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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture and state – Botswana'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Vossen, Paul. "Rainfall and Agricultural Production in Botswana." Afrika Focus 6, no. 2 (January 26, 1990): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00602004.

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The interannual variability of traditional, rainfed agricultural production of Botswana, a country with a typical semi-arid climate, is almost completely accounted for by the quality of the rainy season. It appears that the variability of the national cattle death ratio, total planted area and crop yield are, for more than 95% accounted for by rainy season conditions. As a result, also the nutritional state of the population highly correlates with rainfall. Despite the severe droughts of 1978/79and1985/86, farmers were not discouraged to practice agriculture: in fact, crop production shows a significant positive time trend which becomes apparent, when the trend and the rainy season conditions are analysed in combination with each other. As part of this study, models were developed and validated for a precise and areawise agricultural rainy season quality monitoring and for national agricultural production forecasting in Botswana. One of these models could possibly also be used for the areawise assessment of risks for malnutrition of children under five years old.

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2

Matandare, Mufaro Andrew, Patricia Masego Makepe, Lekgatlhamang Setlhare, and Jonah Bajaki Tlhalefang. "Crop Production, Livestock Production and Economic Growth in Botswana (1990-2017): An Application of ARDL Model." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (September 3, 2021): 1500–1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1500-1508.4325.

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There are few studies in Botswana which have examined the relationship between agriculture and economic growth. The uniqueness of this study is grounded in investigating disintegrated agriculture components into crop production and livestock production and investigating their nexus with economic growth. This study estimated the short and long term effects between crop production, livestock production and economic growth in Botswana for the period 1990 to 2017. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) bounds testing approach was employed to investigate the stated relationship. Study findings from the ARDL bound testing approach confirm evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between crop production, livestock production and economic growth. Results indicated that livestock production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. On the other hand crop production has a positive and significant impact on economic growth only in the long run. Efforts towards supporting agricultural sector growth should be emphasized to promote agricultural sector productivity in a bid to forge a move away from dependence on imports of food in Botswana. To enhance economic growth, in both the short run and long run, the government of Botswana and all relevant stakeholders should invest in and promote livestock production. In the long term, policies that foster crop production are essential for economic growth.

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3

Bwalya, Kelvin Joseph. "Botswana's Novel Approaches for Knowledge-Based Economy Facilitation." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicthd.2010010104.

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The Vision 2016, which is a set of strategic plans desired to position Botswana at the completive edge of the socio-economic hierarchy in Africa, is being implemented with concerted efforts from both the private and the public sector, including ordinary citizens. One of the major motivations for drawing this strategy has been the desire to transform Botswana from a resource and industry-based (e.g. agriculture and diamond mining) to knowledge-based economy. This has come from the realisation that in order to compete favourably at a global scale, there is need to put in place efficient knowledge value chains. To this course, several initiatives have been devised and/or implemented by both the government and the public sector. This article surveys the fundamental concepts on which this paradigm shift is hinged and brings out the different issues, initiatives and policies (such as Information and Communications Technology development, nurturing of an appropriate human resource base by way of strategic human resource development plans, investment in intellectual capital, etc.) that have been done so far in Botswana. The article, however, does not claim that it offers a compendium of existing programs towards a knowledgebased economy initiated by Botswana. The article posits that although significant strides have been scored in Botswana’s efforts towards a knowledge-based economy, a lot more needs to be done if it were to compete favourably at an international stage.

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4

Lee, Joan. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Sustainable Agriculture Research, Vol. 7, No. 1." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p156.

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Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 1Aftab Alam, Vice President Agriculture (R&D), Edenworks Inc. New York, United StatesAhmed Ghannam, University of Strasbourg, FranceAmor Slama, Science Faculty of Bizerte, TunisiaBed Mani Dahal, Kathmandu University, NepalBenedict Jonathan Kayombo, Botswana College of Agriculture, BotswanaBeye Amadou Moustapha, Rice Research Center, Cote d'IvoireCarlos Enrrik Pedrosa, Alis - Bom Despacho - MG, BrazilClara Ines Pardo Martinez, University of La Salle, ColombiaCristina Bianca Pocol, University of Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine of Cluj Napoca, RomaniaEntessar Mohammad Al JBawi, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, SyriaFrancesco Sunseri, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria - Italy, ItalyGema Parra, Universidad de Jaén, SpainInder Pal Singh, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University (GADVASU), IndiaJanakie Shiroma Saparamadu, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Sri LankaJiun-Yan Loh, UCSI University, MalaysiaKatarzyna Panasiewicz, Pozna? University of Life Sciences, Department of Agronomy, PolandManuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), PortugalMarcelo Augusto Gonçalves Bardi, Universidade Sao Francisco, BrazilMaren Langhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, GermanyMehmet Yagmur, Ahi Evran University, TurkeyMrutyunjay Swain, Sardar Patel University, IndiaMukantwali Christine, Rwanda Agriculture Board, RwandaMurtazain Raza, Subsidiary of Habib Bank AG Zurich, PakistanPelin Günç Ergönül, Celal Bayar University, TurkeyRaghuveer Sripathi, Advanta US, Inc., USARam Swaroop Jat, ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, IndiaRoberto José Zoppolo, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Uruguay), UruguaySilviu Beciu, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, RomaniaStefano Marino, University of Molise, ItalySubbu Kumarappan, Ohio State ATI, United StatesSubhash Chand, Central Agricultural Research Institute CARI Port Blair, IndiaTenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Ethiopia

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5

Moatshe, Onkgolotse G., Vallantino E. Emongor, and Patrick K. Mashiqa. "Genotype Effect on Proximate and Mineral Analysis of Safflower as a Green Leafy Vegetable." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p260.

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Two field trials were carried out at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Content Farm (59o24′S, 95o25′E and 993 m above sea level) in Southern Region of Botswana, to evaluate the effects of genotypes on proximate and mineral composition of safflower leaves. Five safflower genotypes (Kiama composite (local), Sina-PI-537598, Gila-PI-537692, PI-537636 and PI-527710) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. During the rosette stage safflower leaves (both petiole and blade) were harvested, dried, and ground for analysis. The results showed that safflower genotypes significantly varied in the leaf proximate content of crude protein (24-28%), crude fibre (8-14%), moisture content (86-87%) and dry matter content (13-14%) in both winter and summer growing seasons. The genotype ‘Sina’ had the highest crude fibre content compared to other genotypes. The average leaf mineral content significantly (p < 0.05) varied from 2-3 mg g-1 phosphorus, 3-4 mg g-1 calcium, 5-6 mg g-1 sodium, 15-17 mg g-1 magnesium and 15-18 mg g-1 potassium. The Na:K and Ca:P ratios ranged between 0.18 and 3.41. All the safflower genotypes evaluated had sufficient nutritional content to be used as a green leafy vegetable for human consumption and food security.

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6

Gupta, A. Clare. "Elephants, safety nets and agrarian culture: understanding human-wildlife conflict and rural livelihoods around Chobe National Park, Botswana." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21766.

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Resolving conflict between agricultural livelihoods and wildlife conservation requires a sophisticated understanding of both wildlife ecology and human livelihood decision-making. This case study extends the literature on human-wildlife conflict in Africa by using a political ecology framework to understand how and why farmers in areas of high wildlife disturbance make their farming decisions, and how their strategies are affected by a broader socio-political context that includes, but is not restricted to, wildlife conservation policy. Specifically, this article chronicles the livelihood strategies of smallholder farmers in a village on the edge of Chobe National Park in northern Botswana. This is a place where the state has prioritized wildlife conservation but also supports residents' livelihoods. Because of disturbance from wildlife, especially elephants, protected under conservation law, agricultural production in Chobe is becoming increasingly challenging, even as the government increases its agricultural subsidies and support to small farmers. This results in unexpected farming strategies that reflect the interactive effects of conservation policy and other relevant macro-economic policies that structure the livelihood strategies of rural communities living near protected areas. Future human-wildlife conflict studies must take into account these multi-scalar and multi-dimensional dynamics in order to accurately explain the livelihood strategies of people living in wildlife-populated areas, so that appropriate conservation and development policies can be designed.Keywords: Botswana, wildlife conservation, rural livelihoods, human-wildlife conflict, political ecology

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7

Ranganai, Rubeni Tawanda, Moikwathai Moidaki, and James G. King. "Magnetic Susceptibility of Soils from Eastern Botswana: A Reconnaissance Survey and Potential Applications." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p45.

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<p class="zhengwen">Soil magnetic properties measurements are relatively fast and inexpensive but have been proved to be sufficient for preliminary investigations in diverse socio-developmental issues. This paper presents results of a reconnaissance study of soil colour and magnetic susceptibility (c) in eastern Botswana, where ~80% of the population resides. The work is a first step to creating a database of rock and soil magnetic properties and to document spatial variations in magnetic properties in the country. These measurements are important as constraints for interpretation of available aeromagnetic data and can also be exploited for environmental soil research (pollution) and land-use planning (agriculture). The soils sampled include derivatives of varying types and provenance such as Archean gneissic granitoids, metamorphosed rocks (granulites), volcano-sedimentary assemblages, Karoo basalts, and alluvial sediments. A soil colour chart was used since soil colours and magnetic properties are diagnostic of its parent rock sources and weathering profiles. Soil magnetic susceptibilities were measured at both low frequency (0.46 MHz, clf) and high frequency (4.6 MHz, chf), thus allowing calculation of frequency-dependent susceptibility (cfd, cfd%) for detecting ultra-fine ferromagnetic minerals.</p>It was found that soils with Hues ranging from 7.5YR to 10YR have appreciable amount of magnetic materials and soils with Hues of 2.5YR are generally nonmagnetic. The results of soil magnetic susceptibility profiles show spatial variation closely related to the variation in basement rocks, which provides excellent evidence that the magnetic susceptibility variation reflects basement rocks or bedrock composition (soil parent material). In relation to the Botswana physiographic units, soils from the hardveld (Precambrian) show the highest susceptibilities, followed by those from the sandveld, with the lowest values being from the alluvial. The frequency dependent magnetic susceptibilities indicate the presence of ultra-fine super-paramagnetic minerals such as magnetite/maghemite. It is suggested that a systematic and continuous programme of rock and soil magnetic measurements would benefit various socio-economic and development priority sectors of Botswana. This also applies to many developing countries in Africa where soil physics and measurement of soil susceptibility in particular, is generally still at an embryonic stage.

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8

Selvey, Hannah, Andrew Doll, and Jeff Stephenson. "Exploring Skeletal Preparation Techniques: Recuration of Botswana Mammals from a 1969 Expedition Using TergazymeTM." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e26185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26185.

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We explored the efficiency of TergazymeTM bone cleaning techniques to recurate mammalian skeletal material from a 1969 expedition to Botswana, in Southern Africa. Mr. J.D. Putnam and colleagues shot and killed over 400 specimens during this expedition, bringing them back as trophies. These skeletal materials and skins of these specimens have remained in the collections at Denver Museum of Nature and Science (DMNS), after haphazard preparation with pesticides such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and negligent soft tissue removal. Many of the skulls and post-cranial materials are coated with dessicated muscle and other connective tissues, including cartilage around the turbinate bones, and most of the soft tissue remains on the surface of the hard palate. These materials continue to emit noxious fumes permeating even the protective archival plastic and cardboard within which they had been temporarily stored. Recuration of these specimens needs to consider the safety of the preparator and other volunteers, and the fragile state of skull and post-cranial materials in DDT for nearly five decades. TergazymeTM is a concentrated detergent used to remove protein and other biological tissues from medical instruments (Alconox, Inc. 2006). This detergent isauthorized by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), biodegradable, and uses a protease enzyme from the bacterial organism Bacillus licheniformis, which produces enzymes commonly used for industrial purposes. Though TergazymeTM is widely used at a dilution of 1:100, for cleaning medical instruments, we found that an aqueous solution with smaller dilution factors combined with heat and manual agitation (using a stirring rod or other circulating tool) was able to soften the tough dessicated tissues from skulls and post-cranial materials of many different specimens. We removed elements from the macerating solution approximately every two to five days (depending on size) and used dental tools and brushes, rinsing with water, to complete the cleaning of the bones. Throughout the summer of 2017, we cleaned and recurated osteological materials from a dozen specimens, including the groups Acinonyx, Crocuta, Genetta, Hyaena, Ichneumia, Lycaon, Panthera, and Proteles. Besides the benefit of making these materials available and safe for researchers to use, this project revealed pre-mortem bone pathologies in a lion Panthera leo that were previously invisible under dessicated flesh. In addition to their physical availability, digital before and after images will be made available via collection management information system, Arctos. Discoveries such as these can also be compared to more recent specimens for longitudinal pathological studies.

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9

Allen, W. R. "Ovulation, pregnancy, placentation and husbandry in the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1469 (March 21, 2006): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1831.

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The African elephant reproduces so efficiently in the wild that overpopulation is now a serious problem in some game parks in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The female reaches puberty between 10 and 12 years of age in the wild and, when in captivity, shows oestrous cycles of 14–15 weeks duration. She readily conceives a singleton in the wild yet her uterus has the capacity for twins. She shows a gestation length of 22 months and, in the wild, shows a population density and feed dependent intercalving interval of 4–8 years. The trophoblast erodes the lumenal epithelium of the endometrium and stimulates upgrowths of blood vessel-containing stromal villi, which develop eventually into the broad, tightly folded lamellae of the zonary, endotheliochorial placenta. Significant quantities of leaked maternal erythrocytes and ferric iron are phagocytosed by specialized trophoblast cells in the haemophagous zones at the lateral edges of the placental band. Although the placenta itself is endocrinologically inert, the foetal gonads, which enlarge greatly during the second half of pregnancy can synthesize 5α-dihydryoprogesterone and other 5α pregnane derivatives from cholesterol and pregnenolone. These products may synergize with progestagens secreted by the 2–8 large corpora lutea which are always present in the maternal ovaries throughout gestation to maintain the pregnancy state.

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10

Mayende, Peter G. "Bureaucrats and rural development policy: Agriculture in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 11, no. 4 (November 1994): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359408439768.

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11

KGATHI, D. L., M. B. M. SEKHWELA, and H. HAMANDAWANA. "SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN CHOBE DISTRICT, BOTSWANA." South African Geographical Journal 85, no. 1 (March 2003): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2003.9713780.

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12

Mashungwa, G. N. "Grain legume production and their potential for sustainable agriculture in Botswana between 2008 and 2015: a review." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2019.11.

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Pulse crops are an integral component of arable agriculture in Botswana, particularly in subsistence farming. The benefits of these crops include provision of nutrition for both human beings and livestock, as well as environmental sustainability needs. Although they have a far reaching socio-economic impact, these benefits have not been adequately characterized for inclusion in endeavors of conservation agriculture in the country. Furthermore, data on pulses are often lumped together without identifying important pulse crops grown in Botswana. The objective of this paper was to review production of pulses and their potential as components in cropping systems and conservation agriculture in Botswana. The data used in this study were obtained from reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MOA), Statistics Botswana, FAOSTAT and other literature sources. With the ongoing changes in climate and predicted increase in incidences of drought, pulses are among crops most relevant to sustainable agriculture. They are among the most versatile because of their variability in cropping duration from early to late maturity. Their consumption ranges from fresh forms to physiologically mature grain. Pulses play an important role in climate change mitigation through their ability to fix nitrogen, thus reducing dependency on organic and synthetic fertilizers. They use less water from relatively shallow soil and allow for stratified soil water use for companion crops in intercropping or conserve soil water for subsequent crops in rotations. Thus pulses improve both water and nutrient use efficiencies when included in cropping systems. Their production also has a low footprint in both carbon and water. Currently, pulses are among the few highly priced crops in Botswana markets and together with the possibility of replacement of imported grain, investments in their production can generate income and improve livelihood of both farmers and consumers in Botswana. Crop production management technology involves judicious use of integrated nutrient, pest and disease management; appropriate integrated management packages that include pulses can be promoted to ensure sustainable crop production under the adverse impacts of climate change.

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13

Love, Roy. "Drought, Dutch disease and controlled transition in Botswana agriculture." Journal of Southern African Studies 20, no. 1 (March 1994): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079408708387.

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14

Hovorka, Alice J. "Entrepreneurial opportunities in Botswana: (re)shaping urban agriculture discourse." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22, no. 3 (September 2004): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0258900042000283511.

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15

Kahn, Michael J. "Attitudes of Botswana senior secondary school pupils toward agriculture." International Journal of Educational Development 11, no. 3 (January 1991): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(91)90020-9.

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16

Robinson, J. A. "State Formation and Governance in Botswana." Journal of African Economies 15, Supplement 1 (February 24, 2006): 100–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejk007.

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17

Alverson, Hoyt. "The Class Context of Agriculture in Botswana: Some Policy Implications." Culture & Agriculture 11, no. 40 (September 1990): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cuag.1990.11.40.11.

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18

Alverson, Hoyt. "The Class Context of Agriculture in Botswana: Some Policy Implications." Culture Agriculture -, no. 40 (September 1990): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1990.-.40.11.

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19

Temoso, Omphile, David Hadley, and Renato Villano. "Sources of efficiency, productivity and output growth in Botswana agriculture." Review of Development Economics 22, no. 3 (January 23, 2018): 1105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12376.

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20

Monaghan, Andrew J., Daran L. Rife, James O. Pinto, Christopher A. Davis, and John R. Hannan. "Global Precipitation Extremes Associated with Diurnally Varying Low-Level Jets." Journal of Climate 23, no. 19 (October 1, 2010): 5065–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3515.1.

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Abstract Extreme rainfall events have important societal impacts: for example, by causing flooding, replenishing reservoirs, and affecting agricultural yields. Previous literature has documented linkages between rainfall extremes and nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) over the Great Plains of North America and the La Plata River basin of South America. In this study, the authors utilize a 21-yr, hourly global 40-km reanalysis based on the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) to examine whether NLLJ–rainfall linkages are common elsewhere on the earth. The reanalysis is uniquely suited for the task because of its comparatively high spatial and temporal resolution and because a companion paper demonstrated that it realistically simulates the vertical, horizontal, and diurnal structure of the winds in well-known NLLJ regions. The companion paper employed the reanalysis to identify and describe numerous NLLJs across the planet, including several previously unknown NLLJs. The authors demonstrate here that the reanalysis reasonably simulates the diurnal cycle, extremes, and spatial structure of rainfall globally compared to satellite-based precipitation datasets and therefore that it is suitable for examining NLLJ–rainfall linkages. A statistical approach is then introduced to categorize nocturnal precipitation extremes as a function of the NLLJ magnitude, wind direction, and wind frequency for January and July. Statistically significant relationships between NLLJs and nocturnal precipitation extremes exist in at least 10 widely disparate regions around the world, some of which are well known and others that have been undocumented until now. The regions include the U.S. Great Plains, Tibet, northwest China, India, Southeast Asia, southeast China, Argentina, Namibia, Botswana, and Ethiopia. Recent studies have recorded widespread changes in the amplitudes of near-surface diurnal heating cycles that in turn play key roles in driving NLLJs. It will thus be important for future work to address how rainfall extremes may be impacted if trends in diurnal cycles cause the position, magnitude, and frequency of NLLJs to change.

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21

FRASER, G. C. G., and L. L. MABUSELA. "SUSTAINABILITY OF TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SAVANNAS OF BOTSWANA." South African Geographical Journal 85, no. 1 (March 2003): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2003.9713779.

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22

Hillbom, E. "Botswana: A development-oriented gate-keeping state." African Affairs 111, no. 442 (December 21, 2011): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adr070.

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23

Ndiga, Tinoda, Onwell Mberikunashe, and Thekiso Molokwane. "Performance of State Owned Enterprises in Botswana." International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management 1, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpspm.2020.10038835.

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24

Frimpong, Kwame. "The Administration of Tribal Lands in Botswana." Journal of African Law 30, no. 1 (1986): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006483.

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Land plays a very important role in the lives of many people in most developing countries, and particularly in Africa, where subsistence agriculture is still widely practised. Accordingly, the nature of land administration can either influence or impede development. Land administration in many African countries, since independence, has been carried out through a policy of over-centralization. This has often resulted in administrative and bureaucratic bottlenecks which have hampered the effective distribution and utilization of land resources. Botswana, on the other hand, has avoided this common pitfall. Its system of land administration has been based on a policy of decentralization. One such area is in the field of tribal lands administered under the Tribal Land Act, which is the subject of discussion in this paper.

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25

Hulela, Keba. "The Practice of Scaling Down Practical Assessment Components of Agriculture in Junior Secondary Schools Curriculum: A Synthesis of Teachers Perceptions." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 3 (February 5, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i3.2197.

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This ethnographic research study aimed at investigating factors that contributed to the decline in the number of practical assessed projects in junior secondary agricultural education assessment in Botswana. Participant-observation technique was used to gather data in the form of field notes from in-service teachers at BCA and in-school teachers during school visits teaching practice and lessons at BCA respectively. Students’ performance assessment in practical agriculture measures the extent to which students performed their tasks. The study used two groups of teachers; five (5) in-service student teachers pursuing their Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Agricultural Education at Botswana College of Agriculture and five (5) in-school teachers of agriculture to investigate the decline in the number of practical projects assessed in schools. The participants were purposely selected for their proximity to the researcher. Field notes prepared during school visits through interviews and surveys using open ended question were used to gather data for this study. Narrative data were gathered and analysed by coding the emerging themes and applying descriptive analysis. The study took on theoretical issues forming the basis for the understanding of the culture of teaching and assessing practical agriculture projects to include (1) teacher motivation (2) validity issues on assessment (3) teaching standards, teacher education, and (4) practices in teaching, and students’ attitudes. The study concluded by discussing implications on education of agriculture science teachers.

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26

VENN, J. A. "THE STATE AND AGRICULTURE." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 3, no. 1 (November 5, 2008): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1934.tb01755.x.

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27

Whitford, Fred, Jay A. Neu, Betty Brousseau, Tad N. Hardy, John W. Impson, and David A. Rider. "State Departments of Agriculture." American Entomologist 37, no. 1 (1991): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/37.1.27.

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28

Deshpande, R. S. "Farmer - State and Agriculture." Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 16, no. 1-2 (June 2017): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747920170102.

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29

Moseley, William. "Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana." Land 5, no. 3 (June 27, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land5030021.

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30

Pule-Meule, F., and V. E. Emongor . "Suitability of Underground Water for Irrigated Agriculture in Some Parts of Botswana." Journal of Applied Sciences 5, no. 8 (July 15, 2005): 1420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.1420.1423.

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31

Irz, Xavier, and Colin Thirtle. "Dual Technological Development in Botswana Agriculture: A Stochastic Input Distance Function Approach." Journal of Agricultural Economics 55, no. 3 (November 2004): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2004.tb00110.x.

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32

Dare Kolawole, Oluwatoyin, Piotr Wolski, Barbara Ngwenya, Gagoitseope Mmopelwa, and Olekae Thakadu. "Responding to climate change through joint partnership." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2014-0010.

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Purpose – Climate change continues to pose a serious challenge to mankind. Given their socio-economic and vulnerable situations, resource-poor farmers will be hard hit and likely to be the most affected group in Africa – a continent that will bear the full brunt of inclement weather conditions. The purpose of this paper is to address the questions of how local farmers read and predict the weather, and how best they can collaborate with weather scientists in adapting to climate change and variability in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Design/methodology/approach – A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in sampling a total of 592 households heads (both men and women) in eight rural communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Findings – Analysis indicates that about 80 per cent of the farmers had a good knowledge of weather forecasting. In a knowledge validation workshop organised and implemented in early August 2012, farmers and scientists identified a nine-point agenda and strategies for addressing the challenges posed by climate change to community well-being and agricultural production. Knowledge sharing, installation of community weather stations and local-level capacity building are amongst the strategies identified. Research limitations/implications – The research is only limited to the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Originality/value – The paper emanates from original field research. The outcome of the paper provides pertinent information for policy formulation on how best to enhance small farmers’ adaptation to climate change.

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Maundeni, Zibani. "State culture and development in Botswana and Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 40, no. 1 (March 2002): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003834.

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This article makes two major claims. The first is that independent Botswana was able to generate and sustain a type of developmental state because of the presence of an indigenous initiator state culture that was preserved by the Protectorate state and was inherited by the post-colonial state elites. The second is that the non-emergence of the developmental state in post-colonial Zimbabwe is explained by the presence of a non-initiator indigenous state culture which was preserved by the Rhodesian colonial state and was inherited by the post-colonial state elites. The article briefly reviews the literature, analyses the Tswana and Shona pre-colonial state cultures, and shows that these were preserved by the colonial states and inherited by the nationalist politicians.

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Maundeni, Zibani. "Mutual criticism and state/society interaction in Botswana." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 4 (November 3, 2004): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000424.

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State/civil society interaction in Botswana displays patterns characterised by mutual criticism in each other's presence, the willingness of state officials to meet and exchange views with non-state leaders, and the media's role of reminding the contestants to meet and exchange views. The Botswana political culture compels/constrains contestants to meet and exchange views rather than to disengage and resort to the trading of unpleasant remarks in the media and to industrial action on the street. The theoretical implication is that political culture vitally shapes state/civil society interaction and should not be ignored by researchers who seek to define/characterise strong/weak civil societies.

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Mogalakwe, Monageng, and David Sebudubudu. "Trends In State-Civil Society Relations In Botswana." Journal of African elections 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2006): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20940/jae/2006/v5i2a14.

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Solway, Jacqueline S. "Navigating the 'Neutral' State: 'Minority' Rights in Botswana." Journal of Southern African Studies 28, no. 4 (December 2002): 711–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305707022000043485.

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Molutsi, Patrick P. "The state, environment and peasant consciousness in Botswana." Review of African Political Economy 15, no. 42 (October 1988): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056248808703774.

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Botlhale, Emmanuel, and Thekiso Molokwane. "The viability of the welfare state in Botswana." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 37, no. 2-3 (July 3, 2019): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2019.1697433.

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Makoni, Patricia Lindelwa. "Exploring economic structure and drivers of economic growth in Botswana." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c6_p1.

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This article set out to analyse the economic structure and main economic drivers in Botswana. Botswana, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, is a relatively small economy, hugely dependent on its diamond mineral wealth. Concerns have arisen in recent years that the diamond deposits will soon be depleted and the country therefore needs to embark on a diversification programme to broaden its economic base. In order to understand the Botswana economy, its economic structure and current domestic sectorial performance were evaluated, as well as its trends in imports and exports. An analysis of the data shows that, regardless of the awareness of the sensitivity to external shocks of commodity prices, as well as the obvious future depletion of diamond reserves, the Botswana economy continues to rely on diamonds, at the expense of attracting international capital flows to enhance and maintain sustainable economic growth, through investments in agriculture, manufacturing and tourism. It is therefore recommended that the Government of Botswana becomes proactive and implements recommended policies to diversify its economy, so that it can sustain or improve its economic growth by becoming a prime destination of international capital and domestic private sector investment, thereby increasing employment and trade opportunities.

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Magang, Tebogo Israel, and Koketso Bafana Kube. "Compliance with Best Practice Governance Principles by State Owned Enterprises in Botswana." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n2p149.

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This paper investigates the extent of compliance by 16 state owned enterprises (SOE)/parastatal corporations in Botswana with international best practice corporate governance principles. In particular the study examines the extent of compliance by SOEs with best practice corporate governance principles as recommended under the King Code of South Africa. The King Code (2002) of Corporate Governance is generally considered as a benchmark for best practice corporate governance not only in the Southern African region but also across the African continent.Using a compliance checklist of 53 provisions from the Code, the study finds that 68.7% of Botswana SOEs have a compliance score of 51% and above while the remaining 31.3% applied less than 50% of the provisions in the King Code checklist. The study also finds that compliance with the Code increased from an average of 57% in 2009 to 60% in 2012. Further the study finds that SOEs tended to comply more with provisions on risk management and less on provisions on integrated sustainability reporting.The results of this study have implications on governance practices of SOEs in Botswana in general. For instance, the results may possibly indicate that, even though governance structures of SOEs in Botswana are crafted through Acts of parliament, on the whole they adhere to international best practice corporate governance principles. The results could also be a signal to local and international investors that Botswana SOEs are not lagging behind in terms of compliance with good governance practices.

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Harrison, Philippa, and Brij Maharaj. "Tourism Impacts on Subsistence Agriculture: A Case Study of the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Human Ecology 43, no. 1 (July 2013): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906609.

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Madigele, Patricia Kefilwe. "Analysis of the Economic Benefits of Tourism in Contra-Distinction to Agriculture in Rural Boteti, Botswana." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p80.

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<p>Despite numerous efforts to improve agricultural production as an alternative source of employment, the high poverty headcount is still a source for concern in rural Boteti. On average, agriculture contributes to less than 20% to household economies in rural Boteti. To date, no research has been done to assess and determine the factors that affect livelihood diversification among households in Boteti. This study, among other methods, adopts the Household Economy Analysis, Household Income Estimation and the Tobit regression model in order to determine how the economic benefits of tourism industry compare with those of the agricultural sector in Khumaga and Moreomaoto in Boteti sub-district, Botswana. This study argues that notwithstanding the livelihood diversification efforts displayed in the study area, agriculture continues to be a significant contributor of total household income. The improved performance of agriculture is crucial in the attainment of food security. This paper is aimed at making an assessment of the contribution of tourism in the selected areas Boteti sub-district in comparison to agriculture. There is a strategic need to educate the local communities in the study area on the importance of tourism and how they could use it effectively as a livelihood activity.</p>

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Petitt, Andrea, and Alice J. Hovorka. "Women and Cattle “Becoming-With” in Botswana." Humanimalia 12, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9433.

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Cattle are paramount to lives, livelihoods and landscapes in Botswana. Human-cattle relations emerge and evolve through historically-situated social relations of power based on gender, ethnicity, and class. Our paper explores intersectional human-cattle relations in Botswana within the contemporary period of enhanced commercialization. Specifically, with data from participant observation and semi-structured interviews with women cattle owners in Ghanzi District, Botswana, we investigate how women across a range of ethnicities become-with cattle and how cattle are becoming-with women cattle owners, directly or mediated through hired labour and/or technology. By operationalizing Haraway’s multispecies ‘becoming-with’ through intersectionality theory we articulate the nuanced ways in which individuals or social groups of two distinct species (here humans and cattle) become who they are. We show that whereas gender and ethnicity dynamics place women as engaging directly with cattle, engaging indirectly with cattle or becoming-without cattle, class most visibly shape the way that cattle become-with women cattle owners and other humans. We offer a novel illustration of an intersectional becoming-with, highlighting human-animal relations in the context of agriculture and socio-economic change in the Global South.

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Botlhale, Emmanuel. "Sustaining the developmental state and moving towards a developed state in Botswana." Development Southern Africa 34, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2016.1259994.

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Salleh, Halim. "State capitalism in Malaysian agriculture." Journal of Contemporary Asia 21, no. 3 (January 1991): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339180000231.

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Koc, Mustafa. "UNDERSTANDING STATE POLICIES IN AGRICULTURE." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 10, no. 3 (March 1990): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013095.

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Owusu, Francis, and Abdi Ismail Samatar. "Industrial Strategy and the African State: The Botswana Experience." Canadian Journal of African Studies 31, no. 2 (1997): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/486181.

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Tabulawa, Richard, Mino Polelo, and Onalenna Silas. "The state, markets and higher education reform in Botswana." Globalisation, Societies and Education 11, no. 1 (March 2013): 108–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2012.750469.

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Samatar, Abdi Ismail, and Sophie Oldfield. "Class and Effective State Institutions: the Botswana Meat Commission." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 4 (December 1995): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021480.

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Thefailure of the African state, capitalist or socialist, to induce successful economic transformation has led to attempts by neo-liberal institutions and scholars to jettison it out of the business of economic development except in the form of ‘night watchman’.1The minimalist strategy which is at the heart of such efforts ignores the historical evidence that sustained accumulation and development anywhere has been the product of either a capitalist class, conscious of its interest, pushing the state to foster capitalist development, or a state leading the way where such a conscious class did not exist. Successful capitalist development in either of these scenarios entailed the protection of the common class interest against the narrow schemes of individual members, or the demand and needs of other classes.

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Owusu, Francis, and Abdi Ismail Samatar. "Industrial Strategy and the African State: The Botswana Experience." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 31, no. 2 (January 1997): 268–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1997.10751113.

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