Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agriculture and state – Congo

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture and state – Congo'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

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Mulei, Welissa, Bolanle Larinde, Adedayo Adefioye, Prince Bobo, and Paul Woomer. "Understanding the Perceptions of Secondary School Youth toward Agricultural Careers in Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Nigeria." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27462.

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Youth are critical participants in the modernization of African agriculture but often their perception of farming is negative. A baseline survey of 1264 students from eight secondary schools in Democratic Republic (DR) of Congo, Kenya and Nigeria was conducted to assess their attitudes toward career pathways to agriculture and agribusiness. KoboToolBox was used to collect data online before compilation and inspection for errors in Microsoft Excel and exportation into STATA for analysis. Findings were presented as summary statistics, frequencies and multiple linear regression. A large majority (86%) of the students attended agricultural courses and 54% identified agriculture as having a place in their future, but often not as their highest career ambition. Livestock, field cropping, small animal production, and horticulture were the most viable enterprises for the youngsters. Nearly half (46%) that were averse to agriculture as a career path based their decision upon excessive labor requirements (30%), difficulties in securing land (25%), and low returns to effort (20%). Disparities from a country, area and gender perspective were recorded. Perceptions and career plans among the sexes differed; with females having less experience with machinery, and were more drawn to horticulture and agro-processing. Despite unfavorable attitudes toward agriculture, the study established that youth from these countries recognize that opportunity exists from adopting modern farming methods and commercial agricultural enterprises. The results of this study suggest several avenues for future Start Them Early Program activities intended to strengthen career pathways toward agriculture in African secondary schools. Keywords: Africa, agricultural education, career pathways, Start Them Early Program, youth
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Mayaux, Philippe, Jean-François Pekel, Baudouin Desclée, François Donnay, Andrea Lupi, Frédéric Achard, Marco Clerici, et al. "State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1625 (September 5, 2013): 20120300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0300.

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This paper presents a map of Africa's rainforests for 2005. Derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data at a spatial resolution of 250 m and with an overall accuracy of 84%, this map provides new levels of spatial and thematic detail. The map is accompanied by measurements of deforestation between 1990, 2000 and 2010 for West Africa, Central Africa and Madagascar derived from a systematic sample of Landsat images—imagery from equivalent platforms is used to fill gaps in the Landsat record. Net deforestation is estimated at 0.28% yr −1 for the period 1990–2000 and 0.14% yr −1 for the period 2000–2010. West Africa and Madagascar exhibit a much higher deforestation rate than the Congo Basin, for example, three times higher for West Africa and nine times higher for Madagascar. Analysis of variance over the Congo Basin is then used to show that expanding agriculture and increasing fuelwood demands are key drivers of deforestation in the region, whereas well-controlled timber exploitation programmes have little or no direct influence on forest-cover reduction at present. Rural and urban population concentrations and fluxes are also identified as strong underlying causes of deforestation in this study.
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Jacques, Ngoma Nlandu, Tasi Mbuangi Jean-Pau, Mananga Mananga Placide, and Matwo Luke Steve. "STATE OF THE SCENE OF SLASH-AND-BURN ITINERANT AGRICULTURE IN THE MAYOMBE FOREST IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Bioresearch 04, no. 05 (2019): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2019.4435.

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Wilkie, David S., and Julia F. Carpenter. "The potential role of safari hunting as a source of revenue for protected areas in the Congo Basin." Oryx 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00079.x.

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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa conservation of biodiversity is increasingly predicated on finding ways to ensure that the economic value of maintaining a landscape in its ‘natural’ state meets or exceeds the expected returns from converting the area to an alternative land use, such as agriculture. ‘Wildlands’ in Africa must generate, directly or from donor contributions, funds sufficient to cover both the operating costs of conservation, and the opportunity costs of forgoing other forms of resource use. Government and donor investments currently meet less than 30 per cent of the estimated recurring costs required to manage the protected-area network within central African countries effectively, and cover none of the growing opportunity costs incurred to maintain protected areas. Unfortunately, few additional sources of funding are available.
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Maxwell, David. "Photography and the Religious Encounter: Ambiguity and Aesthetics in Missionary Representations of the Luba of South East Belgian Congo." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 38–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000629.

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William F. P. Burton's career straddled several worlds that seemed at odds with each other. As a first-generation Pentecostal he pioneered, with James Salter, the Congo Evangelistic Mission (CEM) at Mwanza, Belgian Congo in 1915. The CEM became a paradigm for future Pentecostal Faith Mission work in Africa, thanks to Burton's propagandist writings that were published in at least thirty European and North American missionary periodicals. His extensive publications, some twenty-eight books, excluding tracts and articles in mission journals, reveal that the CEM was a missionary movement animated by a relentless proselytism, divine healing, exorcism, and the destruction of so-called “fetishes.” The CEM's Christocentric message required the new believer to make a public confession of sin and reject practices relating to ancestor religion, possession cults, divination, and witchcraft. It was a deeply iconoclastic form of Protestantism that maintained a strong distinction between an “advanced” Christian religion, mediated by the Bible, and an idolatrous primitive pagan religion. Burton's Pentecostalism had many of its own primitive urges, harkening back to an age where miraculous signs and wonders were the stuff of daily life, dreams and visions constituted normative authority, and the Bible was immune to higher criticism. But his vision also embraced social modernization and he preached the virtues of schooling and western styles of clothing, architecture, and agriculture. It was this combination of primitive and pragmatic tendencies that shaped the CEM's tense relations with the Belgian colonial state.
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Bakouétila, Gilles Freddy Mialoundama, Gilles Freddy Mialoundama Bakouétila, Francis Thedy Adoua Ndinga, Mathieu Auger-Schwartzenberg, Harley Bittson Bitsindou Kokolo, Jean Claude Dellot Nsonda, Euloge Kalélé, and Scherell Ségolen Lutterah Missengué. "Production of essential oils from Ceylon lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) in Loumo district (Congo)." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.8.4.

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The objective was to assess the social, economic and environmental impact of the production of essential oil (ET) of Ceylon citronella in Loumo . A field survey was carried out with 60 EO producers in 9 localities in the Loumo district in Congo. The results show that 73 % of producers are adult men , 37% of whom are between 51 and 60 years old. The schooling rate is 98%, with a predominance of producers with secondary education levels, the majority living in a common-law relationship. The production of EO is a secondary activity to agriculture and commerce. The income generated by this activity is marginal but makes it possible to diversify the income of the actors. This activity is still in the embryonic stage. The low economic performance translates into low annual investments and low annual distillation frequencies, a consequence of the presence of a single EO extractor. The production of 1.75 litre of essential oil requires 140 kg of cooking wood, which has a direct impact on the surrounding forest ecosystems. The promotion of fast-growing species is necessary in view of the development of this sector.
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Loffman, Reuben. "Belgian Rule and its Afterlives: Colonialism, Developmentalism, and Mobutism in the Tanganyika District, Southeastern DR-Congo, 1885–1985." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000060.

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AbstractThe arrival of Belgian rule in the late nineteenth century initiated significant changes in the labor history of Tanganyika, a province in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), as well the discursive regimes used to legitimize these transformations. After the colonial conquests, unfree labor was justified by paternalistic rather than mythical discourses. Although unfree labor was less common in the postcolonial period, the state forced farmers to sell crops at low prices and build roads for no remuneration. In the Cold War context, the language and practice of developmentalism mediated the coercive practices of the independent Congolese state (known as Zaïre, 1971–1997). The floundering Zaïrian government expanded its presence in Tanganyika due to its partnership with USAID. USAID's rhetoric and practice was influenced by a “bottom up” approach to agricultural production, but the cuts to its funding in the 1980s meant it struggled to soften Mobutu's coercive administration.
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Kyalamakasa, Jean Marc Kaumbu, Michel Mpundu Mubemba Mulambi, Emery Kasongo Lenge Mukonzo, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, Honoré Tekeu, Alphonse Kalambulwa Nkombe, and Damase Khasa. "Early Selection of Tree Species for Regeneration in Degraded Woodland of Southeastern Congo Basin." Forests 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12020117.

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Miombo woodland (MW) has several multi-purpose forest species, which are over-exploited for agriculture, charcoal and logging. Industrial plantations are among the promising solutions for sustainable management of MW, but high-yielding MW species are still lacking in the forestry sector. In this context, the present study assessed the growth of MW species, with respect to their early (ES) or late (LS) successional status. Seedling development was assessed for eight tree species, which were ES (Combretum collinum, Pterocarpus tinctorius) and LS (Brachystegia boehmii, B. longifolia, B. spiciformis, B. wangermeana, Julbernardia globiflora, J. paniculata), 1, 2 and 4 years after planting. Germination and survival varied in relation to ontogenetic traits of the species, but not the successional status, as was the case for growth and productivity. Seed germination was 60% to 88% for all species (except C. collinum). Seedling survivorship was greater than 70% for most species, except for J. paniculata (36%). ES species have greater growth compared to LS, due to the allocation of biomass to diameter and the length of the root, respectively, from the early stage of seedling development. These two strategies of biomass allocation are positively correlated with height. We further observed two distinct phases of seedling development (0–2 and 2–4 years) for all species. Growth differences among LS species were identified 4 years after planting. Based on seedling biomass, B. spiciformis, C. collinum and P. tinctorius are the most productive potential candidates for reforestation of degraded MW. We concluded that seedling growth and productivity varied according to strategies of biomass allocation that were related to successional status (ES (Chipya group) versus LS (Miombo group)) and to age following planting.
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Akkermans, Tom, Wim Thiery, and Nicole P. M. Van Lipzig. "The Regional Climate Impact of a Realistic Future Deforestation Scenario in the Congo Basin." Journal of Climate 27, no. 7 (March 26, 2014): 2714–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00361.1.

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Abstract The demand for agricultural land in the Congo basin is expected to yield substantial deforestation over the coming decades. Although several studies exist on the climatological impact of deforestation in the Congo basin, deforestation scenarios that are implemented in climate models are generally crude. This study aims to refine current impact assessments by removing the primary forest according to an existing spatially explicit scenario, and replacing it by successional vegetation typically observed for the Congo basin. This is done within the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) model in climate mode (COSMO-CLM), a regional climate model at 25-km grid spacing coupled to a state-of-the-art soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer scheme (Community Land Model). An evaluation of the model shows good performance compared to in situ and satellite observations. Model integrations indicate that the deforestation, expected for the middle of the twenty-first century, induces a warming of about 0.7°C. This is about half the greenhouse gas–induced surface warming in this region, given an intermediate emission scenario (A1B) with COSMO-CLM driven by the ECHAM5 global climate model. This shows the necessity of taking into account deforestation to obtain realistic future climate projections. The deforestation-induced warming can be attributed to reduced evaporation, but this effect is mitigated by increased albedo and increased sensible heat loss to the atmosphere. Precipitation is also affected: as a consequence of surface warming resulting from deforestation, a regional heat low develops over the rain forest region. Resulting low-level convergence causes a redistribution of moisture in the boundary layer and a stabilization of the atmospheric column, thereby reducing convection intensity and hence precipitation by 5%–10% in the region of the heat low.
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Wijaya, A., R. A. Sugardiman Budiharto, A. Tosiani, D. Murdiyarso, and L. V. Verchot. "Assessment of Large Scale Land Cover Change Classifications and Drivers of Deforestation in Indonesia." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-557-2015.

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Indonesia possesses the third largest tropical forests coverage following Brazilian Amazon and Congo Basin regions. This country, however, suffered from the highest deforestation rate surpassing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2012. National capacity for forest change assessment and monitoring has been well-established in Indonesia and the availability of national forest inventory data could largely assist the country to report their forest carbon stocks and change over more than two decades. This work focuses for refining forest cover change mapping and deforestation estimate at national scale applying over 10,000 scenes of Landsat scenes, acquired in 1990, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2012. Pre-processing of the data includes, geometric corrections and image mosaicking. The classification of mosaic Landsat data used multi-stage visual observation approaches, verified using ground observations and comparison with other published materials. There are 23 land cover classes identified from land cover data, presenting spatial information of forests, agriculture, plantations, non-vegetated lands and other land use categories. We estimated the magnitude of forest cover change and assessed drivers of forest cover change over time. Forest change trajectories analysis was also conducted to observe dynamics of forest cover across time. This study found that careful interpretations of satellite data can provide reliable information on forest cover and change. Deforestation trend in Indonesia was lower in 2000-2012 compared to 1990-2000 periods. We also found that over 50% of forests loss in 1990 remains unproductive in 2012. Major drivers of forest conversion in Indonesia range from shrubs/open land, subsistence agriculture, oil palm expansion, plantation forest and mining. The results were compared with other available datasets and we obtained that the MOF data yields reliable estimate of deforestation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

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Mokili, Danga Kassa Jeannot. "Analyse socio-économique du développement agricole et ses incidences sur la promotion des milieux ruraux dans les pays en voie de développement: le cas du Congo-Zaïre de 1885 à 1990." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212332.

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Muluma, Munanga Gamayala Tizi Albert. "Politique agricole et développement rural: analyse sociologique du développemnt de quelques expériences agricoles au Zaïre :cas des institutions de recherches et formation agronomiques :INERA, IFA, ISEA et ISDR." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213499.

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Russell, Diane. "Food supply and the state: the history and social organization of the rice trade in Kisangani, Zaire." Thesis, Boston University, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/41553.

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In Kisangani, as in other parts of Africa subject to political parasitism and economic chaos, people have had to draw on many channels of access to resources in order to survive. This pattern of shifting strategies militates against sustained investment in food supply and thus is a major factor in the food crisis in Africa. Thirteen months of fieldwork in the city of Kisangani and the surrounding subregion of Tshopo revealed how constantly changing regulations, inflation and poor infrastructure forced merchants and farmers into diversification and made long-term investment in rice production and trade risky. Uncertainty in the supply of basic resources such as credit, seeds, fuel, spare parts and produce sacks was linked to the draining of foreign exchange and development funds toward the nonproductive activities of the political élite. Controls on agricultural production such as the forced cultivation of rice led to suppression of African farmers' initiative. Trade in rice was in the hands of expatriate monopsonies until the 1970s, but the indigenization of expatriate businesses and plantations (zairianization) only served to isolate further the rural areas devastated by the Simba rebellion of the mid-1960s. In addition, zairianization fostered parasitism and discouraged investment. In the 1980s, farmers were blocked from organizing their own markets and cooperatives and farm labor was relegated telwomen. Large traders agreed to maintain controls on trade which perpetuated the bureaucracy in order to keep ahead of the mass of mobile small traders. Government programs, and approaches such as privatization and liberalization, initiated by Zaire's external investors, did not change the terms of access to resources within the Zairian economy and, thus, agricultural productivity did not increase. These findings support the theory that multiple survival strategies generated by economic chaos and circumvention of and collaboration with the state lead to declining agricultural productivity. This view has implications for agricultural development policy.
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Ngoma, Samuel. "Agriculture et protection sociale au Congo." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10031.

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Les societes rurales congolaises connaissent une veritable mutation; une situation de crise : les populations qui jadis beneficiaient de la couverture sociale que fournissait le systeme de parente ont de plus en plus de mal a satisfaire l'essentiel de leurs besoins, avec la desagregation de la solidarite clanique et l'echec de l'etat en matiere de politique sociale. Devant la perte de revenu, la deterioration de l'etat de sante, l'augmentation de la mortalite, l'acceleration de l'exode rural et l'insalubrite, les paysans prennent conscience de la necessite d'une auto-organisation
The congolese rural societies know a true mutation; a situation of crisis : the populations which formerly made a profit on the social protection, garanted by the essential of their social needs, with difficulties to satisfy the essential of their social needs, with the disaggregation of the clanish solidarity and the failure of the state on the matter of the social policy. In front of the lost of the income, the deterioration of the state of health, the increasing of mortality, the acceleration of the rural exodus and the insalubrity, the peasants are aware of the necessity of an auto-organisation
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Loussikoulou, Etienne. "Agroclimatologie et agriculture dans la Bouenza." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040140.

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La Bouenza (Congo méridional) est située dans l'hémisphère austral, dans le domaine tropical chaud et humide. Son climat présente deux saisons: chaude et pluvieuse d'une part, sèche et fraiche d'autre part. Les principales caractéristiques physiques sont dans l'ensemble favorables à l'agriculture qui est essentiellement pluviale. Les sols étant argileux ou argilo-sableux ont en plus de leur profondeur, richesse minérale et organique, une grande aptitude à retenir de l'eau. Au point de vue climatique, les paramètres radiatifs ne varient particulières que d'une saison à l'autre. Les conditions calorifiques sont à l'origine d'une évapotranspiration potentielle plus élevée à l'ouest et au centre, relativement moyenne au nord-est. La pluviométrie est le principal élément climatique soumis à une grande variabilité interannuelle par ailleurs le bilan climatique annuel moyen est partout négatif malgré le fait qu'on se trouve en zone équatoriale. Toutefois, en situation vraie il est parfois positif. D'autre part le bilan hydrique variant selon qu'on se trouve à l'ouest, au centre ou nord-est a permis le découpage des périodes végétatives. Celles-ci sont d'autant plus longues que la profondeur d'enracinement est importante. Elles peuvent parfois être plus courtes que le cycle réel de végétation des cultures annuelles. Finalement même si d'autres facteurs climatiques agissent aussi de façon négative sur les cultures, leurs actions sont ponctuelles et n'ont que des conséquences limitées ; ce sont les conditions hydriques qui apparaissent véritablement comme paramètre climatique limitant
The Bouenza region is situated in austral hemisphere, in a tropical, hot and humid area. There are two climatic seasons, the rainy season and dry season. The physical characteristics of the land are conducive to crops which need a lot of rain. The soil is argillaceous or argillaceous and sandy, and at the same time it is deep, rich in minerals and organic materials and has a great aptitude for retaining water. Concerning the climate, the radiative and hydric parameters demonstrated themselves without significant inter-annual variabilities, whereas the others are characterized by great differences from year to year. The radiative factors do not change significantly from one season to the other. The calorific conditions cause a higher potential evapotranspiration in the west and the mid-region, but relatively less in the north-east. The amount of rain is the main climatic element which varied from year to year. Moreover the annual climatic balance appears to be negative in all the regions despite the fact it is situated in an equatorial area. However, in reality it is sometimes positive. Additionally the hydric balance varies from region to region. This permits a division in vegetative periods. It is important that the vegetative period last long enough for the crops to take root properly…
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Winters, Veronica Jane. "State-Corporate Crime in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4615.

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This study addresses the need for a parsimonious theoretical model to explain state-corporate crime. The Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime will be compared to the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation to determine which model provides the most accurate theoretical depiction of state- corporate crime, while retaining parsimony. For this comparison, the models will be applied to Democratic Republic of Congo case study. Using a secondary analysis of qualitative data and preexisting literature, it was found that the Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime displays a representative depiction of all state-corporate crime actors and their catalysts for action in a more parsimonious manner than the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation.
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Manning, Jonathan Ryan. "Genocide in the Congo Free State: King Leopold II's Conviction." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579271.

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This paper critically evaluates the establishment and operation of the Congo Free State and discusses its administration under Leopold through the framework of genocide as an aspect of international law. The spurious methods Leopold used to acquire the Congo are discussed so as to reveal his underlying rapacious motive for colonization. Leopold went on to construct a system responsible for the eradication of half the local population. He was able to sectionalize territories so that private companies could act in complete sovereignty, and by doing so, he eluded his promises of the Congo basin existing as a zone of free international trade. In this way Leopold codified his grip on the state's resources as he profited from deals struck with the companies. Ultimately, the atrocities committed in the Congo Free State served the purpose of maximizing the profit for King Leopold. The discussion of the result in Leopold's Congo is balanced with the complexity of the contention over genocide in terms of outcomes and intent. Using legal analysis, this document embarks on Leopold's conviction of genocide by distinguishing between general and specific intent, Leopold being guilty of the former.
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Katalayi, Godefroid Bantumbandi. "The DR Congo English state examination: some fundamental validity issues." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1682.

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Magister Educationis - MEd
The test context is of paramount importance in language testing as it provides an understanding of the kind of tasks to be included in the test, how these tasks are executed by the test takers and how they can be efficiently administered. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which the context of the DR Congo English state examination (ESE) is valid and to come out with some useful suggestions that are likely to improve its validity. Two basic theories, the modern validity theory and the schema theory, informed this study. Weir's (2005) socio-cognitive framework was used to build the validity argument for the evaluation of the English state examination. A mixed method was used where the research design consisted of the combination of both qualitative and quantitative data during the collection and analysis stages. The content document analysis method was used to examine the content of the different state examination papers so as to identify the main features of the test, and the statistic (descriptive) method was used to quantify observations identified in the state examination papers and to evaluate the context validity of the ESE. Three techniques were used to collect the research data: the questionnaire, the test, and the interview. Three main findings of this study were reported: (1) the conditions under which the ESE tasks are performed and the relevance of these tasks to the test domain and characteristics are still far to contribute to the quality of evaluation of high school finalist students; (2) the extent to which the ESE includes tasks that take into consideration the nature of information in the text as well as the knowledge required for completing the task is globally good; (3) the conditions under which the test takes place are poor and these conditions affect the validity of test scores. The study recommends the test developers to approximate test tasks to those students have been exposed to in classroom situations and those they are likely to encounter in real life. It also recommends all the people involved in the administration of the test to adhere to high ethical standards.
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Moshonas, Stylianos. "Beyond the governance state : aid relations and state reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616641.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo has been engaged since 2001 in a triple transition process towards liberalisation, democratisation, and peace. Throughout this movement, external actors (donors, international financial institutions, the UN system, aid agencies) have played a leading role, effectively setting the orientations and modalities of this transition, including their institutional dimension. Congolese actors have not been passively subjected to this process, however, but have potently shaped it in various ways. This thesis sets out to investigate the relationship between international aid partners and various Congolese actors. It examines this relationship as an aspect of the state reform process, with particular reference to the administration. The thesis argues that the pace and nature of reform has been compromised by the contradictions inherent within the process itself, as advocated by international partners, and by the ability of Congolese power holders to accommodate and co-opt such reforms in line with their own political strategies. This situation is not unprecedented, as shown by an incursion into Zaire's politico-administrative history, especially during the decades of structural adjustment. An examination of the politics of administrative reform in the last decade, as well as the compromises generated in other reform areas, poignantly illustrate the accommodative dynamics arising out of the political strategies of donors and the Congolese authorities. On the one hand, donors have been content pushing forward a vast array of state reforms, but have been reluctant to follow them through; additionally, they have misconceived Congolese social and political dynamics, and have been prone to tacitly accommodate poor results and inconclusive outcomes. The Congolese authorities - and especially the presidency - have navigated reforms following political strategies often aligned to preoccupations of political expediency and power consolidation which the democratisation context has exacerbated. These features of the aid relationship in Congo provide strong grounds for a critique of dominant tropes of interpretation of the Congo's reform landscape, which revolve around the absence of political will, inadequate ownership, or reform failure. Instead, much of the above points towards the fact that the nature of the relations tying the Congo to its international partners is better grasped as one of accommodation and compromise: despite the dismay of donors, this situation - which is partly of their own making - has not led to withdrawal, suggesting that continued engagement rests on the strategic importance of Congo, in terms of security and the safeguarding of past and present involvement - ranging from the securing of stability to the definition of development policies.
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Kipoutou, Krasmer-Mobiank. "Energie et économie agro-alimentaire du manioc au Congo : dualisme et possibilités de réduction." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR1008.

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L'economie agro-alimentaire du manioc au congo est en crise. Cette crise peut-etre caracterisee par la formule de musset: le mal du siecle vient de deux causes, "ce qui etait n'est plus; ce qui sera n'est pas encore". Par extension, nous pouvons ecrire: l'economie agro-alimentaire traditionnelle du manioc etait, elle n'est plus; l'economie agro-alimentaire moderne du manioc sera, elle n'est pas encore. La resolution de la crise du secteur moderne passe par le redressement de ce secteur. Celle du secteur traditionnel du manioc peut commencer par l'amelioration de l'utilisation des energies traditionnelles et ou de la penetration des energies modernes dans la transformation-distribution du manioc. Ces solutions sont a mettre en oeuvre en vue de la structuration, de la restructuration et de la dynamisation de l'economie du manioc et peuvent s'inserer dans un cadre global d'harmonisation de l'ensemble de l'economie congolaise. La culture du manioc domine l'ensemble de l'agriculture congolaise. Le developpement de l'economie de cette culture peut, non seulement, permettre d'augmenter la production, de couvrir les besoins, de limiter les importations des denrees alimentaires, mais egalement de favoriser le developpement des economies des autres speculations agricoles
Manioc agro-alimentary economy in congo is in crisis. We characterize that crisis by the well known musset's formulation : the century's disease come from two reasons, "what used to be isn't anymore, what will be isn't arrived yet. This formulation, adapted to cassave agro-alimentary economy, we may wright: the traditional agro-alimentary economy of cassave has been, this for ever; the modern agro-alimentary economy of cassave will be, but this economy is not gained yet. The answer to modern crisis consists in an economic recover. For the traditional crisis, the answer can begin with the improvement of the use of traditional energy or by the penetration of modern energy in the transformation-distribution of cassave. Those solutions can be adopted in order to structure or to restructure and to dynamise cassave agro-alimentary economy; they could be included in a global harmonization plan of all congoless economy. The cultuvation of cassave dominates the congoless agriculture. The development of cassave economy could favour the increase of the production, the cover of needs and the restriction of foods importations. It could also favour the development of others agricultural cultures economies
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Books on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

1

Kassa, Jeannôt Mokili Danga. Politiques agricoles et promotion rurale au Congo-Zaïre (1885-1997). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998.

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Nzengu, Patrick Makala. Politiques publiques et gestion du secteur agricole et rural: En République démocratique du Congo : rétrospective des politiques agricoles fondées sur la cueillette, l'expropriation et la dépendance alimentaire à l'importation. [Kinshasa]: Centre agronomique et vétérinaire tropical de Kinshasa, 2005.

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Cong he zuo hua dao gong she hua: Zhongguo nong cun de ji ti hua shi dai. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she, 2011.

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Cong zheng tui dong dao nei yuan fa zhan: Zhongguo nong ye nong cun de zai chu fa. Beijing: Beijing shi fan da xue chu ban she, 2013.

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Gai ge cong zhe li qi bu: Zhongguo nong cun gai ge = Gaige cong zheli qibu. Hefei Shi: Anhui ren min chu ban she, 1998.

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Han Cun yu Miao Xiang: Cong 20 shi ji qian qi Dian dong Han Cun yu Chuan nan Miao Xiang kan chuan tong Zhongguo. Tianjin Shi: Tianjin gu ji chu ban she, 2006.

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Hongsheng, Liu, ed. Cong pin qiong dao xiao kang: San shi nian Guangdong nong cun jing ji ti zhi gai ge zhi lu. Guangzhou Shi: Guangdong ke ji chu ban she, 2008.

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Ekondi, Fulbert. La philosophie de l'éducation au Congo-Brazzaville. Paris: Publibook, 2007.

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Kanyonga-Mulumba, Nicolas. Sectes et droit au Congo-Kinshasa. Anvers, [Belgium]: Actuel, 2003.

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Kanyonga-Mulumba, Nicolas. Sectes et droit au Congo Kinshasa. Louvain-la-Neuve: Actuel, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

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O’Ballance, Edgar. "The Single Party State." In The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98, 139–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286481_10.

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Muiu, Mueni wa, and Guy Martin. "The Congo State in Historical Perspective I." In A New Paradigm of the African State, 103–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230618312_7.

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Muiu, Mueni wa, and Guy Martin. "The Congo State in Historical Perspective II." In A New Paradigm of the African State, 119–37. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230618312_8.

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Loffman, Reuben A. "Introduction: Church and State in Southeastern Congo." In Church, State and Colonialism in Southeastern Congo, 1890–1962, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17380-7_1.

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Johnson, D. Gale. "Present State of Disarray." In World Agriculture in Disarray, 32–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21248-4_3.

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Singh, P. K., Anand Kumar, and Ravi Ranjan Kumar. "Genetic Improvement of Major Cereals in Prospect to Bihar State." In Sustainable Agriculture, 3–37. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429325830-2.

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Bilanchyn, Yaroslav, Oksana Tsurkan, Mykola Tortyk, Volodymyr Medinets, Andriy Buyanovskiy, Inna Soltys, and Sergiy Medinets. "Post-irrigation State of Black Soils in South-Western Ukraine." In Regenerative Agriculture, 303–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72224-1_27.

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Podur, Justin. "The State Kagame Built." In America's Wars on Democracy in Rwanda and the DR Congo, 257–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44699-4_12.

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Nierenberg, Danielle. "Agriculture: Growing Food—and Solutions." In State of the World 2013, 190–200. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-458-1_17.

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Martin, John. "The Role of the State." In The Development of Modern Agriculture, 67–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599963_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

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Masiello, Guido, Angela Cersosimo, Pietro Mastro, Carmine Serio, Sara Venafra, and Pamela Pasquariello. "Emissivity-based vegetation indices to monitor deforestation and forest degradation in the Congo basin rainforest." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXII, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2573488.

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Sahoo, Jitendra Kumar, Juhi Rath, Priyabrat Dash, and Harekrushna Sahoo. "EDTA functionalized magnetic nanoparticle as a multifunctional adsorbent for Congo red dye from contaminated water." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4980320.

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Rath, P. P., B. Priyadarshini, S. S. Behera, P. K. Parhi, S. R. Panda, and T. R. Sahoo. "Adsorptive removal of Congo Red dye from aqueous solution using TiO2 nanoparticles: Kinetics, thermodynamics and isothermal insights." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2018. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5112954.

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Speshilova, N. V., and V. V. Hramova. "Agriculture of the Orenburg region: state and development trends." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. "Science of Russia", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-08-2019-20.

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Palagin, O., V. Romanov, I. Galelyuka, V. Velichko, and V. Hrusha. "Data acquisition systems of plants' state in precision agriculture." In 2011 IEEE 6th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2011.6072702.

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John D. Harrison, Dallen R. Smith, and Aditya Toney. "Utah State University Cooperative Extenison Agriculture Environmental Management System." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17038.

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Filina, Ya A. "The use of automated weather stations in agriculture." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-150-1.

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The article is devoted to the use of local weather stations in agriculture. The set of automated meteorological stations and sensors for monitoring the state of agricultural crops is considered. The advantages and disadvantages of their use are highlighted. Some examples of data processing and storage are given.
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Danilova, A. A., N. A. Yurina, D. A. Yurin, and E. A. Maksim. "Aquaponic system as a promising direction of agriculture." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.12.

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Rogov, I. E., L. N. Ananchenko, I. A. Kasyanov, A. N. Bolotin, and K. F. Kalmykova. "PROSPECTS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF POWERFUL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN AGRICULTURE." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.98-101.

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The article deals with the problems of powerful electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic compatibility in the electric power industry. The purpose of the study is to analyze modern systems and methods for minimizing powerful electromagnetic fields in the electric power industry. The analysis of modern systems and assessment of the electromagnetic environment at the energy facility will make it possible to develop and implement upgrades that increase the security of the object.
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Serbulova, N. M., S. V. Kanurny, D. A. Lebedev, O. V. Kargin, and A. I. Morozenko. "THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.121-124.

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Digitalization is one of the most important transformational processes in world agriculture and food production and sale systems. The paper considers the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICT) to the transition to sustainable agriculture. Particular attention is paid to precision agriculture as a food production model that integrates many ICTs. The paper also discusses some disadvantages of ICT and factors limiting their use in agriculture.
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Reports on the topic "Agriculture and state – Congo"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Climate-smart agriculture practices based on precision agriculture: the case of maize in western Congo. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292949_07.

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Tranel, Larry F. Tri-State Agriculture Lenders Seminar, 2017. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-306.

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Lowes, Sara, and Eduardo Montero. Concessions, Violence, and Indirect Rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27893.

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Hristov, A. N., J. M. F. Johnson, C. W. Rice, M. E. Brown, R. T. Conant, S. J. Del Grosso, N. P. Gurwick, et al. Chapter 5: Agriculture. Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report. Edited by N. Cavallaro, G. Shrestha, M. A. Mayes, R. Najjar, S. Reed, P. Romero-Lankao, and Z. Zhu. U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/soccr2.2018.ch5.

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Henn, Soeren, Christian Mastaki Mugaruka, Miguel Ortiz, Raúl Sánchez de la Sierra, and David Qihang Wu. On the Ends of the State: Stationary Bandits and the Time Horizon in Eastern Congo. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28631.

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Libecap, Gary. The Great Depression and the Regulating State: Federal Government Regulation of Agriculture: 1884-1970. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5986.

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van Wassenaer, Lan, Mireille van Hilten, Marcel van Asseldonk, and Erik van Ingen. Applying blockchain to climate action in agriculture : State of play and outlook : background paper. Wageningen: Wageningen Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/532926.

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Buiteveld, J., P. Copini, and C. M. A. Hendriks. Conservation and sustainable use of Forest Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture : country report of the Netherlands for the Second State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, Centre for Genetic Resources (CGN), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/550632.

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Solaun, Kepa, Gerard Alleng, Adrián Flores, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, and Helena Antich. State of the Climate Report: Suriname. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003398.

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Suriname is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Among the factors that exacerbate its vulnerability are its dependency on fossil fuels, the degradation of important ecosystems (e.g., mangroves), and the fact that 87% of the population, and most of the countrys economic activity is located within the low-lying coastal area. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate Report provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should enable an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancementinto day-to-day government operations. It is expected that the Report will catalyze similar efforts in the future to improve decision-making by providing science-based evidence.
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Solaun, Kepa, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, Helena Antich, Gerard Alleng, and Adrián Flores. State of the Climate Report: Suriname: Summary for Policy Makers. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003415.

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Several factors contribute to Surinames particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change. It is dependent on fossil fuels, has forests liable to decay, fragile ecosystems, and its low-lying coastal area accounts for 87% of the population and most of the countrys economic activity. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should serve as enablers for an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancement into day-to-day government operations.
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