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1

Mokili, Danga Kassa Jeannot. "Analyse socio-économique du développement agricole et ses incidences sur la promotion des milieux ruraux dans les pays en voie de développement: le cas du Congo-Zaïre de 1885 à 1990." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212332.

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2

Muluma, Munanga Gamayala Tizi Albert. "Politique agricole et développement rural: analyse sociologique du développemnt de quelques expériences agricoles au Zaïre :cas des institutions de recherches et formation agronomiques :INERA, IFA, ISEA et ISDR." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213499.

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3

Russell, Diane. "Food supply and the state: the history and social organization of the rice trade in Kisangani, Zaire." Thesis, Boston University, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/41553.

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In Kisangani, as in other parts of Africa subject to political parasitism and economic chaos, people have had to draw on many channels of access to resources in order to survive. This pattern of shifting strategies militates against sustained investment in food supply and thus is a major factor in the food crisis in Africa. Thirteen months of fieldwork in the city of Kisangani and the surrounding subregion of Tshopo revealed how constantly changing regulations, inflation and poor infrastructure forced merchants and farmers into diversification and made long-term investment in rice production and trade risky. Uncertainty in the supply of basic resources such as credit, seeds, fuel, spare parts and produce sacks was linked to the draining of foreign exchange and development funds toward the nonproductive activities of the political élite. Controls on agricultural production such as the forced cultivation of rice led to suppression of African farmers' initiative. Trade in rice was in the hands of expatriate monopsonies until the 1970s, but the indigenization of expatriate businesses and plantations (zairianization) only served to isolate further the rural areas devastated by the Simba rebellion of the mid-1960s. In addition, zairianization fostered parasitism and discouraged investment. In the 1980s, farmers were blocked from organizing their own markets and cooperatives and farm labor was relegated telwomen. Large traders agreed to maintain controls on trade which perpetuated the bureaucracy in order to keep ahead of the mass of mobile small traders. Government programs, and approaches such as privatization and liberalization, initiated by Zaire's external investors, did not change the terms of access to resources within the Zairian economy and, thus, agricultural productivity did not increase. These findings support the theory that multiple survival strategies generated by economic chaos and circumvention of and collaboration with the state lead to declining agricultural productivity. This view has implications for agricultural development policy.
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4

Ngoma, Samuel. "Agriculture et protection sociale au Congo." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10031.

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Les societes rurales congolaises connaissent une veritable mutation; une situation de crise : les populations qui jadis beneficiaient de la couverture sociale que fournissait le systeme de parente ont de plus en plus de mal a satisfaire l'essentiel de leurs besoins, avec la desagregation de la solidarite clanique et l'echec de l'etat en matiere de politique sociale. Devant la perte de revenu, la deterioration de l'etat de sante, l'augmentation de la mortalite, l'acceleration de l'exode rural et l'insalubrite, les paysans prennent conscience de la necessite d'une auto-organisation
The congolese rural societies know a true mutation; a situation of crisis : the populations which formerly made a profit on the social protection, garanted by the essential of their social needs, with difficulties to satisfy the essential of their social needs, with the disaggregation of the clanish solidarity and the failure of the state on the matter of the social policy. In front of the lost of the income, the deterioration of the state of health, the increasing of mortality, the acceleration of the rural exodus and the insalubrity, the peasants are aware of the necessity of an auto-organisation
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5

Loussikoulou, Etienne. "Agroclimatologie et agriculture dans la Bouenza." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040140.

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La Bouenza (Congo méridional) est située dans l'hémisphère austral, dans le domaine tropical chaud et humide. Son climat présente deux saisons: chaude et pluvieuse d'une part, sèche et fraiche d'autre part. Les principales caractéristiques physiques sont dans l'ensemble favorables à l'agriculture qui est essentiellement pluviale. Les sols étant argileux ou argilo-sableux ont en plus de leur profondeur, richesse minérale et organique, une grande aptitude à retenir de l'eau. Au point de vue climatique, les paramètres radiatifs ne varient particulières que d'une saison à l'autre. Les conditions calorifiques sont à l'origine d'une évapotranspiration potentielle plus élevée à l'ouest et au centre, relativement moyenne au nord-est. La pluviométrie est le principal élément climatique soumis à une grande variabilité interannuelle par ailleurs le bilan climatique annuel moyen est partout négatif malgré le fait qu'on se trouve en zone équatoriale. Toutefois, en situation vraie il est parfois positif. D'autre part le bilan hydrique variant selon qu'on se trouve à l'ouest, au centre ou nord-est a permis le découpage des périodes végétatives. Celles-ci sont d'autant plus longues que la profondeur d'enracinement est importante. Elles peuvent parfois être plus courtes que le cycle réel de végétation des cultures annuelles. Finalement même si d'autres facteurs climatiques agissent aussi de façon négative sur les cultures, leurs actions sont ponctuelles et n'ont que des conséquences limitées ; ce sont les conditions hydriques qui apparaissent véritablement comme paramètre climatique limitant
The Bouenza region is situated in austral hemisphere, in a tropical, hot and humid area. There are two climatic seasons, the rainy season and dry season. The physical characteristics of the land are conducive to crops which need a lot of rain. The soil is argillaceous or argillaceous and sandy, and at the same time it is deep, rich in minerals and organic materials and has a great aptitude for retaining water. Concerning the climate, the radiative and hydric parameters demonstrated themselves without significant inter-annual variabilities, whereas the others are characterized by great differences from year to year. The radiative factors do not change significantly from one season to the other. The calorific conditions cause a higher potential evapotranspiration in the west and the mid-region, but relatively less in the north-east. The amount of rain is the main climatic element which varied from year to year. Moreover the annual climatic balance appears to be negative in all the regions despite the fact it is situated in an equatorial area. However, in reality it is sometimes positive. Additionally the hydric balance varies from region to region. This permits a division in vegetative periods. It is important that the vegetative period last long enough for the crops to take root properly…
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6

Winters, Veronica Jane. "State-Corporate Crime in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4615.

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This study addresses the need for a parsimonious theoretical model to explain state-corporate crime. The Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime will be compared to the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation to determine which model provides the most accurate theoretical depiction of state- corporate crime, while retaining parsimony. For this comparison, the models will be applied to Democratic Republic of Congo case study. Using a secondary analysis of qualitative data and preexisting literature, it was found that the Integrated Theoretical Model of State-Corporate Crime displays a representative depiction of all state-corporate crime actors and their catalysts for action in a more parsimonious manner than the Integrated Theory of International Criminal Law Violation.
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7

Manning, Jonathan Ryan. "Genocide in the Congo Free State: King Leopold II's Conviction." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579271.

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This paper critically evaluates the establishment and operation of the Congo Free State and discusses its administration under Leopold through the framework of genocide as an aspect of international law. The spurious methods Leopold used to acquire the Congo are discussed so as to reveal his underlying rapacious motive for colonization. Leopold went on to construct a system responsible for the eradication of half the local population. He was able to sectionalize territories so that private companies could act in complete sovereignty, and by doing so, he eluded his promises of the Congo basin existing as a zone of free international trade. In this way Leopold codified his grip on the state's resources as he profited from deals struck with the companies. Ultimately, the atrocities committed in the Congo Free State served the purpose of maximizing the profit for King Leopold. The discussion of the result in Leopold's Congo is balanced with the complexity of the contention over genocide in terms of outcomes and intent. Using legal analysis, this document embarks on Leopold's conviction of genocide by distinguishing between general and specific intent, Leopold being guilty of the former.
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8

Katalayi, Godefroid Bantumbandi. "The DR Congo English state examination: some fundamental validity issues." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1682.

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Magister Educationis - MEd
The test context is of paramount importance in language testing as it provides an understanding of the kind of tasks to be included in the test, how these tasks are executed by the test takers and how they can be efficiently administered. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent to which the context of the DR Congo English state examination (ESE) is valid and to come out with some useful suggestions that are likely to improve its validity. Two basic theories, the modern validity theory and the schema theory, informed this study. Weir's (2005) socio-cognitive framework was used to build the validity argument for the evaluation of the English state examination. A mixed method was used where the research design consisted of the combination of both qualitative and quantitative data during the collection and analysis stages. The content document analysis method was used to examine the content of the different state examination papers so as to identify the main features of the test, and the statistic (descriptive) method was used to quantify observations identified in the state examination papers and to evaluate the context validity of the ESE. Three techniques were used to collect the research data: the questionnaire, the test, and the interview. Three main findings of this study were reported: (1) the conditions under which the ESE tasks are performed and the relevance of these tasks to the test domain and characteristics are still far to contribute to the quality of evaluation of high school finalist students; (2) the extent to which the ESE includes tasks that take into consideration the nature of information in the text as well as the knowledge required for completing the task is globally good; (3) the conditions under which the test takes place are poor and these conditions affect the validity of test scores. The study recommends the test developers to approximate test tasks to those students have been exposed to in classroom situations and those they are likely to encounter in real life. It also recommends all the people involved in the administration of the test to adhere to high ethical standards.
South Africa
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9

Moshonas, Stylianos. "Beyond the governance state : aid relations and state reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616641.

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The Democratic Republic of Congo has been engaged since 2001 in a triple transition process towards liberalisation, democratisation, and peace. Throughout this movement, external actors (donors, international financial institutions, the UN system, aid agencies) have played a leading role, effectively setting the orientations and modalities of this transition, including their institutional dimension. Congolese actors have not been passively subjected to this process, however, but have potently shaped it in various ways. This thesis sets out to investigate the relationship between international aid partners and various Congolese actors. It examines this relationship as an aspect of the state reform process, with particular reference to the administration. The thesis argues that the pace and nature of reform has been compromised by the contradictions inherent within the process itself, as advocated by international partners, and by the ability of Congolese power holders to accommodate and co-opt such reforms in line with their own political strategies. This situation is not unprecedented, as shown by an incursion into Zaire's politico-administrative history, especially during the decades of structural adjustment. An examination of the politics of administrative reform in the last decade, as well as the compromises generated in other reform areas, poignantly illustrate the accommodative dynamics arising out of the political strategies of donors and the Congolese authorities. On the one hand, donors have been content pushing forward a vast array of state reforms, but have been reluctant to follow them through; additionally, they have misconceived Congolese social and political dynamics, and have been prone to tacitly accommodate poor results and inconclusive outcomes. The Congolese authorities - and especially the presidency - have navigated reforms following political strategies often aligned to preoccupations of political expediency and power consolidation which the democratisation context has exacerbated. These features of the aid relationship in Congo provide strong grounds for a critique of dominant tropes of interpretation of the Congo's reform landscape, which revolve around the absence of political will, inadequate ownership, or reform failure. Instead, much of the above points towards the fact that the nature of the relations tying the Congo to its international partners is better grasped as one of accommodation and compromise: despite the dismay of donors, this situation - which is partly of their own making - has not led to withdrawal, suggesting that continued engagement rests on the strategic importance of Congo, in terms of security and the safeguarding of past and present involvement - ranging from the securing of stability to the definition of development policies.
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10

Kipoutou, Krasmer-Mobiank. "Energie et économie agro-alimentaire du manioc au Congo : dualisme et possibilités de réduction." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR1008.

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L'economie agro-alimentaire du manioc au congo est en crise. Cette crise peut-etre caracterisee par la formule de musset: le mal du siecle vient de deux causes, "ce qui etait n'est plus; ce qui sera n'est pas encore". Par extension, nous pouvons ecrire: l'economie agro-alimentaire traditionnelle du manioc etait, elle n'est plus; l'economie agro-alimentaire moderne du manioc sera, elle n'est pas encore. La resolution de la crise du secteur moderne passe par le redressement de ce secteur. Celle du secteur traditionnel du manioc peut commencer par l'amelioration de l'utilisation des energies traditionnelles et ou de la penetration des energies modernes dans la transformation-distribution du manioc. Ces solutions sont a mettre en oeuvre en vue de la structuration, de la restructuration et de la dynamisation de l'economie du manioc et peuvent s'inserer dans un cadre global d'harmonisation de l'ensemble de l'economie congolaise. La culture du manioc domine l'ensemble de l'agriculture congolaise. Le developpement de l'economie de cette culture peut, non seulement, permettre d'augmenter la production, de couvrir les besoins, de limiter les importations des denrees alimentaires, mais egalement de favoriser le developpement des economies des autres speculations agricoles
Manioc agro-alimentary economy in congo is in crisis. We characterize that crisis by the well known musset's formulation : the century's disease come from two reasons, "what used to be isn't anymore, what will be isn't arrived yet. This formulation, adapted to cassave agro-alimentary economy, we may wright: the traditional agro-alimentary economy of cassave has been, this for ever; the modern agro-alimentary economy of cassave will be, but this economy is not gained yet. The answer to modern crisis consists in an economic recover. For the traditional crisis, the answer can begin with the improvement of the use of traditional energy or by the penetration of modern energy in the transformation-distribution of cassave. Those solutions can be adopted in order to structure or to restructure and to dynamise cassave agro-alimentary economy; they could be included in a global harmonization plan of all congoless economy. The cultuvation of cassave dominates the congoless agriculture. The development of cassave economy could favour the increase of the production, the cover of needs and the restriction of foods importations. It could also favour the development of others agricultural cultures economies
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11

Makosso, Jean Félix. "Impact de l'information scientifique et technique sur l'agriculture au Congo." Lille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL3A001.

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12

Loffman, Reuben Alexander. "Christianity, colonialism, and custom from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo : a history of Kongolo, Katanga, 1885-1960." Thesis, Keele University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716365.

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This thesis explores the history of Kongolo, a territory in northern Katanga. It borrows from a method used particularly in Zimbabwean and Kenyan studies, namely the local study. Combining life histories with a range of archival sources, the dissertation offers a situated history of the local state in Congo. Specifically, it examines how Belgian colonialisms were received by African communities from the inception of the Congo Free State (CFS) in 1885 until the end of the Belgian Congo in 1960. It analyses the encounter of big business, missions and the state with local religious and political institutions, deconstructing many of the gross assertions made about Belgian imperialism in the wider literature. In particular, the dissertation dispels the pervasive illusion of the almighty Bula Matari state. Bula Matari is a Kikongo phrase meaning ‘breaker of rocks’ and was first used by Africans to describe the activities of the explorer Henry Stanley in 1879. Henceforth, Belgian administrators appropriated the label to project the idea that their rule was both powerful and consistent over space and time. The misconception of the Bula Matari state was later used by political scientists to explain why the withdrawal of formal colonialism from the Congo was such a tumultuous affair. It has been argued that the turmoil that swept through the Congo after 1960 was caused by the shock of total colonialism’ being replaced by ‘total independence.’ But this thesis suggests there was never any such thing as total colonialism in the Belgian Congo. Instead, different African social categories and communities had different relationships with the European administration and, in the early 1960s, some fought to preserve their gains while others battled to end the last vestiges of colonialism.
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13

Makany, Likinzou André Séraphin. "Innovations et pratiques sociétales : cas du manioc au Congo." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10064.

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L'objectif de cette these est de comprendre la selection des innovations techniques dans la culture du manioc au congo-brazzaville. Notre point de depart est le constat d'une disparite dans l'adoption des innovations. Pour expliquer cette disparite, nous nous appuyons sur l'adaptation de l'innovation aux pratiques societales comme critere qui guide la selection qui est aussi economique et technique. Notre demarche, d'inspiration evolutionniste, fonde le processus d'innovation sur la rencontre de deux logiques. D'une part, il y a la logique propre d'evolution de la technique qui est operatoire et, d'autre part, la logique d'evolution des individus cibles par l'innovation et qui integre la dimension technique, mais aussi economique et les pratiques societales. Nous expliquons en quoi des criteres de selection economiques tenant a la maximisation du profit ou des criteres techniques lies a l'apprentissage ne sauraient a eux seuls expliquer la disparite constatee. Nous montrons en quoi les pratiques societales sont determinantes dans la selection et la diffusion de l'innovation et qu'elles peuvent etre influencees en retour par les techniques adoptees. Nous illustrons notre demonstration par deux exemples : l'introduction de la culture en couloirs qui a ete un echec et l'introduction de varietes ameliorees de manioc qui a ete un succes. Nous insistons sur la participation des agriculteurs a l'ensemble du processus d'innovation pour s'inscrire dans une perspective de developpement durable.
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14

Perlepes, Dimitris P. "Agriculture and the State in Greece." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303485.

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15

Gordon, Ellen M. Homeland Security Advisor and Emergency Management Administrator author (civilian). "Multi-state initiatives--agriculture security preparedness /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FGordon.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Paul Stockton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42). Also available online.
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16

Murdoch, J. L. "The state and agriculture in Wales." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/d157a6c4-d1a5-436d-88dc-9ac70a1115d9.

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The thesis examines the role of the state in the agriculture sector with particular emphasis on policy formation and it's effects on rural Wales. Sociological theories of the state are examined and an 'institutional' approach is adopted which focusses attention on the institutional actors in the policy process. Policy is made by these actors albeit under certain external constraints. A brief analysis of state intervention in the UK is provided. This is treated historically and traces the-changing pattern of state involvement in the industry. Likewise, the UK policy process is briefly examined and the main institutional actors are identified. At the Welsh level, the effects of state intervention on the structure of Welsh agriculture are documented. This is also treated historically. Attention is then directed to the Welsh institutional actors and their role in the agricultural policy process. In particular, the role of the Farmers' Unions is examined, looking closely at their relationships with state agencies. The activities of non-agricultural state agencies operating in rural Wales are also examined. The question is asked whether the traditional dominance of agricultural policy in the Welsh rural areas is about to come to an end. While some evidence is put forward to support this, the situation is by no means clear and no definitive answer can be provided. In conclusion, it is argued that the effects of past agricultural policies on the communities of rural Wales have been extremely damaging, and some reorientation of policy is clearly needed. However, the institutional. analysis indicates that such a reorientation will be extremely difficult to achieve.
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Gordon, Ellen M. "Multi-state initiatives: agriculture security preparedness." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1584.

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CHDS State/Local
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
To defend American agriculture against foreign or domestic terrorism, it is essential that states build multi-state partnerships to provide for the collaborative plans, programs and operations needed to protect the nations food security. The National Homeland Security Strategy puts states on the front lines in the war against terrorism---including the struggle to secure the agriculture industry from potentially devastating attack. The issues surrounding agro-terrorism are vast and complex and the resources of the Federal government to address these issues are limited and overextended. If states attempt to address this threat independently, important opportunities to reduce vulnerability and enhance capability will be lost. To achieve the capabilities needed for agro terrorism detection, mitigation, preparedness and response, states must collaborate to build the partnerships and programs their citizens require. This thesis argues multi-state partnerships are critical to defeating this threat as well as providing a robust response to an attack. Whether intentionally introduced or naturally occurring , infectious diseases can easily cross state borders before an outbreak is even detected. States must be prepared to act quickly to mitigate the effects of any crisis. There is a significant opportunity for states to strengthen their abilities to provide for a stronger agriculture counter terrorism preparedness system. The states can further their ability to combat attacks on agriculture actively by demonstrating leadership in implementing administrative agreements and ultimately adopting compact(s) between states as well as with the private sector.
Civilian, Homeland Security Advisor and Emergency Management Administrator, Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division
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18

Rookes, Stephen. "From the Bay of Pigs to Lake Tanganyika : non-state armed actors in the Congo crisis, 1960-1967." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20021.

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Alors que la République Démocratique du Congo devient indépendant en juin 1960 seulement quelques semaines après le pays va connaitre une crise politique et sociale qui va durer sept ans. Cette "crise du Congo" qui durera sept ans voit l'arrivée de mouvements sécessionnistes, de rébellions populaires et des forces militaires externes. Dans le cas de le province de Katanga, le moteur économique de la DRC, ces forces militaires externes sont composées de mercenaires européens, sud-africains et/ou rhodésiens embauchés et payés par les sociétés minières belges. Bien que les Nations-unies obligent le départ des mercenaires et arrivent à restaurer l'intégrité de la DRC, dès leur départ en 1963 le pays sombre de nouveau dans le désordre. En effet, une rébellion rurale d'inspiration marxiste et soutenue par la République Populaire de Chine gagne deux tiers du pays. Pire, en juillet 1964, la deuxième ville de la DRC, Stanleyville, est capturé par les forces rebelles et ces Simba menacent la vie de quelques centaines d'Européens, la plupart des citoyens belges.Pour les Etats-Unis qui tentent depuis quatre ans de faire régner la stabilité au Congo, les Simba représentent un vrai danger du fait de leur soutien par la Chine et d'autres pays africains radicaux. Aux yeux des Etats-Unis ce soutien signale que le communisme risque de prend pied dans l'Afrique centrale. En respect des idéologies telles que de Containment et de l'Effet Domino ce n'est pas une situation qui peut perdurer.En manque de forces armées capables de lutter efficacement contre les rebelles tout en gardant leur intervention secrète, les Etats-Unis forment une alliance avec la Belgique et une Armée nationale congolaise (ANC) renforcée par le retour de centaines de mercenaires blancs. D'ailleurs, les Etats-Unis fournissent leurs propres forces clandestines constituées d'exilés cubains recrutés par la CIA. Ces Exilés ont participé dans un nombre d'opérations clandestines montées par la CIA et, notamment, l'invasion de la Baie des Cochons qui visait à déposer Fidel Castro. En participant à ces opérations en avril 1961, ils rejoignent la liste de combattants anti-communistes utilisée par la CIA en Chine, et au Guatemala.Composé de pilotes d'avion et aussi d'une petite force commando, ces Exiles nommées collectivement le Makasi contribuent aux opérations qui visent à libérer Stanleyville et vaincre la rébellion. D'ailleurs, à partir de septembre 1965, une force navale composée d'Exilés va aussi mener des opérations sur le Lac Tanganyika. Ces opérations consistent empêcher l'arrivée dans les zones rebelles des vives et de munitions nécessaires pour la suite de la rébellion. Fournies par les pays tels que la Chine et l'Algérie, les forces rebelles reçoivent de l'aide de la part de Che Guevara. Envie de provoquer une révolution populaire en Afrique, Guevara restera au Congo que six mois. Sa présence dans ce pays ayant été vite détectée par les Etats-Unis, les Exilés cubains en sont avertis et considèrent que la guerre au Congo leur offre la possibilité de prendre une revanche sur Castro et la défaite à la Baie des Cochons
Whereas the Democratic Republic of the Congo became independent in June 1960 within a very short space of time the country will be torn apart by a series of secession and rebellions. In Katanga, secession is supported by the arrival of a mercenary army and the United Nations is sent to restore order by ridding the Congo of these foreign forces.The UN mission complete and its forces having been withdrawn by July 1963, the Congolese government will then be confronted by a popular rebellion in rural areas of the Congo. Supported by the People's Republic of China and radical African nations this communist-inspired rebellion makes rapid progress and soon two-thirds of the Congo is in the hands of the Simbas, the name adopted by the rebels. By August 1964 the Simbas have reached Stanleyville, the Congo's second largest city, and threaten to kill hundreds of mainly Belgian hostages. With the Congolese National Army being unfit to defeat the rebellion alone, it is reinforced by hundreds of white mercenaries. Seeing the rebellion and its communist support as a threat to its ideologies of Containment and the Domino Theory, the United States also provides military assistance in the shape of an air force and a small commando unit. Known collectively as the Makasi, these US covert forces comprise of Cuban Exiles recruited and paid by the CIA. Many of these Exiles took part in the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961. These Exiles join the list of CIA covert forces who have taken part in secret operations in China and in Guatemala. They will be joined by more veterans of the failed invasion in 1965 when a naval force is created to patrol Lake Tanganyika. It is from here that rebel forces are being supplied with food and weapons provided by communist-bloc nations and supporters. Moreover, from April 1965, the rebel forces will also be joined by Che Guevara who has hopes of starting up a popular revolution in the heart of Africa. Guevara's presence in the Congo being rapidly detected by the US, the Exiles are informed and see the Congo as an opportunity to gain revenge for the Bay of Pigs
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19

Maloula-Goma, Jöel. "Problèmes et perspectives de développement de l'agriculture congolaise : le cas du secteur de Sibiti." Toulouse 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU10021.

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Sibiti, secteur tres representatif des zones rurales congolaises, est une societe paysanne dotee d'un systeme agricole de faible rendement; car l'agriculture jusqu'a present reste essentiellement une activite traditionnelle de subsistance. Le congo connait actuellement l'un des exodes ruraux les plus spectaculaires d'afrique noire. Les campagnes sont devenues des veritables deserts tandis que les principales villes, brazzaville et pointe noire, plus les petites et moyennes villes abritent les 2 3 de la population totale, et on constate qu'il n'existe plus aujourd'hui que 500 a 700. 000 ruraux. Ce pays, qui ne vit que de l'exportation annuelle de 6 millions de tonnes de petrole, importe de quoi satisfaire 70% de ses besoins alimentaires. Le gouvernement, qui ne mene qu'une politique pro-urbaine, a prefere s'orienter, a grand renfort d'aide etrangere, vers la creation d'une vingtaine de grandes fermes d'etat, qui sont a peu pres toutes deficitaires! l'absence d'incitations fait que les paysans restes au village ne produisent pratiquement plus que pour la consommation familiale et l'agriculture manque desormais de bras. Le developpement agricole au congo est un probleme actuel. Il exige la mise en oeuvre des actions qui permettront a moyen et long terme de faire sauter les deux goulots d'etranglement majeurs : sur le plan institutionnel, la necessaire reforme des structures cooperatives et, sur le plan economique, l'entretien et le developpement des infrastructures routieres afin de desenclaver les zones rurales pourtant a fortes potentialites agricoles mais abandonnees a elles-memes
Sibiti, a very representative sector of the congolese rural areas, is a rustic community endowed with an agricultural low-efficiency system ; for until now agriculture is still mainly a traditional activity of subsistence. The congo is now experiencing one of the most spectacular rural depopulations in africa. The contryside has become an actual desert whereas the principal towns brazzaville and pointe noire with the small and medium-sized towns house the 2 3 of the whole population. We can note that today there are only 500 to 700. 000 country dwellers left. This country which only lives on the annual export of six million tons of oil, imports what is necessary to satisfy 70% of its nutritions wants. The congolese government which carries out a pro-urban policy, has prefered to move towards the creation of about twenty big state forms, which are nearly all in the red, with a copious supply of foreign aids. The lack of instigations leads the farmers left in villages to produce pratically only for family consumption and there is now a lack of labour in agriculture. The agricultural development of the congo is a topical problem. It requires the setting of long and medium-dated actions which will enable the country to get rid of the two main bottle-necks: from the institutional point of view the necessary reform of the co-operative structures and from the economical point of view the maintenance and the expansion of the road infrastructures in order to disenclose the rural areas with however have high rural potentialities but are left to themselves
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20

Mouyabi-Moukoko, Jean-Pierre. "Les activités rurales et leur évolution dans le district de Mouyondzi." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30024.

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21

Tshileu, N'Kolomona Olivier-Issa. "State collapse in Africa : the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53061.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The African State is a product of colonialism. It did not emerge from the needs of African people; indeed, the very concept is foreign to traditional African notions of authority. When the colonial era came to a close, its institutions were turned over to local elites who were either too inexperienced or too out of touch with the people they supposedly represented to effectively govern and manage the newly independent states. The result was widespread and continual ethno-regional violence, coupled with the progressive disintegration of the state authority and civil society. When such conditions remain unchecked, they ultimately lead to what political analysts refer to as the collapse of the state. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), formerly Zaire, constitutes a recent example of this phenomenon. At present, approximately half of its territory is under foreign military occupation, with no fewer than six states involved, whether officially or unofficially: Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi intervening on the side of the rebels, and Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia supporting government forces (These states have since withdrawn their forces). To this number must be added a number of opposition groups from neighbouring states, including The Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), some elements from the all-Hutu militia wing of Burundi's Conseil national pour la démocratie (CND) and remnant Rwandan Hutu, the so-called Interhamwe, as well as Mai-Mai and FRF (les Forces républicaines fédéralistes, led by Muller Ruhim) factions who fight the presence of the Rwandan army in the DRC (neither of which could be described as pro-governmental). The DRC is a failed state. All structures of legitimate power and authority have disintegrated; political order and the rule of law have been suspended. As a result, the state is rendered impotent: it cannot seek the welfare of its citizens, provide health care and education, dispense justice or maintain existing infrastructure. Civil society lacks the ability to fill the vacuum, and tribal and ethnic conflicts have steadily intensified. The study analyses the reasons for state collapse in general and examines the immediate causes of the conflict in the DRC in particular, including the legacy of colonial rule, land shortages and ethnic rivalry. It attempts to show that the collapse of the state in the ORC resulted largely from the imposition of poorly adapted western-style political institutions on traditional African structures of authority. Against this background, the study shows that the poor performance of the Congolese government in terms of its ability to constitute a legitimate arena for political activity, to confer a national identity and to act as security guarantor for its population represent the broad causes of the failure of the ORC state. State collapse is a long-term degenerative process, marked by the loss of control over political and economic space. As neighbouring states encroached on the failing ORC, its legitimacy was gravely undermined through the direct involvement of these states in its political processes. Moreover, these neighbouring countries harbour dissident movements who seek to influence ORC politics from within the safety of their borders. The collapse of the ORC poses a grave threat to African, and indeed global, stability, compromising neighbouring states through the vast influx of refugees and stimulating the illegal arms trade. The extent of the crises compels the international community to intervene. The immediate priority should be the reconstruction of a legitimate state system within the limits of the present borders. This can only be made possible through the implementation of the Lusaka agreement, which offers the most hope for a solution through the restoration of legitimate government, the reassertion of Congolese sovereignty, the reconstruction of a disciplined and efficient military and the convocation of a body for inter-Congolese dialogue. The ORC has been characterised by gross mismanagement ever since its independence in 1960; it is of the utmost urgency that the crisis not be allowed to escalate further. The ORC state needs total reconstruction: a process that will be extremely complex and time consuming, aimed at reviving institutional mechanisms that will return legitimate power to the state and re-establish social trust. In order to achieve these goals, a forum of national reconciliation, where all the belligerents in the conflict must participate towards finding a solution, will have to be established. The first priority of such a body should be the creation of a strong democratic transitional government before any further reconstruction of the state can be attempted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die staat in Afrika is 'n produk van kolonialisme. Post-koloniale Afrikastate was nie die natuurlike uitvloeisels van die behoeftes van Afrikane nie; inderdaad, selfs die konsep van 'n nasiestaat was vreemd binne die konteks van tradisionele, inheemse gesagstrukture. Die plaaslike elites, in wie se hande die koloniale instellings, en daarmee saam die staatsgesag, oorgegee is met die beëindiging van koloniale beheer, het nie oor die vaardighede beskik om effektiewe regering en beheer oor die nuut onafhanklike state uit te oefen nie; hulle was meestal onervare of uit voeling met die bevolkings oor wie hulle regeer het. Die gevolg was wydverspreide en voortslepende etniese en regionale geweld en die geleidelike verbrokkeling van staatsgesag en die burgerlike gemeenskap. Wanneer sulke omstandighede toegelaat word om hul loop te neem, lei dit onvermydelik tot die uiteindelike totale verbrokkeling van die staat. Die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK) - die voormalige Zaïre - is 'n voorbeeld van hierdie verskynsel. Nagenoeg die helfte van die oppervlakte van dié land is tans onder offisiële of nie-offisiële buitelandse militêre besetting, met nie minder nie as ses state wat betrek is by die konflik: Rwanda, Oeganda en Burundi ondersteun die rebelle; Angola, Zimbabwe en Namibië (hierdie state het sedertdien hul magte ontrek) veg aan die kant van regeringsmagte. Afgesien van hierdie magte, is daar ook verskeie opposisiegroepe wat vanuit buurstate optree, insluitende UNITA vegters uit Angola, elemente van die uitsluitlik Hutu militêre vleuel van die Burundese Conseil national pour la démocratie (CND) en oorblyfsels van die Rwandese Hutus (die sogenaamde Interhamwe), asook Mai-Mai en FRF (les Farces républicaines fédéralistes, onder die aanvoering van Muller Ruhim) faksies. Laasgenoemde twee groepe veg teen die teenwoordigheid van die Rwandese weermag in die DRK; nie een van die twee kan as pro-regering beskryf word nie. Die DRK is 'n mislukte staat. Alle legitieme mag- en gesagstrukture het verbrokkel; politieke beheer en wetstoepassing is opgehef. Die gevolg is dat die staat onmagtig is om die welvaart van sy burgers te bevorder, gesondheidsdienste en opvoeding te verskaf, regspleging uit te voer of bestaande infrastruktuur in stand te hou. Die burgerlike gemeenskap beskik nie oor die vaardighede om in die gaping te tree nie, en stam- en etniese konflik neem steeds toe. Hierdie studie ondersoek die algemene redes vir staatsverval en die spesifieke oorsake van die krisis in die DRK, waaronder die koloniale invloed, grondkwessies en etniese konflik. Daar word gepoog om aan te toon dat die staatsverval binne die DRK grotendeels toe te skryf is aan die afdwing van ontoepaslike, Westerse politiese instellings op tradisionele, inheemse gesagstrukture. In die lig hiervan word daar verder aangevoer dat die swak vertoning van die Kongolese regering - die onvermoë om as legitieme politieke arena te dien, 'n nasionale identiteit aan staatsburgers te verleen en hulle veiligheid te verseker - die basiese oorsaak is van die mislukking van die staat in die DRK. Staatsverval is 'n geleidelike proses; 'n stelselmatige en langduringe aftakeling, gekenmerk deur die verlies aan beheer oor die politieke en ekonomiese sfere. Namate buurstate toenemend betrokke geraak het in die probleemgeteisterde DRK, is staatslegitimiteit verder ondermyn deur die direkte politieke inmenging van hierdie buurlande. Daarby huisves hierdie lande ook afvallige groepe wat poog om politieke invloed op die DRK van buite die landsgrense uit te oefen. Die verbrokkeling van die staat binne die DRK is 'n wesenlike bedreiging vir stabiliteit binne Afrika, maar ook op 'n internasionale skaal. Sy buurstate word bedreig deur grootskaalse vlugtelingbewegings en die voorslepende konflik stimuleer onwettige internasionale wapenhandel. Die omvang van die krisis noop die internasionale gemeenskap om in te gryp. Die onmiddellike prioriteit van sodanige ingryping behoort die rekonstruksie van 'n legitieme staatstelsel binne die bestaande landsgrense te wees; dit kan slegs bewerkstellig word deur die implementering van die Lusaka ooreenkoms. Hierdie ooreenkoms bied die meeste hoop vir 'n oplossing tot die krisis deur die daarstelling van 'n legitieme regering, die herbevestiging van Kongolese soewereiniteit, die rekonstruksie van 'n gedissiplineerde en effektiewe militêre mag en die skep van 'n nasionale versoeningsliggaam. Sedert sy onafhanklikwording in 1960, is die DRC gekenmerk deur ernstige wanadministrasie. Dit is van uiterste belang dat hierdie situasie nie toegelaat word om voort te duur en te vererger nie. Algehele rekonstruksie is nodig - 'n uiters komplekse en tydsame proses met die uiteindelike oogmerk om daardie institusionele meganismes wat 'n terugkeer tot legitieme mag en gesag en 'n herbevestiging van burgelike vertroue tot gevolg sal hê, te laat herleef. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, sal 'n nasionale versoeningsliggaam geskep moet word. Alle partye in die konflik behoort betrek te word in 'n poging om 'n oplossing te vind. Hierdie liggaam sal 'n sterk, verteenwoordigende oorgangsregering daar moet stel voordat enige verdere vordering met die rekonstruksie van die staat sal kan plaasvind.
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22

Saboukoulou, Clément. "La ruralité congolaise d'une tradition écologique à une modernité polluante." Reims, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REIML008.

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23

Comptour, Marion. "Entre pêche, agriculture et commerces, jouer avec la variabilité écologique et sociale : dynamique d’un système social-écologique dans les plaines inondables du fleuve Congo." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT081/document.

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Les plaines inondables des grands fleuves tropicaux sont des milieux caractérisés par leurs inondations périodiques au rythme des crues et des décrues. La littérature est abondante à souligner l’aspect paradoxal de ces écosystèmes, entre milieux ‘productifs’, naturellement fertilisés par les dépôts d’alluvions, et milieux ‘contraignants’ et ‘risqués’. Les modes d’exploitation mis en place par les populations vivant dans les plaines inondables sont variés mais dans la majorité des cas, les populations combinent des activités agricoles avec des activités de pêche, de pastoralisme, de chasse, et d’extraction de produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux. La complémentarité des activités de production est reconnue dans la plupart des études comme une adaptation permettant de valoriser la diversité des ressources naturelles aux différents stades d’inondation, mais cette pluriactivité est rarement examinée en détail. En adoptant une démarche interdisciplinaire, systémique et diachronique, ce travail de thèse vise à démontrer en quoi la pluriactivité favorise l’adaptation des populations à un environnement fluctuant dont la dynamique peut s’observer à trois échelles de temps : l’échelle saisonnière, l’échelle historique du ‘temps long’, et l’échelle de la vie de l’individu. Ce travail repose sur des entretiens ethnographiques, sur la collecte de données éco-hydrologiques, et sur des analyses du paysage réalisés pendant une période de terrain de huit mois dans le village de Mossaka dans la région de la Cuvette congolaise du bassin du Congo. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que l’association spatiale et temporelle d’une multiplicité de techniques de pêche, de plusieurs systèmes agricoles (agriculture sur champs surélevés et agriculture de décrue) dans lesquels est plantée une riche agrobiodiversité ainsi que de nombreuses autres activités dépendantes ou non des ressources naturelles, permettent aux habitants de Mossaka de s’adapter à la variabilité saisonnière du niveau d’eau. Ensuite, en reconstituant la diachronie du système social-écologique, nous regardons comment les différentes activités de subsistance et leur importance relative ont évolué depuis la période précoloniale et nous identifions les principaux leviers de changements. Nous décrivons plus particulièrement les changements démographiques, écologiques, économiques et sociaux qui ont conduit à l’adoption rapide de l’agriculture de décrue depuis une trentaine d’années. Enfin, en analysant les récits de vie de plusieurs habitants de Mossaka, nous montrons que la grande flexibilité des systèmes de subsistance pluriactifs des individus permet de répondre à différents enjeux et incertitudes notamment d’ordre social. Ce travail de thèse constitue un apport au faible nombre d’études qui regardent de manière intégrée les différentes activités composant les systèmes de subsistance en plaines inondables et se prononce en faveur d’une meilleure reconnaissance de la pluriactivité et également de la diversité sociale. Ce travail participe aussi à une meilleure compréhension de la région de la Cuvette congolaise qui, malgré son rôle écologique et économique majeur, a jusque-là peu attiré les intérêts scientifiques
Floodplains of large tropical rivers are environments characterized by periodic flooding from the river and its tributaries. Numerous studies emphasize the paradoxical aspect of these ecosystems, between ‘productive’ environments naturally fertilized by alluvial deposits, or 'constraining' and ‘risky’ environments. Livelihoods in the floodplains are varied, but in most cases people combine agricultural activities with fishing, pastoralism, hunting and the extraction of wild plant resources. Although the complementarity of production activities is recognized in most studies as an adaptation to exploit the diversity of natural resources at different stage of flooding, this multi-activity is rarely examined in detail. Adopting an interdisciplinary, systemic and diachronic approach, this thesis aims to demonstrate how multi-activity enhances the adaptation to a fluctuating environment whose dynamics can be observed at three main time scales: the seasonal scale, the historical scale and the scale of the individual's life. This work is based on ethnographic interviews, on collection of eco-hydrological data and on landscape analysis conducted during a period of eight months in the village of Mossaka in the Congolese cuvette region in the Congo basin. Firstly, we show that the spatial and temporal association of a diversity of activities allow the inhabitants of Mossaka to adapt to the seasonal variability of water level. These include a diversity of fishing techniques, several agricultural systems (raised-field agriculture and flood-recessional agriculture) in which a rich agrobiodiversity is planted, and many other activities—some depending on natural resources, others not. Secondly, by reconstructing the dynamics of the social-ecological system over time, we examine how the different activities, and their relative importance, have changed since the pre-colonial period and we identify the main drivers of change. In particular, we describe the demographic, ecological, economic and social changes that have led to the rapid adoption of flood-recessional agriculture in the last thirty years. Finally, by analyzing the life stories of several inhabitants of Mossaka, we show that the great flexibility of the multi-activity livelihood system allows people to adapt to different challenges and uncertainties—particularly social ones. This thesis contributes to the few studies that examine in an integrated manner the diversity of livelihood activities in floodplain environments, and advocates greater recognition of the importance of multi-activity livelihood systems and of social diversity. This work also contributes to a better understanding of the Congolese Cuvette region, which despite its major ecological and economic role has so far attracted little scientific interest
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24

Montpetit, Eric. "Policy making performance, policy change, and political institutions : the formulation of an environmental policy for the agricultural sector in France, the United States and Canada /." *McMaster only, 1999.

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25

Isangu, Mwana-Mfumu. "Innovation et changement social en République Démocratique du Congo : l'introduction du niébé au Kwango." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20074.

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Dans les années 80, les agriculteurs de la région du Kwango en République Démocratique du Congo ont adopté la culture du niébé. Nous avons voulu comprendre d'où en est venue l'impulsion et quel changement cela a entraîné dans la société. Après l'examen des approches adoptées par les auteurs qui ont étudié la diffusion des innovations et au terme des enquêtes de terrain, nous pensons que la crise multiforme qui frappait la société du Kwango a été le facteur principal de diffusion du niébé : pour la société du Kwango, l'enjeu majeur de cette innovation était la sortie de la crise. Pour les individus, l'enjeu de la diffusion du niébé était le pouvoir, comme l'attestent les changements qui sont survenus dans cette société en pleine restructuration suite à la chute de la dictature. C'est la pratique du niébé qui a commencé à y donner accès au pouvoir. Le fait que l'ensemble du district ne connaisse pas encore le développement local nous a amené à identifier les obstacles pouvant devenir la cible d'actions de développement
In the 80's, the people in the region of Kwango, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, started growing niebe, a crop unknown until then. I wanted to explore the factors of that trend, and the changes it brought in that society. I went through the approaches adopted by scientists who studied the diffusion of innovations, and I did my fieldwork in the concerned region. These made me single out the crisis that affected the Kwango society as the main factor of the diffusion of niebe. For the society as a whole, what was at stake is getting out of that crisis. For the individuals, the aim in adopting that crop was power. This is shown by the changes that took place in that society that was undergoing a deep social change due to the end of the dictator rule. The activities related to the niebe crop were the one giving access of power. The fact that the whole society of Kwango does not show signs of local development yet made me look for the obstacles due to become the target of later development actions
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26

Mandounou, Kiminou Bernard. "L'agro-industrie dans la stratégie de développement de la vallée du Niari en République populaire du Congo." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10039.

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La vallee du niari, une des plus grandes regions agricoles et agro-industrielles de la republique populaire du congo, doit sa renommee, grace a l'implantation depuis l'ere coloniale du plus grand et important secteur agro-industriel du pays de caractere surtout alimentaire. Ce secteur qui constituait le plus grand complexe agro-industriel d'afrique noire francophone de caractere prive etait compose d'une sucrerie-raffinerie installee a nkay; d'une sucrerie basee a moutela, d'une huilerie d'arachides placee a kayes et d'une minoterie a nkayi. Nationalise depuis septembre 1970, ce secteur devenu etatique a ete divise en trois unites agro-industrielles juridiquement distrinctes ; a savoir: - un complexe sucrier (sucrerie du congo) specialise dans la production du sucre de cannes. La production de canne y est integree. - une huilerie orientee dans la fabrication d'huile d'arachides. L'arachide est fournie par le monde paysan; - la minoterie et l'usine d'aliments du betail specialisees respectivement dans la fabrication de la farine de ble planifiable a partir du ble d'importation et dans la production d'aliments du betail a partir du mais achete au monde pay san par le biais de l'office de cultures vivrieres (ocv). Enfin tout recemment la region s'est dotee d'une unite de transformation du manioc installee a mantsoumba dans le district de madingou. La production agricole y est integree. Consideree comme la region agricole la plus riche du congo, la vallee du niari, com- posee de trois regions (niari, bouenza et lekoumou) approvisionne les marches regio- nal, national et international en produits agricoles et agro-industriels et parti- cipe d'une maniere ou d'une autre au developpement de l'economie nationale. Bien que ce secteur connaisse, de nos jours, d'enormes difficultes, l'analyse de ce- lui-ci nous a permis d'evaluer son importance : tant pour le developpement de la region que pour celui de la nation toute entiere et ses perspectives d'avenir, c'est en cela que reside le present travail
The niari valley, one of the greatest agricultural regions ans agro-industrial of the popular republic of congo aves its celerity, tanks to the implantation of the greatest and the most important agro-industrial sector of alimentary mark, since the colonial era. That sector which constitutes the greatest agro-industrial complex of private mark in black african french speaking countries was composed of a sugar-rafinery installex at nkayi, a sugar-work at houtela, a peanut oil-press at kayes and a cornmill at nkayi-nationalized since september 1970; became a state property, that sector has bean divided in three juridically distinct agro-industrial unities. - a sugar complex (sucrerie du congo) specialized in the production of sugar cames, the production of sugar cames is adapted. - a oil-press oriented in the fabrication of peamut. The peamut is furnished by the peasantry. - a corn-mill and a factory of cattle alimony respectively specialized in the fabrication of weat flour, bread stuff from wheat of importation and in the pro- duction of cattle alimony, from the maize brought from the peasantry through the office de cultures vivrieres (o. C. V. ). At least, recently the region is endowed of an unity of transformation of cassava installed at montsoumba in the district of madingou. The agricultural production is adapted. Considered as being the richest agricultural region of the congo, the niari valley compounded of three regions (niari, bouenza and lekoumou) supplies the regional, national and international markets in agricultural and agro industrial products it participates in a way or another at the development of the national economy. Though nowadays the sector has many difficulties its analysis has allowed us to evaluate its importance and future perspectives for the development of the region and the whole nation. It is the aim of the present work
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27

Ibanga, Imwa. "Formes d'organisation de la production agricole et son impact dans l'economie nationale cas du Zaïre de 1977 à 1987 /." [Kinshasa] : Faculté des sciences économiques, Université de Kinshasa, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22607086.html.

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28

Moosbrugger, Lorelei K. "Institutions with environmental consequences : the politics of agrochemical policy-making /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3027042.

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29

Dunkerley, Marie Elizabeth. "Education policy and the development of the colonial state in the Belgian Congo, 1916-1939." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/88113.

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Taking the transformative potential of education as its starting point, this thesis analyses Belgian attempts to use schools policy to strengthen the hegemony of the colonial state in the Congo during the interwar years. Through an empirical treatment of the development of the colonial school system, based largely on archival research, the study pursues two main contentions. The first is that the Belgian colonial authorities played a far more direct role in formulating and implementing education policy than is often believed. The second is that the state authorities’ interest in education was defined both by the economic imperative of colonial exploitation, which compelled them to train skilled workers, and the fear that access to education would fuel potential sedition. Six thematic chapters demonstrate that this paradox of necessity and fear shaped Belgian education policy in the Congo, looking at the reasons behind the fear of potential unrest, and at its ramifications. This thesis argues that these pressures caused the Belgian colonial authorities to try to mould Congolese society using education as a tool, by using specific streams of instruction to inculcate certain groups of Congolese, such as auxiliaries, healthcare workers, and women, with the principles of colonial rule. The thesis also considers how these policies were put into practice, focusing on relations between the colonial authorities and the Catholic and Protestant mission societies, and evaluates their efficacy. Moreover, this thesis attempts to establish, where possible, the reactions of colonized Congolese to European educational provision. Having analysed these issues, this thesis concludes that the colonial education system in the Congo during the interwar years failed to fulfil its main purpose and perpetuate Belgian colonial rule.
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30

Ocaya, Bryan. "Ex-Combatants in a State of Flux : Understanding remobilization in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445608.

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31

Gacitúa, Marío Estanislao A. "Disarticulated agricultural growth : a comparative study of two Chilean regions /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-170551/.

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32

Xu, Qing. "China's agricultural reforms : experience, empirical evidence and tendency /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phx9.pdf.

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33

Wellman, David B. "Econometric models of local area agriculture /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025660.

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Silver, Jade. "Food Security on Maui: Reinventing Agriculture in the Aloha State." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/143.

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This thesis focuses on the past, present, and future of food sustainability on Maui. It begins by explaining ancient Hawaiian agriculture and how this complex system of agriculture was deeply rooted in the customs and traditions of the Hawaiian people. The second section explores how this sustainable agricultural system changed after the arrival of Captain Cook in 1778. After western settlement, land that was once a communal resource became privatized. As land ownership shifted, the traditional subsistence agricultural system of Hawai’i began to change. Export crops such as sugar cane and pineapple became more widespread. As these crops shifted the way land was utilized in Hawai’i, the islands reduced the amount of crops grown for local consumption and became increasingly reliant on imported foods. The last section stresses the necessity of increasing the production of locally grown food on Maui. It discusses the locally grown food movement that has developed on Maui, and addresses the obstacles that prevent more food from being grown locally. Lastly, it suggests strategies to increase the amount of food produced for local consumption so that Maui can secure a more sustainable agricultural future.
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35

Garvey, Ann Peters. "State tools to update and strengthen statutes for agriculture emergencies." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FGarvey.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homaland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Ellen M. Gordon. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66). Also available online.
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36

Kinzo, M. D. "Small producers and the state : Agriculture on the Amazon frontier." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376572.

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37

Schöne, Jens. "Frühling auf dem Lande? die Kollektivierung der DDR-Landwirtschaft /." Berlin : Links, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58549350.html.

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38

Gray, Ian P. "Carbon finance, tropical forests and the state : governing international climate risk in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73814.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-83).
This thesis examines how evolving norms of international climate change mitigation are translated into national forest governance policies and land management techniques in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The development of administrative mechanisms to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) become a cultural script through which the institutions of the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program "prepare" the post-colonial state to be a rational producer of avoided forest carbon emissions. The two actions-building the state and stabilizing a commodifiable carbon-occur unconsciously as a process Sheila Jasanoff calls "co-production," a dialectic in which efforts to change the natural order depend on unquestioned ideas about the social order, and visa versa. As this thesis shows, instrumental goals of making carbon governable in a country bearing the heavy legacy of Belgian colonialism and the scars of the largest regional war in recent African history, run a high risk of reproducing embedded inequities found at the local level. The impacts of global climate change are expected to have especially adverse affects on subsistence communities dependent on forest resources for their daily existence. If REDD architecture would live up to its stated goal of also improving livelihoods in the non-Annex I countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, it must engage in a more overtly "coproductionist" politics of carbon management. This means developing overt mechanisms that provide more continuous interactions between different epistemic communities in the domestic REDD countries (international experts, national administrators and local communities), linking local level institutions upward with higher scales of administration in setting the rules for carbon management, as well as strengthening community control of resources so that the decision to participate in the provisioning of global public goods can be made with more autonomy.
by Ian P. Gray.
M.C.P.
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39

Louaka, Dieudonné. "La représentation de la terre dans le milieu paysan Kongo (R. Du Congo)." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H045.

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40

Raish, Carol. "Domestic animals and stability in pre-state farming societies /." Oxford : Tempus reparatum, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356941544.

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41

Bagour, Mohammed Hussien. "Measuring and predicting steady state infiltration rates for Arizona irrigated soils." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279790.

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Five methods to measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity of Arizona irrigated soils were evaluated using the in-situ single ring, double ring, compact constant head permeameter methods, and with tempe cells (soil cores) in the laboratory. Ten Arizona irrigated soils were studied, and the textures of these soils ranged from sand to silty clay. Three water qualities were evaluated, namely the local water, gypsum in local water, and gypsum water (0.005M CaSO₄ · 2H₂O solution). Sites were selected to provide soils having a wide range of soil characteristics and detailed laboratory and field morphology data were measured including soil texture, bulk density, soil aggregation, stickiness, plasticity, moisture retention at various tensions, ECₑ, and pHₑ. The results showed that the double ring method was the better in-situ method. The relationships between soil properties and K(sat) were evaluated, and soil properties were examined as predictor variables for K(sat) in stepwise multiple-regression. Stepwise multiple-regression criteria were set at a probability of F to enter ≤ 0.5 and probability of F to remove ≥ 0.1. Six models are presented that can be used in predicting K(sat). Each model has a subset of field and laboratory predictor variables selected based on stepwise multiple-regression criteria, and with some personal judgment. Casewise diagnostics were used to test model performances.
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42

Jensen, Mari N. "A Living Microbial Observatory: Research in Kartchner Caverns State Park®." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622140.

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43

Bloomberg, Brooke. "Considerations for Kansas State University’s College of Agriculture obtaining AAALAC accreditation." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4754.

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Master of Science
Department of Anatomy and Physiology
Lisa C. Freeman
Kansas State University uses a variety of animals to fulfill the University’s research and teaching mission. K-State maintains a single Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee the use of all vertebrate animals used in research and teaching at K-State. K-State’s program is AAALAC accredited. The Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International (AAALAC) is a non-profit organization with the mission to promote the humane care of animals used in research and teaching. AAALAC is a private member association that evaluates and accredits member organizations by utilizing a peer review process. Accreditation signifies that an animal care and use program goes beyond meeting minimum standards required by law and strives for excellence to better meet the needs of the animals in their care. However, K-State’s accreditation is university-limited, meaning not all colleges that use animals for research and teaching are accredited. The College of Agriculture is not included in the accreditation even though it supports 15 animal facilities within the Department of Animal Science & Industry (AS&I) and 2 facilities located at Agricultural Experiment Stations (AES). Species housed in these facilities include; cattle, horses, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry. AAALAC reports that accreditation of agricultural animal programs lags behind other animal research and teaching programs. This may be due to multiple factors such as; minimal research funding sources require institutions to be accredited, minimal funding to make necessary facility upgrades, and a lack of conviction of how accreditation may benefit an agricultural animal program. This paper begins to discuss the scope of the program, identify common deficiencies, and provide suggestions for program improvement. As public pressure increases to improve care of animals in research and agricultural settings, it would benefit K-State to accredit all the institution’s animal facilities. The IACUC is a key player in this effort but support from K-State institutional leadership and the College of Agriculture is paramount. Those at K-State know the importance of the care we provide the animals in our facilities, but obtaining AAALAC accreditation will show our peers, supporting institutions, and our students that we strive for excellence in care of all our animals.
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44

Shipp, Dallas. "Resistance to modernity : the relevancy and integrity of agrarian criticism in the early 20th century /." Lynchburg, VA : Liberty University, 2007. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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45

Siisii, Clara N. "The European Union supply and demand for barley and corn : an econometric policy analysis study /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988700.

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46

Klamsom, Prānī. "Kānkǣ panhā sētthakit thī kīeokap chāonā dōi withī kānsahakō̜n nai ratchasamai Phrabāt Somdet Phra Mongkutklao Čhaoyūhūa læ Phrabāt Somdet Phra Pokklao Čhaoyūhūa." Google Book Search Library Project, 1986. http://books.google.com/books?id=HUtXAAAAMAAJ.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Chulalongkorn University, 1986.
In Thai; abstract also in English. Added t.p.: Cooperative measures in solving economic problems related to peasants during the reigns of King Rama VI and King Rama VII. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-126). Also issued in print.
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47

Singha, Justin. "L'Eglise catholique et l'Etat en République du Congo : une étude juridique et politique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0328.

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L'Eglise catholique en République du Congo exerce un pouvoir politique non négligeable. Cette action politique de l'Eglise dépend du statut juridique dont bénéficie l'Eglise dans le droit positif congolais. La complexité structurelle de l'Eglise catholique dépasse le cadre associatif qui définit les associations religieuses au Congo. La définition du statut canonique et civil de l'Eglise catholique permet d'apprécier son impact au plan socio-politique et sa relation avec l'Etat
The Catholic church plays a not insignificant role in the political transition in Congo Brazzaville. However, it is useful to define its legal status in order to evaluate its socio-political expression. The definition of this legal status allows the Catholic Church to be able to carry out its activities with legal protection
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48

Ilenda, Mbemba. "Impact de l'éducation sur les comportements techniques des agriculteurs : le cas du Bas-Zaïre (Zaïre)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29292.

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49

Mukuna, Lunda. "Économie métropolitaine et modernisation agricole coloniale : concertation entre l'INEAC et l'État dans le domaine de l'agriculture villageoise au Congo-belge : 1947-1960." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29102.

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50

Alongo, Longomba Sylvain. "Etude microclimatique et pédologique de l'effet de lisière en Cuvette centrale congolaise: impact écologique de la fragmentation des écosystèmes :cas des séries Yangambi et Yakonde à la région de Yangambi, R.D. Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209444.

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L’occupation du sol en zone forestière de Yangambi dans la Cuvette centrale congolaise (RDC) change rapidement et la fragmentation forestière liée à l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis est devenue l’un des processus dominant la dynamique paysagère. La présente étude s’est fixée comme objectif de suivre une approche microclimatique en transects pour déterminer la zone de lisière entre les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses, et ce, afin de mieux comprendre les réponses des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol aux changements d’occupation du sol et à la fragmentation forestière. Deux zones les plus appréciées par les paysans pour leurs exploitations agricoles ont été choisies en fonction des unités pédologiques existantes :la série Yangambi et la série Yakonde. Des échantillons non perturbés du sol de 0-10, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm et perturbés de 0-20 cm ont été prélevés dans les différentes occupations de sols après la détermination de la zone de lisière. Notre démarche a consisté à comparer les propriétés de sols identiques au plan de leur pédogenèse, sous jachère herbeuse, sous lisière et sous couvert forestier, de façon à quantifier l’effet de lisière sur les propriétés des sols, pour mieux connaître les conséquences édaphiques de la fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis.

Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la zone de lisière entre les jachères et les forêts denses a une largeur de 70 m pour la série Yangambi et 68 m pour la série Yakonde. Les variations microclimatiques de la lisière en terme de température de l’air, sont intermédiaires (moyenne, minima et maxima) entre celles des jachères herbeuses et des forêts denses. La fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis modifie profondément les propriétés physico-chimiques de sols dans les couches superficielles. Un des effets de changements d’occupation du sol et de la fragmentation est la présence d’horizons superficiels à texture sableuse au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières. La densité apparente et la conductivité hydraulique ont subit une importante dégradation sous les jachères herbeuses. A l’inverse, la lisière forestière assure une bonne structure conservatrice du sol (faible densité apparente et bonne conductivité hydraulique). Le sol des forêts denses présente des bonnes propriétés physiques et de ce fait, est pris comme référence à partir duquel les effets de dégradation physique du sol peuvent être appréciés.

Le potentiel chimique du sol (pH, phosphore assimilable, le taux de saturation en bases et la CECE) est meilleur au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières par rapport aux forêts denses suite à la pratique du brûlis qui permet de restituer au sol une fraction de la minéralomasse forestière par les cendres. Les teneurs en carbone et azote totaux du sol ont été significativement plus élevées sous les lisières forestières que sous les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses. Les résultats de l’indice de Kamprath ont montré que, les lisières, en plus de contribuer à l’accroissement de carbone organique du sol, tendent à diminuer la toxicité aluminique de sols étudiés. A l’inverse, l’étude a mis en évidence une toxicité aluminique plus élevée sous la jachère herbeuse de la série Yangambi que sous la lisière. En parallèle, nous avons observé une baisse des teneurs en fer sous toutes les jachères et les lisières forestières.

Les pratiques de jachères cultivées et d’agroforesterie s’avèrent incontournables pour enrichir ces sols en matière organique, limiter l’érosion liée au brûlis afin de freiner le lessivage des nutriments, éviter le compactage du sol et assurer le maintien à long terme d’une bonne structure conservatrice du sol.

In the forest zone of Yangambi, located in the Central Congo Basin (DRC), land use is changing rapidly and forest fragmentation due to slash and burn agriculture has become one of the dominant processes of landscape dynamics. This study's main goal is to apply a microclimatic approach in transects to determine the edge area between the fallow grasslands and dense forests, and, in order to better understand the responses of the soil physico-chemical properties to changes in land use and forest fragmentation. Two most popular areas used by farmers have been selected on the basis of the existing soil units: the Yangambi and Yakonde series. Undisturbed soil samples at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and the disturbed at 0-20 cm were collected from different the land use types after detecting the edge area. Our approach was to compare the properties of identical soils based on their genesis, under grass fallow, edge and forest cover, so as to quantify the effect of edge on the soil properties, to better understand the edaphic consequences of the forest fragmentation by slash and burn shifting cultivation.

The results showed that the edge area between fallow and dense forests has a width of 70 m for the Yangambi series and 68 m for the Yakonde series. Microclimatic variations of the edge in terms of air temperature are intermediate (average, minimum and maximum) between grass fallows and dense forests. The fragmentation of forests by slash and burn shifting cultivation profoundly modifies the physico-chemical properties of soils in the surface layers. One of the effects of changes in land use and fragmentation was the presence of surface layers with more sandy texture in the fallow grassland and forest edges. Bulk density and hydraulic conductivity undergo an important degradation under grass fallows. In contrast, the forest edge ensures a maintenance of the soil structure (low bulk density and good hydraulic conductivity). Dense forest soil has thus good physical properties and therefore is taken as the reference from which the effects of soil physical degradation can be appreciated.

The chemical potential of the soil (based on pH, available phosphorus, base saturation and CECE) is better in the grass fallows and forest edges compared to dense forests due to the practice of slash and burn which allows restoration by adding nutrients to the soil through the ashes. The carbon and total nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher under forest edges than in fallow grasslands and dense forests. The results of the-Kamprath index shows the edges, in addition to contributing to an increase in soil organic carbon, tend to decrease the aluminium toxicity of studied soils. By contrast, the study revealed a higher aluminium toxicity under fallow grassland on the Yangambi series that under the edge and the forest. In parallel, we observed a decrease in iron contents in all fallow lands and forest edges.

The practices of cultivated fallows and agroforestry are proving unavoidable for enriching these soils in organic material, to reduce erosion related to slash and burn in order to curb the leaching of nutrients, to avoid soil compaction and to maintain a long-term well developed soil structure.


Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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