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1
Walker, Andrew. "From Legibility to Eligibility: Politics, Subsidy and Productivity in Rural Asia." TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 3, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2014.17.
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AbstractThroughout Asia, the relationship between the state and the rural sector has shifted from taxation to subsidy. The political tussles over subsistence between resistant peasants and taxing states, eloquently described by James Scott, have been replaced by a more affluent political dynamic focussed on subsidy and productivity. This article explores this transformation by means of a comparative study of Thailand and South Korea. Like many other countries, Thailand and South Korea have followed the path from taxation to subsidy but Thailand has never successfully addressed its legacy of low agricultural productivity. Contemporary South Korean agriculture, by contrast, is a result of a century-long investment in productivity improvement, in both its taxation and subsidy phases. The interaction between government policy and agricultural productivity has important political implications. Whereas South Korea has made a successful democratic transition and achieved a broad consensus on support for the agricultural sector, Thailand has failed to effectively manage the contemporary dilemmas of exchange between rural people and the state.
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Arya, Aziz R. "Agricultural Transformation in Asia: Experiences and Emerging Challenges." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 19, no. 2 (December 2022): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2022.19.2.2.
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Agriculture plays a key role in economic development, alleviating poverty and malnutrition, especially in the early stages of agricultural development. Several studies have demonstrated that neglecting agriculture, especially at the early stages of industrialization, can disrupt the process of economic transformation. This paper reviews the process of agricultural transformation in Asia through the framework proposed by Timmer (1988). It finds that agricultural transformation in Asia has followed a uniform pattern with unique characteristics in each stage. Moreover, the public sector has been instrumental in facilitating and guiding agricultural transformation. Emerging challenges in the agri-food sector in Asia have prompted some countries to promote a more inclusive and integrated approach to rural and agri-food system development. The next phase of agricultural transformation—pioneered in Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), and China—seems relevant to most countries in Asia and elsewhere. In all three countries, the role of the state in facilitating the next phase of agricultural transformation is highly instrumental in terms of policy, strategy, incentives, and resources. However, there is insufficient evidence to assess the efficacy of the transformative initiatives dubbed as the “6th industrialization in agriculture.”
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Heng, Yan, Hyeyoung Kim, and Lisa A. House. "An Overview of the Grapefruit Market in South Korea." EDIS 2017, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe1003-2017.
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According to the Foreign Agricultural Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, worldwide consumption of fresh grapefruit in 2014/15 increased from 4.2 million to 5.2 million metric tons. China, which is the largest producer of grapefruit, was largely responsible for the increase. In South Korea, however, the state of Florida in the United States has traditionally dominated the grapefruit market. The South Korean grapefruit market has been increasing in recent years and is expected to keep growing. The industry in Florida now faces fierce competition from other suppliers with lower import prices and different harvest seasons. This 5-page fact sheet written by Yan Heng, Hyeyoung Kim, and Lisa House and published by the Food and Resource Economics Department aims to provide an overview of the grapefruit market in South Korea and evaluate the potential of this market for Florida fresh grapefruit producers.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1003
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Ivanova, S. V., and A. V. Latyshov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND REGULATION OF AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN , SOUTH KOREA AND CHINA." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-1-81-100.
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The article is devoted to the study of general and special characteristics of the condition and state regulation of agriculture in three East Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea. It is determined that there are several historical similarities associated with the Asian way of production, low land use, high dependence on food imports, rapid urbanization and high population density. The topic of food security is relevant for all three countries. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify and specify important differences in the process and results of the modernization of agriculture in the three countries. Especially in terms of the level and speed of technical and technological development, domestic state support for agriculture, foreign trade policy, changes in the trade balance for agricultural goods, the inclusion of countries in the import of GM seeds and the production of organic food, positions in the ratings of the global food security index. The article focuses on the issues of commercialization of biotechnological crops and China's strategy aimed at future global dominance in the field of agricultural science and technology. Using the mechanism of international corporate mergers and acquisitions, the Chinese company with state participation entered the top five world leaders in the production of GM seeds and IT platforms for precision farming.
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Rasiah, Rajah, and Nazia Nazeer. "The State of Manufacturing in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 20, Sspecial Edition (September 1, 2015): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2015.v20.isp.a9.
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The history of successful industrializers, such as South Korea and Taiwan, shows a systematic shift in the production structure from low- to high- value added activities in manufacturing and its resulting impact on agriculture, mining and services. Within manufacturing, the transformation is seen in both a movement from low-value added sectors, such as apparel making, to high-tech activities, such as automotive and electronics products, and, within particular industries, vertical integration into knowledge-intensive activities. Pakistan’s failure to engender the conditions to stimulate technological upgrading within its leading manufacturing industry of clothing, and a shift away to higher-value added industries is the prime reason why the country has not achieved rapid growth in GDP per capital over the long-term. This paper discusses Pakistan’s stagnation in manufacturing over the period 1960-2013 against the experience of the rapid industrializers of South Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia. Drawing on empirical evidence it argues that Pakistan requires a dynamic industrial policy that focuses on technological upgrading in its existing manufacturing sectors and the creation of competitive advantage in high value-added sectors if the country is to experience sustained long-term economic growth.
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Burmeister, Larry L. "State, Industrialization and Agricultural Policy in Korea." Development and Change 21, no. 2 (April 1990): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1990.tb00375.x.
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Bang, Ji-Hyeon, Jun Park, Sung-Wook Park, Jun-Yeong Kim, Se-Hoon Jung, and Chun-Bo Sim. "A System for Determining the Growth Stage of Fruit Tree Using a Deep Learning-Based Object Detection Model." Korean Institute of Smart Media 11, no. 4 (May 31, 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30693/smj.2022.11.4.9.
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Recently, research and system using AI is rapidly increasing in various fields. Smart farm using artificial intelligence and information communication technology is also being studied in agriculture. In addition, data-based precision agriculture is being commercialized by convergence various advanced technology such as autonomous driving, satellites, and big data. In Korea, the number of commercialization cases of facility agriculture among smart agriculture is increasing. However, research and investment are being biased in the field of facility agriculture. The gap between research and investment in facility agriculture and open-air agriculture continues to increase. The fields of fruit trees and plant factories have low research and investment. There is a problem that the big data collection and utilization system is insufficient. In this paper, we are proposed the system for determining the fruit tree growth stage using a deep learning-based object detection model. The system was proposed as a hybrid app for use in agricultural sites. In addition, we are implemented an object detection function for the fruit tree growth stage determine.
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Basnet, Barun, and Junho Bang. "The State-of-the-Art of Knowledge-Intensive Agriculture: A Review on Applied Sensing Systems and Data Analytics." Journal of Sensors 2018 (September 19, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3528296.
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The application of sensors and information and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture has played a vital role in improving agricultural production and the value chain. Recently, the use of data analytics has shifted agriculture from input-intensive to knowledge-intensive as a large amount of agricultural data can be stored, shared, and analyzed to create information. In this paper, we have reviewed existing sensors and data analytics techniques used in different areas of agriculture. We have classified agriculture into five categories and reviewed the state-of-the-art technology in practice and ongoing research in each of these areas. Also, we have presented a case study of Korean scenario compared with other developed nations and addressed some of the issues associated with it. Finally, we have discussed current and future challenges and provided our views on how such issues can be addressed.
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Oh, Jennifer S. "Decline of the Agricultural Welfare State?: An Assessment of Structural Reforms in Japan and Korea's Agricultural Sectors." International Studies Review 12, no. 2 (October 15, 2011): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01202003.
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This paper attempts to explain the diverging patterns of structural reform in Japan and Korea's agricultural sectors from 1985 to 2009. Why has structural reform proceeded more extensively in Japan than in Korea? The nature of Japan and Korea's agricultural policy communities, specifically the extent to which farm interests are meaningfully represented in the agricultural policy community, is an important factor shaping the structural reform experiences of Japan and Korea's agricultural sectors. In Japan, the inclusion of farm interests in the agriculcural policy communities strengthens government capacity to implement difficult reforms. In contrast, the exclusion of Korean farmers from its agricultural policy community weakens the Korean government's ability to restructure the agricultural sector against the wishes of farmers.
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Kagirova, M. V., and Yu N. Romantseva. "ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF DIGITALIZATION IN AGRICULTURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF AUSTRALIA AND ASIAN COUNTRIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 12 (2021): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.04.012.
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The paper contains the results of studying the conditions, processes and tools for the digitali-zation of agriculture in Japan, South Korea and Australia, which have common soil and climatic conditions and specialization in production with some regions of Russia, the identity of the problems in the implementa-tion of digital transformations. As a result, the most relevant solutions for Russia were identified in the state strategy for the digitalization of the industry in the aspects of collaboration between science, education and production, areas of state support.
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Spitsina, Kseniya A., and Anastasiya A. Shikunova. "Agriculture of the Australian Union: Challenges, Responses, Tasks Ahead." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 2(51) (2021): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-2-2-51-254-267.
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The article analyses the current state of agriculture industry in the Australian Union. It examines the impact of miscellaneous factors, such as natural disasters, climate conditions, the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the establishment of regional free trade regimes, as well as the degree of their implementation. The paper reveals the specificity of the entry of Australian agriculture products into the markets of China, South Korea and Japan along with the development of agriculture in Australia and the efforts made by the Australian government and business community to overcome the troubles the industry suffered from in 2018-2020. In the authors’ opinion, the growing tensions in trade and economic relations between the Australian Union and the PRC affect the overall situation of Australian agriculture. In its turn, this incentivizes Canberra to explore new sources of agriculture product sales and expand cooperation with other partners.
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KISTERSKY, Leonid, VASYL MARMAZOV, and Igor PILIAIEV. "MODERNIZATION OF SOUTH KOREA: ORIGINS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AND THE EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.09.041.
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Considered the causes and results of the economic achievements of South Korea, which for one generation’s lifetime had managed to leapfrog from poverty to the top of the world’s advanced economies. Analyzed the similarity between the problems of the Republic of Korea, which has been at war with its northern neighbor for more than 70 years, and Ukraine since 2014, as both countries are at the epicenter of strategic conflicts in Eurasia, in which basic interests of world powers collide. Confucianism is analyzed as a model of social and personal relations that has absorbed the wisdom and experience of the millennia-old civilization, demonstrated its exceptional viability, capacity to dynamically modernize and creatively assimilate the achievements of other cultures and civilizations. There is a unique synthesis of values of the two most competitive systems of work ethic in the modern world – Confucianism and Protestantism, which ensured the phenomenal success of the South Korean modernization. It is argued that the very combination of strong socially responsible state, competitive structural democracy and social and labor ethics based on the amalgam of Confucian and Christian values gave effect to the “Miracle on the Han River.” It is shown that Ukraine and South Korea have a common position on the key issues of world order as well as promising bilateral relations, whereas the South Korean experience of economic modernization and development is of interest to Ukraine. Promising areas of Ukrainian-South Korean economic cooperation, such as electronics and IT technologies, renewable energy, aerospace and aviation industry, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and healthcare are substantiated. Ukraine may benefit from the ROK’s positive experience in developing such areas as private entrepreneurship, small and medium business support, that would help practically solve the problem of microcredit and attract investment in the real sector of Ukraine's economy.
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Park, Y., and Y. Kim. "The Strategic Value of Africa as the New Market and Korea’s Economic Cooperation with Africa." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 5 (December 3, 2018): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-5-236-248.
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Africa is rising as the new market in the 21st century. Before the 2000s Africa was regarded as a “continent of crisis” plastered with poverty and war. However, it is now being spotlighted as the ‘last new market on Earth’ due to its development potential. Its value is being reevaluated because it presents new opportunities as an unexplored market. It present opportunities across a wide range of industries: from consumer goods to manufacturing, agriculture, natural resource development and infrastructure. Korea has been ignorant of Africa’s development potential till the mid-2000s but is now looking at Africa as a new opportunity market or cooperation partner. It is taking diverse measures such as through state visits and increase of development aid to strengthen cooperation. Korea perceives Africa’s potential from a future oriented perspective and is expanding economic cooperation from a long-term standpoint. Consequently, Korea is working towards establishing a future oriented partnership with Africa based on mutual trust by identifying core partnership projects that meet the needs of Africa. Korea seeks substantiality of its economic partnership with Africa by identifying priority countries of cooperation.
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Lim, Moo Sang. "Biodiversity and state of agricultural plant genetic resources in Korea." Journal of Plant Biology 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03030386.
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Zubko, Andrii. "Weight systems of ancient civilizations in Korea and Japan." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 67 (2022): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.17.
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Ancient civilizations in Central Asia and the Far East have appeared after a long period of developing social relations, material and spiritual culture of the population of this vast region of the Earth. In Central Asia, economic development was based on animal husbandry, and in the Far East, on land cultivation. Continuous growth of production and trade took place simultaneously with state formation that continued over millenniums. First proto – state formations of this region have created unified length, weight and volume measures that were indispensable for a successful economic development. The needs of trade necessitated the advent of monetary units that long have been closely related to weight measures. Gradually, every state saw the adoption of unified monetary – weight systems. It has long been known that the development of production and trade, social processes, state building takes place in those regions where several types of economy coexist. The type of farm is determined by natural conditions. There are several natural areas in the Far East. The first is the forest zone of Siberia and Primorie, where the population was engaged in hunting and forestry. The second – the area of steppes and deserts of Manchuria, Mongolia, the plateaus of Tibet, suitable for livestock. The third is the area of the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys, where irrigated agriculture developed and the Chinese began cultivating rice for the first time in the world. Fourth – the area of the Yellow Sea coast, the coast of Korea, the Japanese islands, where the population was engaged in sea fishing and trade. In the interaction and complementarity of all these forms of economy arose the civilizations of the Far East. In the Far East, the geographical location of the Korean Peninsula is compared with Italy, the Japanese Islands – with England and Ireland. It is on the shores of navigable rivers, the Yellow Sea coast, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese islands for thousands of years the most intensive development of production, domestic and foreign trade, and in modern times there was an industrial revolution. This work describes the development and mutual influence of weight systems used by ancient civilizations in Central Asia and the Far East in the course of international trade. Weight norms and their correlation with each other and with monetary denominations in every separate country have been determined.
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Lie, John. "The State, Industrialization and Agricultural Sufficiency: The Case of South Korea." Development Policy Review 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1991.tb00174.x.
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Stasevska, Oksana, and Valeria Ukolova. "Cultural diplomacy of the Republic of Korea." Law and innovations, no. 4 (36) (December 15, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-4(36)-4.
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Problem setting. The relevance of the topic of scientific researchis due to the active involvement of culture in the foreign policy discourse of states and international organizations, which enhances scientific interest in understanding cultural diplomacy as an extremely important instrument of international cooperation. Target of research. Research of cultural diplomacy of the Republic of Korea as a component of public diplomacy, characteristics of its features, as well as the potential impact of this experience on Ukrainian cultural policy. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Analysis of scientific research allows us to state the growing interest in the stated topic in scientific discourse, as evidenced by the work of such scientists as F. Barghorn, J. S. Nai, Su Huang Young, S. A. Gutsal, J. R. Johnson, E. W. Kim, M. M. Lebedeva, G. I. Lutsyshyn, L. S. Matlay, A. S. Prygunkova, M. V. Protsyuk and others. Article’s main body. A unique example of the effective use of cultural diplomacy is the Republic of Korea, which is increasingly using new public diplomacy in its foreign policy, through which the country promotes its achievements abroad in political, financial, economic, industrial, technological, agricultural, scientific and cultural spheres. and thus enhances the national reputation in the world. The «Korean wave» is a phenomenon of South Korean culture, which contributed to the rapid growth of the popularity of the Korean brand. The article characterizes the main stages of development of cultural diplomacy of the country and their specifics, reveals in more detail the essence, role and influence of K-pop on general political interaction with the world. The importance of the South Korean experience for the development of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy is especially noted. The authors call the following acute problems of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy: - development of a strategy for cultural diplomacy; - awareness of the relationship between the success / failure of cultural diplomacy and the economic condition of the country; - ensuring the attractiveness of Ukraine for its own people etc. An example for Ukraine is a moderate and reasonable combination of borrowed cultural experience and national cultural potential. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The cultural component of the public diplomacy of the Republic of Korea is very actively developing. It is worth noting the relevance of studying the phenomenon of the «Korean wave» as a set of components of mass culture of the Korean people. The «Korean wave» is a clear manifestation of the processes of glocalization, reasonable and balanced unity of the processes of modernization and preservation of traditional values, which provides great opportunities for further cultural and economic development of this country.
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Ngoc-Huy, Dinh Tran, Nguyen Thi Hang, Le Thi Thanh-Huong, and Pham Van Hong. "FOOD AND DRINK PROCESSING FROM LYCHEE PRODUCTS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF VIETNAM - AND ROLES OF AGRICULTURE PROJECT FINANCING." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 33, no. 1 (July 21, 2021): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol33n1.555.
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The purpose of this study focuses on presenting the food and drink process in the case of making lychee juice and lychee-tea combination fruit juice in a tropical country such as Vietnam. We mainly use methods of qualitative analysis, synthesis and inductive methods, with description and explanatory methods. Authors also use a value chain approach from a material supply (lychee products) to production and market distribution.Research results show us that choosing good red lychee together with good green or black tea, esp. Lipton tea, which is produced from the region of material supplying in the Northern region of Vietnam, then mixed with sugar and ice, using little vegetables will be very good for everybody health, functioning as medical treatment to prevent heart disease, and helps men and women stronger.In the meantime, we also propose lychee and tea planting policies and capital financing policies in the country, esp. In the north of Vietnam. For instance, the nation needs to continue to negotiate with countries that have not yet allowed Vietnam’s fresh lychee to be imported into developed countries (such as Korea, ...); The state/province cooperates with donors and businesses in trade promotion activities in potential export markets for Vietnamese lychee and fruit products (Japan, Korea, US, EU, ASEAN…).
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Yuan, Bao-Zhong, Zhi-Long Bie, and Jie Sun. "Bibliometric Analysis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Research Publications from Horticulture Category Based on the Web of Science." HortScience 56, no. 11 (November 2021): 1304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16083-21.
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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide. The current study aimed to identify and analyze the 2030 articles and review article about cucumber research from the horticulture category of the VOS viewer Web of Science. Bibliometric data were analyzed by bibliometric science mapping and visualization tools. Articles mainly written in English (1884; 92.81%) were from 5630 authors, 80 countries or territories, and 1094 organizations; they were published in 46 journals and book series. The top five core journals are Scientia Horticulturae (337; 16.60%), HortScience (265; 13.05%), Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (239; 11.77%), European Journal of Plant Pathology (195; 9.61%), and Horticulture Journal (Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science) (157; 7.73%). These journals each published more than 157 articles. The top five countries and regions were the United States, People’s Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, and India. The top five organizations were the University of Wisconsin, North Carolina State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Michigan State University, and Nanjing Agricultural University. The top five authors are Todd C. Wehner (Wehner, TC), Jack E. Staub (Staub, JE), Yiqun Weng, R.L. Lower, and S. Tachibana; each published more than 24 articles. All keywords used for cucumber research in the horticulture category were separated into eight clusters for different research topics. Visualizations offer exploratory information regarding the current state in a scientific field or discipline as well as indicate possible developments in the future. This review could be a valuable guide for designing future studies.
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Kuzmin, Yaroslav V., J. A. Timothy Jull, and G. S. Burr. "Major Patterns in the Neolithic Chronology of East Asia: Issues of the Origin of Pottery, Agriculture, and Civilization." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 891–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033968.
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General chronological frameworks created recently for the Neolithic complexes of China, Japan, Korea, and far eastern Russia allow us to reveal temporal patterns of Neolithization, origin of food production, and the emergence of civilizations. Pottery originated in East Asia, most probably independently in different parts of it, in the terminal Pleistocene, about 14,800–13,300 BP (uncalibrated), and this marks the beginning of the Neolithic. Agriculture in the eastern part of Asia emerged only in the Holocene. The earliest trace of millet cultivation in north China can now be placed at ∼9200 BP, and rice domestication in south China is dated to ∼8000 BP. Pottery in East Asia definitely preceded agriculture. The term “civilization,” which implies the presence of a state level of social organization and written language, has been misused by scholars who assert the existence of a very early “Yangtze River civilization” at about 6400–4200 cal BP. The earliest reliable evidence of writing in China is dated only to about 3900–3000 cal BP, and no “civilization” existed in East Asia prior to this time.
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Liang, S., T. Kim, N. H. Kim, and X. S. Cui. "26 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SCRIPTAID IMPROVES EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND CLONING EFFICIENCY IN THE PIG." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab26.
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After somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the epigenetic state of a differentiated donor cell nucleus must be reversed to the embryonic state. Incomplete epigenetic reprogramming and abnormal gene activation of the donor cell nuclei is thought to be the cause of low cloning efficiency. To improve cloning efficiency, we investigated the effect of scriptaid, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, on the in vitro development of porcine SCNT embryos were investigated. Cumulus cells collected from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) after 44 h of maturation were used for donor cell, and embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium (PZM)-5 medium for 7 days. We found that treating SCNT embryos with 300 or 500 nM scriptaid for 20 h after activation increased developmental rate to the blastocyst stage (300 nM, 26.2%; 500 nM, 24.6% v. 100 nM, 18.3%; Ctrl, 15.7%; P < 0.05) and total cell numbers (300 nM, 43.5; 500 nM, 40.8 v. 100 nM, 33.8; Ctrl, 32.3; P < 0.05). Additionally, results of the TUNEL assay indicated that scriptaid decreased apoptosis (300 nM, 6.8% v. Ctrl, 11.4%; P < 0.05) in SCNT blastocysts. After the 300 nM scriptaid treatment, the levels of acetylated histone H3 lysine 9 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosines were increased (P < 0.05), and histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation and 5-methylcytosine were decreased at the 1-cell stage, which might explain the enhanced (P < 0.05) transcript levels of mir-152, Oct4, Cdx2, and Bcl-xL and reduced (P < 0.05) transcription of Dnmt1, Casp3, and Bax in blastocysts. In conclusion, scriptaid enhances the developmental capacity by preventing apoptosis, and improves nuclear reprogramming in porcine SCNT embryos.This work was supported by the Bio-industry Technology Development Program, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea, and by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ009601 and PJ009098), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
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Kye, Yoon-Chul, Cheol-Heui Yun, and Jae-Ho Cho. "STAT1 restrains peripheral naive CD8+ T cell responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines by regulating mTORC1 signaling." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 189.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.189.4.
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Abstract Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, South Korea In a steady-state, naïve CD8+ T cells are kept to be quiescent in response to homeostatic cues such as self-ligands and cytokines while preserving a robust responsiveness to foreign antigens. Although such a steady-state quiescence involves multiple regulators, an exact nature of the regulators and underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Here we showed that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), a key transcription factor downstream of type I and II interferon receptor signaling, plays a cell-intrinsic role in regulating naïve CD8+ T cell responsiveness to tonic homeostatic cytokines. Thus, mice lacking STAT1 led to abnormalities in the composition and number of naïve and effector/memory phenotype among CD8+ T cells. The observed alterations were not due to dysregulation in thymic development but rather resulted from enhanced proliferative capacity of peripheral mature STAT1-deficient naïve CD8+ T cells in a cell-autonomous manner. In vitro analyses revealed that two key cytokines, IL-7 and type I interferon, serve as a major driver to induce abnormal proliferation of STAT1-deficient but not wild-type CD8+ T cells depending on a pathway that is sensitive to rapamycin, indicating a role of mTORC1 signaling. Based on these findings, we suggest that, under steady-state, naïve CD8+ T cells that are continuously exposed to homeostatic cytokines actively restrain their responsiveness to the “Goldilocks” levels – that is, not too strong to induce activation/proliferation and not too weak to lose a survival ability – presumably via blocking mTORC1 pathway, therefore maintaining a functional state of quiescence before encountering a cognate foreign antigen.
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Prozorovsky, Anatoliy. "North Korea: What is the Direction of Further Evolution." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 4 (2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120016118-0.
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The article analyzes the changes that have occurred in the DPRK economy during the years of Kim Jong-un's rule. The article considers the significant shifts that have taken place in the direction of a market economy, both in industry and in agriculture. At the same time, it is noted that market innovations are officially presented under the guise of elements of self-financing and the further development of socialism. Not all of the functioning market schemes have received the appropriate legislative formalization and, thus, remain illegal, although they are widely used in practice. Nevertheless, the country has been successfully developing for a number of years, demonstrating steady economic growth, a construction boom, the widespread introduction of information technologies, as well as significant progress in rocket science and the improvement of the nuclear arsenal. Numerous missile tests in 2017 led to a sharp aggravation of the situation on the peninsula, tightening of international sanctions, slowing down development and freezing further "reforms". Kim Jong-un's attempts to find a way out of the current situation through initiating a negotiation process with the ROK and the United States undoubtedly contributed to reducing tension in the region, however, in general, they were not crowned with success. The course to create a self-sufficient economy with the appearance of the threat of COVID-19 was accomplished with a regime of severe self-isolation. In conclusion, considerations are expressed regarding the ways of further development of North Korea. It is predicted that the role of the state will increase in the economic life of the country, which, after a series of successes and achievements, has found itself in the most difficult situation in the last twenty years.
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J. Hudson, Mark. "Towards a prehistory of the Great Divergence:." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-2.
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This essay argues that the primary socio-economic formations of premodern Japan were formed in the Bronze Age via processes of ancient globalisation across Eurasia. Multi-crop cereal agriculture combining rice, millet, wheat and barley with a minor contribution from domesticated animals spread from Bronze Age Korea to Japan at the beginning of the first millennium BC. This agricultural system gradually expanded through the archipelago while engendering new economic niches centred on trade, raiding and specialised fishing. From the fifth century AD the horse became widely used for warfare, transport and overseas trade. While alluvial rice farming provided staple finance for the early state, it is argued here that the concept of the ‘maritime mode of production’ better explains economic processes in the nonstate spaces of Japan until the early seventeenth century. Despite this diversity in socio-economic formations, the post-Bronze Age globalisation of food in Japan appears to have been delayed compared to many other regions of Eurasia and to have been less impacted by elite consumption. Further research is required to confirm this suggestion and the essay outlines several areas where archaeological research could contribute to debates over the ‘Great Divergence’ and the economic development of the modern world.
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J. Hudson, Mark. "Towards a prehistory of the Great Divergence:." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.2.
Full textAbstract:
This essay argues that the primary socio-economic formations of premodern Japan were formed in the Bronze Age via processes of ancient globalisation across Eurasia. Multi-crop cereal agriculture combining rice, millet, wheat and barley with a minor contribution from domesticated animals spread from Bronze Age Korea to Japan at the beginning of the first millennium BC. This agricultural system gradually expanded through the archipelago while engendering new economic niches centred on trade, raiding and specialised fishing. From the fifth century AD the horse became widely used for warfare, transport and overseas trade. While alluvial rice farming provided staple finance for the early state, it is argued here that the concept of the ‘maritime mode of production’ better explains economic processes in the nonstate spaces of Japan until the early seventeenth century. Despite this diversity in socio-economic formations, the post-Bronze Age globalisation of food in Japan appears to have been delayed compared to many other regions of Eurasia and to have been less impacted by elite consumption. Further research is required to confirm this suggestion and the essay outlines several areas where archaeological research could contribute to debates over the ‘Great Divergence’ and the economic development of the modern world.
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Kim, S. H., M. Lee, K. H. Choi, D. K. Lee, J. N. Oh, G. Choe, J. Jeong, and C. K. Lee. "97 Function of species-specific OCT4 reporter system during porcine embryo development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab97.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the activity and function of pig OCT4 (POU5F1) enhancer in porcine early embryo development. OCT4 is one of the master regulators for the pluripotency of early mammalian embryonic development and embryonic stem cells. It has two regulatory elements: distal enhancer (DE) and proximal enhancer (PE) in the upstream regulatory region. They are activated under different conditions such as naïve and primed. It is known that two enhancers are activated to produce OCT4 simultaneously or sequentially depending on the state of pluripotency. Many porcine OCT4 upstream region-based reporter systems have been reported because this is a necessary part of studying porcine-specific pluripotency. However, the porcine-specific OCT4 reporter system has never been transfected and functionally tested during porcine early embryo development. We performed functional tests of the previously established porcine-specific OCT4 reporter system in the early embryo development stage. Porcine embryos were micro-injected with the pOCT4-ΔPE-eGFP (DE-GFP) containing a distal enhancer and core promoter and pOCT4-ΔDE-DsRed2 (PE-RFP) containing a proximal enhancer and core promoter. They were cultured in PZM-3 at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere, 5% CO2, and 5% O2 for 168h. Fifty of the 100 embryos were injected with OCT4 reporter system as treatment groups and the other 50 were not injected (control groups). We analysed mRNA and protein expression of GFP and RFP using quantitative real-time PCR and confocal microscopy by developmental stages. The introduced reporter system could function beginning with the 4-cell stage. The expression of GFP and RFP was observed simultaneously in the early embryonic development stage up to blastocyst, indicating that porcine OCT4 was produced by distal and proximal enhancers, unlike mouse Oct4 expression, which was only controlled by the distal enhancer during early embryo development. Therefore, the mechanisms and functions of distal and proximal enhancers of porcine OCT4 were different from those of the mouse. This is similar to results of the previous experiment using porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells, which suggest that porcine OCT4 is expressed by two enhancers and in a stage-specific manner during reprogramming and that pigs do not use only one enhancer in pluripotent states, but two enhancers at the same time, and there is only a difference in degree. This work showed that the porcine OCT4 reporter system enables non-destructive analysis during early embryo development and it could be applied to study species-specific pluripotency and to help the establishment of naïve embryonic stem cells in the pig. This work was supported by the BK21 Plus Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-2019R1C1C1004514), the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through the Development of High Value-Added Food Technology Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; 118042-03-3-HD020).
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Kim, S. H., M. Lee, K. H. Choi, D. K. Lee, J. N. Oh, G. Choe, J. Jeong, and C. K. Lee. "97 Function of species-specific OCT4 reporter system during porcine embryo development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab97.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the activity and function of pig OCT4 (POU5F1) enhancer in porcine early embryo development. OCT4 is one of the master regulators for the pluripotency of early mammalian embryonic development and embryonic stem cells. It has two regulatory elements: distal enhancer (DE) and proximal enhancer (PE) in the upstream regulatory region. They are activated under different conditions such as naïve and primed. It is known that two enhancers are activated to produce OCT4 simultaneously or sequentially depending on the state of pluripotency. Many porcine OCT4 upstream region-based reporter systems have been reported because this is a necessary part of studying porcine-specific pluripotency. However, the porcine-specific OCT4 reporter system has never been transfected and functionally tested during porcine early embryo development. We performed functional tests of the previously established porcine-specific OCT4 reporter system in the early embryo development stage. Porcine embryos were micro-injected with the pOCT4-ΔPE-eGFP (DE-GFP) containing a distal enhancer and core promoter and pOCT4-ΔDE-DsRed2 (PE-RFP) containing a proximal enhancer and core promoter. They were cultured in PZM-3 at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere, 5% CO2, and 5% O2 for 168h. Fifty of the 100 embryos were injected with OCT4 reporter system as treatment groups and the other 50 were not injected (control groups). We analysed mRNA and protein expression of GFP and RFP using quantitative real-time PCR and confocal microscopy by developmental stages. The introduced reporter system could function beginning with the 4-cell stage. The expression of GFP and RFP was observed simultaneously in the early embryonic development stage up to blastocyst, indicating that porcine OCT4 was produced by distal and proximal enhancers, unlike mouse Oct4 expression, which was only controlled by the distal enhancer during early embryo development. Therefore, the mechanisms and functions of distal and proximal enhancers of porcine OCT4 were different from those of the mouse. This is similar to results of the previous experiment using porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells, which suggest that porcine OCT4 is expressed by two enhancers and in a stage-specific manner during reprogramming and that pigs do not use only one enhancer in pluripotent states, but two enhancers at the same time, and there is only a difference in degree. This work showed that the porcine OCT4 reporter system enables non-destructive analysis during early embryo development and it could be applied to study species-specific pluripotency and to help the establishment of naïve embryonic stem cells in the pig. This work was supported by the BK21 Plus Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-2019R1C1C1004514), the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through the Development of High Value-Added Food Technology Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; 118042-03-3-HD020).
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Hong, Eun Ah. "Development challenges in South Korea: reflection on the Saemangeum land reclamation project." Disjuntiva. Crítica de les Ciències Socials 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/disjuntiva2022.3.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines what the development challenges are in South Korea by specifically analyzing the case of the Saemangeum land reclamation project from a critical approach to development. By exploring the state-led Saemangeum land reclamation project, which in the end adopted the rhetoric of sustainability, the article examines the impact of state development on the environment and community sustainability. It is shown how the traditional local knowledge of sustainable living has vanished, ironically through the ‘ecofriendly’ development project that supposedly recognizes the cultural space of the fishers and the way they relate to each other and nature. By observing the Saemangeum project, which demonstrates the existing development challenges in South Korea, the article questions how to reach a peaceful and sustainable future.
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Bach, Thi Ngoc Trang. "Similarities of Vietnam and South Korea – Linking to the Strategy Cooperation Partnership and Its Future Direction." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 1, no. 3 (July 21, 2014): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10573.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship of Vietnam and Korea was making by warmth, close friendship and understanding. On 22 December 1992, the two countries established the formal diplomatic relation, thus opening a new era in their bilateral ties. Since then, the friendship and cooperation between the two countries have been developing very dynamically in all areas. In 2001, during President of Vietnam Tran Duc Luong’s State visit to the Republic of Korea, both sides agreed to establish the “Comprehensive Cooperation Partnership in the 21st Century”. In October 2009, during President Lee Myung Bak’s State visit to Vietnam, relationship was upgraded to Strategic Cooperation Partnership, setting a new important landmark in Vietnam-Korea relations. The two countries are closely cooperating and developing in the fields of trade, investment, education and training, science and technology, culture and tourism, and through a wide spectrum of people-to-people contact. Vietnam and Korea shared many commonalities and similarities in the geographical and natural conditions as well as historical and cultural traditions. For example, Vietnam and South Korea have experienced thousands years in history and were much influenced by Confucianism. Both Vietnam and Korea from the ancient time were the poor agricultural countries with water rice production, which heavily depended on the natural conditions. Hence the peoples of the two countries have the same or very similar psychology, mentality and the way of life. With their basic characteristics, the two countries have plentiful literature treasures. The most important factor which has promoted the bilateral ties between the two countries is sharing the common interest of building a prosperous and happy country for its people in a peaceful, stable, friendly and cooperative environment in the region and the world over. The similarities between two countries shared interests in building a peaceful and stable world.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10573 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(3) 2014: 88-92
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Koo, B., M. Kwon, J. Roh, H. Lee, N. Kim, and T. Kim. "304 PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC CHICKENS EXPRESSING HUMAN ERYTHROPOIETIN IN A TETRACYCLINE-INDUCIBLE MANNER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab304.
Full textAbstract:
The use of livestock animals as bioreactors to address the growing demand for large quantities and increasing numbers of biopharmaceuticals is of prime strategic relevance to agricultural improvement and medical advancement. We report here the production of transgenic chickens that produce human erythropoietin (hEPO) using replication-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vectors. Because it is well known that constitutive overexpression of some cytokine genes in the transgenic animals may cause serious physiological disturbances, the vectors were designed to express in the presence of tetracycline. In addition, we introduced woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element sequence at 3′ end of hEPO gene to boost the gene expression under the inducible condition. Approximately 5 μL of vector virus solution concentrated as much as 109 cfu mL–1 was injected beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryo (stage X). Out of 596 injected eggs, 36 chicks hatched after 21 days of incubation and 23 hatched chicks were found to express vector-encoded hG-GSF gene when fed with doxycycline. Quantitative analysis of the blood samples taken from some Go transgenic chickens resulted in more than 300 IU mL–1 of hEPO in the blood. These transgenic chickens have not exhibited any physiological abnormalities; therefore, it is possible that this controllable gene expression system may be useful in minimizing detrimental side effects when used to produce other transgenic animals. The biological activity of the recombinant hEPO was comparable to its commercially derived Escherichia coli counterpart. The significance of this work stems from the fact that it is the first successful report on the production of transgenic chickens expressing the hEPO gene. This approach can be employed to create a useful transgenic model system for further studies on the chicken embryo development and the efficient production of transgenic chickens as bioreactors. This work was supported by: The BioGreen 21 Program of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea; The SRC/ERC program of MOST/KOSEF (grant no. R11-2002-100-04005-0); The 2006–2011 Technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry (TDPAF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea.
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Lee, M., J. N. Oh, D. K. Lee, K. H. Choi, S. H. Kim, G. C. Choe, J. Jeong, and C. K. Lee. "42 Disruption of endogenous SOX2 during porcine embryo development using the CRIPSR/Cas9 system." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab42.
Full textAbstract:
The lineage specification of the pre-implantation embryo is important to understand the developmental process, but it remains unclear because the expression of lineage-specific genes is distinct among species. Pigs have genetic and physiological traits similar to humans; however, there are differences in gene expression during the pre-implantation stage. To select a candidate gene that affects the formation of the inner cell mass (ICM) in porcine embryo, we conducted preliminary experiments. First, we measured the expression level of candidate genes for lineage specification in parthenogenetic-activated embryos. The expression of pluripotent genes peaked on Day 3 and thereafter decreased gradually. Next, we conducted immunocytochemistry. OCT4 was expressed in all cells in morula and Day 5 blastocyst, but some Day 7 blastocysts expressed OCT4 in both ICM and trophectoderm (TE), whereas others expressed OCT4 only in ICM. NANOG was not observed in the morula stage, whereas SOX2 was located in a restricted area. To examine the effect of SOX2 in ICM formation, we injected plasmid expressing Cas9 and guide (g)RNA using Lipofectamine for efficient transgene expression at the 2-cell stage to increase viability by inducing mosaicism. The expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) contained in the plasmid confirmed that the plasmid was operating normally. In SOX2-knockout (KO) early blastocysts, the numbers of total cells and SOX2- and NANOG-positive cells were greatly decreased, while OCT4 was expressed in most cells. As in early blastocysts, SOX2-KO late blastocysts had fewer cells expressing SOX2, NANOG, and SOX17 than control. To identify the transcriptional consequences of SOX2 reduction, we performed quantitative PCR analysis on non-injected and PX458-gRNA injected blastocysts. Injection of PX458-gRNA resulted in downregulation of NANOG, SOX17, and SMAD7, but not SOX2 and OCT4. Furthermore, proliferation-associated genes were downregulated in injected blastocysts. In conclusion, SOX2-targeted porcine embryos showed blastocoel formation, the inner cell mass formed poorly, and embryos have inefficient cells. Also, the depletion of SOX2 in porcine blastocysts downregulated pluripotent genes and proliferation genes. This work was supported by the BK21 Plus Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-2019R1C1C1004514), the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through the Development of High Value-Added Food Technology Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; 118042-03-3-HD020).
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Lee, M., J. N. Oh, D. K. Lee, K. H. Choi, S. H. Kim, G. C. Choe, J. Jeong, and C. K. Lee. "42 Disruption of endogenous SOX2 during porcine embryo development using the CRIPSR/Cas9 system." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab42.
Full textAbstract:
The lineage specification of the pre-implantation embryo is important to understand the developmental process, but it remains unclear because the expression of lineage-specific genes is distinct among species. Pigs have genetic and physiological traits similar to humans; however, there are differences in gene expression during the pre-implantation stage. To select a candidate gene that affects the formation of the inner cell mass (ICM) in porcine embryo, we conducted preliminary experiments. First, we measured the expression level of candidate genes for lineage specification in parthenogenetic-activated embryos. The expression of pluripotent genes peaked on Day 3 and thereafter decreased gradually. Next, we conducted immunocytochemistry. OCT4 was expressed in all cells in morula and Day 5 blastocyst, but some Day 7 blastocysts expressed OCT4 in both ICM and trophectoderm (TE), whereas others expressed OCT4 only in ICM. NANOG was not observed in the morula stage, whereas SOX2 was located in a restricted area. To examine the effect of SOX2 in ICM formation, we injected plasmid expressing Cas9 and guide (g)RNA using Lipofectamine for efficient transgene expression at the 2-cell stage to increase viability by inducing mosaicism. The expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) contained in the plasmid confirmed that the plasmid was operating normally. In SOX2-knockout (KO) early blastocysts, the numbers of total cells and SOX2- and NANOG-positive cells were greatly decreased, while OCT4 was expressed in most cells. As in early blastocysts, SOX2-KO late blastocysts had fewer cells expressing SOX2, NANOG, and SOX17 than control. To identify the transcriptional consequences of SOX2 reduction, we performed quantitative PCR analysis on non-injected and PX458-gRNA injected blastocysts. Injection of PX458-gRNA resulted in downregulation of NANOG, SOX17, and SMAD7, but not SOX2 and OCT4. Furthermore, proliferation-associated genes were downregulated in injected blastocysts. In conclusion, SOX2-targeted porcine embryos showed blastocoel formation, the inner cell mass formed poorly, and embryos have inefficient cells. Also, the depletion of SOX2 in porcine blastocysts downregulated pluripotent genes and proliferation genes. This work was supported by the BK21 Plus Program, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF-2019R1C1C1004514), the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through the Development of High Value-Added Food Technology Program funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; 118042-03-3-HD020).
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Choi, Jung-Sup, and Daniel A. Sumner. "Opening Markets while Maintaining Protection: Tariff Rate Quotas in Korea and Japan." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (April 2000): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001477.
Full textAbstract:
As the result of Uruguay Round negotiations, Korea and Japan established tariff rate quotas (TRQs) for agricultural imports. Both countries allocate the TRQs with various methods that show different fill rates and welfare implications. The state trading enterprises play important roles in TRQ administration in both countries. The TRQs contributed to increased imports. However, the transparency and commercial consideration in administering the TRQs remain a concern and the access for some commodities seems to be less open than would be the case if quota amounts were made available on a purely commercial basis.
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Zakharova, Liudmila. "A Bumpy Road to Bright Goals: North Korea's Approach to Implementing the 2030 Agenda and Prospects for International Cooperation." International Organisations Research Journal 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2022-03-07.
Full textAbstract:
One of the issues on the national agenda of low-income developing countries is the formulation of their own sustainable development strategies. The United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is an important benchmark and road map for achieving this goal. At the same time, local specifics have an impact on the approaches, methods and possibilities for achieving the declared goals in each particular state. This study analyzes the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (DPRK) Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda, official North Korean statements, and Russian and foreign academic and analytical publications in order to outline North Korea's approach to localizing the sustainable development goals (SDGs), identify problems arising in this process, and highlight prospects for international cooperation. Methods of comparative and content analysis were used in the research. It is maintained that, in search of its own strategy, the DPRK’s leadership is trying to use international experience by integrating the SDGs into national development plans. North Korean specifics lie in reformulating global SDGs according to the national narrative of local-style socialism construction, the decisive role of the state in the development and implementation of actual plans, a formal approach to the implementation of some SDGs, and a focus on economic self-sufficiency as a guarantee of sustainable development. Despite the need for external assistance to achieve the main national SDGs, at present, the possibilities for international cooperation with the DPRK are significantly limited. The implementation of joint initiatives or assistance projects requires both obtaining permission from the UN Security Council 1718 Sanctions Committee and opening the borders of North Korea, which have been closed due to the coronavirus pandemic. However, given the global scope of the tasks set out in the 2030 Agenda, it is highly likely that in the medium and long term the DPRK will resume international cooperation in key areas of sustainable development—agriculture, health care, access to clean drinking water and sanitation, and climate change, as well as energy and transport infrastructure modernization. The main partners in this cooperation can be international organizations and neighbouring Russia and China.
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Lee, Hoil, Jin-Young Lee, and Seungwon Shin. "Middle Holocene Coastal Environmental and Climate Change on the Southern Coast of Korea." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010230.
Full textAbstract:
We obtained a 15 m drill core from Deukryang Bay on the southwest coast of Korea, which is now an area of reclaimed land used for agriculture. We investigated changes in the depositional environment and hydrological climate responses to sea level changes using sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, grain-size analysis, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Sediment deposition began at 12,000 cal yr BP and was divided into four stages based on changes from fluvial to intertidal environments related to Holocene marine transgression events. Stage 1 (>10,000 cal yr BP) is represented by fluvial sediments; Stage 2 (10,000–7080 cal yr BP) is represented by the deposition of mud facies in an intertidal zone in response to sea level rise; Stage 3 (7080–3300 cal yr BP) was a period of gradually descending sea level following the Holocene maximum sea level and is characterized by gradual changes in TOC, TS, and C/S ratios compared with the mud facies of Stage 2. Stage 4 (3300 to present) was deposited in a supratidal zone and contains low TS and an abundance of TOC. Based on our TS and C/S ratio results, the south coast of Korea was mainly affected by sea level rise between 7000 and 3000 cal yr BP, during the middle Holocene. At 3000 cal yr BP, sea level began to stabilize or gradually decrease. In addition, changes in δ13C values are clearly observed since ca. 5000 cal yr BP, in particular, large hydrological changes via freshwater input are confirmed in 4000–3000 cal yr BP. We consider these shifts in freshwater input indicators of an increased influence of El Niño and La Niña conditions, related to the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Western Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene climatic optimum (between 7800 and 5000 cal yr BP). The cooling periods of SST in East Asia between 8400 and 6600 cal yr BP reported from the west coast of Korea are related closely to changes in vegetation (as evidenced by δ13C) from 7700 cal yrs BP to the present in the southwest coast of Korea. We interpret the freshwater input events at 4000–3000 cal yr BP to be related to changes in SST in response to the weakening of the EASM on the southwest coast of Korea. However, additional research is needed to study the southward migration effect of the westerly jet related to SST and atmospheric circulation controlling terrestrial climate in the middle Holocene.
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Kim, S. H., K. H. Choi, D. K. Lee, M. Lee, M. H. Cho, J. N. Oh, and C. K. Lee. "124 Functional analysis of porcine OCT4 transcriptional regulatory region-based reporter system." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab124.
Full textAbstract:
Gene OCT4 plays pivotal roles in maintaining pluripotency of early mammalian embryonic development and embryonic stem cells. It is essential to establish a reporter system based on the OCT4 promoter region for the study of pluripotency. However, there is still a lack of sufficient information about the porcine OCT4 upstream reporter system. To improve our understanding of the porcine OCT4 regulatory region, first, we conducted an investigation to find conserved regions in the porcine OCT4 promoter upstream region by sequence-based comparative analysis using various mammalian genome sequences. A similarity of nucleotide sequences of the 5′ upstream region was low among mammalian species. However, the OCT4 promoter and 4 regulatory regions including distal and proximal enhancer elements have a high similarity. Next, a functional analysis of the porcine OCT4 promoter region was conducted. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that the porcine OCT4 distal enhancer and proximal enhancer are highly activated in mouse embryonic stem cells and embryonic carcinoma cells, respectively (n=3). Comparison analysis of naïve (Tbx3, Nr0b1, Rex1, Esrrb, Nanog, Klf2) or primed (Gata6, Mixl1, Fgf5, Otx2) state marker gene expression in a dual-reporter assay using pOCT4-DE-eGFP and pOCT4-PE-DsRed2 showed that expression of naïve and primed markers were up-regulated in cells with high green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein expression, respectively (n=3). Porcine OCT4-upstream region-based reporter constructs showed exclusive expression patterns depending on the state of pluripotency. This work could provide basic information for the porcine OCT4 upstream region and the various porcine OCT4-fluorescence reporter constructs, which can be applied to study species-specific pluripotency in early embryo development and for the establishment of embryonic stem cells in pigs. This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through the Development of High Value-Added Food Technology Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA, 118042-03-1-HD020).
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Koo, B. C., M. S. Kwon, I. Jeon, W. Chang, and T. Kim. "224 TETRACYCLINE-INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION WITH RETROVIRUS VECTOR." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab224.
Full textAbstract:
One of the critical problems to be solved in transgenic animal production is non-controllable constitutive expression of the foreign gene, which usually results in serious physiological disturbances in the transgenic animal. To circumvent this problem, we constructed and tested two retrovirus vectors designed to express the GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene under the control of tetracycline-inducible promoters. To maximize the GFP gene expression at turn-on state, the WPRE (woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element) sequence was also introduced into the retrovirus vector downstream of either the GFP gene or the sequence encoding rtTA (reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator). Transformed cells derived from porcine fetus were cultured in the medium supplemented with or without doxycycline (tetracycline derivative) for 48 h, and induction efficiency was measured by comparing the GFP gene expression level using fluorometry and western blotting. Higher GFP expression was observed from the vector carrying the WPRE sequence at the 3′ side of the GFP gene, while tighter expression control (up to 20-fold) was obtained from the vector in which the WPRE sequence was placed at the 3′ side of the rtTA sequence. Encouraged with these data, we substituted the hPTH (human parathyroid hormone) gene for the GFP gene in the retrovirus vector. The porcine fetal fibroblast cells transformed by the modified retrovirus vector secreted hPTH into the medium under the tight control of doxycycline as observed in GFP expression. The resulting porcine cells secreting hPTH will be used in nuclear transfer experiment. This study was financially supported by the National Livestock Research Institute RDA (Suwon 441-350, Korea), ARPC (Agriculture R & D Promotion center, 2002–2005), and by grant No. R11-2002-100-01000-0 from the ERC program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation.
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Lee, C. K., S. H. Lee, J. H. Park, S. E. Cho, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Oak Anthracnose Caused by Apiognomonia errabunda on Oriental White Oak in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 8 (August 2013): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-13-0181-pdn.
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Oriental white oak, Quercus aliena Blume, is native to East Asia including Korea. It is one of the major deciduous tree species in natural forests in Korea. In May 2012, several hundred trees were found to be heavily damaged by a previously unknown leaf disease in a forest near Songjiho Lake in Goseong County of central Korea. Leaf symptoms began as small, water-soaked, pale greenish to grayish lesions, which enlarged to follow the veins or midribs and to be bounded by them, often killing part of the leaf. Leaf distortion and blight resulted in the later stage of disease development. A number of grayish brown to nearly black acervuli were formed on the lesions, especially on the midribs and veins. Acervuli were mostly hypophyllous, intraepidermal, erumpent, circular to ellipsoid in outline, cushion-like, and 70 to 220 μm in diameter. Conidia (n = 30) were elliptical to fusiform-elliptical, occasionally obclavate, aguttulate or guttulate, hyaline, aseptate, and 7.5 to 20 × 5 to 7.5 μm (mean 14.6 × 6.1 μm). These morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the description of conidial state of Apiognomonia errabunda (Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn. (3,4). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). An isolate obtained from KUS-F26690 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC46842). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting 549-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (KC426947). This showed >99% similarity with sequences of A. errabunda (AJ888475 to 888477). For pathogenicity test, inoculum was prepared by harvesting conidia from 4-week-old cultures on potato dextrose agar. A conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) was sprayed onto young leaves of three potted seedlings. Three seedlings treated with sterile distilled water served as controls. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then kept in a greenhouse (20 to 26°C and 60 to 80% RH). After 26 days, typical leaf spot symptoms, identical to the ones observed in the field, developed on the inoculated leaves. No symptoms were observed on controls. A. errabunda was reisolated from the lesions of inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Oak anthracnose associated with A. errabunda (including A. quercina) has been recorded in Europe and North America (1,4). Oak anthracnose of evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. (syn. Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.) associated with A. supraseptata in Japan is not related to this disease (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of oak anthracnose of Q. aliena globally and also the first finding of A. errabunda in Asia as well as in Korea. This pathogen is known as one of the major forest pathogens in oak stand in Europe and North America (3). Pending further studies, including a risk assessment, A. errabunda may be considered as a potentially new and serious threat in native and planted ranges of Q. aliena in Korea. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, retrieved February 18, 2013. (2) S. Kaneko and T. Kobayashi. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 25:11, 1984. (3) A. Ragazzi et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 46:295, 2007. (4) M. V. Sogonov et al. Mycol. Res. 111:693, 2007.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Mazhar, Tehmena Rashid, Saddam Hussain, Muhammad Umer Nadeem, Muhammad Sohail Waqas, Muhammad Amin, and Muhammad Naveed Anjum. "Eutrophic Status Assessment Based on Very High-Resolution Satellite Imagery in the Coastline Environment of Korea." Pollutants 3, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3010006.
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Anthropoid activities are severely altering natural land cover and growing the transport of soil, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, toxic chemicals, and other pollutants to the water ecosystem. The eutrophication of the coastal water environment is one of the furthermost bitter consequences of human activities. In this research, we have used three different satellite images for efficient land-use land-cover (LULC) classification, comparison, and further coastal water quality assessment over the coastal zone of the Boseong County of South Korea. The results of LULC classification showed that Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and WorldView-3 gave an overall accuracy of about 74%, 82%, and 96% with Kappa coefficient of 0.71, 0.78, and 0.91, respectively. By comparing, LULC accuracies and kappa coefficient, the very high-resolution Worldview-3 satellite imagery is considered one of the best-suited satellite imageries for water quality assessment. The study used recently developed algorithms for the calculation of the transparency of Secchi depth, concentration of Chlorophyll-a, Total Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen; whereas the eutrophication status of the coastal water has been identified using the Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) method. The result show that the medium state of eutrophication occurred nearby agricultural regions and urban settlements. Overall, trophic status of the coastal water is ranged from 61.56 to 74.37 with a mean value of 65.63 (CTSI) and placed under the medium eutrophic state. The study analysed that the nutrient entrance from the surrounding land cover is high and needs proper water treatment before releasing into a coastal ecosystem. Hence, these investigations will assist the various local and international agencies in improving the reliability of the monitoring of eutrophication state, dynamics, and potential impacts.
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Lee, Jin-Yong, Jihye Cha, and Maimoona Raza. "Groundwater development, use, and its quality in Korea: tasks for sustainable use." Water Policy 23, no. 6 (October 5, 2021): 1375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.088.
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Abstract In this study, the current state of groundwater development and use and groundwater quality has been examined based on official groundwater data collected from the Republic of Korea. The groundwater data indicate a steady increase in the number of groundwater wells and an increase in groundwater pumping. The well diameters also increase with increasing well depth, owing to the development of drilling technology. Although groundwater is predominantly used for agricultural and living purposes, the former has recently outnumbered the latter. According to the groundwater quality monitoring stations covering the entire country, the groundwater levels, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation–reduction potential decrease with a steady increase in the water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity, indicating an aggravating groundwater environment in this region. The most concerning contaminants found are nitrate, ammonia, arsenic, zinc, toluene, xylene, chloroform, and fluoride. Thus, based on these observations, we propose three essential tasks for sustainable groundwater use: a paradigm shift in groundwater management, conjunctive use and integrated management of groundwater and stream water, and groundwater governance and data quality control.
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SHAPOVAL, Bohdan. "EXPORT DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S AGRICULTURAL FOOD PRODUCTS TO ASIAN COUNTRIES." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-4-34.
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Introduction. When choosing an export market, it is important to consider all possible options to select the most export-friendly country. The countries of South and East Asia are the most heterogeneous in socio-economic terms. The countries of this region include Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, they are capitalist countries with diversified economies. Mongolia has only embarked on a path of economic and political reform after 70 years of totalitarian rule, and North Korea is now a unique state that still builds communism based on a command system in the economy and a totalitarian regime in politics. The purpose of the study is to study the agri-food market in Asia and prospects of its development for producers and exporters of food products from Ukraine. The study was conducted using the following methods: structural and functional, comparison, abstract-logical. Results. The reasons for the search for new markets by Ukrainian exporters are identified. The general situation on the meat and dairy market of Asian countries, the level of product consumption and trends in consumer choice are considered. Potential countries for export were identified, and indicators of imports of certain products by countries were studied. The place of the countries in the world food market, tendencies of development of trade for the last years is outlined. The main exporters to certain countries, as well as sales channels have been studied. The study identified a number of potential countries for the export of meat and dairy products from Ukraine. The current state of retail trade in the target countries was considered in detail, as well as the main players in the market. For the first time, recommendations for exporters to enter the Asian market were identified and provided. Conclusions. Further research can be carried out to identify the main trends in the choice of exporters by buyers from the Asian region and development opportunities for Ukrainian exporters in the target region. Prospects for ongoing research can be development of standards and guides for expention of Ukrainian agri-food exports to Asian countries. Key words: market, export tendencies, agri-food products, development.
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Zhang, Yiping, Molly Kyle, Konstantinos Anagnostou, and Thomas A. Zitter. "Screening Melon (Cucumis melo) for Resistance to Gummy Stem Blight in the Greenhouse and Field." HortScience 32, no. 1 (February 1997): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.1.117.
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Greenhouse and field evaluations of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for resistance to gummy stem blight, caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm, were conducted on 798 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and 24 related Cucumis species. Plants were inoculated at the three to four true-leaf stage with a virulent isolate of D. bryoniae collected from Onondaga County, N.Y., and disease indices were calculated based on foliar and stem symptoms. In greenhouse screens, 43 C. melo accessions showed a high level of resistance. Results were consistent between the optimized greenhouse screening procedure described and inoculated replicated field tests. Of these accessions, a Chinese group, PIs 157076, 157080, 157081, 157082, 157084; another group from Zimbabwe, PIs 482393, 482398, 482399, 482402, 482403, 482408; and some others from different origins, PI 255478 (Korea) and PI 511890 (Mexico), showed high levels of resistance, at least equal to that in PI 140471, the leading source of resistance to date.
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Moon, Gi Hoon, Yu Jin Jung, Changhyun Jun, Jin Gul Joo, and Do Guen Yoo. "Cluster Analysis of Drought Damage to Local Governments Across the Country Using the National Drought Information Statistics." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.293.
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Recently, Korea has regularly published statistics on the current state of annual droughts that have been occurring since 2018 in the National Drought Information Statistics. For a clear categorization of drought damage, it is necessary to first establish the major factors that affect the degree of damage. In this study, damage-related data from the National Drought Information Statistics Collection (2018-2020) were examined to obtain the regional characteristics of water use resulting in regional drought damage to 161 local governments in Korea. Cluster analysis was performed, and a hierarchical clustering algorithm was used for the regional classification of drought damage. The factor composition was analyzed by dividing it into four major methods to represent the drought damage caused by general, living, and agricultural droughts. The analysis confirmed that regional clustering appeared according to the characteristics of water use and past damage history. If such clustering-based regional damage classification information and factors affecting drought damage by water are considered, it is expected that the damage sensitivity of local governments according to the drought situation and regional water use characteristics can be presented quantitatively.
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Hwang, Seok-Joon, Moon-Kyeong Jang, and Ju-Seok Nam. "Application of Lateral Overturning and Backward Rollover Analysis in a Multi-Purpose Agricultural Machine Developed in South Korea." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020297.
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This study analyzed the lateral overturning and backward rollover characteristics of a multi-purpose agricultural machine recently developed in South Korea. Free body diagrams for theoretical analysis and a three-dimensional model for dynamic simulation were created by reflecting the actual dimensions and material properties of the multi-purpose agricultural machine. The simulation model was verified using the minimum turning radius and angle of static falling down sidelong derived through the certified performance test. The lateral overturning and backward rollover characteristics of the multi-purpose agricultural machine were analyzed using a verified simulation model and theoretical equations derived through literature review. In the lateral overturning analysis, the critical traveling speed at which lateral overturning occurs was derived according to the inner steering angle of the front wheels under steady-state turning conditions. In the backward rollover analysis, the critical angular velocity and theoretical traveling speed of the main body at which backward rollover occurs were derived according to lifting angle of the front wheels. There was no significant difference between the theoretical analysis and simulation results at 5% significance level, and we derived the appropriate traveling speed conditions of the multi-purpose agricultural machine that do not cause lateral overturning and backward rollover.
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Jo, Yongwon, Soobin Lee, Youngjae Lee, Hyungu Kahng, Seonghun Park, Seounghun Bae, Minkwan Kim, Sungwon Han, and Seoungbum Kim. "Semantic Segmentation of Cabbage in the South Korea Highlands with Images by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 4493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104493.
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Identifying agricultural fields that grow cabbage in the highlands of South Korea is critical for accurate crop yield estimation. Only grown for a limited time during the summer, highland cabbage accounts for a significant proportion of South Korea’s annual cabbage production. Thus, it has a profound effect on the formation of cabbage prices. Traditionally, labor-extensive and time-consuming field surveys are manually carried out to derive agricultural field maps of the highlands. Recently, high-resolution overhead images of the highlands have become readily available with the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and remote sensing technology. In addition, deep learning-based semantic segmentation models have quickly advanced by recent improvements in algorithms and computational resources. In this study, we propose a semantic segmentation framework based on state-of-the-art deep learning techniques to automate the process of identifying cabbage cultivation fields. We operated UAVs and collected 2010 multispectral images under different spatiotemporal conditions to measure how well semantic segmentation models generalize. Next, we manually labeled these images at a pixel-level to obtain ground truth labels for training. Our results demonstrate that our framework performs well in detecting cabbage fields not only in areas included in the training data but also in unseen areas not included in the training data. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of infrared wavelengths on the performance of identifying cabbage fields. Based on the results of our framework, we expect agricultural officials to reduce time and manpower when identifying information about highlands cabbage fields by replacing field surveys.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Mazhar. "Seasonal effect of agricultural pollutants on coastline environment: a case study of the southern estuarine water ecosystem of the boseong county Korea." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.7996.
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The untreated disposal of wastewater in the coastal environment leads to growth of harmful algal blooms which risks the coastal ecology and human health. The harmful algal bloom can destroy aquatic natural life by reducing dissolved oxygen concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the eutrophication status at the Boseong county, Beolgyo village estuary, considering different water quality parameters. Furthermore, this study also investigated the effect of land use activates the estuarine water environment. The date of the acquisition for the Landsat 8 high-resolution satellite images were four different events i.e., 11th March, 2019, 15th June, 2019, 19th September, 2019, and 8 th December, 2019 in four different seasons such as Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter respectively for selected study region. Land use and land cover were extracted on the basis of accuracy’s percentage and the Kappa coefficient. Concentrations of water quality parameters such as Chlorophyll-a (Chla), Total Phosphorous (TP), Transparency of Sechi Depth (TSD) were extracted using Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI). The study found that the overall value of the CTSI is classified under the medium eutrophication state in summer and autumn season (CTSI~60-70). While it falls in the light eutrophic state in winter and spring seasons (CTSI~50-60). The value of TSI for all studied nutrients is the higher nearby cropping area as well as land settlements. The spatial variation of the trophic index in the study region aided strong evidence to be detected over the area’s adjutant to agrarian farming and urban habitats. The study concludes that the TSI could be used as a simple management tool to classify individual water ecosystems into broad classification that represent their water quality health.
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Cho, Y. S., Z. R. Choe, and S. E. Ockerby. "Managing tillage, sowing rate and nitrogen top-dressing level to sustain rice yield in a low-input, direct-sown, rice - vetch cropping system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00075.
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Direct sowing of rice into drained soil is a relatively new farming practice, replacing transplanting, being developed for use in External Low Input Sustainable Agriculture in Korea. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the importance of tillage, sowing rate, and top-dressing of fertiliser nitrogen (N) to rice growth and grain yield in a direct-sown, rice–vetch cropping system. From 1993 to 1997, Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L. Vetch) was grown during the winter season (October–May) at Uiryong, Korea. Until 1995 transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) was grown during the summer season, but in 1996 and 1997 the direct-sowing method was used. In 1996, the treatments applied to rice were either tillage or no-tillage of the paddy before the rice crop was sown, combined with 2 rates (0 or 2 g/m2) of fertiliser N top-dressed onto the paddy just after the panicle initiation stage. In 1997, the treatments were either tillage or no-tillage of the paddy before the rice crop, combined with 2 rice sowing rates (400 or 800 seeds/m2), and 3 rates (0, 2 or 4 g/m2) of fertiliser N top-dressed just after the panicle initiation stage. Rice yielded 243–435 g/m2 in 1996 and 493–678 g/m2 in 1997, the lower yield in 1996 was attributed to fewer established seedlings and productive panicles. There was no effect of tillage treatment. Across years, yield was correlated with shoot N content, and grain N-use efficiency exceeded 50 g grain/g shoot N content. Rice residues contained about 5 g N/m2 and vetch residues released 6–8 g N/m2 during the 4 weeks after submergence, therefore the release of N from residues was potentially sufficient to supply the rice crop demand. In both years, however, the yield of unfertilised rice was N limited, so increasing the shoot N content appeared to be the most important issue to be resolved in sustaining yield in External Low Input Sustainable Agriculture. A low rate of top-dressed fertiliser N (2–4 g N/m2) increased yield by increasing the number of panicles and spikelets, and to a lesser extent, 1000-grain weight. Growing rice using no-tillage practices did not limit the yield of rice, except in 1996 when no fertiliser N was applied and the N uptake by rice was low. A high sowing rate combined with top-dressed fertiliser N in 1997 reduced yield through crop lodging and an increase in the number of unproductive tillers. This problem may be overcome by the use of a variety less susceptible to lodging.
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Rhee, Song Nai, C. Melvin Aikens, Sŏng-nak Chʻoe, and Hyŏk-chin No. "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600." Asian Perspectives 46, no. 2 (2007): 404–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2007.0016.
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Williams, Richard. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2017." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i3.11922.
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Journal of Agricultural Studies would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JAS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issueReviewers for Volume 5, Number 3 Aftab Alam, Edenworks Inc., USAAshit Kumar Paul, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, BangladeshChenlin Hu, The Ohio State University, USA,Ernest Baafi, CSIRCrops Research Institute, GhanaEwa Moliszewska, Opole University, PolandGerardo Ojeda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ColombiaJeong Hwan, Sejong University, South Korea Jiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, NepalPramod Kumar Mishra, School of Management Studies, IndiaSoto Caro Ariel Reinaldo, Universidad de Concepción, ChileZakaria Fouad Abdallah, National Research Centre, EgyptZhao Chen, Clemson University, USA Richard Williams,EditorJournal of Agricultural Studies-------------------------------------------Macrothink Institute5348 Vegas Dr.#825Las Vegas, Nevada 89108United StatesPhone: 1-702-953-1852 ext.521Fax: 1-702-420-2900Email: jas@macrothink.orgURL: http://jas.macrothink.org
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Park, Y. S., and G. S. Min. "147 EFFECT OF CULTURE SYSTEM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO-FERTILIZED OR DNA-INJECTED BOVINE EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab147.
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DNA microinjection has become the most widely applied method for gene transfer in mammals. However, the production of the transgenic bovine is relatively inefficient with the pronuclear microinjection technology. This experiment was designed to compare the two different in vitro production systems the serum-containing system (IVM, IVF, and IVC; TCM199, TALP, and CR1aa) and the Serum-free system (IVM, IVF, and IVC; IVMD101, IVF100 and, IVMD101), on the development of in vitro-fertilized embryos (Experiment 1) and DNA-microinjected embryos (Experiment 2). Korean Native Cow (KNC) ovaries were obtained from slaughterhouse and cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from 2- to 8-mm follicles. In the serum-containing system, groups of 15 COCs were matured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FBS), 1 μg/mL FSH, 10 μg/mL LH, and 1 μg/mL estradiol-17β for 18 h. In vitro matured oocytes were fertilized using frozen-thawed percoll separated spermatozoa (Day 0) in fer-TALP medium for 20 h. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in CR1aa medium supplemented with 0.3% BSA (before Day 3) or 10% FBS (after Day 3). In the serum-free system, groups of 15 COCs were matured in IVMD101 medium, fertilized in IVF100 medium and cultured in IVMD101 medium (Hochi et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 675–685). The DNA used for microinjection was a green fluorescent protein. The zygotes were centrifuged in TALP medium at 15,000g for 7 min, and then were microinjected into the pronucleus. All cultures were maintained in an incubator at 39°C, 5%CO2 in air with maximum humidity. Data from three replicates were analyzed by chi-square test. In Experiment 1, there were no differences in the cleavage rates between treatments (71.8% v. 65.3%, respectively). The development rate to the 8-cell stage was significantly higher in the serum-free system than in the serum-containing system (P < 0.05; 47.2% v. 24.7%, respectively). However, the development rates to the blastocyst stage were not different (20.4% v. 16.0%, respectively). In Experiment 2, the development rates to the cleavage, 8-cell, and blastocyst stages were significantly higher in the serum-free system than in the serum-containing system (P < 0.05; 47.2, 25.0, and 5.6% vs. 16.5, 3.5, and 0%, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the serum-free system was not effective on the development of in vitro-fertilized embryos, but it was effective on the development of DNA-microinjected embryos. This study is supported by Technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea.