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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture and politics – Bangladesh'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kawser, Mohammad Abul, and Md Abdus Samad. "Political history of Farakka Barrage and its effects on environment in Bangladesh." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-015-0027-5.

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Soon after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947, India took initiative to construct a barrage on its side of the Ganges and commissioned it in 1975. In the past few decades, many of the 54 Bangladeshi Rivers that originate in India have either been diverted or dammed upstream, inside India. All of these hydro-developmental initiatives have left a profound impact on Bangladesh as it is at the receiving end of the Himalayan fluvial regime. In particular, Bangladesh’s agriculture, fisheries, and human health and wellbeing are reported to have been significantly affected by the disruption of natural water flow in its rivers. The debate over the water sharing issues between India and Bangladesh dates back as early as their birth but the historical developments of the disputes have never been adequately addressed in settling the issues. This paper analyzes the political developments in Bangladesh and India over Farakka issue from historical perspectives. It also reveals the adverse effects of Farakka Barrage on environment in Bangladesh. The aim is to provide policy makers with the insights into historical developments of disputes centred on Farakka Barrage to contribute towards better water governance.

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2

Bhandari, Medani P. "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, a Case Study of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan." SocioEconomic Challenges 5, no. 2 (2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.5(2).35-48.2021.

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Climate change raises the risk on food security, alters the cropping pattern, and secondly, it also plays the triggering role to widen inequality. The South Asian region is home to nearly half of the poor and malnourished population of the world. In South Asia — Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan encounter similar climate induced changes though they differ in their socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions. The physiological population densities (farming population per unit of agricultural land) suggest that these countries belong to the threat zone in terms of climate change impact on agriculture. It has been obvious that any unfavorable climatic conditions mean poor agricultural growth which will have serious ramification on the countries’ economies. Poverty induces poverty; because of the rudimentary technologies used in agriculture, more manpower is needed for farming thus encouraging couples to increase family manpower to invest on farming, which might lead to overpopulation. This paper evaluates how climate change has direct impact on the agricultural development and broader economic growth in the global context and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). Paper unveils the climate change induced challenges in agriculture with the empirical evidence, elaborates the consequences to the farmers livelihood and food security. Based on secondary information, this paper provides climate change risk scenario and recommends few coping strategies to minimize the climate change impact in farming systems and pathway for the future research.

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3

Deb, Uttam, and Muhammad Al Amin. "Impact of the Doha round negotiation on Bangladesh agriculture." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 10, no. 2 (June 21, 2011): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770021111140307.

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4

Ahmed, Miyan Rukunuddin. "Unseen workers: A sociocultural profile of women in Bangladesh agriculture." Society & Natural Resources 5, no. 4 (October 1992): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929209380800.

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5

Azmat, Fara. "Reforms in the Bangladesh agriculture input sector: room for complacency?" Contemporary South Asia 17, no. 4 (November 20, 2009): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584930903071929.

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6

Sraboni, Esha, Hazel J. Malapit, Agnes R. Quisumbing, and Akhter U. Ahmed. "Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture: What Role for Food Security in Bangladesh?" World Development 61 (September 2014): 11–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.025.

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7

Khisa, Manila. "Decentralization of Public Services and the Role of Local Government in Rural Development: Findings From Bangladesh." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i1.16612.

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Over the past few decades, decentralizing public services and rendering administrative power to the local government institutions has become a popularly followed strategy to accelerate development in the rural areas. Since its independence till date, Bangladesh has taken quite a number of decentralization initiatives in the areas of health, education, agriculture and small industry promotional activities. This study has adopted secondary data analysis method to examine the degree of rural development made through decentralized public service delivery by the local government institutions of Bangladesh. The study suggests that, despite some improvement, the local governments in Bangladesh have not managed to bring significant changes at the rural level due to political supremacy, administrative and financial incapacity. The study concluded with identifying the changes that are necessary in the areas of resource accumulation and management, financial and administrative decision making system, political and bureaucratic capacity.

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8

Islam, Mohammad Rafiqul. "Economic Growth Rates and Exports of Bangladesh: The Bengal Tiger?" South Asia Research 39, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019861760.

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Global images of Bangladesh as a desperately poor country in need of foreign aid require revision in light of recent statistics that confirm impressive economic growth rates despite protracted political problems and climate-related risks. The article presents and discusses statistical evidence relating to recent economic growth rates of Bangladesh in terms of export, import and gross domestic product. This confirms the status of the country as a new tiger economy, moving away from its traditional dependence on agriculture. However, excessive reliance on exports of ready-made garments is found to be risky, while a more balanced growth model with a diverse basket of exports seems advisable.

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9

LUDDEN, DAVID. "Country Politics and Agrarian Systems: Land grab on Bengal frontiers, 1750–1800." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (March 2017): 319–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000731.

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AbstractThe forceful expropriation of land, labour, water, and other productive resources is fundamental for processes of agricultural expansion and intensification. What is known today as ‘land grab’ was theorized by Marx as ‘primitive accumulation’ and by David Harvey as ‘accumulation by dispossession’. Today it is most prominent and controversial in Africa, where the governments of India and China are major perpetrators; and it also drives most contemporary urban expansion in India and China. This article deploys David Washbrook's idea of ‘country politics’ to explore the process of land grabbing in the early-modern expansion of agrarian Bengal, where local peasant society and worldwide imperial political economy came together to expand frontiers of farming in what is now the Sylhet District of Bangladesh.

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10

Ahmed, Saleh, and Christopher Cokinos. "How does ecological modernization explain agriculture adaptation in coastal Bangladesh? A critical discussion." Environmental Hazards 16, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2017.1279047.

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11

Khan, Hafiz T. A., and Twyeafur Rahman. "Women’s participations in economic and NGO activities in Bangladesh." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2016): 491–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-09-2015-0097.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key factors affecting the economic involvement of women in Bangladesh and women’s involvement with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) particularly in microcredit operating in that country. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses nationally representative data set. Quantitative analysis was utilised to explore data contained in the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys 2007 and 2011. Findings – The findings indicate that age, marital status, number of children living in the household, place of residence, geographical location, education, partner’s education and the wealth index are important factors in enabling women’s involvement in economic activities. In other words, the key findings emerged from the study are first, the low level of women’s economic activities in Bangladesh with a majority involved in farming, agriculture and poultry; second, those women involved in the labour market generally tended to come from poor backgrounds, have very little education, live in the Northwest geographical region and have a large family living in the same house; and finally, age, currently married, having a higher number of children, living in rural areas, from the Northwest region with almost no education and belonging to the poor wealth index quintile are found to be associated more with NGO activities in Bangladesh. Social implications – The findings indicate there are potential barriers that are preventing Bangladeshi women from engaging in the labour market that could reinforce the case for reshaping the government’s labour policies. The study reveals that the recent economic crisis has no significant impact on the women labour force participation as well their involvement in NGO activities in Bangladesh. It is generally understood that enhancing women’s economic participation and NGO activities has a positive impact at family, community and country levels. The study concludes that investing in women, particularly in creating employment opportunities including NGO sectors can help the country as a safeguard even during the economic crisis. It is anticipated that the findings will help policy-makers in enhancing female labour force participation as well as encouraging them to engage in NGO activities in Bangladesh. Originality/value – The research paper is original in terms of conceptual framework, research design and statistical analysis.

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12

van Schendel, Willem. "The Invention of the ‘Jummas’: State Formation and Ethnicity in Southeastern Bangladesh." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (February 1992): 95–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015961.

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This paper deals with socio-cultural innovation in the hills of southeastern Bangladesh. Outsiders have always been struck by the ethnic diversity of this area. The literature—written mainly by British civil servants, Bengali men of letters, and European anthropologists—presents a picture of twelve distinct ‘tribes’, all practising swidden or shifting agriculture, locally known asjhumcultivation. In addition, there are Bengali immigrants who do not engage in swidden cultivation.

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13

Akter, Shaheen, Mahesh K. Gathala, Jagadish Timsina, Saiful Islam, Mahbubur Rahman, Mustafa Kamrul Hassan, and Anup Kumar Ghosh. "Adoption of conservation agriculture-based tillage practices in the rice-maize systems in Bangladesh." World Development Perspectives 21 (March 2021): 100297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100297.

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14

Sraboni, Esha, and Agnes Quisumbing. "Women’s empowerment in agriculture and dietary quality across the life course: Evidence from Bangladesh." Food Policy 81 (December 2018): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.09.001.

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15

RASUL, GOLAM. "Political ecology of the degradation of forest commons in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003888.

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Indigenous people have widely been blamed for degrading South Asia's montane forest resources through the practice of shifting cultivation, yet some studies have revealed that indigenous people used forests in a sustainable way for centuries until external intervention. The history of external intervention in the forests of South Asia is more than two centuries old. The process of degradation of forest resources requires understanding of the political and social processes that condition access, control and management of the land and resources involved. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, a part of the Himalayan region, underwent essentially the same socio-political and historical processes as many other countries in the region and had very similar experiences in forest management. By examination of policies and associated effects on CHT forest over the past two centuries, this paper reveals that the process of forest degradation in the CHT started during the British colonial period with the nationalization of forests, establishment of reserve forests (RFs), management of forests by government agencies and weakening of traditional institutions. The process of degradation was accelerated by: privatization of forest land for the promotion of sedentary agriculture, horticulture and rubber plantation; the construction of a hydraulic dam on the Karnafuli River; the settlement of lowland people; and the constant conflict between indigenous people and the Forest Department. The degradation of CHT forests is not only the result of traditional agricultural practices, but also of many other factors including inappropriate policies and programmes.

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16

Huq, Hamidul, and Khalid Md Bahauddin. "Exploring Approaches to Fresh Water Storage and Uses for Irrigation in Salinized Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh." Management of Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msd-2019-0005.

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Abstract The agricultural system of coastal regions of Bangladesh is heavily dependent on environmental factors such as the timing, intensity and distribution of the monsoon, soil salinity and the availability of freshwater for irrigation. This study explores and documents the farmers’ practices of innovative approaches to fresh water storage and uses in the agriculture and irrigation in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. The study was mostly qualitative in nature but some quantitative primary data were collected based on the study objectives. Primary data were collected through in-depth individual interviews, group discussions, focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The data collection for this study was carried out in the Bajua and Laodob union of Dacope upazilla of Khulna district. This study found that the mainstay of the economy of the study areas is agriculture (51.67% for the Bajua and 50.43% for the Laodob union) and bulk of the local population is dependent on farming. The study found that in 2009 the shrimp farming is being stopped in the study areas by collective efforts of villagers, local political leaders and different NGOs. These areas are now affected by severe water scarcity problems and due to lack of water sources and the increasing salinity, the people in the study areas cultivate rice (Aman) once a year, but now produce robi crops in the summer season. Farmers depend mainly on rainwater, canals, ponds and rivers. It noted that groundwater for irrigation using deep tube wall is failed in the study areas because groundwater lever has already gone very down. This study explored that the increasing salinity, lack of water sources, with temperatures rising, the recurrent natural extremes are impacting on agriculture intensifying the vicious cycle of hunger and poverty are becoming more frequent especially in the summer season. It is interestingly noted that the farmers in the study areas dig small/ mini ponds beside agriculture land during rainy season for storing freshwater which are used in summer season for irrigating robi crops because in summer season, the salinity increases in soil and water and, canal and river become silted. This study revealed that because of high salinity in groundwater and surface water, the people of the study areas use rainwater collecting it in the rainy season and storing it for use during the dry season. However, within a short period, insects begin to breed and nuisances created in the water which affects the quality of water using for irrigation and drinking. To prevent this from happening, some people keep two or three Kai fish (Climbing Perch) in the container to eat insects and keep the water clean and, free of nuisances. This study also importantly noted that to keep the stored rainwater free from any nuisances, some people of the study areas place a paste made from two or three pieces of raw turmeric wrapped in a clean cloth into the water container. They use this as herbal repellant in the form of turmeric in order to keep stored rainwater free of pollution. Communities developed these practices out of necessity and these practices are not tested scientifically, but people believe in their efficacy.

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17

Sen, Binayak, Paul Dorosh, and Mansur Ahmed. "Moving out of agriculture in Bangladesh: The role of farm, non-farm and mixed households." World Development 144 (August 2021): 105479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105479.

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18

Quisumbing, Agnes, Akhter Ahmed, John Hoddinott, Audrey Pereira, and Shalini Roy. "Designing for empowerment impact in agricultural development projects: Experimental evidence from the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages (ANGeL) project in Bangladesh." World Development 146 (October 2021): 105622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105622.

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19

Zakaria, Muhammad, Xi Junyang, and Bashir Ahmed Fida. "Trade Openness, Malnourishment and Income Inequality in South Asia." African and Asian Studies 15, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341114.

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The paper empirically examines the effects of trade liberalization on undernourishment and income inequality in South Asian countries (sacs). For empirical analysis data is collected for the period 1972-2013 for five South Asian countries which include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Panel fixed effect technique is used to estimate the model. The estimated results reveal that undernourishment has decreased while income inequality has increased in the region after liberalization. Economic development has reduced both undernourishment and income inequality. The results also endorse the role of agriculture factors in reducing undernourishment and the role of education, urban bias, and political democratization in reducing income inequality in sacs. These results are robust to alternative equation specifications and openness measures. The results provide some important policy implications. It is suggested that South Asian countries have to cope with the problem of malnourishment with high agriculture development and economic growth.

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20

Roy, PK, S. Haque, A. Jannat, M. Ali, and MS Khan. "Contribution of women to household income and decision making in some selected areas of Mymensingh in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 28, no. 2 (August 9, 2017): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v28i2.33473.

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The study was conducted to measure the contribution of women to their household income, to analyze the pattern of womens participation in decision making process, their perceptions and impact of income on decision making process. The study was carried out at three villages of Mymensingh Sadar Upazila. Data were collected from 50 rural households by random sampling technique with a structured questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by using tabular and different statistical techniques. The results of the study showed that the pattern of womens contribution to household income has been changed. In the study area, women were participating in various income generating activities such as crop production, post-harvest activities, poultry rearing, management of livestock and fisheries, etc. Male and female rendered their involvement in income generating activities for 220 man-days and 204 man-days per year, respectively. The average annual womens contribution to household income was estimated at Tk. 42000 per year which was about 43.52 percent of the total household income. The multiple regression analysis showed that womens income was positively related with womens education and farm size but negatively related with age, family size and indebtedness. A logistic regression analysis showed that womens participation in decision making process was negatively related with family size, but positively related with respondents age, education, farm size, income and occupation. Women rendered a great deal of contribution in making decision on post-harvest operation, management of production activities, selling of crops, rearing poultry, goat and cattle, purchasing of agricultural inputs, etc. To reduce their economic, social and political constraints, the study suggested providing logistic supports such as health care facility, credit facility, input supply, agricultural extension services, need-based training, etc. in order to increase their participation in income generating activities and different household decision making events.Progressive Agriculture 28 (2): 120-129, 2017

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21

Asif, Abdulla Al, and Md Ahsan Bin Habib. "Socio-economic condition of fish farmers of Jhikargachha upazila in Jessore district, Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i4.35337.

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The present study was conducted to assess the livelihood status of fish farmers and socioeconomic condition in the Jhikargachha upazila, Jessore, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 50 fish farmers for a period of six months from June 2016 to November 2016. The study indicated that 38% of the farmers were in age structure of 50-60 years, 44 farmers (88%) were Muslims and others Hindu (12%). About 82% farmers had a primary occupation of agriculture and others were involved in business (8%), service (4%) and politics (4%). It was found that, 66% farmers had joint family and others lived in separated family (34%). Majority (44 farmers) respondents had concrete house and rest of (6 farmers) had semi-concrete house. Almost (44%) farmers used concrete toilet and rest of farmers used semi-concrete (56%). All the respondents used to drink tube well water for drinking and other household works. Out of 50 fish farmers, 4% had no education (illiterate), 36% had primary education, 42% secondary level (Up to X), 10% S.S.C., 4% H.S.C. and 4% bachelor level of education. In the study area, 32% of the farmers had ponds of 34-66 dec, 28% had pond of 15-33 dec, 14% had ponds of up to 100 dec, 22% had ponds of 101-330 dec and 4% had ponds of 330-above dec. It was found that, 62% farmers had training on fish farming and rest 38% farmers had no training on fish farming. Among 50 farmers 64% farmers were found used to invest their own credit and rest 36% farmers took loan from bank, NGO, money lender and broker agency. Most of the farmers were interested to stock rui, catla and mrigal and other species. In the study area, cow dung was used by 50 (100%) of farmers, 47 farmers used urea, 40 farmers used TSP and 34 farmers used MoP. It was found that, 40% farmers produced fish between 1001 kg – 2000 kg/year and 17 (34%) farmers produced 3001 kg-above/year. The highest income was 3,30,75,000Tk/Year and the lowest income from a pond was 20000 Tk/Year. In the study area, every farmer had at least one mobile phone. Almost 96% farmers were used to go MBBS doctor and only 4% to homeopathic treatment.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 462-475

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22

Gillespie, Stuart, John Hoddinott, Nicholas Nisbett, Shams Arifeen, and Mara van den Bold. "Evidence to Action: Highlights From Transform Nutrition Research (2012-2017)." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 3 (August 5, 2018): 335–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118788155.

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Background: The Transform Nutrition ( Transform) research consortium (2012-2017), led by the International Food Policy Research Institute, sought to generate evidence to inform and inspire action to address undernutrition in 4 high-burden countries (India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Ethiopia) and globally. Objective: Within the context of the literature, this synthesis article brings together core findings of Transform, highlighting priorities for future research. Methods: This article uses a narrative approach to synthesize diverse study findings that collectively address Transform’s three primary research questions: (1) How can nutrition-specific interventions be appropriately designed, implemented, scaled, and sustained in different settings?; (2) How can the nutritional impact of social protection and agriculture be improved?; and (3) How can enabling environments be promoted so as to use existing political and economic resources more effectively? Results: Highlights of Transform include (1) improved understanding of the relative effectiveness of different combinations of nutrition-specific interventions and the ways in which they can be scaled for maximal impact; (2) evidence that shows that social protection and agriculture need to be explicitly linked to nutrition in order to contribute to stunting reduction; (3) identification of key components of “enabling environments” for nutrition and how they can be cultivated/sustained; (4) research that examines ways in which leaders emerge and operate to change the political and policy landscape in different settings; and (5) “stories of change” that provide in-depth contextual knowledge of how transformative change has been driven in countries that have made inroads in reducing malnutrition. The conclusion highlights the contributions of the consortium and provides recommendations for future research.

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23

Kabir, M. S., MU Salam, AKMS Islam, M. A. R. Sarkar, MAA Mamun, MC Rahman, B. Nessa, et al. "Doubling Rice Productivity in Bangladesh: A Way to Achieving SDG 2 and Moving Forward." Bangladesh Rice Journal 24, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v24i2.53447.

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Built on deep-rooted political and cultural heritage, ‘rice security’ is the foundation of ‘food security’ in Bangladesh. The country has been in production-surplus of rice in the current decade feeding over 165 million people. This on-going ‘selfsufficiency momentum’ would require to maintain to meet increased demand from growing future population. On developmental side, Bangladesh is placed among the three of the world’s fastest growing economies in the years through to 2050. Rice sector would need to match with the pace of this growth. In addition, agriculture sector, that includes rice, is to double the productivity as the government commits to meet the SDG goal 2.3.1. This study addresses those issues through scoping increased rice production and productivity in Bangladesh, developing a plan of work (POW) on translating the scope and designing implementation plans and actions, incorporating efficiency, resilience, stability and sustainability issues, to achieve the POW. The study has used brainstorming, and rigorous analysis to achieve the objectives. The productivity has been explained in terms of yield- and labour-productivity. The developed three-winged ‘doubling rice productivity (DRP)’ framework directs yield enhancement and production accumulation in unexplored spaces (Wing-1); increased adoption of mechanization to impact on labour productivity (Wing-2), and improvements in nutritional quality and rice-based product diversity, and stabilizing the farmgate price (Wing-3). Analyses show, from the baseline figure of 35.29 MT in 2015, rice production in the country can be raised to 46.90 MT in 2030, 54.09 MT in 2040 and 60.85 MT in 2050 with combined contributions of three pillars – yield improvements by enhanced varietal potential (Pillar 1), reduction in existing yield gap (Pillar 2) and production increase by exploring unexplored spaces for rice (Pillar 3) of Wing-1 of the DRP. This production will produce a surplus of 6.50, 10.29 and 13.65 MT in 2030, 2040 and 2050, respectively, over the production target (40.40, 43.80 and 47.20 MT in 2030 and 2050, respectively). Results further reveal that through scale-appropriate mechanization backed up by estimated fair price, labour productivity in rice will be doubled by 2029, meeting the SDG 2.3.1. Good number of released varieties have been identified to have specific nutritional trait, and value adding quality. We have emphasized on much needed actions on demand-driven research for varietal development and field-adoptable management, mechanization for transplanting and harvesting operations, accommodation of rice in unexplored spaces, farmer-based speedy seed multiplication and dissemination system, establishment of commission for agricultural costs and prices, input buffer stock terminals for managing production risk, long-term storage and export of surplus production, and research-publicity-market development for rice-based products through public-private partnership. It is concluded that efficiency, resilience and sustainability around the three wings of DRP in the rice production systems to be ensured to achieve the rice production, productivity and labour use estimates. Bangladesh Rice J. 24 (2): 1-47, 2021

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24

Richards, J. F., James R. Hagen, and Edward S. Haynes. "Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850–1970." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007770.

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Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.

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Tanjeela, Mumita. "Female Leadership in the Local Governments: Reconstruction of Traditional Gender Identity of Women in Rural Bangladesh." Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 28, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.028.01.0086.

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The local government bodies of Bangladesh have always been dominated and controlled by men––the traditional power holders. Bangladeshi rural women are mostly confined to household chores and engaged in subsistence agricultural activities due to the patriarchal social system and a rigid gender division of labour. Moreover, women’s lives are controlled by cultural and religious gender norms which limit their mobility in public spaces and political participation. Hence, women’s participation in local government has always been a symbol of tokenism up until the introduction of a direct election system for women. Given this context, this study explores how Bangladeshi rural women have proved themselves to be the change-makers in the rural society and what influencing factors supported them in reconstructing their traditional gender identities despite social and structural constraints. The study was conducted through a qualitative inquiry by adopting a case study approach. Data and information for the study were collected through 12 in-depth (IDI) interviews of elected female Union Parishads (lowest local administrative unit) (UP) chairpersons, UP members and Upazila (subdistrict local administration council) female vice chairpersons along with four focus group discussions and five key informant interviews from four selected districts of Bangladesh. This study concluded that these female leaders are enormously motivated and committed to reshaping their traditional gender identity and altering unequal gender power relations that predominantly factor in the rural social fabric of Bangladesh.

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26

Begum, Afroza. "Politics in Bangladesh." Journal of Asian and African Studies 44, no. 2 (March 17, 2009): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909608096658.

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27

., Ghulam Mohey-ud-din, and Muhammad Wasif Siddiqui. "Determinants of GDP Fluctuations in Selected South Asian Countries: A Macro-Panel Study." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.483-497.

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Now a days, the issue of volatility in GDP is becoming a fundamental development concern due to the undeniable connections between volatility and lack of development. In addition, the recognition of the negative link between short-term fluctuations and long-term growth not only signifies the importance of exploring this link but also stresses the importance of studying the determinants of the GDP fluctuations so that the efforts to manage these fluctuations can be made. Therefore, keeping in view, the importance of studying the factor causing fluctuations in GDP, the present study aims at exploring the determinants of GDP fluctuations using macro panel approach in a panel of five selected South Asian countries (SSAC) including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka over the period of 1980- 2010. For this purpose, modern non-stationary panel techniques such as cross section dependence test, second generation unit root test under cross sectional dependence, panel cointegration and Group Mean Fully Modified OLS (GM-FMOLS) estimation are applied. The results of the group mean FMOLS estimates show that aid dependence (AIDGDP), trade openness (OPEN), volatility in the price level (PRIVOL), reliance on agriculture (AGRGDP) and political stability (POLSTB) are the significant determinants of the GDP fluctuations. Thus, it is suggested that these determinants may be managed to reduce the volatility in GDP growth rate. JEL Classification: E32, F44, N15 Keywords: Determinants of GDP Fluctuations, Determinants of GDP Volatility, South Asia, Group Mean FMOLS, Panel Cointegration, Macro Panel, Business Cycle Fluctuations

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28

Alam, M. S., M. R. Alam, and K. K. Islam. "Energy Flow in Agriculture: Bangladesh." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 1, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2005.213.220.

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29

Yosef, Sivan, Andrew D. Jones, Barnali Chakraborty, and Stuart Gillespie. "Agriculture and Nutrition in Bangladesh." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 36, no. 4 (October 7, 2015): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572115609195.

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30

Al-Salim, Farid. "Politics of Agriculture." Journal of Palestine Studies 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.107.

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31

Ahmed, Nizam U. "Parliamentary politics in Bangladesh." Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 32, no. 3 (November 1994): 364–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14662049408447689.

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32

Deb, L., MAR Sarkar, MAB Siddique, and R. Begum. "Is Agricultural Credit Programme Effective in Boro Cultivation? Evidence from State-owned Bank of Mymensingh District." Bangladesh Rice Journal 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v24i1.53242.

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High input-intensive Boro rice cultivation needs substantial agricultural credit for the resource-poor Bangladeshi farmers. An investigation was conducted at Fulbaria upazila of Mymensingh district to assess loan attainment cost from Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB) and its utilization pattern; evaluate the effects of credit on Boro cultivation, and identify the major drivers of the agricultural credit programme. For the study, 140 farmers were divided into two groups: those who took a loan from BKB and those who did not. Results revealed that the borrowers had to pay Tk 10.23 for getting a hundred taka loan from BKB most of which was an unofficial cost. More than half of the obtained loan was used for Boro cultivation whereas 21% was used for family consumption and the rest (25%) was used for other purposes such as reimbursement of the previous loan from formal and informal sources, wedding and other income-generating activities including petty business. BKB credit borrowers obtained more benefits through Boro cultivation than non-borrowers. The major strengths of the BKB’s agricultural credit programme were well-established infrastructure, experienced manpower, country-wide network, and lower interest rate. Whereas complex and lengthy institutional procedures, the inevitability of collateral and poor institutional capacity were being revealed as the weaknesses of the programme. Prevalence of brokers or corrupt officials and political influence were identified as the major constraints for the loan acquirement. More advanced research is recommended, with an emphasis on agricultural credit programmes, to ensure their effectiveness. Bangladesh Rice J. 24 (1): 85-95, 2020

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33

Faroque, MAA, MA Kashem, and SE Bilkis. "Sustainable Agriculture: A Challenge in Bangladesh." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, no. 1-2 (February 22, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13922.

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The sustainability of conventional agriculture in Bangladesh is under threat from the continuous degradation of land and water resources, and from declining yields due to indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals. Government is pursuing efforts to promote sustainable agriculture with emphasis on better use of on-farm resources and the reduction of external inputs. This paper presents four dimensions of agricultural sustainability as productivity, environmental stability, economical profitability, and social and economic equity. Six characters were selected to evaluate sustainability. Significant differences were found between the two systems (conventional and sustainable agriculture) in crop diversification, soil fertility management, pests and diseases management, use of agrochemicals and environmental issues. However, no significant variations were found in other indicators such as land-use pattern, crop yield and stability, risk and uncertainties, and food security. Although crop yield and financial return were found to be slightly higher in the conventional system, the economic return and value addition per unit of land did not show any difference. It can be suggested that sustainable agriculture has a tendency towards becoming environmental, economically and socially more sound than conventional agriculture, as it requires considerably less agro-chemicals, adds more organic matter to the soil, provides balanced food, and requires higher local inputs without markedly compromising output and financial benefits. Broad-policy measures, including the creation of mass awareness of adverse health effects of agrochemical-based products, are outlined for the promotion of sustainable agriculture.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13922 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 1-8, December, 2011

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34

Kumar, Anand. "Domestic Politics of Bangladesh and India–Bangladesh Relations." Strategic Analysis 38, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 652–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2014.941214.

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35

Ilbery, B. W., Graham Cox, Philip Lowe, and Michael Winter. "Agriculture: People and Politics." Geographical Journal 153, no. 2 (July 1987): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/634915.

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36

O'riordan, Timothy. "Agriculture, people and politics." Journal of Rural Studies 3, no. 3 (January 1987): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(87)90076-3.

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37

REICH, MICHAEL R. "Bangladesh pharmaceutical policy and politics." Health Policy and Planning 9, no. 2 (1994): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/9.2.130.

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38

Kumar, Upendra. "Accentuating the Politics of Bangladesh." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 6, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942703/ijhss-v6i6p113.

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39

Huque, Ahmed Shafiqul, Mohammad Mohabbat Khan, and John P. Thorp. "Bangladesh. Society, Politics and Bureaucracy." Pacific Affairs 59, no. 2 (1986): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758982.

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40

Islam, Nurul. "Bangladesh agriculture: Growth, stability and poverty alleviation." Journal of International Development 3, no. 4 (1991): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.4010030403.

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41

Roy, Indrajit, M. A. Razzaque, and A. K. Dey Sarker. "Transfer of Technology Systems in Bangladesh Agriculture." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 3, no. 1 (July 1993): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119930104.

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42

Rahman, Sanzidur. "Regional Productivity and Convergence in Bangladesh Agriculture." Journal of Developing Areas 41, no. 1 (2008): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2008.0012.

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43

Dayal, E. "Sources of Labor Productivity in Bangladesh Agriculture." GeoJournal 20, no. 3 (March 1990): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00642994.

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44

Rahman, K. M. M., and M. A. Islam. "Nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Bangladesh: a review." Food Security 6, no. 5 (August 21, 2014): 671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-014-0380-2.

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45

Ghosh, Mithun Kumar, Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Rezuana Fariha, Md Obaidul Bari, and Mst Arina Parvin. "Women Empowerment through Agriculture in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.235.

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Women constitute almost half of the population of Bangladesh and are heavily involved in different agricultural activities though their contributions are neglected as mainstream labor force which hinders their expected development. Considering this fact, the present study was designed to determine the women empowerment through agriculture in Chapainawabganj, a northern district of the country. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face to face interview from randomly selected sample size of 120 respondents from four selected village namely Babudying, Hossaindying, Ramjibonpur and Thakurjoubon in Chapainawabganj district. The main findings indicated that about 83.3% respondents were middle age and 60% of the respondents were illiterate with 56.7% belonged to small size family which consists of up to 4 members. Agriculture was the main occupation among the respondents. Most of the respondents were found without own land although they continue their livelihood mostly by crop production, livestock rearing, and day laboring. They take lease (23.3%) of cultivable land from others. The respondents had an average monthly family income of about 9351.38 BDT whereas 95% of the respondents were under medium income category. The respondents had no extension contact (0%), having high farming experience (50%) and no cosmopolitan behavior (0%). Most of the respondents (71.7%) were unable to make their own decision and 33.3% of the respondents had educational rights. The economic participation rate of the respondents was very high (100%), on the other hand they had no economic opportunities (0%). The attitude of the respondents towards women empowerment were mostly moderately favorable (70%). Most of the respondents of the study area were lied between low to medium empowerment (96.7%) with minimal high empowerment (3.30%). Study suggests that there is need a lot of work for women to improve their present condition. Government and Non-government organizations should take proper step to decrease gender discrimination as well as ensure women’s fundamental rights to make their life easy and make them more empowered.

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Parveen, Saila, and I. M. Faisal. "Trading virtual water between Bangladesh and India: a politico-economic dilemma." Water Policy 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0035.

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The extent of virtual water trade and its significance for the food security of Bangladesh have been examined in the light of political and socio-economic considerations that govern the food grain trade between Bangladesh and India. It has been shown that while there are no physical constraints preventing such a trade, prevailing political relations, market conditions, agricultural and food policies, the state of the economies and climatic conditions may play important roles in determining the extent of trade. In the context of rapid population growth and potential future shortage of cultivable land and irrigation water in the dry season, the paper suggests that food security may be redefined as “food self-reliance” instead of “food self-sufficiency”.

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47

Thiers, Paul. "The Politics of Sustainable Agriculture." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 2 (June 1996): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038649.

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48

Nelson, John. "The politics of industrial agriculture." Food Policy 19, no. 6 (December 1994): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(94)90051-5.

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49

Bairagi, Subir, and Muntaseer Kamal. "Is Bangladesh’s Economy Approaching the Lewis Turning Point?" South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2019): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418822208.

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During the last decade, Bangladesh economy grew consistently over 6 per cent annually; however, growth rate in the agriculture sector declined. Labour away from agriculture is evident; it is also evident real wages in the agriculture sector are rising. This could be an indication that Bangladesh is moving to a different stage of economic development. This article investigates whether Bangladesh is approaching a stage of economic development where marginal productivity of labour equals its price, called the Lewis turning point (LTP). We find that the reallocation of labour away from agriculture has had a positive but insignificant impact on economic growth in Bangladesh. We also find that the surplus agricultural labour has not fully been absorbed by the economy. Therefore, we conclude Bangladesh has yet to reach the LTP and suggest initiating policies (e.g., job creation in the service sector) that might speed up the country’s movement to the LTP. JEL: O11, O17, O41, O53

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50

Hossain, Golam. "Bangladesh in 1995: Politics of Intransigence." Asian Survey 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645817.

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