% CI 2.65–4.19). High-risk TB occupations can be identified from mortality data. Therefore, TB prevention and treatment policies should be prioritised in these occupations.

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Chee, C. B. E., L. K. Y. Lim, T. M. Barkham, D. R. Koh, S. O. Lam, L. Shen, and Y. T. Wang. "Use of a T Cell Interferon-γ Release Assay to Evaluate Tuberculosis Risk in Newly Qualified Physicians in Singapore Healthcare Institutions." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 9 (September 2009): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599284.

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Background.Surveillance for latent tuberculosis in high-risk groups such as healthcare workers is limited by the nonspecificity of the tuberculin skin test (TST) in BCG-vaccinated individuals. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) show promise for more accurate latent tuberculosis detection in such groups.Objective.To compare the utility of an IGRA, the T-SPOT.TB assay, with that of the TST in healthcare workers with a high rate of BCG vaccination.Methods.Two hundred seven medical students from 2 consecutive cohorts underwent the T-SPOT.TB test and the TST in their final year of study. Subjects with negative baseline test results underwent repeat testing after working for 1 year as junior physicians in Singapore's public hospitals.Results.The baseline TST result was an induration 10 mm or greater in diameter in 177 of the 205 students who returned to have their TST results evaluated (86.3%), while the baseline T-SPOT.TB assay result was positive in 9 (4.3%) of the students. Repeat T-SPOT.TB testing in 182 baseline-negative subjects showed conversion in 9 (4.9%). A repeat TST in 18 subjects with baseline-negative TST results did not reveal any TST result conversion.Conclusions.The high rate of positive baseline TST results in our BCG-vaccinated healthcare workers renders the TST unsuitable as a surveillance tool in this tuberculosis risk group. Use of an IGRA has enabled the detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis in this group. Our T-SPOT.TB conversion rate highlights the need for greater tuberculosis awareness and improved infection control practices in our healthcare institutions.

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Brewer, T. F., and G. A. Colditz. "Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Health Care Workers." Clinical Infectious Diseases 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.1.136.

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Blumberg, H. M., P. Moore, D. K. Blanchard, and S. M. Ray. "Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Health Care Workers Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus." Clinical Infectious Diseases 22, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/22.3.597.

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