Journal articles: 'Agriculture Afghanistan'

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Drucza, Kristie, and Valentina Peveri. "Gender in Afghanistan's Wheat and Agricultural Literature- How to Get to Empowerment?" Feminist Research 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj2.18020202.

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This review of 45 documents demonstrates the massive evidence gap in gender relations in Afghanistan agriculture. Women face greater constraints than men in generating an income from agriculture, especially if single, but how this has changed over time and many other assumptions require empirical study. Furthermore, how to empower women economically in a patriarchal society is unclear, but the literature suggests that masculinity studies may present some answers. The review highlights the methodological challenges associated with conducting gender sensitive research in Afghanistan and the way misunderstood gender relations create further development challenges. Many questions remain about the role of agriculture in Afghanistan livelihoods and how this shapes, and is shaped by, gender relationships. Moreover, what an agenda for women’s empowerment should look like in Afghanistan’s rural farming communities remains unclear from the review. Empowering women in Afghan’s agriculture sector requires considerable experimentation, more data and contextually relevant, carefully designed programs. The review is relevant to development practitioners, researchers and agricultural scientists working in Afghanistan.

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Mahmood, Tahir, Afaq Ali Muluk, and Seema Zubair. "Afghanistan’s Food Security: Evidence from Pakistan and Afghanistan Wheat Price Transmission using Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM))." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.511.

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Afghanistan's food security mainly depends on Pakistan's wheat prospect, circumstances, agriculture policies, and market price dynamics. This study explores the price transmission mechanism of the wheat flour and wheat grain between Pakistan and Afghanistan using monthly price pairs from January 2003 through October 2017. The paper investigates the existing knowledge of how Pakistan’s agricultural policy and wheat market affects the wheat market and food security of Afghanistan. The results confirm that the wheat flour price of Pakistan is found to be driving the price of wheat flour of Afghanistan. This implies that wheat flour price of Pakistan evolves independently, and that wheat flour price of Afghanistan balances any divergence in the long-run relationship between the two markets prices. The policy implication is to eradicate transaction costs as well as procuring timely wheat grain and flour, in order to maintain price stability between Pakistan and Afghanistan wheat markets.

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Tavva, Srinivas, Malika Abdelali-Martini, Aden Aw-Hassan, Barbara Rischkowsky, Markos Tibbo, and Javed Rizvi. "Gender Roles in Agriculture: The Case of Afghanistan." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521512465939.

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Jacobs, Michael J., Catherine A. Schloeder, and Philip D. Tanimoto. "Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan." Journal of Arid Land 7, no. 3 (January 6, 2015): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0002-7.

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Amin, Hamidullah, and Mansoor Mohammad Helmi. "Impacts of Land-use Transformation on Agriculture land in Afghanistan, Kabul city as case study." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v6i1.791.

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The change in land-use over a certain period of time is inevitable. This paper investigates the issue of land use change on agricultural land that has become a phenomenon affecting the economy and environment in Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan. Agriculture is the main economic source of Afghan cities, however, due to rapid population growth, population densification, and inability to apply Kabul city’s master plan and regulations, a large portion of land cover transformed from agricultural areas to unplanned developments and have shifted the function of communities from productive societies into consumer and dependent societies. The study sheds light on Yakatoot as a study farmland area in Kabul city to present an alive example of what is happening in the reality of agricultural land in Kabul. Therefore, approaches for sustainable conversion of agricultural land in Kabul city is a vital quest that needs to be followed seriously. The study illustrates Afghanistan's land laws. It identifies the social, economic and environmental impacts of land-use change. This paper applies qualitative methods, where data and analysis worked by using field surveys, aerial photographs from Google Earth and data collected from CRIDA. It also investigates international experience regarding land-use change and sustainable solutions. Therefore, due to positive implications of urban agriculture practice as a feasible and sustainable approach to tackle the ongoing challenges related to land-use change in Kabul city, this paper suggests inducing this approach in Kabul city’s master plan and other urban initiatives because it will not only lead to environmental protection, but also, it will re-establish economic stability, enhance social welfare, revive city’s historic identity.

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Sharma, B. "The Dynamics of Peace and Conflict in Afghanistan-Pakistan Region and Implications for Regional Security." Journal of International Analytics, no. 2 (June 28, 2015): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2015-0-2-42-48.

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The article describes in detail all aspects of situation in Afghanistan and most recent trends of regional co-operation with a view of assistance being rendered to Afghanistan in combating narcotics, terrorism, restoring its agriculture, political transition to democracy. The projects of building transportation corridors from Central Asia via Afghanistan to the South Asia and Arabian Sea are discussed. Prospects of peace building require participation of Pakistan and India in the creation of secure environment in the region.

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Haack, Barry, James Wolf, and Richard English. "Remote sensing change detection of irrigated agriculture in Afghanistan." Geocarto International 13, no. 2 (June 1998): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049809354643.

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Pain, Adam, and Danielle Huot. "Challenges of Late Development in Afghanistan." Asian Survey 58, no. 6 (November 2018): 1111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.6.1111.

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Agriculture has been seen as the engine of growth for Afghanistan, but it has failed to deliver. Evidence from a long-term livelihood study points to a rural economy that is driven more by social relations than by market relations. These are underpinned by major land inequality and a distributional economy concerned with survival, given the absence of rural employment.

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Wilcox, Clair Sophia, Stephanie Grutzmacher, Rebecca Ramsing, Amanda Rockler, Christie Balch, Marghuba Safi, and James Hanson. "From the field: Empowering women to improve family food security in Afghanistan." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (June 16, 2014): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000209.

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AbstractKitchen gardens may improve family food security and nutrition. While these gardens are the domain of women in Afghanistan, women face unique challenges accessing training and resources to maximize small-scale agricultural output. The University of Maryland's Women in Agriculture Project builds capacity among female extension educators to work with vulnerable women to implement and maintain kitchen gardens. Extension educators use experiential methods to teach vegetable gardening, apiculture, small-scale poultry production, post-harvest handling and processing, nutrition and marketing through workshops, demonstration gardens and farmer field schools. This paper explores contextual factors related to women's food security and agricultural opportunities, describes key project activities and approaches and discusses project success and challenges, sustainability and implications for future programs.

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Kakar, Kifayatullah, Tran Xuan, Mohammad Haqani, Ramin Rayee, Imran Wafa, Saidajan Abdiani, and Hoang-Dung Tran. "Current Situation and Sustainable Development of Rice Cultivation and Production in Afghanistan." Agriculture 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9030049.

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Poverty is a critical issue that is stagnating the development of Afghanistan. In 2007, more than 42% of the population of the country was reported as being below the poverty line, but until 2014, 78.2% of households even in the urban areas were still dealing with food shortages. The agriculture sector is the backbone of the country’s economy and contributes as the key sector to the revival of the well-being of people in Afghanistan. Rice is the second staple crop after wheat and plays a key role in food security, nutrition, and caloric intake. However, Afghan farmers have suffered from the low quality of grains and yield which has resulted in the serious malnutrition which is occurring in the country. Insufficient breeding techniques for new rice cultivars with high yield and acceptable quality, mismanagement of agronomical practices, and unprogressive milling and processing thus can satisfy only 50% of the country’s demand. Accordingly, Afghanistan has been compelled to import a huge annual amount of milled rice from Pakistan, India, and Iran. Although active efforts have been made by the government, research institutes, and international collaboration on rice research, production, and agricultural credits during the last 10 years, the deficit of milled rice in Afghanistan in 2018 is estimated to be 270,250 metric tons. This paper highlights the current situation of rice production in Afghanistan and suggests solutions for food security and sustainability in rice production to promote farmers’ income, consequently strengthening the country’s economy.

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Mehrad, Ahmad Tamim. "Assessment of solar energy potential and development in Afghanistan." E3S Web of Conferences 239 (2021): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123900012.

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Energy generation in Afghanistan is limited and heavily dependent on fossil fuels and imported electricity. Due to rapid population growth and progress in the industry, services, and agriculture sectors, the existing energy sources are not fulfilling the current energy needs of the country. Meanwhile, there is a big gap between power supply and demand, which led to an energy shortage in Afghanistan. Consequently, there is a need to develop power generation and assure energy sustainability by concentrating on renewable energy sources. This paper aims to analyze the theoretical, practical, and economic potential of solar energy in Afghanistan with the main focus on PV power technology. Power generation from solar sources is theoretically, practically, and economically suitable for Afghanistan and can be a perfect solution for the energy shortage in the country. The Afghan government should consider developing solar energy as a priority for energy security, socio-economic development, and improving the quality of life in Afghanistan.

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Shahzaman, Muhammad, Weijun Zhu, Muhammad Bilal, Birhanu Asmerom Habtemicheal, Farhan Mustafa, Muhammad Arshad, Irfan Ullah, Shazia Ishfaq, and Rashid Iqbal. "Remote Sensing Indices for Spatial Monitoring of Agricultural Drought in South Asian Countries." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112059.

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Drought is an intricate atmospheric phenomenon with the greatest impacts on food security and agriculture in South Asia. Timely and appropriate forecasting of drought is vital in reducing its negative impacts. This study intended to explore the performance of the evaporative stress index (ESI), vegetation health index (VHI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and standardized anomaly index (SAI) based on satellite remote sensing data from 2002–2019 for agricultural drought assessment in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. The spatial maps were generated against each index, which indicated a severe agricultural drought during the year 2002, compared to the other years. The results showed that the southeast region of Pakistan, and the north, northwest, and southwest regions of India and Afghanistan were significantly affected by drought. However, Bangladesh faced substantial drought in the northeast and northwest regions during the drought year (2002). The longest drought period of seven months was observed in India followed by Pakistan and Afghanistan with six months, while, only three months were perceived in Bangladesh. The correlation between drought indices and climate variables such as soil moisture has remained a significant drought-initiating variable. Furthermore, this study confirmed that the evaporative stress index (ESI) is a good agricultural drought indicator, being quick and with greater sensitivity, and thus advantageous compared to the VHI, EVI, and SAI vegetation indices.

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Hotak, Shafiq Rahman. "Ways to Improve the Organizational and Economic Framework for the Use of Marketing in Agriculture in the Context of Modernization of the Economy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35520.

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After 20 years of neglect by international patrons, agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food prices are increasing food anxiety and poverty. In the coming years, it will be important to increase food productivity and production in developing countries, expressly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian countries like Afghanistan with smallholders. This, however, wants ﬁnding viable solutions to a number of complex procedural, institutional, and policy issues, including land markets, research on seeds and inputs, agricultural extension, credit, rural organization, connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what the economic poetry has to say on these topics. It debates in turn the role played by agriculture in the development course and the interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green Revolt and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues of income diversiﬁcation by farmers, approaches to rural growth, and issues of international trade policy and food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in agricultural commodity instability in recent years.

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Husanovich, Tokhir Norkobilov. "Basic Views On The Emergence And Development Of Agricultural Crop In Southern Uzbekistan." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-56.

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This article discusses the main views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan. The question of the emergence of agriculture in southern Uzbekistan has been considered by researchers in connection with the history of the Bronze Age cultures of Northern Afghanistan and Southern Turkmenistan, as they have common developmental laws and historical roots. The study of the Namazgah cultures in southern Turkmenistan, the Dashtli cultures in northern Afghanistan, and the Sapalli cultures in southern Uzbekistan is one of the most important discoveries in Central Asian archeology and contains a wealth of scientific information on the history of the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age, the areas where farmers lived were expanded by developing new lands. In these processes, migration is especially important - the migration of the population from one region to another and the emergence of agricultural culture in the Margiana and Bactria regions were associated with migration. According to the analyzed data, the main points of scientific views on the emergence and development of agricultural culture in Southern Uzbekistan are based on the theory of migration.

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Mehrad, Ahmad Tamim. "Assessment of climate change impacts on environmental sustainability in Afghanistan." E3S Web of Conferences 208 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020801001.

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Climate change is a global phenomenon that became one of the most predominant environmental challenges facing our world today. Natural events and anthropogenic activities are responsible for increasing the negative impacts and risks associated with climate change. Developing countries in Asia and Africa are bearing much of the climate change burden due to rapid population growth, crop failures, and lack of required technological and financial resources to mitigate the risks. Afghanistan, like other developing countries, is highly vulnerable to the severe impacts of climate change. In Afghanistan, climate change is related to various adverse effects on water resources, agriculture, forests, biodiversity, increasing temperature, and changing the environmental landscape. This paper analyses the impact of climate change on environmental sustainability in Afghanistan.

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Nasrati, Rafiullah. "Signs of climate change in Afghanistan: drought and its effect on agriculture." Regional Problems 21, no. 3 (1) (2018): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/1605-220x-2018-21-3(1)-75-81.

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Poole, Nigel, Chona Echavez, and Dominic Rowland. "Are agriculture and nutrition policies and practice coherent? Stakeholder evidence from Afghanistan." Food Security 10, no. 6 (November 14, 2018): 1577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0851-y.

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Moahid, Masaood, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Formal and Informal Credit: Evidence from Rural Afghanistan." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031268.

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Adequate access to credit is necessary for the sustainable development of agriculture. This study uses a double hurdle model to investigate what affects farming households’ credit participation and amount, and a Probit model to find out credit constraints. For this purpose, the data from a survey of 292 farming households in Afghanistan was utilized. The study finds that households obtain credit for their agricultural activities from various formal and informal sources. The results of the double hurdle model reveal that the financial activities of the households were positively determined by crop diversity, education, number of adults in a household, size of land, and access to extension. Non-agricultural income decreases the likelihood of participation. The results of the analysis of credit constraints indicate that formal credit did not help small-scale and remoter farming households; however, these households relied on informal credit, especially when they faced income shock. Furthermore, religious belief increased the chances of avoiding formal credit but not informal credit. It is suggested that formal credit should be expanded to rural areas, especially to small-scale farming households. Policy makers should also consider increasing access to extension. Formal financial institutions should provide Sharia-compliant credit, which increases the confidence level of households in using formal credit in Afghanistan.

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Liu, Jianxu, Mengjiao Wang, Li Yang, Sanzidur Rahman, and Songsak Sriboonchitta. "Agricultural Productivity Growth and Its Determinants in South and Southeast Asian Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124981.

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Improving agricultural productivity is a priority concern in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in developing countries. In this study, we first apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to analyze the growth of agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) and its three components (technical change—TC, technical efficiency change—TEC and scale change—SC) in 15 south and southeast Asian countries covering the period 2002 to 2016. Then, the determinants of agricultural TFP growth are identified using dynamic panel data models. The results reveal that the south and southeast Asian countries witnessed an overall decline in agricultural productivity during the sample period, thereby creating concerns over sustaining future agricultural growth. Technical progress was the major source of TFP growth, but its contribution has slowed in recent years. On the other hand, declining scale change and technical efficiency change resulted in the deterioration of productivity over time. Variable levels of productivity performances were observed for individual countries, mainly driven by technological progress. Overall, southeast Asia achieved a more stable and sustained agricultural growth as compared to south Asia. Among the determinants, human capital, level of urbanization, and development flow to agriculture positively influenced agricultural TFP growth, while the level of economic development and agricultural import were negatively associated with TFP growth. Policy recommendations include the suggestions that south and southeast Asian countries should increase investment in human capital, focus on technological innovation and make use of financial assistance and development flow to agriculture to increase and sustain agricultural productivity. In addition, frontier countries of the two regions (e.g., India and Indonesia) should take the lead on regional agricultural development ventures by enhancing cooperation with neighboring countries on technological innovations, and countries facing diseconomies of scale (i.e., Afghanistan and Iran) should consider the rational reallocation of agricultural inputs.

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Elham, Hamidullah, Jiajun Zhou, Mouhamadou Foula Diallo, Shakeel Ahmad, and De Zhou. "Economic Analysis of Smallholder Maize Producers: Empirical Evidence From Helmand, Afghanistan." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p153.

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Since war started at the end of 2001, the economy was severely devasted in Afghanistan, especially for the agriculture sector. Maize is the third most important cereal crop in Afghanistan, but the productivity of maize has a declining trend which may be caused by low efficiency of maize farmers nowadays. This study examines the production efficiency of maize producers and its important factors with the cross-sectional data form a multi-stage sampling survey of 250 maize producers in Helmand province in 2019. With the adoption of stochastic production frontier (SPF) model and production cost function, the paper gets the estimations of the average technical efficiency (0.737), allocative efficiency (0.65) and economic efficiency (0.568). The inputs, including land, labor, seed, fertilizer and pesticide/weedicides, have significant impacts on maize production and most of the farms exhibit an increasing return to scales. In addition, Tobit regression was applied to identify the influential factors of the production efficiencies for maize producers and the results indicate that education, family size, farm size, farming experience, contact to extension services and access to credit have significantly influence on the efficiency level. Finally, the study suggests that government should take some initiatives, such as extending the agricultural extension service, ensuring supply of high quality seeds and sufficient fertilizer with affordable prices and economical provision of mobile internet facility in remote areas, which will enhance the productivity and efficiency of the farmers and ultimately boost up their economic welfare and livelihood.

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Ladygina, Olga. "Features of Identity of the Population of Afghanistan." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001236.

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The issues of identity of the population of Afghanistan, which is viewed as a complex self-developing system with the dissipative structure are studied in the article. The factors influencing the development of the structure of the identity of the society of Afghanistan, including natural and geographical environment, social structure of the society, political factors, as well as the features of the historically established economic and cultural types of the population of Afghanistan, i.e. the Pashtuns and Tajiks are described. The author of the article compares the mental characteristics of the bearers of agriculture and the culture of pastoralists and nomads on the basis of description of cultivated values and behavior stereotypes. The study of the factors that influence the formation of the identity of the Afghan society made it possible to justify the argument about the prevalence of local forms of identity within the Afghan society. It is shown that the prevalence of local forms of identity results in the political instability. Besides, it constrains the process of development of national identity and articulation of national idea which may ensure the society consolidation. The relevance of such studies lies in the fact that today one of the threats of Afghanistan is the separatist sentiments coming from the ethnic political elites, which, in turn, negatively affects the entire political situation in the region and can lead to the implementation of centrifugal scenarios in the Central Asian states.

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Huseynov, Ragif Tofig, and Abdul Walid Salik. "Environmental sustainability of irrigated agriculture in dry areas: Case study Afghanistan, a review article." Prosperitas 5, no. 4 (2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31570/prosp_2018_04_8.

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Bazza, M. "Overview of the history of water resources and irrigation management in the Near East region." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.023.

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The Near East region extends from Turkey in the north to Somalia in the south and from Mauritania in the west to Afghanistan in the east. It is characterized by aridity and scarcity of water which explains its dependence on irrigation since ancestral times. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the history of water management and irrigation developments in the region, based on remnants and bibliographical research, with a focus on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigated agriculture practices, including the use of non conventional water resources. The implications and impacts of these techniques on modern management of water resources and irrigated agriculture are also discussed.

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ERSKINE, W., and H. NESBITT. "HOW CAN AGRICULTURE RESEARCH MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN COUNTRIES EMERGING FROM CONFLICT?" Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (July 2009): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479709007856.

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SUMMARYConflict is the most common cause of food insecurity. Foreign aid to countries emerging from conflict often allows a funded but brief window for the confirmation-testing and diffusion of agricultural innovation in affected areas. This paper asks the question: what lessons has agricultural research learned through its involvement in this process in countries emerging from conflict? Drawing on experience from Afghanistan and other countries, this paper documents some cases in which it has been possible to inject an element of simple hypothesis testing, often in farmer-managed trials, into post-conflict plans leading to useful lessons. Agricultural researchers need to be cognizant of this approach so that the practice becomes more widely used and lessons recorded for future use.

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Khalid, Sayed Mohammad Naim. "How and Why to Implement HACCP in Food Businesses in Developing Countries? Suggestions to Afghan Government and Private Sector." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (April 5, 2015): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.459-465.330.

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In Afghanistan food safety is managed by several ministries including Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Commerce and municipalities. There is no food law but multiple ministerial decrees which ensure if GMP is implemented well. There is no legal requirement to get food safety certification. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is recognized as a key part of food safety management practice in the global food industry and can be applied at any stage of the food supply chain. This article discusses accepted approaches to the application of HACCP principles for the development, implementation, and maintenance of HACCP plan. It is intended as an introduction to food safety system in Afghanistan, giving propositions to government on how to apply the principles in a stepwise approach, and showing how HACCP benefit public and private sector and also suggesting ways how to adapt this approach in the food businesses.

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Parlaktuna, İnci, and Sidiqa Sidiqi. "The Effect of Socio-Cultural Norms on Female Labor Force Participation in Afghanistan." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women's Studies 21, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v21i2.154.

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This study based on the review of literature in Afghanistan, collected quantitative data through sequentially structured questionnaires to determine cultural effects on FLFP in Afghanistan. In this purpose, the study aims to use two types of data collection to determine the main research question on “whether socio-cultural norms affect the employability of women”. The results provide evidence based on the purpose of the study that, socio-cultural norms affect women’s employability regardless of their educational level, employment status and the region’s level of development. Though most of the respondents of the survey were educated, majority of single educated women were the ones who were busy working in service, the industry as well as the agriculture sector. While this case is not true, for married educated women due to social norms and conservatism as one of the major reasons behind their unemployment to enter the job market.

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Bafoev, Feruz. "AFGHANISTAN DURING THE PANDEMIC ERA: DIFFICULTIES, ACHIEVEMENTS, PROSPECTS." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.08.

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The article analyzes the specific features of counteracting the pandemic in Afghanistan, which differ from those in other neighboring countries, the essence of the “five-phase” strategy declared by President Ashraf Ghani and the stages of its implementation. It presents the overall picture of the local antivirus management tactics and the implementation of relevant large-scale organizational and legal measures by the Afghan authorities in the context of countering terrorism and extremism, armed attacks by militants on government agencies, hospitals and doctors, and deportation of Afghan citizens from Iran. The effectiveness of the infrastructure developed in the country for countering COVID-19, the successful interaction of the central authorities and provincial leaderships, the operation of counter-unemployment systems, and the general minimization of pandemic consequences are revealed. The article substantiates the need for further democratization of Afghan society, the negotiations between the authorities and the opposition, observation of human rights, continued efforts of the Afghan Ombudsperson and other civil institutions during the quarantine period, and prevention of authoritarian tendencies. The mandatory and required transformation of external borrowing and donor assistance is revealed in the context of competition of the U.S., China, India, the EU, Pakistan, Iran in the economic and political field. Finally, specific recommendations are made to step up the efforts of the state and the global community in the spheres of industry, agriculture, trade, construction, transport, communications, education, culture, health care, utilities, environment, and anti-corruption.

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Safi, Zikrullah, Martina Predotova, Eva Schlecht, and Andreas Buerkert. "Horizontal matter fluxes and leaching losses in urban and peri-urban agriculture of Kabul, Afghanistan." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 174, no. 6 (October 27, 2011): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000385.

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Sternberg, Troy, Chris McCarthy, and Buho Hoshino. "Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Threaten Food Security in Central Asia?" Water 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102690.

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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) needs little introduction; the infrastructure investment will reconfigure development in Central Asia. As its origin story and initial encounter, Central Asia offers a prismatic lens to delve into the vital impacts and significant changes wrought by the BRI. In the dryland region, the BRI impact on watersheds and agriculture is a critical challenge with direct implications for food security. Framed by diverse research sources, we utilized spatial datasets from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative and the World Bank to explore the intersection of food production, water and development. Investigation evaluates the possible trade-offs that Chinese infrastructure investment can have on the communities and environment of Central Asia. The findings identify more than 15,000 km of rail and 20,000 km of roads linked to the BRI crisscrossing the region in 2018. Whilst these transport corridors have improved connectivity, many of these rails and roads traverse important agricultural and water zones, creating undetermined risks and opportunities. Land use change was examined within a 10-km buffer around BRI roads and rails from 2008 to 2018. Railways increased by 23% during this time, yet irrigated and rainfed agriculture decreased whilst urban areas markedly expanded. Contextual research identifies how Chinese policies may encourage agribusiness investment for food exports as possible disruptions to national and regional food supply. However, to date Central Asia provides <1% of Chinese agricultural imports. In fact, Afghanistan is the region’s dominant export market, tripling agricultural imports >300% in this time. Similarly, five times more livestock are traded within the region than to China. Evaluating infrastructure change is essential to understand BRI impacts on environments and societies, with the food-water nexus a particular concern in Central Asia. Limited Chinese imports of Central Asian agriculture suggests the region’s food security will not be significantly altered by the Belt and Road Initiative.

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Safari, Ziauddin, Sayed Tamim Rahimi, Kamal Ahmed, Ahmad Sharafati, Ghaith Falah Ziarh, Shamsuddin Shahid, Tarmizi Ismail, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Eun-Sung Chung, and Xiaojun Wang. "Estimation of Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Soil Erosion in a Cold Arid River Basin in Hindu Kush Mountainous Region Using Remote Sensing." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031549.

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An approach is proposed in the present study to estimate the soil erosion in data-scarce Kokcha subbasin in Afghanistan. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model is used to estimate soil erosion. The satellite-based data are used to obtain the RUSLE factors. The results show that the slight (71.34%) and moderate (25.46%) erosion are dominated in the basin. In contrast, the high erosion (0.01%) is insignificant in the study area. The highest amount of erosion is observed in Rangeland (52.2%) followed by rainfed agriculture (15.1%) and barren land (9.8%) while a little or no erosion is found in areas with fruit trees, forest and shrubs, and irrigated agriculture land. The highest soil erosion was observed in summer (June–August) due to snow melting from high mountains. The spatial distribution of soil erosion revealed higher risk in foothills and degraded lands. It is expected that the methodology presented in this study for estimation of spatial and seasonal variability soil erosion in a remote mountainous river basin can be replicated in other similar regions for management of soil, agriculture, and water resources.

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Levitt, Emily Jackson, David L. Pelletier, Charlotte Dufour, and Alice N. Pell. "Harmonizing agriculture and health sector actions to improve household nutrition: policy experiences from Afghanistan (2002–2007)." Food Security 3, no. 3 (July 29, 2011): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0135-2.

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Goraya, Naheed S., Shabnam Gul, and Aftab Alam. "Global Climate Change: A Threat Multiplier to Pak- Afghan Constrained Relations." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-i).06.

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Pakistan and Afghanistan both are underdeveloped states and totally depended on agriculture for their economic spine. Terrorism issues with massive liability shortfall, susceptible set-up, bad governance, huge corruption, widespread poverty and extensive protection disbursement share the issues and issues of both countries. Global Climate Change and weather trade, and enlarging risk, foretells disastrous consequences on agriculture. The South Asian Region generally and PakAfghan particularly vulnerable to Challenges due to the weather change, consisting of, quickly melting Himalayan glaciers resultant in water shortage, low farming harvests main to meals lack confidence, threatened seashores, and people movement are causal to the emergencies of individualism and power between two important neighbours. These multidimensional factors of imminent issues have generated a debate to appear past the out-of-date coast-to-coast security constraints and comprise the environmentalist model of security, which calls for developing the variation ability of a state.

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Salari, Hamid, B. S. Hansra, and Yashpal Singh Saharwat. "Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye)." Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37357/1068.jepr.1.1.02.

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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is among the most cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Afghanistan is thought to be the origin as several local and wild varieties are found in different parts of the country. Safid e Paisaye is a local variety grown in central parts of Afghanistan in the Ghorband valley. This variety has long storability and high market demand among restaurants in the region, but little research has been done to increase the quality and its availability to the market to increase its market share in Afghanistan. Conducted under supervision of Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, at Agriculture Faculty Research Farm of Kabul University, this investigation looks at plough depth, land preparation methods, and planting date on quality and yield of onion bulb; it also studied other cultural practices including irrigation and fertilization dose and frequency. The parameters studied in this investigation include neck diameter (cm), bulb diameter (cm), neck to bulb ratio, bulb weight (gr), bulb volume (cm3), bulb density (gr/cm3), Total Soluble Solids (TSS) (Brix), firmness (Kg/cm2), marketable yield (MT/Ha), and total yield (MT/Ha). The data revealed that planting date has significant influence on bulb quality and yield of onion. The highest bulb diameter (6.95 cm), bulb weight (121 gr), bulb volume (128 cm3), marketable yield (32.54 MT/Ha), and total yield (34.24 MT/Ha) and the lowest neck to bulb ratio (0.04) were recorded for the first planting date (seed sown in nursery on 10 March - seedlings planted in field on 10 May). Land ...

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Insani, Risna Nurul, and Indra Indra. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Tingkat Pertumbuhan Ekonomi pada 20 Negara OKI Tahun 2009-2013." Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v6i2.141-156.

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This study aims to analyze factors that affect economic growth in OICmember countries by using neo-classical model of economic growth andeconomic growth of Ibn Khaldun. The model consists of five variables,namely: labor, capital accumulation, agriculture, trade, and inflation. Thisstudy was using regression analysis of panel data with the object 20 OICmember countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Mozambique, Togo, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tunisia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Algeria, Turkey, Brunei, Kuwait, Oman, Arabia, and United Arab Emirates), from 2009 to 2013. The results showed that four of the five variables used to significantly affect the economic growth in OIC countries is variable labor, capital accumulation, agriculture, and trade, while inflation variable has no significant effect. From this study it can be concluded that not all the variables significantly influence economic growth in OIC countries.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhipertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara anggota OKI dengan menggunakanmodel neo-klasik pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi IbnuKhaldun. Model ini terdiri dari lima variabel, yaitu: tenaga kerja, akumulasi modal, pertanian, perdagangan, dan inflasi. Penelitian ini menggunakananalisis regresi data panel dengan negara-negara anggota OKI objek 20(Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Mozambik, Togo, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Nigeria,Pakistan, Tunisia, Yordania, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Aljazair, Turki,Brunei, Kuwait , Oman, Saudi, dan Uni Emirat Arab), dari 2009 ke 2013.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa empat dari lima variabel yang digunakanuntuk secara signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara OKI adalah tenaga kerja variabel, akumulasi modal, pertanian, dan perdagangan, sedangkan variabel inflasi tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak semua variabel berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara OKI.

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Gulab, Gulbuddin, Saidajan Attiq Abdiani, Kifayatullah Kakar, and Shafiqullah Aryan. "Effects of urea foliar application on growth and yield of green pepper." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 2, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v2i2.16.

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Vegetable crops require nutrients in various quantities for growth, development, and reproduction. Plants nutrients might be naturally available from soil or/ and atmosphere. However, modern cultivation needs artificial supplementation of nutrients. Green pepper is an important vegetable crop in several countries including Afghanistan. Irregular rates and methods of fertilizers application in green pepper production caused its yield to decrease. A study was conducted at the experimental farm of agriculture faculty; Nangarhar University in 2017 with traditional method (control), 1%, 2% and 3% of urea foliar application treatments under the randomized complete block design, this study aimed to investigate and point out the best fertilizer application rate and method for green pepper production in Afghanistan, especially Nangarhar province. The control treatment increased plant height, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield and consequently net income compared to other treatments. However, 3% treatment had negligible differences with control; although 1% and 2% treatments got third and fourth positions, respectively. In 3% treatment, the urea was efficiently utilized with lower urea losses compared to the control treatment. Further researches should undertake to find out the proper application rates and methods for other chemical fertilizers.

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Akhtar, Shahid Mehmood, and Javed Iqbal. "Assessment of emerging hydrological, water quality issues and policy discussion on water sharing of transboundary Kabul River." Water Policy 19, no. 4 (March 25, 2017): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.119.

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Transboundary water sharing policy between Pakistan and Afghanistan along with emerging issues over the Transboundary Kabul River have been discussed incorporating long-term hydrological trend analysis, water quality issues and temporal changes in land cover/land use. The annual (1977–2015) mean river flow of 26.32 billion (109) cubic metres (BCM) with a range of 13.77 to 42.2 BCM and standard deviation of 6.026 BCM revealed no significant trend in annual inflow data of the Kabul River. Afghanistan planned developments in the basin were analysed in the light of reduction in the transboundary flow. Faecal coliforms, pH (7.90 to 8.06), Escherichia coli and other water quality parameters were found to be within permissible limits, however, dissolved oxygen was just above the permissible limits to sustain aquatic life. Water was found unsuitable for drinking while suitable for agriculture and aquatic life. Remote sensing data used for temporal change detection showed an increase in built-up-areas and cultivated areas along Kabul River inside Pakistan by 50 and 47%, respectively. Significant changes were observed at two locations in the river course. Insights of emerging Kabul River issues and a way forward have been discussed which could serve as the basis for formulation of adaption strategies leading to a ‘Kabul River Water Treaty’.

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Ahmad Cheem, Imran. "Growth of Citrus Fruits in Pakistan." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 35 (January 5, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.35.11.6.

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Agriculture is a chief source of economic development and workforce of Pakistan as it contributes 18.5 percent to GDP (Gross Domestic Product), provides 37.4 percent to employment. A well-performing agriculture sector is a key to economic growth but over the decade its performance had been diminutive in Pakistan. Low yield of citrus fruits that is the challenge facing developing countries including Pakistan. The current article identifies information and issues with citrus fruits growth in Pakistan. For the year 2018 area under citrus fruits was 200461 hectares with a production of 2247956 tonnes and yield 112139 hg/hectare in Pakistan. Pakistani farmers are cultivating sweet oranges more than other varieties of citrus fruits. With respect to bordering countries the average yield of Pakistan is more than Afghanistan and less than Iran, China and India. Main constraints to less productivity are: high cost of production, price-instability, and lack of capital, professionalism, technology & infrastructure. Pets and diseases also causes to less yield. Pakistan can earn foreign exchange more by export of juices rather than export of fresh citrus fruits.

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Qachmas, Erkin. "IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE SEASONALITY AND SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT ON POVERTY IN AFGHANISTAN - EVIDENCES FROM PASHTONKUT DISTRICT OF FARYAB PROVINCE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i02.009.

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SAFI, ZIKRULLAH, LUC HIPPOLYTE DOSSA, and ANDREAS BUERKERT. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CEREAL, VEGETABLE AND GRAPE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE OF KABUL, AFGHANISTAN." Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 4 (July 8, 2011): 705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000482.

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SUMMARYLittle is known about the economics of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Kabul, Afghanistan. This study therefore aimed to investigate the profitability of 15 mixed cropping farms with a total of 42 farm plots that were selected from a survey of 100 households (HHs). The sample represented the three dominant farm types: cereal producers (15 plots), vegetable farmers (15 plots) and grape producers (12 plots). A cost-revenue analysis of all inputs and outputs (costs of tillage, seed where applicable, weeding, harvesting, casual labour, machinery use, pruning, pesticides and of revenue from produce sold) over two years showed major differences in net HH income. Differences were largely due to production type and crops grown and reflected differences in market prices for produce. Cereal production yielded a total bi-annual revenue of 9630 US$ ha−1, and a gross margin and a net profit of 8770 US$ ha−1. Vegetable farming gave an average bi-annual revenue of 27 900 US$ ha−1, a gross margin of 26 330 US$ ha−1 and a net profit of 25 530 US$ ha−1. Surprisingly, vineyards generated the lowest returns with a revenue of 5400 US$ ha−1, and a gross margin and a net profit of 4480 US$ ha−1. The results suggest that among the production systems studied vegetable cultivation was most profitable given its direct linkage to city market demands, rather stable prices and much shorter growing season than for cereals and grapes. In addition, the inflow of wheat and grapes from rural areas into the city negatively affects local producer revenues. If vineyards are to be maintained in the city surroundings, incentives such as subsidized credit may need to be made available to producers.

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Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad, Salim Soltani, and Valentin Aich. "Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan." Climate 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8100102.

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The Kunduz River is one of the main tributaries of the Amu Darya Basin in North Afghanistan. Many communities live in the Kunduz River Basin (KRB), and its water resources have been the basis of their livelihoods for many generations. This study investigates climate change impacts on the KRB catchment. Rare station data are, for the first time, used to analyze systematic trends in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge over the past few decades, while using Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen trend statistics. The trends show that the hydrology of the basin changed significantly over the last decades. A comparison of landcover data of the river basin from 1992 and 2019 shows significant changes that have additional impact on the basin hydrology, which are used to interpret the trend analysis. There is considerable uncertainty due to the data scarcity and gaps in the data, but all results indicate a strong tendency towards drier conditions. An extreme warming trend, partly above 2 °C since the 1960s in combination with a dramatic precipitation decrease by more than −30% lead to a strong decrease in river discharge. The increasing glacier melt compensates the decreases and leads to an increase in runoff only in the highland parts of the upper catchment. The reduction of water availability and the additional stress on the land leads to a strong increase of barren land and a reduction of vegetation cover. The detected trends and changes in the basin hydrology demand an active management of the already scarce water resources in order to sustain water supply for agriculture and ecosystems in the KRB.

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Jawid, Asadullah. "A Ricardian analysis of the economic impact of climate change on agriculture: Evidence from the farms in the central highlands of Afghanistan." Journal of Asian Economics 67 (April 2020): 101177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2020.101177.

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Ali, Muhammad, Syed Arifullah, and Manzoor Hussain Memon. "Edible Oil Deficit and Its Impact on Food Expenditure in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.531-546.

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Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world [U. S. Census (2008)], whose demand is rising due to steady economic growth. Agriculture contributes 23 percent of the GDP, 42 percent of the total work force is employed to the agriculture sector and also contributes substantially to Pakistan’s export earnings [Alam (2008)]. Agriculture Commodities and Textiles Products accounts for 62.6 percent of Pakistan's total exports [Memon (2008)]. Pakistan is the ninth largest producer of wheat, 12th largest producer of rice, 5th largest producer of sugarcane and 4rth largest producer of cotton among the top producers in the world as per statistics of FY05 [Memon, et al. (2008)]. Despite overwhelmingly an agrarian economy, Pakistan is unable to produce edible oil sufficient for domestic requirements. Edible oil is considered a necessity in Pakistan and hence its demand is relatively inelastic. There are many reasons behind this shortcoming, for example, lack of awareness of farmers, ignorance of policy makers regarding oilseed crops, technological deficiency in oilseed production and smuggling to neighbouring countries (Afghanistan in particular). The major crop responsible for 57 percent of edible oil production is cotton seed which is primarily a fiber crop. Indigenous production of edible oil is below the consumption levels with a very wide gap between the production and consumption. This gap is bridged through import of edible oil worth more than Rs 45.0 billion1 annually. Presently the oilseed production only meet about 30 percent2 of the domestic requirements and the rest is covered with imports. The high dependency on imports not only exerts the pressure on balance of payment but also develops a close linkage between international price shocks and edible oil price in Pakistan which is ultimately reflected in food expenditure. The common Pakistani food includes a significant quantity of edible oil which is the reason behind high consumption growth rates.

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Levitt, Emily J., David L. Pelletier, and Alice N. Pell. "Revisiting the UNICEF malnutrition framework to foster agriculture and health sector collaboration to reduce malnutrition: A comparison of stakeholder priorities for action in Afghanistan." Food Policy 34, no. 2 (April 2009): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.07.004.

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Azeemi, Tawheed Ali. "Effect of Olive Leaves Extract on Lipid Profile, Glucose and Feed Intake of Japanese quail." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 11 (October 29, 2015): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i11.874-876.444.

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In Afghanistan most times people are drinking olive leave tea for prevention and decline of higher lipid and glucose level, therefore the objective of the current study was to find out whether olive leaf extraction is having any effect on blood metabolites. The Japanese quail has been used for biological studies because of its easy management and large numbers in limited area. In this experiment quails (100 male and 100 Female) were reared on a farm owned by the Department of Animal science of Agriculture faculty of Nangrahar University. Quails were kept under optimum environmental during rearing period (20- 22 C and 65 % relative humidity). The Adaptation period was for 10 days. Feed was given add libitum during 24 h. In this study we had five treatments T0 served as control without any water supplementation, T1 (1g/L), T2 (2g/L), T3 (3g/L) and T4 (4g of olive leaf / litter of drinking water). The Experiment continued for 4 weeks at the end of week. By increasing level of the olive leave powder in water blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels declined significantly from 509 to 422.5, 204-144.5 and 245 to 192.5 respectively

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Ullah, Sana, and Adiqa Kausar Kiani. "Maqasid-al-Shariah-based socio-economic development index (SCECDI): The case of some selected Islamic economies." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i3.8829.

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The main objective of this study is to develop a socio-economic development index (SCECDI), which is composed of social development index (SCDI) and economic development index (ECDI). For the analysis, we have included 14 Islamic countries which are Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and U.A.E for the years 2010 and 2015.Pakistan’s spending on education and health is quite low during last five years on average, while value added agriculture is the highest among all Muslim countries. Meanwhile, spending on health and education in Saudi Arabia is quite high, besides having quite high export value added and capital formation. These are required for better economic development. Highest educational profile is observed in Malaysia, while the employment rate is highest in Kuwait among all. We have diversified the summary profile for all countries of the variables included for the analysis in the study. Expected outcome is that those Islamic economies which have better economic conditions, will have more than 0.50 values for SCECDI, while others may have the value in between 0-0.50. We also demonstrate the importance of SCECDI focusing the dynamic characteristics of all Islamic countries included in the study.

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Naeem Jan, Muhammad, and Junaid Akbar. "قاضی نصیب اللہ کی فقہ حنفی میں خدمات کاتجزیاتی جائزہ." Al-Duhaa 1, no. 1 (July 10, 2020): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51665/al-duhaa.001.01.0037.

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In term of agriculture and contemporary knowledge Baluchistan province is barren but as far as religious concerned it is gateway of Islam. Many companions of Prophet (SAW) are buried here still this province is fertile in respect of producing religious scholars. However, it is fact that due to lack of resources many books of religious scholars couldn’t publish. Many writers’ books are uncountable and mostly books are being read and utilized in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and many other countries of the world. But these people either prevent themselves from fame or being ignored by media due to lake of religious knowledge. One of these then tic researchers Molana Qazi Naseebullah he belong to Hanafi Sect. He is born in union council Ajram district Pashin in 1968.He studied in different seminaries of Baluchistan and Sindh and completed his education in 1993.After completion of education he started teaching. In his 26 years of teaching he wrote many magnificent books which are prominent work on Hanfi, jurisprudence.He wrote six books up till now.Students of Seminaries read his books and shared with each other’s.Hopefully he would set more milestones in respect of Hanfi sect.I am going to write an analytaical report on his services in fiqa hanfi jurisprudence.

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Kakar, Najeebullah, Din Muhammad Kakar, and Sadia Barrech. "Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Quetta and surrounding region, Pakistan." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (April 22, 2020): 595–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-595-2020.

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Abstract. Land subsidence is effecting several metropolis in the developing as well as developed countries around the world such as Nagoya (Japan), Shanghai (China), Venice (Italy) and San Joaquin valley (United States). This phenomenon is attributed to natural as well as anthropogenic activities that include extensive groundwater withdrawals. Quetta which is facing similar subsidence phenomenon is the largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. This valley is mostly dry and ground water is the major source for domestic and agricultural consumption. The unplanned use of ground water resources has led to the deterioration of water quality and quantity in the Quetta valley. Water shortages in the region was further aggravated by the drought during (1998–2004) that affected the area forcing people to migrate from rural to urban areas. Refugees from the war torn neighboring Afghanistan also contributed to rapid increase in population of Quetta valley that has increased from 0.26 million in 1975 to 3.0 million in 2016. The objective of this study was to measure the land subsidence in Quetta valley and identify the effects of groundwater withdrawals on land subsidence. To achieve this goal, data from five Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Quetta were acquired and processed. Furthermore the groundwater decline data from 41 observation wells during 2010 to 2015 were calculated and compared with the land deformation. The results of the GPS readings revealed that the land of Quetta valley is subsiding from 30 mm yr−1 on the flanks to 120 mm yr−1 in the central part. 1.5–5.0 m yr−1 of groundwater level drop was recorded in the area where the rate of subsidence is highest. Whereas 9–10 cm of subsidence was recorded in the surrounding areas of Quetta where agriculture and settlements are high. The surrounding areas include Kuchlak, Mastung, Pishin, Gulistan and Hurumzai districts. These results were acquired using InSAR imagery collected from October 2014 to march 2019. So the extensive groundwater withdrawals in Quetta valley and surrounding areas is considered to be the driving force behind land subsidence.

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Huning, Laurie S., and Amir AghaKouchak. "Global snow drought hot spots and characteristics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (August 3, 2020): 19753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915921117.

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Snow plays a fundamental role in global water resources, climate, and biogeochemical processes; however, no global snow drought assessments currently exist. Changes in the duration and intensity of droughts can significantly impact ecosystems, food and water security, agriculture, hydropower, and the socioeconomics of a region. We characterize the duration and intensity of snow droughts (snow water equivalent deficits) worldwide and differences in their distributions over 1980 to 2018. We find that snow droughts became more prevalent, intensified, and lengthened across the western United States (WUS). Eastern Russia, Europe, and the WUS emerged as hot spots for snow droughts, experiencing ∼2, 16, and 28% longer snow drought durations, respectively, in the latter half of 1980 to 2018. In this second half of the record, these regions exhibited a higher probability (relative to the first half of the record) of having a snow drought exceed the average intensity from the first period by 3, 4, and 15%. The Hindu Kush and Central Asia, extratropical Andes, greater Himalayas, and Patagonia, however, experienced decreases (percent changes) in the average snow drought duration (−4, −7, −8, and −16%, respectively). Although we do not attempt to separate natural and human influences with a detailed attribution analysis, we discuss some relevant physical processes (e.g., Arctic amplification and polar vortex movement) that likely contribute to observed changes in snow drought characteristics. We also demonstrate how our framework can facilitate drought monitoring and assessment by examining two snow deficits that posed large socioeconomic challenges in the WUS (2014/2015) and Afghanistan (2017/2018).

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Azami, Abdullah, Jay Sagin, Sayed Hashmat Sadat, and Hejratullah Hejran. "Sustainable Irrigation: Karez System in Afghanistan." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2020-r1.v6-2/1-18.eng.

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In Afghanistan, water is mostly used for agricultural purposes. The water supply chain requires updating to ensure its sustainability. Different irrigation methods – such as surface water based irrigation (via canals), groundwater based irrigation, and the Karez irrigation system – are applied across the country. Considering the compatibility of the Karez system with the environment, it can be deemed the most effective irrigation scheme, as it allows collecting a significant amount of groundwater and conveying it to land surface via sub-horizontal tunnels using gravity. This article analyzes Afghanistan’s Karez irrigation systems currently feeding water to over 170,000 ha of farmland with a potential to expand and become a component of sustainable water supply chain.

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Moahid, Masaood, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida, Niraj Prakash Joshi, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes?" Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073758.

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Access to credit is essential for sustainable agricultural development. This paper evaluates the impact of formal and informal agricultural credit, access to extension services, and different combinations of agricultural credit and extension services on the economic outcomes of farming households in Afghanistan. This study applies a quasi-experimental approach (propensity score matching) and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analysis. The data comes from a survey of 277 randomly selected farming households in the three districts of rural Afghanistan. The results show that having access to formal agricultural credit has a positive and differentiated impact on the farming costs and net revenue of farming households. However, the effects increase when a farming household has access to both formal credit and extension services. The results also reveal that credit constraints affect farming costs and net revenue. The study provides some practical implications for agricultural development policymakers. First, formal agricultural credit affects farm revenue in rural Afghanistan. Second, the impact of credit bundled with agricultural extension services on farm revenue is higher than the impact of the provision of each service separately. Therefore, a more sustainable agricultural credit arrangement should be supplemented by extension services for farmers in Afghanistan.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture Afghanistan'

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