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Aleixandre-Tudó, J. L., L. Castelló-Cogollos, J. L. Aleixandre, and R. Aleixandre-Benavent. "Emerging topics in scientific research on global water-use efficiency." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 6 (August 2019): 480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000789.
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AbstractA bibliometric analysis of research articles published on water-use efficiency was performed using the Web of Science database and evaluated. Journal titles, publication years, subject categories, keywords and countries publishing were obtained. A number of 2077 papers were retrieved, two-thirds of them published in the last decade. The articles were published in 439 journals, with Agricultural Water Management, Agronomy Journal, Crop Science, Field Crops Research and Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences the most productive. Most of the leading productive journals have Impact Factors in the top quartiles of the Journal Citation Reports. Agronomy, Plant Sciences, Water Resources and Agriculture Multidisciplinary were the most common journal subject categories, indicating a wide diversity of research fields ascribed to this topic. The predominant key words and phrases used were growth, ‘carbon isotope discrimination’, yield, photosynthesis, ‘gas exchange’, evapotranspiration and ‘stomatal conductance’. The productivity ranking for countries was headed by China (456 papers), followed by the USA (410), Australia (176) and India (165). A content analysis of the papers made identification of the key issues of greatest scientific concern possible, as well as their evolution over time. The most cited papers relate to physiological aspects, but also important studies on experimental biology, drought resistance, effects of climate, crop production and ecology, among others.
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Ribeiro, Rafael V. "SOME PROUD WORDS FROM THE INCOMING EDITOR-IN-CHIEF." Experimental Agriculture 52, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000296.
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Firstly, I would like to say that it is a great honour to take over the position of Editor-in-chief of Experimental Agriculture, one of the most important journals devoted to publishing original and high quality papers addressing the many facets of agricultural sciences in subtropical and tropical areas. Tradition! I would say that this single word has an enormous meaning for me. I am proud in serving Experimental Agriculture, a journal published by the Cambridge University Press since 1933. Originally titled The Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture (1933-1964), the publication's mission was ambitious “every new fruit of discovery and invention in the agricultural field”, publishing critical information for improving agricultural systems. So pertinent was the Journal's remit that it was recognised in an article published in Nature in May 27th, 1933. Currently, Experimental Agriculture has an Impact Factor of 1.079 (ISI Thomson Reuters) and stands as a Q1 journal in ‘Agronomy and Crop Science’ (SCImago Journal and Country Rank). In 2015, we received submissions from the five continents, with the majority coming from Asia and Africa. Thank you for considering Experimental Agriculture as a potential journal to publish your paper!
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Ervin, David E., Leland L. Glenna, and Raymond A. Jussaume. "Are biotechnology and sustainable agriculture compatible?" Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000189.
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AbstractAgricultural biotechnology has been largely opposed by advocates in the sustainable agriculture movement, despite claims by the technology's proponents that it holds the promise to deliver both production (economic) and environmental benefits, two legs of the sustainability stool. We argue in this paper that participants in this polarized debate are talking past each other because assumptions about biotechnology and sustainability remain simplistic and poorly defined. Genetically engineered (GE) herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant crop varieties are the most visible current forms of agricultural biotechnology, and thus the form of biotechnology that many in the sustainability movement react to. However, these crops represent a biotechnology option that has paid insufficient attention to the integrated and systemic requirements of sustainable agriculture. In particular, common definitions of sustainable agriculture reinforce the need to include consideration of socio-economic distributive or equity effects into any assessment of sustainability. However, the frameworks that have been proposed to assess the potential for GE crops to enhance sustainable agriculture generally neglect this essential socio-economic dimension. We present an analysis that augments the sustainability frameworks to include the full suite of environmental, economic and social impacts. A review of the latest science on each impact category reveals that crop biotechnology cannot be fully assessed with respect to fostering a more sustainable agriculture due to key gaps in evidence, especially for socio-economic distributive effects. While the first generation of GE crops generally has made progress in reducing agriculture's environmental footprint and improving adopting farmers' economic well-being, we conclude that these early products fall short of the technology's capacity to promote a more sustainable agriculture because of the failure of those developing and promoting the technology to fully engage all stakeholders and address salient equity issues. To realize the sustainability potential of biotechnology will require fundamental changes in the way public and private research and technology development and commercialization are structured and operated. We identify new approaches in these areas that could make this powerful biological science more compatible with sustainable agriculture.
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Amgain, Lal Prasad, Sudeep Marasini, and Buddha BK. "A glimpse on post-graduate thesis researches of Agronomy Department of IAAS and prioritized future research directions." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v1i1.22225.
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To appraise the major research outputs of agronomic crops and cropping systems and to direct the future research priorities of Agronomy Department of post-graduate (PG) program of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (IAAS), a rigorous review was accomplished on about two decadal (2000-2018) student’s thesis research works. The review revealed that the agronomic researches at IAAS from 2000 to 2012 were concentrated mostly in on-station farm of Rampur, Chitwan and found their focus on 11 food grain crops with five major themes viz. varietal evaluation, crop management, soil nutrient and weeds management, and crop simulation modeling. With the shifting of IAAS PG program from Rampur to Kirtipur in 2013, the major agronomic researches were found to be concentrated in on-farm stations due to transitional movement of IAAS to Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal. A total of 115 agronomic studies were conducted on various crops, of which 92 were on cereals, 8 on legumes, oilseed and minor cereals including potato. There were records of 10 studies on rice-wheat and 3 studies on maize-based systems. The huge gaps between the potential and farmers' field yield and between the potential and research station yields for rice, maize and wheat crops suggested a great scope to raise yields of cereals by improved agronomical researches on varieties evaluation, crop and nutrient management and weed management. Simulation modeling study predicted that the varieties of rice and maize adopted at present could sustain the yields only for recent few years and needed for introduction of new climate resilient varieties, then after. Innovative and new researches on eco-region suited on-farm trails with variety identification, improved crop husbandry and soil nutrient management, improved weed and water management and on agro-meteorology, conservation agriculture, climate change adaptation and crop simulation modeling are advised as future research frontiers to uplift the productivity and reduce yield gaps of major food crops and to strengthen the academics of post-graduate research in near future.
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Messina, Carlos D., Mark Cooper, Matthew Reynolds, and Graeme L. Hammer. "Crop science: A foundation for advancing predictive agriculture." Crop Science 60, no. 2 (March 2020): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20116.
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Novy, Ari, and Tara Moreau. "Crop Science Special Issue: Connecting Agriculture, Public Gardens and Science." Crop Science 59, no. 6 (November 2019): 2300–2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2019.10.0010.
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Titmarsh, I. J., J. Doughton, and E. Woods. "Agronomy looking forward, thinking broadly." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 7 (2010): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09203.
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Global trends in human population and agriculture dictate that future calls made on the resources (physical, human, financial) and systems involved in producing food will be increasingly more demanding and complex. Both plant breeding and improved agronomy lift the potential yield of crops, a key component in progressing farm yield, so society can reasonably expect both agronomy as a science and agronomists as practitioners to contribute to the successful delivery of necessary change. By reflecting on current trends in agricultural production (diversification, intensification, integration, industrialisation, automation) and deconstructing a futuristic scenario of attempting agricultural production on Mars, it seems the skills agronomists will require involve not only the mandatory elements of their discipline but also additional skills that enable engagement with, even leadership of, teams who integrate (in sum or part) engineering, (agri-)business, economics and operational management, and build the social capital required to create and maintain a diverse array of enhanced and new ethical production systems and achieve increasing efficiencies within them.
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Le Mare, P. H. "Rock Phosphates in Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (October 1991): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019396.
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SUMMARYThe principles that control effectiveness of rock phosphates as fertilizer are now fairly well understood so that the potential effect of a material can be predicted with some confidence from laboratory analysis of the raw material. Soil characteristics, especially acidity, and calcium and phosphate status, are important: if these are not conducive to dissolution, crop response to rock phosphate is small. Some crop characteristics, especially the extent of root systems and whether they are infected with mycorrhizae, also affect utilization of rock phosphate. Dissolution of rock phosphates may be too slow for rapidly growing crops but may be adequate for perennial crops.Such factors limit the use of rock phosphates for direct application, so that much greater knowledge of the characteristics of the phosphates, soils and crops, and their interactions, is necessary for their successful use than for the soluble phosphates. Economic considerations are important also. Because the phosphate content is less than that of concentrated soluble fertilizers, the cost of transporting rock phosphates, per unit of phosphorus, may not be economic. However, for acid and calcium deficient soils the larger amounts of calcium that rock phosphates supply may be an advantage and may lessen or eliminate the need for lime, especially for crops that require relatively large amounts of calcium.Fosfatos de roca en la agricultura
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Giller, Ken E., Renske Hijbeek, Jens A. Andersson, and James Sumberg. "Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective." Outlook on Agriculture 50, no. 1 (March 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727021998063.
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Agriculture is in crisis. Soil health is collapsing. Biodiversity faces the sixth mass extinction. Crop yields are plateauing. Against this crisis narrative swells a clarion call for Regenerative Agriculture. But what is Regenerative Agriculture, and why is it gaining such prominence? Which problems does it solve, and how? Here we address these questions from an agronomic perspective. The term Regenerative Agriculture has actually been in use for some time, but there has been a resurgence of interest over the past 5 years. It is supported from what are often considered opposite poles of the debate on agriculture and food. Regenerative Agriculture has been promoted strongly by civil society and NGOs as well as by many of the major multi-national food companies. Many practices promoted as regenerative, including crop residue retention, cover cropping and reduced tillage are central to the canon of ‘good agricultural practices’, while others are contested and at best niche (e.g. permaculture, holistic grazing). Worryingly, these practices are generally promoted with little regard to context. Practices most often encouraged (such as no tillage, no pesticides or no external nutrient inputs) are unlikely to lead to the benefits claimed in all places. We argue that the resurgence of interest in Regenerative Agriculture represents a re-framing of what have been considered to be two contrasting approaches to agricultural futures, namely agroecology and sustainable intensification, under the same banner. This is more likely to confuse than to clarify the public debate. More importantly, it draws attention away from more fundamental challenges. We conclude by providing guidance for research agronomists who want to engage with Regenerative Agriculture.
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Miller, Fred P. "After 10,000 Years of Agriculture, Whither Agronomy?" Agronomy Journal 100, no. 1 (2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agrojnl2007.0013.
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Miller, Fred P. "After 10,000 Years of Agriculture, Whither Agronomy?" Agronomy Journal 100, no. 1 (January 2008): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0013.
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Miller, Fred P. "After 10,000 Years of Agriculture, Whither Agronomy?" Agronomy Journal 100 (May 2008): S—40—S—52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0013s.
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Berzsenyi, Z. "Crop production research in multifunctional agriculture." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 51, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.51.2003.1.12.
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The research agenda for crop science in the 21st century will depend largely on whether the present conditions regarding the global food surplus continue, or whether a food scarcity recurs. Crop production research is based chiefly on small-plot field experiments, the majority of which are either long-term experiments or experiments set up to investigate the specific agronomic responses of Martonvásár maize hybrids and wheat varieties. The sustainability of crop production is examined in long-term experiments. The agronomic responses of maize hybrids and wheat varieties are studied at various levels of biological organisation. Growth analysis facilitates the exact characterisation of agronomic responses and the grouping of response effects and types using multivariable methods. Continued experimentation coupled with crop simulation models and decision support systems are an ever more useful framework for analysing the complexity of agricultural systems.
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Xu, Yunbi, Jiayang Li, and Jianmin Wan. "Agriculture and crop science in China: Innovation and sustainability." Crop Journal 5, no. 2 (April 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.02.002.
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Page, Sam L. J., and John Bridge. "Plant Nematodes and Sustainability in Tropical Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (April 1993): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020597.
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SummaryAlthough plant nematodes are ubiquitous and pathogenic to a wide range of crops, research into these pests in the tropics has been concentrated on commodity crops. While modern intensive tropical agriculture has become unsustainable and often relies on the use of toxic nematicides to control damaging populations of plant nematodes, many traditional subsistence farmers have been able to suppress nematodes by promoting crop diversity and selecting for tolerance and resistance. This paper gives examples of sustainable systems which suppress nematodes. Other examples of once sustainable systems in which nematode problems now occur are discussed and reasons for this instability suggested. The need for farmers to retain responsibility for the development of sustainable systems is stressed. Nematologists and other plant protectionists are encouraged to take a wider view of the complex issues that affect the sustainability of agriculture in the tropics.Los nemátodos de las plantas y la agricultura continua
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Crézé, Cynthia M., and William R. Horwath. "Cover Cropping: A Malleable Solution for Sustainable Agriculture? Meta-Analysis of Ecosystem Service Frameworks in Perennial Systems." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050862.
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Cover crops have been touted for their capacity to enhance multifunctionality and ecosystem services (ESs). Ecosystem services are benefits which people obtain from ecosystems. Despite nearly a century of cover crop research, there has been low adoption of the practice in perennial systems of many parts of the world. Emphasis on the multi-functional dimension of cover crop outcomes may misrepresent the practice as a panacea for sustainable agriculture and distract from the need to tailor the practice to specific contexts and differing value systems. In this study, we explore how cover crop ecosystem service (ES) frameworks reflect the distinct environmental realities of perennial agriculture. We considered that ES value systems are manifested through the non-randomization of research coverage. Therefore, value systems can be elucidated through evidence-based systematic mapping. Our analysis revealed differential systems of ES valuation specific to perennial crop types. While ES frameworks are heavily contextualized, the design of seed mixes is not. We suggest that cover crop adoption could be enhanced by clearly acknowledging the different conceptualizations of agricultural sustainability addressed by various cover crops. Furthermore, explicitly delineating the competing desires of stakeholders is a crucial step in rationally selecting between various cover crop seed mix options.
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WEINER, J. "Ecology – the science of agriculture in the 21st century." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003605.
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Most current biological problems in agriculture occur at the higher levels of organization: populations, communities and ecosystems. These are the levels addressed by the science of ecology rather than other biological sciences. Therefore ecology will by necessity become the central science of agriculture. Agricultural production will be seen as a form of applied ecology or ecological engineering. This change in perspective has major implications for agricultural research. It brings the discussion of the assumptions of a research programme into the open and forces researchers to prioritize among potentially conflicting objectives. It sees agricultural strategies in terms of trade-offs, rather than improvements, and it suggests that agricultural research needs to be more bold and ambitious if it is to solve the most important problems facing us in the new century.
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Byé, Pascal, and Maria Fonte. "Towards science-based techniques in agriculture." Agriculture and Human Values 10, no. 2 (March 1993): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02217600.
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SNAPP, SIEGLINDE, PAUL ROGÉ, PATRICK OKORI, REGIS CHIKOWO, BRAD PETER, and JOSEPH MESSINA. "PERENNIAL GRAINS FOR AFRICA: POSSIBILITY OR PIPEDREAM?" Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000066.
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SUMMARYPerennial grain crops have been proposed as a transformative approach to agriculture. Replacing annual staple crops with perennialized growth types of the same crops could provide environmental services, improve labour efficiency and weather resilience, reduce seed costs and produce livestock fodder or fuelwood production. Yet, the technologies and science for agricultural development in Africa have focused almost exclusively on annuals. In this paper, we review the literature to explore what has been potentially overlooked, including missed opportunities as well as the disadvantages associated with perennial grains. The case studies of pigeon pea and sorghum are considered, as an analogue for perennial grain crops in Africa. We find that a substantial number of farmers persist in ‘perennializing’ pigeon pea systems through ratoon management, and that sorghum ratoons are widely practiced in some regions. In contrast, many crop scientists are not interested in perennial traits or ratoon management, citing the potential of perennials to harbour disease, and modest yield potential. Indeed, an overriding prioritization of high grain yield response to fertilizer, and not including accessory products such as fodder or soil fertility, has led to multipurpose, perennial life forms being overlooked. Agronomists are encouraged to consider a wide range of indicators of performance for a sustainable approach to agriculture, one that includes management for diversity in crop growth habits.
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Schiller, Hildegard. "Crop protection and sustainable agriculture." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 51, no. 3 (December 1994): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(94)90146-5.
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Weger, Jan, Jaroslav Knápek, Jaroslav Bubeník, Kamila Vávrová, and Zdeněk Strašil. "Can Miscanthus Fulfill Its Expectations as an Energy Biomass Source in the Current Conditions of the Czech Republic?—Potentials and Barriers." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010040.
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Our article analyzes the main biological potentials and economic barriers of using Miscanthus as a new energy crop in agricultural practice in the Czech Republic and the Central-Eastern European region. We have used primary data from long-term field experiments and commercial plantations to create production and economic models that also include an analysis of competitive ability with conventional crops. Our results showed that current economic conditions favor annual crops over Miscanthus (for energy biomass) and that this new crop shows very good adaptation to the effects of climate change. Selected clones of Miscanthus × giganteus reached high biomass yields between 15–17 t DM ha−1 y−1 despite very dry and warm periods and low-input agrotechnology, and they have good potential to become important biomass crops for future bioenergy and the bioeconomy. Key barriers and factors are identified, including gene pool and agronomy improvement, change of subsidy policy (Common agriculture policy-CAP), climate change trends, and further development of the bioeconomy.
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Plastina, Alejandro, Fangge Liu, Fernando Miguez, and Sarah Carlson. "Cover crops use in Midwestern US agriculture: perceived benefits and net returns." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000194.
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AbstractDespite being generally accepted as a promising conservation practice to reduce nitrate pollution and promote soil sustainability, cover crop adoption in Midwestern US agriculture is low. Based on focus groups, surveys and partial budgets, we calculated the annual net returns to cover crop use for farmers in Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota; and elicited farmers’ perceptions about the pros and cons of incorporating cover crops to their row cropping systems. The novelty of our methodology resides in comparing each farmer's practices in the portion of their cropping system with cover crops (typically small), against their practices in the other portion of their cropping system without cover crops. The resulting comparisons, accounting for farmer heterogeneity, are more robust than the typical effects calculated by comparing indicators across cover crop users and unrelated non-adopters. Our results highlight the complicated nature of integrating cover crops into the crop production system and show that cover crops affect whole farm profitability through several channels besides establishment and termination costs. Despite farmers’ positive perceptions about cover crops and the availability of cost-share programs, calculated annual net returns to cover crops use were negative for most participants.
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Maitra, Sagar, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Milan Skalicky, Peter Ondrisik, Harun Gitari, Koushik Brahmachari, et al. "Intercropping—A Low Input Agricultural Strategy for Food and Environmental Security." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020343.
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Intensive agriculture is based on the use of high-energy inputs and quality planting materials with assured irrigation, but it has failed to assure agricultural sustainability because of creation of ecological imbalance and degradation of natural resources. On the other hand, intercropping systems, also known as mixed cropping or polyculture, a traditional farming practice with diversified crop cultivation, uses comparatively low inputs and improves the quality of the agro-ecosystem. Intensification of crops can be done spatially and temporally by the adoption of the intercropping system targeting future need. Intercropping ensures multiple benefits like enhancement of yield, environmental security, production sustainability and greater ecosystem services. In intercropping, two or more crop species are grown concurrently as they coexist for a significant part of the crop cycle and interact among themselves and agro-ecosystems. Legumes as component crops in the intercropping system play versatile roles like biological N fixation and soil quality improvement, additional yield output including protein yield, and creation of functional diversity. But growing two or more crops together requires additional care and management for the creation of less competition among the crop species and efficient utilization of natural resources. Research evidence showed beneficial impacts of a properly managed intercropping system in terms of resource utilization and combined yield of crops grown with low-input use. The review highlights the principles and management of an intercropping system and its benefits and usefulness as a low-input agriculture for food and environmental security.
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Stalker, H. Thomas. "The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication." Crop Science 40, no. 5 (September 2000): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4051492x.
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Hartemink, Alfred E. "Plantation Agriculture in the Tropics." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 1 (March 2005): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053295150.
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Plantation agriculture is more than 400 years old and contributes to the regional and national economies in many tropical countries. This paper reviews some of the main environmental issues related to plantation agriculture with perennial crops, including soil erosion, soil fertility decline, pollution, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Soil erosion and soil fertility decline are of concern in some areas, but in most plantations these are being checked by cover crops and inorganic fertilizer applications. Few studies have been conducted on the issue of carbon sequestration under perennial plantation cropping. Reductions in deforestation yield much greater benefits for a reduction in CO2 emissions than expanding plantation agriculture. The biggest threat to biodiversity is the loss of habitat through expansion of the plantation area. Despite the environmental problems and concerns, this review has shown that crop yields of most perennial crops have increased over time due to improved crop husbandry including high-yielding cultivars and improved soil management. It is likely that more attention will be given to the environmental aspects of plantation cropping due to the increasing environmental awareness in tropical countries.
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Šilha, J., P. Hamouz, V. Táborský, K. Štípek, J. Šnobl, K. Voříšek, L. Růžek, L. Brodský, and K. Švec. "Case studies for precision agriculture." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10595-pps.
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The results of spatial variability of plant-available soil nutrients (P, K, Mg) and soil pH are described in this paper. Experiment was realized on the field of area 72 ha (orthic luvisol), located in the area of Český Brod. The use of coefficient of variation as a criterion of variability of soil agrochemical properties and yield on the field showed the following: the highest variability was observed in available P, the second highest variability was in available K, and the lowest variability of main non-mobile nutrients was in the available Mg. Soil pH was the lowest of all measured soil properties. Although the highest correlation coefficient between the soil available P content and soil pH was established, the process of spatial dependence was not detected. Detailed field scouting and others data can be important elements, as can complex decision rules, taking into account additional factors such as the characteristics of crop protection agents and preferences of the farm manager. This paper illustrates, how to plant nutritions, crop protection, crop production might be integrated to support these diseases and weeds management decisions.
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Heath, M. C. "Grain Legumes in UK Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 1 (March 1987): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600101.
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The neurosecretory cells are responsible in insects for the coordination and control of bodily functions such as feeding, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and development. They do this by releasing substances called neurohormones into the body fluids. Many insecticides have been shown to have neurophysiological and potentially lethal effects upon neurosecretory cells. Many of the neurohormones are peptides, some similar to, if not identical with, peptides produced by nerve cells in vertebrates. It is possible that peptides unique to insects could be exploited for the development and production of safer and more specifically acting insecticides. Decrease in profits is now a major concern to UK cereal farmers confronted with grain surpluses and tightening quality standards. Consequently, interest in alternative combinable crops is increasing, encouraged by EEC subsidies designed to stimulate production of protein- and oil-rich crops. Oilseed rape is already established as the leading cereal break crop, but grain legumes such as combining peas and faba beans are re-emerging as important components of UK crop rotations.
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Kass, Donald C. L. "Agroecology: The science of sustainable agriculture." Agroforestry Systems 35, no. 1 (February 1996): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02345332.
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Youngberg, Garth, and Suzanne P. DeMuth. "Organic agriculture in the United States: A 30-year retrospective." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 4 (May 31, 2013): 294–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000173.
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AbstractSince the early 1980s organic agriculture has undergone enormous growth and innovation in the US and throughout the world. Some observers have pointed to the US Department of Agriculture's 1980Report and Recommendations on Organic Farmingas having provided the catalyst for many of these developments. It is important, however, to understand how the evolving character of organic ideology during the 1960s and 1970s helped lay the foundation for moving organic agriculture onto the US governmental agenda in the early 1980s. We explore these and other contextual factors surrounding the USDA Report's release, including its methods, findings and recommendations, and both positive and negative reactions, as well as those factors that led to the Report's declining influence by the decade's end. The need for agricultural sustainability has played an important role in shaping, not only the path of organic agriculture in the US but also the overall politics of American agriculture. Legislative efforts to support organic agriculture have evolved along with this altered policy environment and are considered here within the broader context of the politics of sustainable agriculture. Next, we consider the organic industry's transition from a privately managed enterprise to the pivotal role now played by the federal government in the administration of the National Organic Program. Calls to move ‘beyond organic’ are also examined. Finally, we explore the impact of sustainable agriculture, agricultural research and farm structure upon the future of organic agriculture in the US. The politics within these three interrelated domains of public agricultural policy will likely bear heavily upon the future of organic farming and the organic industry as a whole.
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Goldman, Abe. "Pest and Disease Hazards and Sustainability in African Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 2 (April 1996): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026107.
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SUMMARYSurveys of the relationship between pests and diseases and crop sustainability in several areas of Kenya, Nigeria, and other regions of Africa indicate that the production of numerous crops has declined sharply as a result of major pest and disease outbreaks, and others are threatened with major decline because of a surge in virulence of an endemic pest or disease, the introduction of a virulent exotic pest or pathogen, or because a system of control used previously has collapsed. Many of the crops that have declined were already experiencing reduced economic demand. In other cases, crop sustainability has been preserved by vigorous farmer responses or by the intervention of national and international research institutions. Most pests and pathogens, however, remain within tolerable bounds most of the time, though this often requires the use of chemical or cultural controls, or the availability of adequate land to compensate for losses. As land availability declines, more strenuous management efforts may be needed to sustain productivity.
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Unkovich, Murray, Jeff Baldock, and Steve Marvanek. "Which crops should be included in a carbon accounting system for Australian agriculture?" Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 7 (2009): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08428.
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Dryland agriculture is both a potential source and potential sink for CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Many carbon accounting systems apply simple emissions factors to production units to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. However, in Australia, substantial variation in climate, soils, and management across >20 Mha of field crop sowings and >30 Mha of sown pastures in the intensive land use zone, provides substantial challenges for a national carbon accounting system, and simple emission factors are unlikely to apply across the region. In Australia a model framework has been developed that requires estimates of crop dry matter production and harvested yield as the first step to obtain carbon (residue) inputs. We use Australian Bureau of Statistics data to identify which crops would need to be included in such a carbon accounting system. Wheat, barley, lupin, and canola accounted for >80% of field crop sowings in Australia in 2006, and a total of 22 crops account for >99% of the sowing area in all States. In some States, only four or six crops can account for 99% of the cropping area. We provide a ranking of these crops for Australia and for each Australian State as a focus for the establishment of a comprehensive carbon accounting framework. Horticultural crops, although diverse, are less important in terms of total area and thus C balances for generic viticulture, vegetables, and orchard fruit crops should suffice. The dataset of crop areas presented here is the most comprehensive account of crop sowings presented in the literature and provides a useful resource for those interested in Australian agriculture. The field crop rankings presented represent only the area of crop sowings and should not be taken as rankings of importance in terms of the magnitude of all GHG fluxes. This awaits a more detailed analysis of climate, soils, and management practices across each of the regions where the crops are grown and their relationships to CO2, nitrous oxide and methane fluxes. For pastures, there is a need for more detailed, up to date, spatially explicit information on the predominant sown pasture types across the Australian cropping belt before C balances for these can be more reliably modelled at the desired spatial scale.
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Roberts, Daniel P., Nicholas M. Short, James Sill, Dilip K. Lakshman, Xiaojia Hu, and Michael Buser. "Precision agriculture and geospatial techniques for sustainable disease control." Indian Phytopathology 74, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42360-021-00334-2.
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AbstractThe agricultural community is confronted with dual challenges; increasing production of nutritionally dense food and decreasing the impacts of these crop production systems on the land, water, and climate. Control of plant pathogens will figure prominently in meeting these challenges as plant diseases cause significant yield and economic losses to crops responsible for feeding a large portion of the world population. New approaches and technologies to enhance sustainability of crop production systems and, importantly, plant disease control need to be developed and adopted. By leveraging advanced geoinformatic techniques, advances in computing and sensing infrastructure (e.g., cloud-based, big data-driven applications) will aid in the monitoring and management of pesticides and biologicals, such as cover crops and beneficial microbes, to reduce the impact of plant disease control and cropping systems on the environment. This includes geospatial tools being developed to aid the farmer in managing cropping system and disease management strategies that are more sustainable but increasingly complex. Geoinformatics and cloud-based, big data-driven applications are also being enlisted to speed up crop germplasm improvement; crop germplasm that has enhanced tolerance to pathogens and abiotic stress and is in tune with different cropping systems and environmental conditions is needed. Finally, advanced geoinformatic techniques and advances in computing infrastructure allow a more collaborative framework amongst scientists, policymakers, and the agricultural community to speed the development, transfer, and adoption of these sustainable technologies.
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Gocht, Alexander, Nicola Consmüller, Ferike Thom, and Harald Grethe. "Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061212.
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Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.
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Rasche, Livia. "Estimating Pesticide Inputs and Yield Outputs of Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems in Europe under Climate Change." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071300.
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Simulating organic agriculture is a considerable challenge. One reason is that few models are capable of simulating crop-pest interactions and the yield losses they cause. Here, a recently developed process-based crop-pest model (Pest-EPIC) was used to simulate conventional and organic agriculture in the European Union for the years 1995–2100. Yields and pesticide application rates were calibrated against FAOSTAT and Eurostat data. Results indicate that current pesticide application rates may be sufficient to control pests and diseases even at the end of the century. The range of simulated yield differences under organic and conventional agriculture under current conditions (e.g., wheat 21–55% (mean 34%) lower yields; potatoes 20–99% (mean 56%) lower yields) closely matched recorded values. Under climate change, the gap between yields under conventional and organic management will remain constant for some crops (e.g., at 3 t/ha for potatoes), but others—susceptible to a larger number of pests and diseases—may experience a widening of the yield gap (e.g., increase of yield difference from 0.8 to 1.6 t/ha for wheat). The presented results-dataset may in future be a valuable resource for integrated assessments of agricultural land use and policy planning, but the inherent uncertainty is still very high.
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Kraatz, Simon, Nathan Torbick, Xianfeng Jiao, Xiaodong Huang, Laura Dingle Robertson, Andrew Davidson, Heather McNairn, Michael H. Cosh, and Paul Siqueira. "Comparison between Dense L-Band and C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Time Series for Crop Area Mapping over a NISAR Calibration-Validation Site." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020273.
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Crop area mapping is important for tracking agricultural production and supporting food security. Spaceborne approaches using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) now allow for mapping crop area at moderate spatial and temporal resolutions. Multi-frequency SAR data is highly useful for crop monitoring because backscatter response from vegetation canopies is wavelength dependent. This study evaluates the utility of C-band Sentinel-1B (Sentinel-1) and L-band ALOS-2 (PALSAR) data, collected during the 2019 growing season, for generating accurate active crop extent (crop vs. non-crop) classifications over an agricultural region in western Canada. Evaluations were performed against the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada satellite-based Annual Cropland Inventory (ACI), an open data product that maps land cover across the extent of Canada’s agricultural land. Classifications were performed using the temporal coefficient of variation (CV) approach, where an optimal crop/non-crop delineating CV threshold (CVthr) is selected according to Youden’s J-statistic. Results show that crop area mapping agreed better with the ACI when using Sentinel-1 data (83.5%) compared to PALSAR (73.2%). Analysis of performance by crop reveals that PALSAR’s poorer performance can be attributed to soybean, urban, grassland, and pasture ACI classes. This study also compared CV values to in situ wet biomass data for canola and soybeans, showing that crops with lower biomass (soybean) had correspondingly lower CV values.
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Triplett, G. B., and Warren A. Dick. "No-Tillage Crop Production: A Revolution in Agriculture!" Agronomy Journal 100 (May 2008): S—153—S—165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0005c.
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Hatfield, J. L., K. J. Boote, B. A. Kimball, L. H. Ziska, R. C. Izaurralde, D. Ort, A. M. Thomson, and D. Wolfe. "Climate Impacts on Agriculture: Implications for Crop Production." Agronomy Journal 103, no. 2 (March 2011): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0303.
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deB. Beaver, Donald. "Agriculture in history of science and technology curricula." Agriculture and Human Values 2, no. 4 (September 1985): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530681.
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KRUPNIK, TIMOTHY J., JENS A. ANDERSSON, LEONARD RUSINAMHODZI, MARC CORBEELS, CAROL SHENNAN, and BRUNO GÉRARD. "DOES SIZE MATTER? A CRITICAL REVIEW OF META-ANALYSIS IN AGRONOMY." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 200–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000012.
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SUMMARYIntended to test broad hypotheses and arrive at unifying conclusions, meta-analysis is the process of extracting, assembling, and analyzing large quantities of data from multiple publications to increase statistical power and uncover explanatory patterns. This paper describes the ways in which meta-analysis has been applied to support claims and counter-claims regarding two topics widely debated in agricultural research, namely organic agriculture (OA) and conservation agriculture (CA). We describe the origins of debate for each topic and assess prominent meta-analyses considering data-selection criteria, research question framing, and the interpretation and extrapolation of meta-analytical results. Meta-analyses of OA and CA are also examined in the context of the political economy of development-oriented agricultural research. Does size matter? We suggest that it does, although somewhat ironically. While meta-analysis aims to pool all relevant studies and generate comprehensive databases from which broad insights can be drawn, our case studies suggest that the organization of many meta-analyses may affect the generalizability and usefulness of research results. The politicized nature of debates over OA and CA also appear to affect the divergent ways in which meta-analytical results may be interpreted and extrapolated in struggles over the legitimacy of both practices. Rather than resolving scientific contestation, these factors appear to contribute to the ongoing debate. Meta-analysis is nonetheless becoming increasingly popular with agricultural researchers attracted by the power for the statistical inference offered by large datasets. This paper consequently offers three suggestions for how scientists and readers of scientific literature can more carefully evaluate meta-analyses. First, the ways in which papers and data are collected should be critically assessed. Second, the justification of research questions, framing of farming systems, and the scales at which research results are extrapolated and discussed should be carefully evaluated. Third, when applied to strongly politicized topics situated in an arena of scientific debate, as is the case with OA and CA, more conservative interpretations of meta-analytical results that recognize the socially and politically embedded nature of agricultural research is are needed.
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Fatch, Paul, Charles Masangano, Thomas Hilger, Irmgard Jordan, Judith Francesca Mangani Kamoto, Isaac Mambo, Alexander Kalimbira, Gabriella Chiutsi-Phiri, and Ernst-August Nuppenau. "Role of Policies, Stakeholder Programs and Interventions in Agricultural Diversification among Smallholder Farmers: A Case of Lilongwe District in Malawi." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071351.
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Globally, governments and agricultural organizations implement policies and programs reflected in interventions such as input subsidies, extension services for modern inputs and training, which either enable or hinder agricultural diversification. A study was carried out from 2016 to 2019 in Lilongwe district, Malawi, to determine the influence of policies, programs and interventions on agricultural diversification. The study was using a mixed-method sequential explanatory design. It involved a literature review, interviews with 424 male and female smallholder farmers, 35 demonstration plots on agricultural diversification, 27 focus group discussions with farmers, and 17 key informant interviews with stakeholder representatives. The literature review showed that the 2016 Malawi agricultural policy already prioritized agricultural diversification as it included a policy statement and policy objective on agricultural diversification. This study found that stakeholders, namely the Ministry of Agriculture, Total Land Care, National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi, School of Agriculture for Family Independence, and Trustees of Agriculture Promotion Program, were promoting agricultural diversification. They did it by (i) organizing farmers into groups for agricultural diversification activities, (ii) provision of extension advice, and (iii) providing inputs for different crops as well as livestock either for free, on pass-on, or through loans. However, interventions were on small scale, had not fully addressed hindrances to agricultural diversification, were mostly supply-driven, and the interventions themselves faced sustainability-threatening problems such as failure to pass on livestock and seeds. The agricultural policy was thus not sufficiently translated into widespread programs and interventions to foster improvement in agricultural diversification. As such, we suggest re-channeling of funding from promoting mono-cropping to agricultural diversification by broadening the crop and livestock focus of advisory services, enabling farmer organization initiatives and community engagement for farmers to solve most diversification challenges on their own.
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Glenna, Leland L., and Raymond A. Jussaume. "Organic and conventional Washington State farmers' opinions on GM crops and marketing strategies." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 2 (June 2007): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001603.
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AbstractA 1999 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) policy on organic certification excluded the use of genetically modified (GM) crops. The decision remains controversial because it provokes debate over the fundamental meaning of organic agriculture. Some scholars, farmers and activists claim that organic agriculture represents a value orientation that is opposed to trends in industrial agriculture, of which GM crops are the latest product. Because organic farmers are a significant constituency in this debate, we examined their values and practices related to marketing, environment and GM crops. From a survey of 1181 Washington State farmers, we created a sub-sample of 598 crop farmers (fruits, vegetables and grains), of which 109 described themselves as organic (certified organic, moving towards organic certification and non-certified organic), and we analyzed organic and conventional farmer responses to a number of issues to discern comparative commitment to self-seeking economic interests. Results reveal differences among conventional and organic farmers on GM crops and several marketing and environmental values and practices, suggesting that there is some validity to portraying organic agriculture as an alternative vision to industrial agriculture.
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Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues, and Raquel de Pinho Ferreira Guiné. "Integrated-Smart Agriculture: Contexts and Assumptions for a Broader Concept." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081568.
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The innovative technologies developed in the different fields of science (nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, genetic modification, etc.) opened new and infinite possibilities for the several stakeholders that carry out their activities in the different economic sectors. For agriculture, these new approaches are particularly relevant and may bring interesting contributions, considering the specificities of the sector, often dealing with contexts of land abandonment and narrow profit margins. Nonetheless, the question in these unstopped evolutions is about the interlinkages with sustainability. In this context, the objectives of this study are to highlight the main insights from the available scientific literature about the interrelationships between the new trends in the agriculture and the sustainability. To achieve these aims, a search on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) and Scopus databases was carried out, on 15 May 2021, for the topics ‘smart agriculture’ and ‘sustainability’. A total of 231 documents (102 from WoS and 129 from Scopus) were obtained, remaining 155 documents after removing the duplicated, which were surveyed through systematic review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach. As main insights, the concerns of the researchers with the impacts on the sustainability from the transformations in the farming organization are highlighted. On the other hand, it was shown the relevance and the new opportunities, including in terms of food supply, arising from the precision agriculture, agricultural intelligence, vertical/urban farming, circular economy, internet of things, and crowdfarming. We suggest the new and wider concept of ‘integrated-smart agriculture’, better than ‘climate-smart agriculture’.
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Akamani, Kofi. "An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Climate-Smart Agriculture with Some Considerations for Social Equity." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081564.
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Although the transition to industrial agriculture in the 20th century resulted in increased agricultural productivity and efficiency, the attainment of global food security continues to be elusive. Current and anticipated impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector are likely to exacerbate the incidence of food insecurity. In recent years, climate-smart agriculture has gained recognition as a mechanism that has the potential to contribute to the attainment of food security and also enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, several conceptual and implementation shortfalls have limited the widespread adoption of this innovative agricultural system at the landscape scale. This manuscript argues for the use of ecosystem management as an overarching framework for the conceptualization and implementation of climate-smart agriculture. The manuscript focuses on clarifying the foundational assumptions and management goals, as well as the knowledge and institutional requirements of climate-smart agriculture using the principles of ecosystem management. Potential challenges that may be faced by the application of an ecosystem management approach to climate-smart agriculture are also discussed. Furthermore, the manuscript calls for a heightened focus on social equity in the transition toward an ecosystem-based approach to climate-smart agriculture. The US farm bill is used as an illustrative case study along with other examples drawn mostly from sub-Saharan Africa.
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Pimentel, David. "Energy and agriculture, advanced series in agricultural sciences." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 15, no. 4 (April 1986): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(86)90126-x.
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Zafar, Yusuf. "Development of Agriculture Biotechnology in Pakistan." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 1500–1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.5.1500.
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Abstract Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy of Pakistan, where most of the rapidly increasing population resides in rural areas and depends on agriculture for subsistence. Biotechnology has considerable potential for promoting the efficiency of crop improvement, food production, and poverty reduction. Use of modern biotechnology started in Pakistan since 1985. Currently, there are 29 biotech centers/institutes in the country. However, few centers have appropriate physical facilities and trained manpower to develop genetically modified (GM) crops. Most of the activities have been on rice and cotton, which are among the top 5 crops of Pakistan. Biotic (virus/bacterial/insect) and abiotic (salt) resistant and quality (male sterility) genes have already been incorporated in some crop plants. Despite acquiring capacity to produce transgenic plants, no GM crops, either produced locally or imported, have been released in the country. Pakistan is signatory to the World Trade Organization, Convention on Biological Diversity, and Cartagena protocols. Several legislations under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights have been promulgated in the country. National Biosafety Guidelines have been promulgated in April 2005. The Plant Breeders Rights Act, Amendment in Seed Act-1976, and Geographical Indication for Goods are still passing through discussion, evaluation, and analysis phases. Meanwhile, an illegal GM crop (cotton) has already sneaked into farmer's field. Concerted and coordinated efforts are needed among various ministries for implementation of regulation and capacity building for import/export and local handling of GM crops. Pakistan could easily benefit from the experience of Asian countries, especially China and India, where conditions are similar and the agriculture sector is almost like that of Pakistan. Thus, the exchange of information and experiences is important among these nations.
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Wyse, Donald L. "New Technologies and Approaches for Weed Management in Sustainable Agriculture Systems." Weed Technology 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039014.
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Weed science has a long history of solving weed management problems for farmers. Over the last four decades most of the solutions to weed problems have been based on herbicide technology. Thus, most crop production systems in the United States rely heavily on herbicides as the primary method of weed management. During the last decade environmentalists, farmers, agricultural scientists, policy makers, and the general public have begun to question the long-term sustainability of conventional farming systems. The sustainability of these systems is being questioned because of environmental, social, and economic concerns caused by global competition, cost of production, soil erosion, water pollution, and concern over the quality of rural life. Weeds are the major deterrent to the development of more sustainable agriculture systems. Since weeds dictate most of the crop production practices (e.g., tillage, herbicides, cultivation, row spacing) weed scientists must become the leaders of collaborative integrated approaches to agriculture systems research. New crop production systems must be developed that are less destructive to the environment, are profitable, conserve energy, and support rural community development. The goal is to facilitate the development of ecologically based alternative methods of weed management that will support crop production systems that require less tillage and herbicide inputs. To accomplish this goal, research efforts must be radically expanded in weed/crop ecology and in the development of ecologically based technologies for weed management.
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Taliaferro, Charles. "Divine agriculture." Agriculture and Human Values 9, no. 3 (June 1992): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02217922.
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Bhunia, Shantanu, Ankita Bhowmik, Rambilash Mallick, and Joydeep Mukherjee. "Agronomic Efficiency of Animal-Derived Organic Fertilizers and Their Effects on Biology and Fertility of Soil: A Review." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050823.
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Healthy soils are essential for progressive agronomic activities. Organic fertilization positively affects agro-ecosystems by stimulating plant growth, enhancing crop productivity and fruit quality and improving soil fertility. Soil health and food security are the key elements of Organic Agriculture 3.0. Landfilling and/or open-dumping of animal wastes produced from slaughtering cause environmental pollution by releasing toxic substances, leachate and greenhouse gases. Direct application of animal carcasses to agricultural fields can adversely affect soil microbiota. Effective waste management technologies such as thermal drying, composting, vermicomposting and anaerobic digestion transform animal wastes, making them suitable for soil application by supplying soil high in organic carbon and total nitrogen. Recent agronomic practices applied recycled animal wastes as organic fertilizer in crop production. However, plants may not survive at a high fertilization rate due to the presence of labile carbon fraction in animal wastes. Therefore, dose calculation and determination of fertilizer application frequency are crucial for agronomists. Long-term animal waste-derived organic supplementation promotes copiotrophic microbial abundance due to enhanced substrate affinity, provides micronutrients to soils and protects crops from soil-borne pathogens owing to formation of plant-beneficial microbial consortia. Animal waste-derived organically fertilized soils possess higher urease and acid phosphatase activities. Furthermore, waste to fertilizer conversion is a low-energy requiring process that promotes circular bio-economy. Thus, considering the promotion of soil fertility, microbial abundance, disease protection and economic considerations application of animal-waste-derived organic fertilizer should be the mainstay for sustainable agriculture.
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Bernhardt, Heinz, Mehmet Bozkurt, Reiner Brunsch, Eduardo Colangelo, Andreas Herrmann, Jan Horstmann, Martin Kraft, et al. "Challenges for Agriculture through Industry 4.0." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101935.
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Industry 4.0 is currently considered the structural implementation of networked and cooperative digitalisation and the next step in technological and social development. The aim of this paper is to examine how these structures are also suitable for agriculture and whether there are already approaches to this. Therefore, the main aspects of Industry 4.0 will be analysed and compared with agricultural examples from arable farming and livestock farming. The study shows that the approaches of Industry 4.0 are also useful for agriculture. However, they must be adapted to agriculture, as it has a different basic structure. As in industry, it is also evident in agriculture that there is still a need for action in the organisational and technical networking of systems.
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Alabi, O., O. O. Banwo, and S. O. Alabi. "Crop pest management and food security in Nigerian agriculture." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 39, no. 6 (December 2006): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400500383693.
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