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1
Worsley, Anthony, Wei Wang, and Stacey Ridley. "Australian adults’ knowledge of Australian agriculture." British Food Journal 117, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 400–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2013-0175.
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Purpose – Agriculture is a major generator of wealth and employment in Australia. However, it faces a range of economic and environmental challenges which require substantial community support. The purpose of this paper is to examine Australian adults’ Australian knowledge of, and attitudes towards, Australian agriculture. Design/methodology/approach – Online questionnaire survey of 1,026 adults conducted nationwide during August 2012. Findings – Most respondents had little knowledge of even the basic aspects of the industry but they approved of farmers’ performance of their roles. Latent class analysis showed that there are two groups of consumers with low and lower levels of knowledge. The respondents’ age, rural residence and universalist values were positive predictors of agricultural knowledge. Research limitations/implications – This was a cross-sectional, quota-based survey which examined only some aspects of agriculture. However, the findings suggest that more communication with the general public about the industry is required in order to build on the positive sentiment that exists within the community. Practical implications – More education about agriculture in schools and higher education is indicated. Social implications – The poor state of knowledge of agriculture threatens the social contract upon which agricultural communities depend for survival. Originality/value – The study highlights the poor state of general knowledge about agriculture in Australia. The findings could be used as a baseline against which the efficacy of future education programmes could be assessed.
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Haseeb, Khalid, Ikram Ud Din, Ahmad Almogren, and Naveed Islam. "An Energy Efficient and Secure IoT-Based WSN Framework: An Application to Smart Agriculture." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072081.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields, like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, and surveillance. In the area of agriculture production, IoT-based WSN has been used to observe the yields condition and automate agriculture precision using various sensors. These sensors are deployed in the agricultural environment to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, sensors have limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that can negatively impact agriculture production. Besides efficiency, the protection and security of these IoT-based agricultural sensors are also important from malicious adversaries. In this article, we proposed an IoT-based WSN framework as an application to smart agriculture comprising different design levels. Firstly, agricultural sensors capture relevant data and determine a set of cluster heads based on multi-criteria decision function. Additionally, the strength of the signals on the transmission links is measured while using signal to noise ratio (SNR) to achieve consistent and efficient data transmissions. Secondly, security is provided for data transmission from agricultural sensors towards base stations (BS) while using the recurrence of the linear congruential generator. The simulated results proved that the proposed framework significantly enhanced the communication performance as an average of 13.5% in the network throughput, 38.5% in the packets drop ratio, 13.5% in the network latency, 16% in the energy consumption, and 26% in the routing overheads for smart agriculture, as compared to other solutions.
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Verschuuren, Jonathan. "Towards a Regulatory Design for Reducing Emissions from Agriculture: Lessons from Australia’s Carbon Farming Initiative." Climate Law 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00701001.
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The land sector is essential to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals. Agriculture and land use contribute between 20 and 25 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement’s aim to keep the average global temperature rise between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius implies that drastic emission cuts from agriculture are needed. The sequestration potential of agriculture and land use offers an important mechanism to achieve a transition to net-zero carbon emissions worldwide. So far, however, states have been reluctant to address emissions from, and sequestration by, the agricultural sector. Some states that have or are setting up a domestic emission-trading scheme allow for the generation of offsets in agriculture, but only to a limited extent. Australia is the only country that has a rather broad set of methodologies in place to award credits to farmers for all kinds of carbon-farming projects. This article reviews the experience with the Australian model so far, with the objective of articulating transferable lessons for regulatory design aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. It finds that it is possible to regulate for the reduction of emissions from agriculture and for increased sequestration in agricultural soils and in vegetation on agricultural lands, provided that certain conditions are met. Regulation must focus on individual projects at farms, based on a long-term policy that has a wider focus than just emission reduction. Such projects must comply with climate-smart methodologies that ensure the delivery of real, additional, measurable, and verifiable emission reductions and also foster long-term innovation and create economic, social, and environmental co-benefits. Moreover, a robust and reliable mrv system must be put in place.
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Li, Chunling, and Ben Niu. "Design of smart agriculture based on big data and Internet of things." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 5 (May 2020): 155014772091706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720917065.
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With the wide application of Internet of things technology and era of large data in agriculture, smart agricultural design based on Internet of things technology can efficiently realize the function of real-time data communication and information processing and improve the development of smart agriculture. In the process of analyzing and processing a large amount of planting and environmental data, how to extract effective information from these massive agricultural data, that is, how to analyze and mine the needs of these large amounts of data, is a pressing problem to be solved. According to the needs of agricultural owners, this article studies and optimizes the data storage, data processing, and data mining of large data generated in the agricultural production process, and it uses the k-means algorithm based on the maximum distance to study the data mining. The crop growth curve is simulated and compared with improved K-means algorithm and the original k-means algorithm in the experimental analysis. The experimental results show that the improved K-means clustering method has an average reduction of 0.23 s in total time and an average increase of 7.67% in the F metric value. The algorithm in this article can realize the functions of real-time data communication and information processing more efficiently, and has a significant role in promoting agricultural informatization and improving the level of agricultural modernization.
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Sulyman-Haroon, Shakirat Oluwatosin. "A Design of Computer Generated Environment for Learning Among Agriculture Students at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria." Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal Publication 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/v4n3p1-1.
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Camara, Carmen, Pedro Peris-Lopez, Honorio Martín, and Mu’awya Aldalaien. "ECG-RNG: A Random Number Generator Based on ECG Signals and Suitable for Securing Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 18, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092747.
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a promising technology with applications in many areas such as environment monitoring, agriculture, the military field or health-care, to name but a few. Unfortunately, the wireless connectivity of the sensors opens doors to many security threats, and therefore, cryptographic solutions must be included on-board these devices and preferably in their design phase. In this vein, Random Number Generators (RNGs) play a critical role in security solutions such as authentication protocols or key-generation algorithms. In this article is proposed an avant-garde proposal based on the cardiac signal generator we carry with us (our heart), which can be recorded with medical or even low-cost sensors with wireless connectivity. In particular, for the extraction of random bits, a multi-level decomposition has been performed by wavelet analysis. The proposal has been tested with one of the largest and most publicly available datasets of electrocardiogram signals (202 subjects and 24 h of recording time). Regarding the assessment, the proposed True Random Number Generator (TRNG) has been tested with the most demanding batteries of statistical tests (ENT, DIEHARDERand NIST), and this has been completed with a bias, distinctiveness and performance analysis. From the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that the output stream of our proposed TRNG behaves as a random variable and is suitable for securing WSNs.
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Sotner, Roman, Jan Jerabek, Ladislav Polak, Vilem Kledrowetz, and Roman Prokop. "Design of Signal Generators Using Active Elements Developed in I3T25 CMOS Technology Single IC Package for Illuminance to Frequency Conversion." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041198.
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This paper presents a compact and simple design of adjustable triangular and square wave functional generators employing fundamental cells fabricated on a single integrated circuit (IC) package. Two solutions have electronically tunable repeating frequency. The linear adjustability of repeating frequency was verified in the range between 17 and 264 kHz. The main benefits of the proposed generator are the follows: A simple adjustment of the repeating frequency by DC bias current, Schmitt trigger (threshold voltages) setting by DC driving voltage, and output levels in hundreds of mV when the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process with limited supply voltage levels is used. These generators are suitable to provide a simple conversion of illuminance to frequency of oscillation that can be employed for illuminance measurement and sensing in the agriculture applications. Experimental measurements proved that the proposed concept is usable for sensing of illuminance in the range from 1 up to 500 lx. The change of illuminance within this range causes driving of bias current between 21 and 52 μA that adjusts repeating frequency between 70 and 154 kHz with an error up to 10% between the expected and real cases.
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Jongebreur, A. A., and L. Speelman. "Future trends in agricultural engineering." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i1.522.
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Beside traditional mechanical engineering, other engineering branches such as electronics, control engineering and physics play their specific role within the agricultural engineering field. Agricultural engineering has affected and stimulated major changes in agriculture. In the last decades agricultural engineering has also focused on environmental aspects. Nowadays knowledge and expertise generated in several agricultural and environmental engineering fields must be integrated with expertise of biological and socio-economic sciences. In the evolution towards sustainable agricultural systems important contributions can be made. The re-design of production systems and their technology can help to achieve ecologically sound and economically viable agriculture and its acceptance in the community. Mechanization and automation, structures and environment, labour and management, and energy and water are discussed.
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Meunier, Robert, and Saliha Bayır. "Metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology and research for sustainable agriculture." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 30, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.30.2.24.
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Technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS) are transforming research fields at the methodological, conceptual, and organizational level. They open up new possibilities and bring with them new commitments and inherent limitations. We show from a philosophy of science perspective how NGS-based metagenomics has transformed microbial ecology and, with it, parts of agricultural soil science, which integrate ecological approaches with the aim to inform agricultural practices. We reconstruct agricultural science as design science (sensu Niiniluoto) and describe how the possibilities, commitments, and limitations of metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology shape values, situation assessments, and recommendations for interventions of soil microbiology in the context of sustainable agriculture.
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Hardikar, Anandwardhan A., Makarand V. Risbud, and Ramesh R. Bhonde. "A simple microcapsule generator design for islet encapsulation." Journal of Biosciences 24, no. 3 (September 1999): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941251.
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Sharma, Avinash, Sheelawati Monlai, Chowlani Manpoong, Monoj Sutradhar, and Nirupa Kumari. "Renewable energy generating employment specially in Indian agriculture." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i4.1940.
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The present review explains that renewable energy generates opportunity in field of agriculture. The renewable energy is solar energy, wind energy, water energy and biogas energy. This energy generates employment of manufacturing, design, construction, installation, operation, maintainance, supply chain, multitasking, research, development and administration. The solar industry employs 21,000 people in 2016-17 and 25,000 people in 2017-18. The solar manufacturing industries and solar products will produce various opportunities by 2022 in India. The wind energy provides 4,40,000 employments into onshore and offshore grid system in 2008. The wind mill industry will create 74,000 employments by 2020 in India. The water energy provides employment into hydro electric power station, manufacturing industry and others area. Biogas energy utilizes into motor vehicle as fuel. It saves petrol worth about 0.66 million per annum and also generate employment for 12 persons. The Biogas industry will set up 19 districts of the Maharashtra state to employment generation by 2020. Renewable energy protects the earth planet. It provides employment to rural as well as urban areas. It will improve standard of living and per capita income of people. It will introduce employment to poor and literate persons. It would advocate gender uniformity and doubling of farmer income. It will improve and strengthens Gross Domestic Product and Agriculture shares in India. This energy would encourage huge transition into future era in India.
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Lanka, Sanjay V., Iqbal Khadaroo, and Steffen Böhm. "Agroecology accounting: biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods from the margins." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 7 (September 18, 2017): 1592–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2363.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a socio-ecological counter account of the role that agroecology plays in supporting the sustainable livelihoods of a co-operative of smallholder coffee farmers, where very little value is created at their end of the coffee commodity chain. Agroecology may be defined as the science that provides the ecological principles and concepts for the design and management of productive agricultural ecosystems that conserve natural resources. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a case study design of a coffee-producing co-operative in India using data collected from participant observation, focus groups and unstructured interviews with indigenous smallholder farmers. It combines the science of agroecology with the labour theory of value as a theoretical framework. Findings An agroecological approach supports agricultural biodiversity, while promoting sustainable livelihoods since members of the co-operative are able to reduce their use of external inputs. However, an agroecological transformation is curtailed by the continued dependence on corporate value chains. A framework using the labour theory of value is used to explain the extraction of surplus value from the labour of both the smallholder farmers as well as nature. This study provides evidence of the role of government policy and practice in perpetuating the status quo by not promoting either research on agroecology or direct consumer to producer value chains while providing subsidies for the inputs of industrial agriculture. Originality/value There have been very few studies that have provided an account of the limited value generated in agricultural commodity chains for smallholder farmers due to the need to purchase the inputs of industrial agriculture supported by government subsidies. This study extends the field of accounting for biodiversity into agriculture using the science of agroecology to explain the role played by biodiversity in increasing the amount of value generated by smallholder farmers. By utilising the labour theory of value, the authors have introduced the notion of the labour power of nature as represented by the environmental services that nature provides.
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Trivelli, Leonello, Andrea Apicella, Filippo Chiarello, Roberto Rana, Gualtiero Fantoni, and Angela Tarabella. "From precision agriculture to Industry 4.0." British Food Journal 121, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 1730–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2018-0747.
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Purpose Circumstances that are have a significant impact on it. In particular, environmental sustainability related to the increase of worldwide population, and market demand for agricultural products (with consumers more and more aware about cultivation and breeding techniques and interested in healthy and high-quality products) represent two of the key challenges that the agricultural sector is going to face in next years. In such a landscape, technological innovations that can support organizations and entrepreneurs to face these problems become increasingly important, and Industry 4.0 is the most striking example. Indeed, the Industry 4.0 paradigm aims to integrate digital technologies into business processes to raise productivity levels and to develop new business models. Accordingly, digital technologies play a similar role in the precision agriculture domain, and the purpose of this paper is to understand if the technologies at the basis of these two paradigms are the same or not. Design/methodology/approach The present work investigates how the two domains of Industry 4.0 and precision agriculture are connected to one another by analyzing the most used technologies in both the fields in order to highlight common patterns and technological overlaps. To reach such goal, an approach combining manual and automated analysis was developed. Findings The research work generated three main results: a dictionary of precision agriculture technologies including 324 terms; a graph, describing the connections between the technologies composing the dictionary; and a representation of the main technological clusters identified. Originality/value These show how the two domains under analysis are directly connected and describe the most important technologies to leverage when approaching digital transformation processes in the agricultural sector.
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Rajagukguk, Antonius, and Riski Kurniawan. "Design Inverter SPWM Tow Frequency Based Soil Moisture Sensor Using Arduino." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.4.2.145-153.
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Inverters on induction motor control are widely used both in industry, transportation, household, and agriculture. This inverter is designed to convert Direct Current electricity into Alternating Current electricity. In this study, the inverter is designed using the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) switching method and is able to produce pure sine waves of two frequencies of 50 Hz and 25 Hz with input control based on the reading of the soil moisture sensor. The purpose of this research is to apply to the controller of automatic watering plants. This system uses Arduino Uno as a SPWM signal generator and processes the reading of the soil moisture sensor and controls the LC filter. Based on the test results of the inverter control system, it is obtained an output voltage of 200 volts with a measured frequency of 48.83 Hz and 24.61 Hz with an input voltage of 12 Volt DC. The inverter system when loaded with single phase induction motors obtained efficiency at a frequency of 50 Hz by 36% and at a frequency of 25 Hz obtained by 70%. Thus, it can be concluded that this single-phase inverter can be used for applications in single phase induction motor speed control.
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Lee, Gye-Seong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Jong-Ho Han, Myeong-Hwan Hwang, and Hyun-Rok Cha. "Optimal Operating Point Determination Method Design for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles Based on Real Driving Tests." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2019): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050845.
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In this study, a method to determine the optimal generator operating point is proposed to enhance the utilization of power resources in a range-extended electric vehicle (Re-EV). Currently, the Re-EV is being developed as one of the solutions to the short driving range and charge problem of electric vehicles (EVs). In particular, we present a method for flexibly determining the operating point of the generators mounted on Re-EVs based on the power consumption trends of the users. Our proposed method can address the problem in existing algorithms wherein all the available resources are not utilized, even though there is fuel remaining in the EV because the battery is not completely discharged. The proposed algorithm was developed based on data acquired through actual driving tests using an agricultural utility vehicle; these data can be applied to various power consumption patterns, including nonlinear consumption patterns. In addition, this algorithm can be applied to other types of Re-EV with different battery and generator specifications. We perform simulations and experiments to verify the proposed algorithm and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with other existing methods.
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Koç, Ahmet Ali, T. Edward Yu, Taylan Kıymaz, and Bijay Prasad Sharma. "Effects of government supports and credits on Turkish agriculture." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 4 (September 26, 2019): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-11-2018-0164.
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Purpose Domestic supports on Turkish agriculture have substantially increased over the past decade while empirical evaluation of their output impact is limited. Also, the existing literature often neglects potential spatial spillover effects of agricultural policies or subsidies. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the direct and spillover effects of Turkish agricultural domestic measures and agricultural credits use on the added agricultural value. Design/methodology/approach This study applied a spatial panel model incorporating spatial interactions among the dependent and explanatory variables to evaluate the impact of government support and credit on Turkish agricultural output. A provincial data set of agricultural output values, input factors and government subsidies from 2004 to 2014 was used to model the spatial spillover effects of government supports. Findings Results show that a one percent increase in agricultural credits in a given province leads to an average increase of 0.17 percent overall in agricultural value-added per hectare, including 0.05 percent from the direct effect and 0.12 percent from the spillover effect. Contrary to agricultural credits, a one percent increase in government supports in a province generates a mixed direct and spillover effects, resulting in an overall reduction of 0.13 percent in agricultural value-added per hectare in Turkey. Research limitations/implications This study could be extended by controlling for climate, biodiversity and investment factors to agricultural output in addition to input and policy factors if such data were available. Originality/value This study fills the gap in the literature by determining the total effect, including direct and spatial spillover effect, of domestic supports and credits on Turkish agricultural value. The findings provide crucial information to decision makers regarding the importance of incorporating spatial spillover effects in the design of agricultural policy.
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Al-Najar, Husam, Hadi Khalil, and Yuni Sri Rahayu. "High Unemployment Records of Graduated Students in the Development of Urban Agriculture in the Gaza Strip." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i2.18176.
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Urban agriculture plays a significant role in national development by contributing towards food security, job creation, and income generation. This study aims to assess the effect of unemployment records in graduated students in the recovery of the agricultural sector and the input to food security. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative research methods was employed in this study. In the quantitative design, 129 randomly selected urban farmers, completed the self-administered close-ended questionnaires, whereas the statistical analysis presents the socio-demographic, economic, and other aspects of the households. Based on the study result, around 2500 students graduated annually from 29 high educational institutes in Gaza Strip. The unemployment rate is around 41%, therefore the graduated students found that urban agriculture is contributing to create more jobs opportunities and improving household income. The analysis showed that 18% of the urban farmers are illiterate, 31% passed primary education, 25% passed secondary education, and 26% are holding university degrees in different fields. It is highly recommend to include urban agriculture in the future plans of the ministry of labours, ministry of agriculture, and all relevant institutions to overcome the high unemployment records and to alleviate poverty in Gaza.
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Ricardo, Sobjak, Eduardo G. de Souza, Claudio L. Bazzi, Miguel A. Uribe-Opazo, and Nelson M. Betzek. "Redundant variables and the quality of management zones." Engenharia Agrícola 36, no. 1 (February 2016): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n1p78-93/2016.
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ABSTRACT Precision agriculture (PA) allows farmers to identify and address variations in an agriculture field. Management zones (MZs) make PA more feasible and economical. The most important method for defining MZs is a fuzzy C-means algorithm, but selecting the variable for use as the input layer in the fuzzy process is problematic. BAZZI et al. (2013) used Moran’s bivariate spatial autocorrelation statistic to identify variables that are spatially correlated with yield while employing spatial autocorrelation. BAZZI et al. (2013) proposed that all redundant variables be eliminated and that the remaining variables would be considered appropriate on the MZ generation process. Thus, the objective of this work, a study case, was to test the hypothesis that redundant variables can harm the MZ delineation process. BAZZI This work was conducted in a 19.6-ha commercial field, and 15 MZ designs were generated by a fuzzy C-means algorithm and divided into two to five classes. Each design used a different composition of variables, including copper, silt, clay, and altitude. Some combinations of these variables produced superior MZs. None of the variable combinations produced statistically better performance that the MZ generated with no redundant variables. Thus, the other redundant variables can be discredited. The design with all variables did not provide a greater separation and organization of data among MZ classes and was not recommended.
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Amna, Lailatul. "PENERAPAN ARSITEKTUR EKOLOGI DALAM PERANCANGAN PUSAT PENELITIAN AGRIKULTUR DI KABUPATEN SRAGEN." ARSITEKTURA 15, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/arst.v15i2.15236.
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<p class="Abstract"><em>Indonesia is known as an agricultural country, which means Indonesia has high rate of agricultural production. However, Indonesia has not fully fulfilled its own food needs, seeing by the high number of food imports to Indonesia. Therefore, the government's agricultural development program is established which includes the development of science and technology (IPTEK) in agriculture. The application of Ecological Architecture theory is considered appropriate because it involves all related elements in the design of human, building and nature. This research is aimed to determine the design of research centre building which is able to facilitate the research activities in accordance with the standard of research space based on the principle of Ecological Architecture theory. The method used is data collection based on literature study, observation and comparation to the design object and application of Ecological Architecture theory, which is then applied as design strategies on the design object, starting from site selection, site analysis, as well as façade analysis. From the analysis that has been done then generated a research centre design that can support the sustainability of agricultural research activities based on the application of Ecological Architecture theory.</em></p>
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Komisar, June, Joe Nasr, and Mark Gorgolewski. "Designing for Food and Agriculture: Recent Explorations at Ryerson University." Open House International 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2009-b0007.
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Strategies to enable alternative urban food systems cannot be developed alone by those involved with the production and distribution aspects of food systems. It is important for architects, landscape designers and planners to be part of the process of conceiving and implementing innovative food-system thinking. Environmentally focused building standards and models for sustainable communities can easily incorporate farmers' markets, greenhouses, edible landscapes, permeable paving, green roofs, community gardens, and permaculture and other food-related strategies that complement energy generation and conservation, green roofs, living walls, and other approaches that have been more commonly part of sustainable built-environment initiatives. Recently, architecture faculty and students at Ryerson University in Toronto and at a number of other universities have been exploring the intersection of these disciplines and interests. This paper will show how Ryerson tackled agricultural and food issues as design challenges in projects that included first-year community investigations, student-run design competitions, third-year studio projects and complex final-year thesis projects. These projects that dealt with food issues proved to be excellent entry points for addressing a range of design challenges including social inclusion, cultural context, community design and sustainable building practices.
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Enrici, Philippe, Ivan Meny, and Daniel Matt. "Conceptual Study of Vernier Generator and Rectifier Association for Low Power Wind Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030666.
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In this paper, we study a wind energy conversion system designed for domestic use in urban or agricultural areas. We first present the turbine, which was specifically designed to be installed on the buildings that it supplies. Based on turbine characteristics, we perform analytical sizing of a Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine (PMVM), which will be used as a generator in our energy conversion system. We show the influence of this generator on system operation by studying its association with a PWM rectifier and with a diode bridge rectifier. We then seek to improve generator design so that the turbine operates closely to maximum power points, while using a simple and robust energy conversion system. We use simulation to show the improvements achieved by taking into account the entire energy conversion system during machine design.
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Mukti, Gema Wibawa, Rani Andriani Budi Kusumo, and Pandi Pardian. "KECERDASAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN (ENTREPRENEURIAL INTELLEGENCE) PETANI MUDA LULUSAN UNIVERSITAS PADJAJARAN." Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ma.v6i1.2629.
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Agriculture is a very prestigious business sector, because it plays an important role in providing food for humanity. But apparently this does not automatically attract the attention of the community, especially the younger generation to pursue the field of agricultural business, especially graduates of the Faculty of Agriculture. Young people who choose a career in agriculture are required to have good entrepreneurial intelligence so that they can see an obstacle as a positive challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine entrepreneurial intelligence from graduates of the Faculty of Agriculture who chose a career as a business actor in agriculture. The research method in this study is a qualitative design. In-depth observation (Sugiyono, 2012) to see entrepreneurial intelligence possessed by graduates of the Faculty of Agriculture engaged in agribusiness. The results showed that graduates of the Faculty of Agriculture who are engaged in agriculture have entrepreneurial intelligence such as (1) having the courage to take risks, (2) being able to recognize their strengths or potentials, where they have a clear vision in life, (3) having emotional intelligence good, (4) Always oriented to the process and results, (5) Adaptive to change, which is always willing to learn, change and develop following changes in markets and the environment, (6) Never stop innovating in the course of its business, (7) Able to always collaborate with other parties and work together positively with each other so that all parties can develop and succeed together - (8) Always build a business network (friendship) with partners and stakeholders related to their business, (9) Getting used to always provide benefits to the environment, sharing and advancing together so that they always have a positive spirit for success.
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Li, Zhen, Zijian Lin, Shilei Lyu, Zhiwei Wei, and Heqing Huang. "Tree-Type Irrigation Pipe Network Planning and Design Method Using ICSO-ASV." Water 12, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071985.
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Research on tree-type irrigation pipe networks is an important component of agricultural water-saving projects. The optimal design of tree-type irrigation pipe networks is a key aspect regarding the profitability of irrigated agriculture. Meanwhile, swarm intelligence optimization algorithms have good computational ability and can be applied to solve many optimization problems in agricultural engineering. To identify the lowest investment cost for a pipe network, this study defined the concept of an upper water node to ensure the connectivity of tree-type irrigation pipe networks, and therefore, improve the pipe network planning model without using preliminary network connection diagrams. In addition, this study proposed an improved chicken swarm optimization algorithm (Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization using Adaptive Search and Variation, ICSO-ASV), which was applied to solve 12 test functions of different dimensions. The test results show that, compared to the traditional chicken swarm algorithm and other algorithms in the control group, the ICSO-ASV algorithm could effectively improve the global search capability. Finally, the ICSO-ASV algorithm was used to plan and design 15-node and 40-node pipe networks. The calculation results show that the average investment costs of the two pipe networks generated by the ICSO-ASV algorithm were 42.20% and 31.09% lower than those generated by the traditional chicken swarm algorithm, which further verified the feasibility of applying ICSO-ASV to design tree-type irrigation pipe networks. Thus, the design method proposed in this study can solve the optimal problems of tree-type irrigation pipe networks with varying topologies. The optimal solutions can be generated automatically using the ICSO-ASV algorithm if essential parameters of the pipe network planning model are provided.
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BHANDARI, SUNEETA. "APPLICATIONS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES IN AGRICULTURE." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 4, no. 2 (September 29, 2018): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2018.422.
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Green chemistry involves the design and development of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of chemicals hazardous to the environment and human health. The principles of green chemistry involve the development of green catalysts and use of non-toxic reagents. Green chemistry emphasizes the use of reactions improved atom efficiency, use of solvent-free or environmentally benign recyclable solvent system and the use of renewable resources.
Nowadays, green chemistry plays a new paradigm in the field of agriculture. Sustainable agriculture and green chemistry are both revolutionary fields and intertwined. In the last few years, for sustainable production in agriculture use of renewable biomass resources increases to generate bio-based food products with low inputs, zero waste, substantial social values and minimizing environmental impact. This article provides a good insight into green chemistry principles in sustainable agriculture.
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Melo, Oscar, and William Foster. "Agricultural and Forestry Land and Labor Use under Long-Term Climate Change in Chile." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030305.
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The appropriate design of land-use and rural employment policies depends upon the anticipated performance of the farm sector in the context of expected climate changes, especially with respect to land allocations to potential activities. Concerns over the possible net benefits of land-use changes are particularly acute in lower- and middle-income countries, where agriculture tends to be important in employment, income generation and foreign-exchange earnings. This paper presents an analysis of the expected impacts on land use in Chile of projected climate-change scenarios in 2040 and 2070. We developed a farmland allocation model with associated labor employment at the municipal level driven by expected relative net incomes per hectare, constructed from local average per-hectare yields, regional average output prices and per-hectare production cost estimates. The sensitivities of cropland allocations to relative net-income changes were estimated using historical land allocations at the municipal level derived from the last two Chilean Agricultural Censuses. The results show that the impacts of climate changes will be mitigated by land-use adaptation, the main export-earning crops tending to move south; in aggregate, agricultural employment will decrease in all the climate-change scenarios; forestry and agriculture would likely suffer a loss in net-income generation under severe climate-change scenarios.
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de Sousa Fragoso, Rui Manuel, and Carlos José de Almeida Noéme. "Economic effects of climate change on the Mediterranean’s irrigated agriculture." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-07-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the economic effects of climate change on the Mediterranean’s irrigated agriculture and how the adoption of alternative crop varieties adapted to the expected length of the growing season can be an effective adaptation measure. Design/methodology/approach A case study of two irrigation areas in Southern Portugal is used to assess the response to climate change impacts on crop yields and irrigation requirements, and an agricultural supply model is calibrated using a positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach was developed. Findings Climate change reduces crop yields and causes a slight decrease in irrigation requirements, which could allow an increase in the irrigated area. However, positive impacts on rural areas regarding employment and investment are not expected. The adoption of adaptation measures based on alternative crop varieties, which could maintain crop yields at current levels, increases dramatically the economic value of water and mitigates losses in farm income. Research limitations/implications The impacts on output and input market prices, as well as other biophysical impacts (for instance, CO2 and water availability), are important in understanding the effects of climate change on irrigated agriculture, but they were not considered in this study. While this may be a limitation, it can also be a stimulus for further research. Practical implications This is an empirical paper, whose results contribute to improving knowledge about the effects of climate change on irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas, namely, its economic impacts on returns and the use of agricultural resources (land, water, labour and capital). Other practical implications of the paper are associated with the methodological approach, which provides a framework able to deal with the complexity and multidimensional effects of climate change. Social implications The results of the paper provide important information for scientists, politicians and other stakeholders about the design of more effective adaptation measures able to mitigate the effects of climate change. Originality/value Crop yields and irrigation requirements were previously calculated based on data generated by the regional climate models. This is the first time that an application is developed for Portugal. Two distinct profiles of irrigation areas were studied and a large set of crops was considered, which is not common in the existing studies. To specify the PMP approach used to calibrate the agricultural supply model, exogenous crop-specific supply elasticities were estimated through a least square model, which is not common in previous studies.
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Negreanu, Gabriel-Paul, Ion Oprea, and Viorel Berbece. "Some design characteristics of micro steam turbines for agricultural biomass energy conversion." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001017.
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The paper continues the study of reconversion of a 400 kW hot water boiler in a steam generator suitable to valorise the energy content of briquettes and pellets of agricultural biomass. After steam parameters selection (pressure, temperature, mass-flow rate), an overview of main steam machines types (axial, radial, screw, piston engine) is done. Further, a parallel design of most wide-spread ones (Laval, Curtis and radial) were performed, at different rotation speeds, in order to find the best configuration in respect with the flow section dimensions, internal efficiency and power (electrical and thermal) output. The results of the paper could be very useful for the investors in agricultural “waste-toenergy” projects in order to select appropriate technology and equipment.
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Kornecki, T. S., A. J. Price, R. L. Raper, and F. J. Arriaga. "New roller crimper concepts for mechanical termination of cover crops in conservation agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24, no. 3 (July 29, 2009): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509002580.
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AbstractRollers crimpers have been used in conservation agriculture to terminate cover crops; however, excessive vibration generated by the original straight-bar roller design has delayed adoption of this technology in the United States. To avoid excessive vibration, producers generally reduce operating speeds that increase the time needed to perform the field operation. The objectives of this research were to identify roller crimper designs that terminated rye cover crops consistently, resulted in soil moisture conservation after use, and minimized vibrations when operated in the field. Six different roller types were developed and tested at 3.2 and 6.4 km h−1 in Alabama field experiments during the 2006, 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. All roller types were used alone and one also in combination with glyphosate. Rye mortalities were evaluated 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling and compared with the check (non-rolled standing rye). Soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) was measured at the day of rolling, and then at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling. Vibration was measured on the rollers' and tractor's frames during operation. Mortality for rolled rye 2 weeks after rolling was at least 98% compared with 96% for the check in 2006, 93% for rolling compared with 75% for the check in 2007, and 94% for rolling compared with 60% for the check in 2008 (P<0.10). There were no consistent differences in rye mortality across roller types (without glyphosate) and speeds. VMC for soil in non-rolled rye plots was consistently lower than in rolled rye plots, averaging 3% compared with 7% 2 weeks after rolling in 2006, and 4% compared with 8% in 2008. During 2007, VMC was affected by severe drought conditions, and differences between roller treatments were detected but minor. The straight-bar roller generated the highest vibration on the tractor's frame at 6.4 km h−1 (0.71 m s−2, RMS), which exceeded International Standards (International Standard Office (ISO)). At 6.4 km h−1, new roller designs generated significantly lower acceleration levels from 0.12 to 0.32 m s−2 on the tractor's frame and were below detrimental effects on health ‘health limits’ classified by ISO. Overall, 2 weeks after rolling, all roller designs effectively terminated rye above 90%, which is the recommended termination level of rye to plant a cash crop into residue mat, while protecting soil surface from water loss. New roller designs generate less vibration than the original design and can be used safely at higher operating speeds.
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Fajri, Ahmad Fikri. "SISTEM INFORMASI PENGOLAHAN DATA LAPORAN STATISTIK PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN STUDI KASUS (KOTO GADIH) PAYAKUMBUH." Jurnal Sains dan Informatika 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jsi.v3i1.2372.
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<em>In the framework of improving agricultural performance, almost all agriculture seeks to make changes to the work system because the system is applied almost unfit for use for agricultural operations especially in the processing of data complex and routine. The main reasons for the use of information technology in data processing of statistical reports pertanin is efficiency, time and cost savings. Besides the increased effectiveness, achieving the output of agricultural statistical data reports correctly is a necessity of every agriculture. Due to the important role of information technology, information technology becomes something that is required to support activities. In this study the authors use Field Researce method is to conduct direct research into the field, from the results of collected data, then the author uses Laboratory Researce method is to process the results of research data in computer labor and then the author also uses Library Research method of conducting library research. From the results of this study can be designed a system of agricultural statistical reports, which in the design is carried out the development of information generated from the old system and there is a way of working from the system itself by using the computer as a tool. It is expected that this information system can help and facilitate employees in processing the data</em>
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Fawole, Wasiu Olayinka, and Burhan Ozkan. "Examining the willingness of youths to participate in agriculture to halt the rising rate of unemployment in South Western Nigeria." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2017-0137.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the willingness of unemployed graduates to participate in agriculture with a view to showcase the potentials in Nigerian agriculture especially in the area of employment generation for the youths. Design/methodology/approach The study made use of primary data collected with the aid of structured questionnaires from 180 respondents from the three states of Ondo; Oyo and Osun states are the representative states from the entire South West. The binary logistic regression model was used to identify those factors that influence the willingness of the respondents who were graduates of various disciplines to participate in agriculture. Findings The findings of the study showed that the majority of the respondents interviewed representing 62.8 percent were unemployed with the majority of the respondents (68.3 percent) willing to participate in agriculture given the needed and required supports such as conducive environment by the stakeholders particularly the government. Educational status, marital status, gender, possession of agricultural training and employment status of respondents significantly influenced their willingness to participate in agriculture. Research limitations/implications The greatest limitation of this study is its sample size which is considerably small but considering the peculiarity in the challenges faced by the entire population; this limitation has been overcome, thus, making its findings valid for policy purposes. However, recommendations for further studies that would comprise the entire geopolitical zones of the country to pave way for comparative analysis were made. Originality/value The study is originally carried out by conducting a survey to collect the data and is coming to fill the existing gap in the literature in terms of potentials embedded in Nigerian agriculture to assist the government in providing employment opportunities for teeming youths.
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Rashitova, I. R., and V. S. Vokhmin. "BIOENERGY COMPLEX OF ORGANIC WASTE TO PRODUCE ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY." RUSSIAN ELECTRONIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 36, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2020-36-2-121-129.
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The article offers a technological scheme of a bioenergy complex for generating heat and electric energy. The main technical solutions that increase the energy performance of a biogas plant are given. The design of a thermoelectric generator for generating electrical energy and heating the coolant for further technological needs is given. The possibility of using the bioenergy complex for energy supply of agricultural enterprises and individual farms in a closed production cycle, as well as the possibility of using the technological scheme of the bioenergy complex in the absence of a centralized source of electric energy is substantiated. The idea was implemented, which is based on the conversion of heat from exhaust gases into electric current in the developed design of a thermoelectric generator.
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Sanders, Larry D. "The Restructuring of Southern Agriculture: Data Needs for Economic and Policy Research: Discussion." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (July 1988): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025590.
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The general goal of the Skees and Reed paper is to emphasize the need for data which permit anticipatory, problem-oriented research by the agricultural economics discipline. More specifically, they seek more funding and support for the concept of state-generated data and, very specifically, support for panel design surveys by each state.
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Ridha, Rizki Novanda, Burhanuddin Burhanuddin, and Budi Priyatna Wahyu. "Entrepreneurship intention in agricultural sector of young generation in Indonesia." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-04-2017-022.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss Indonesia as a country having a young generation resource crisis in agricultural sectors, and this crisis contributes more than 32.9 per cent higher unemployment than other sectors. Therefore, creative youths are needed to build the sector through entrepreneurship activities. Design/methodology/approach The low condition of youth entrepreneurship intention in agricultural sectors leading the Agriculture Ministry of Indonesia launches an Agricultural Young Entrepreneurship Growing Program 2016 (Program Penumbuhan Wirausaha Muda Pertanian, PWMP 2016). Intention in growing phase is critical to avoid the program failure. Findings This research was aimed to analyze entrepreneurship characteristics and factors affecting the intentions. The research was conducted in three cities, Bogor, Lampung and Bandung, with 189 respondents who accepted business support from the PWMP in 2016. The accumulated data were then analyzed using descriptive analysis and structural equation model. Respondents have highly average trends on behavior belief, normative belief, motivation to comply, control belief, control belief power and intention. While, only the evaluation of the consequence to give the medium trend is about 50.26 per cent. Originality/value Factor affects to the entrepreneurship intention in agricultural sectors is a subjective norm or external factor, and both the attitude toward behavior and perceived behavioral control factors do not affect entrepreneurship intention in the agricultural sector.
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Salam, Abdul. "Subsurface MIMO: A Beamforming Design in Internet of Underground Things for Digital Agriculture Applications." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 3 (August 10, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8030041.
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In underground (UG) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), transmit beamforming is used to focus energy in the desired direction. There are three different paths in the underground soil medium through which the waves propagate to reach the receiver. When the UG receiver receives a desired data stream only from the desired path, then the UG MIMO channel becomes a three-path (lateral, direct, and reflected) interference channel. Accordingly, the capacity region of the UG MIMO three-path interference channel, and the degrees of freedom (multiplexing gain of this MIMO channel) requires careful modeling. Therefore, expressions are required for the degrees of freedom of the UG MIMO interference channel. The underground receiver needs to perfectly cancel the interference from the three different components of the EM waves propagating in the soil medium. This concept is based upon reducing the interference of the undesired components to a minimum level at the UG receiver using the receive beamforming. In this paper, underground environment-aware MIMO using transmit and receive beamforming has been developed. The optimal transmit and receive beamforming, combining vectors under minimal intercomponent interference constraints, are derived. It is shown that UG MIMO performs best when all three components of the wireless UG channel are leveraged for beamforming. The environment-aware UG MIMO technique leads to three-fold performance improvements and paves the way for design and development of next-generation sensor-guided irrigation systems in the field of digital agriculture. Based on the analysis of underground radio-wave propagation in subsurface radio channels, a phased-array antenna design is presented that uses water content information and beam-steering mechanisms to improve efficiency and communication range of wireless underground communications. It is shown that the subsurface beamforming using phased-array antennas improves wireless underground communications by using the array element optimization and soil–air interface refraction adjustment schemes. This design is useful for subsurface communication system where sophisticated sensors and software systems are used as data collection tools that measure, record, and manage spatial and temporal data in the field of digital agriculture.
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Bakhshaliyev, Khalid, and Mehmet Hadi Gunes. "Generation of 2-mode scale-free graphs for link-level internet topology modeling." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0240100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240100.
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Comprehensive analysis that aims to understand the topology of real-world networks and the development of algorithms that replicate their characteristics has been significant research issues. Although the accuracy of newly developed network protocols or algorithms does not depend on the underlying topology, the performance generally depends on the topology. As a result, network practitioners have concentrated on generating representative synthetic topologies and utilize them to investigate the performance of their design in simulation or emulation environments. Network generators typically represent the Internet topology as a graph composed of point-to-point links. In this study, we discuss the implications of multi-access links on the synthetic network generation and modeling of the networks as bi-partite graphs to represent both subnetworks and routers. We then analyze the characteristics of sampled Internet topology data sets from backbone Autonomous Systems (AS) and observe that in addition to the commonly recognized power-law node degree distribution, the subnetwork size and the router interface distributions often exhibit power-law characteristics. We introduce a SubNetwork Generator (SubNetG) topology generation approach that incorporates the observed measurements to produce bipartite network topologies. In particular, generated topologies capture the 2-mode relation between the layer-2 (i.e., the subnetwork and interface distributions) and the layer-3 (i.e., the degree distribution) that is missing from the current network generators that produce 1-mode graphs. The SubNetG source code and experimental data is available at https://github.com/netml/sonet.
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Mittenzwei, Klaus, and Stefan Mann. "The rationale of part-time farming: empirical evidence from Norway." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2014-0207.
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Purpose Outside farming, pluriactivity is generally considered as undesirable, whereas agricultural economists tend to recommend part-time farming. This contradiction is to be solved. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Linking tax-payer and statistical farm-level data from Norway, the authors tested how profitable part-time farming is for Norwegian farm households. Findings The analysis showed that concentrating on either working on-farm or off-farm generates a higher household income than combining the two. Practical implications Part-time farming may be a lifestyle decision, but apparently is not economically optimal for most farms. Originality/value The contribution solves an apparent contradiction between the discourses inside and outside agriculture.
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Cravero, Ania, and Samuel Sepúlveda. "Use and Adaptations of Machine Learning in Big Data—Applications in Real Cases in Agriculture." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050552.
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The data generated in modern agricultural operations are provided by diverse elements, which allow a better understanding of the dynamic conditions of the crop, soil and climate, which indicates that these processes will be increasingly data-driven. Big Data and Machine Learning (ML) have emerged as high-performance computing technologies to create new opportunities to unravel, quantify and understand agricultural processes through data. However, there are many challenges to achieve the integration of these technologies. It implies making some adaptations to ML for using it with Big Data. These adaptations must consider the increasing volume of data, its variety and the transmission speed issues. This paper provides information on the use of Big Data and ML for agriculture, identifying challenges, adaptations and the design of architectures for these systems. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which allowed us to analyze 34 real cases applied in agriculture. This review may be of interest to computer or data scientists and electronic or software engineers. The results show that manipulating large volumes of data is no longer a challenge due to Cloud technologies. There are still challenges regarding (1) processing speed due to little control of the data in its different stages, raw, semi-processed and processed data (value data); (2) information visualization systems, which support technical data little understood by farmers.
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Locke, H. B., S. N. R. Choudhury, and D. C. D. Lecamwasam. "Integrated Rural Energy Centres for Agriculture-Based Economies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 4 (November 1986): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_036_02.
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After supplying (a) food materials (rice, cassava, coconut oil etc.) and (b) industrial products (coconut fibre, rubber, timber etc.) there are left (c) energy raw materials, which are often burnt inefficiently and wrongly thought of as wastes (coir dust, wood chips, bagasse pith etc.) Energy raw materials may be incinerated, or hydrolysed, or digested etc. for industrial purposes. They may also be used as fuels for combustion—in domestic cookers, or for steam raising in industry. Energy efficiency may be improved by briquetting energy raw materials to make them more satisfactory as fuels. In addition, modern methods of gasification of some of the briquettes can make producer gas to fuel small, ordinary internal combustion engines. The power may be mechanical as shaft power, or as electricity for lighting, operating machinery etc. Integrated rural energy centres (IRECs) involve this sequence of drying, briquetting, gasifying some of the briquettes to make power, and using the rest of the briquettes for industry for steam raising instead of the wood or oil that is so often the normal fuel. An alternative possibility, particularly for higher ranges of power generation (about 300–500 kW) is to burn the energy raw material at high efficiency in a fluidized bed combustor (FBC), and make use of the hot gases produced to generate power through steam or externally-fired gas turbines, Briquetting techniques are simple and capable of much further development. Gasification techniques are also simple (with proper design) and also capable of further development. Heat recovery for product drying, for example, can be a useful feature of a combined electrical and heat energy generation system, adopting the gasification or efficient direct burning in an FBC route.
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Bastan, Mahdi, Reza Ramazani Khorshid-Doust, Saeid Delshad Sisi, and Alimohammad Ahmadvand. "Sustainable development of agriculture: a system dynamics model." Kybernetes 47, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2017-0003.
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Purpose Sustainable development is the management and conservation of the basic natural resources through which organizational and technological changes are lead to meet present and future needs of humans. In developing and analyzing the solutions based on sustainable development principles, an integrated and holistic approach needs to be pursued. Not only system dynamics has the essential tools for systemic analysis, but also it is an appropriate approach for perceiving problems and offering solutions. The aim of this study is to present an integrated and systemic model to analyze the existent dynamics in sustainable development of Iran’s farming industry. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the mathematical equations and values of model’s variables, a simulation is carried out using the data gathered from Damavand city, Tehran, Iran. The parameters of the model are selected and calculated considering the specifications of this case study. After modeling the system, Vensim simulation software has been employed, followed by identifying the leverage points of the model; then, a set of scenarios have been generated and tested through simulation to achieve a much improved understanding of the system’s dynamic behavior. Findings The results show that two factors are among the most important leverage points: “profit gained from agriculture” and “required water”. The authors could also observe that the main issue in Damavand is the lack of water for which saving policies would be a major step toward agriculture’s sustainable development in this area. Originality/value The paper shows how System Dynamics simulation approach can provide deep insights into the field of sustainable development and present efficient policies for agriculture sustainability.
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Höber, Michael, Benjamin Königshofer, Philipp Wachter, Gjorgji Nusev, Pavle Boskoski, Christoph Hochenauer, and Vanja Subotić. "Holistic Approach to Design, Test, and Optimize Stand-Alone SOFC-Reformer Systems." Processes 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020348.
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Reliable electrical and thermal energy supplies are basic requirements for modern societies and their food supply. Stand-alone stationary power generators based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) represent an attractive solution to the problems of providing the energy required in both rural communities and in rurally-based industries such as those of the agricultural industry. The great advantages of SOFC-based systems are high efficiency and high fuel flexibility. A wide range of commercially available fuels can be used with no or low-effort pre-treatment. In this study, a design process for stand-alone system consisting of a reformer unit and an SOFC-based power generator is presented and tested. An adequate agreement between the measured and simulated values for the gas compositions after a reformer unit is observed with a maximum error of 3 vol% (volume percent). Theoretical degradation free operation conditions determined by employing equilibrium calculations are identified to be steam to carbon ratio (H2O/C) higher 0.6 for auto-thermal reformation and H2O/C higher 1 for internal reforming. The produced gas mixtures are used to fuel large planar electrolyte supported cells (ESC). Current densities up to 500 mA/cm2 at 0.75 V are reached under internal reforming conditions without degradation of the cells anode during the more than 500 h long-term test run. More detailed electrochemical analysis of SOFCs fed with different fuel mixtures showed that major losses are caused by gas diffusion processes.
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Sulyman-Haroon, s. o. "A Design of Computer Generated Environment for Learning Among Agriculture Students at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria." Advances in Multidisciplinary & Scientific Research Journal Publication 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/v4n3p1.
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Kadam, Mr Suraj Nivas. "Design of Automatic Barrier Detection and Blockage Removing System in Sowing Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36018.
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This paper presents the idea of the automatic system which detects and removes the blockages automatically in the pipes of seeder machine or sowing machine. This automatic system is very useful for many farmers. As increase in the technology, all the sector needs automation in every system. In current generation most of countries do not have sufficient manpower specially in agriculture sector. So there is need to develop equipment which will reduce the efforts of farmers. This system introduces a control mechanism which aims to detect blockages in the pipes of sowing machine and automatic removal of it by developing mechanism. Objective of this system is to develop a totally automated system for seed sowing process. Hence by replacing a manual system, develop a secure, reliable and efficient system.
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Ofoegbu, Chidiebere, and Mark New. "The role of farmers and organizational networks in climate information communication: the case of Ghana." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2020-0030.
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Purpose The nature of the collaborations that exists among the organizations in the climate change and agriculture sectors can influence the tailoring of climate forecasts into information useable for adapting agricultural practices to the risks posed by climate change. Also, the extent to which farmers are integrated into this organizational collaboration network can influence their access to climate information. This paper aims to examine how organizational collaborations in the process of climate information generation and dissemination acts as either barriers or enablers of farmers’ access to and use of climate information in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This study used key informant interview and questionnaire survey to interview the organizations in the climate change and agriculture sectors. Using network analysis as an analytical framework, the authors estimated the networks’ core-periphery, density, reciprocity and degree centrality. Findings The authors observed that communication of climate information to farmers is mostly influenced by the collaborations between governmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations. Nevertheless, information flow and exchange through organizational collaboration network is having limited effect on improving farmers’ knowledge about climate risks, impacts and available risk response options. This is mostly because the feedback flow of information from farmers to national level organizations has not been effective in addressing localized climate/agro challenges. Originality/value This paper provides a critical overview of key issues in influencing the relevancy and usefulness of climate information in the Ghanaian agriculture sector. Insights gained and recommendations made are essential for deploying effective climate services in Ghana and can be relevant for many African countries because of similar socioeconomic contexts.
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Adebiyi, Marion Olubunmi, Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun, and Aneoghena Amarachi Abokhai. "Machine Learning–Based Predictive Farmland Optimization and Crop Monitoring System." Scientifica 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9428281.
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E-agriculture is the integration of technology and digital mechanisms into agricultural processes for more efficient output. This study provided a machine learning–aided mobile system for farmland optimization, using various inputs such as location, crop type, soil type, soil pH, and spacing. Random forest algorithm and BigML were employed to analyze and classify datasets containing crop features that generated subclasses based on random crop feature parameters. The subclasses were further grouped into three main classes to match the crops using data from the companion crops. The study concluded that the approach aided decision making and also assisted in the design of a mobile application using Appery.io. This Appery.io then took in some user input parameters, thereby offering various optimization sets. It was also deduced that the system led to users’ optimization of information when implemented on their farmlands.
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Bisaglia, Carlo, Massimo Brambilla, Maurizio Cutini, Stefano Fiorati, and Mark Howell. "Methane/Gasoline Bi-fuel Engines as a Power Source for Standard Agriculture Tractors: Development and Testing Activities." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12262.
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Abstract. Promoting energy efficiency in agriculture means supporting economic growth by reducing both pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while minimizing waste and the inefficient use of natural resources. Biomethane presents an interesting option given its possibility to be produced from livestock waste or other organic residues, with GHG emission savings ranging from 84% to 86% (wet or dry manure). Moreover, experiences with methane-fueled engines are widely available, thus leading to considering the possibility of using such a fuel in the agricultural sector as well. The aim of this research was to develop a first-generation tractor prototype provided with a commercially available bi-fuel engine adapted for the purpose and tested both in laboratory and field conditions. The main design aspects are depicted while the performance results show similar values of engine power and torque (87 kW maximum power for the diesel fuel tractor and 88 kW for the methane-fueled version; 1172 Nm maximum torque at 550 min-1 for the methane and 1155 Nm at 400 min-1 for the diesel tractor) with an autonomy of the methane prototype which is, at present, 40% of a comparable standard tractor. The possible role in farm fleet is also presented. Keywords: Agricultural machinery, CNG, Gaseous bio-fuels, Renewable fuels.
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Szechyńska-Hebda, Magdalena, Joanna Marczyk, Celina Ziejewska, Natalia Hordyńska, Janusz Mikuła, and Marek Hebda. "Optimal Design of pH-neutral Geopolymer Foams for Their Use in Ecological Plant Cultivation Systems." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182999.
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We have calculated that with the world population projected to increase from 7.5 billion in 2017 to 9.8 in 2050, the next generation (within 33 years) will produce 12,000–13,000 Mt of plastic, and that the yearly consumption will reach 37–40 kilos of plastic per person worldwide. One of the branches of the plastics industry is the production of plastics for agriculture e.g., seed trays and pots. In this paper, novel metakaolin-based geopolymer composites reinforced with cellulosic fibres are presented as an alternative to plastic pots. Materials can be dedicated to agricultural applications, provided they have neutral properties, however, geopolymer paste and its final products have high pH. Therefore, a two-step protocol of neutralisation of the geopolymer foam pots was optimised and implemented. The strength of the geopolymer samples was lower when foams were neutralised. The reinforcement of geopolymers with cellulose clearly prevented the reduction of mechanical properties after neutralisation, which was correlated with the lower volume of pores in the foam and with the cellulose chemical properties. Both, neutralisation and reinforcement with cellulose can also eliminate an efflorescence. Significantly increased plant growth was found in geopolymer pots in comparison to plastic pots. The cellulose in geopolymers resulted in better adsorption and slower desorption of minerals during fertilisation. This effect could also be associated with a lower number of large pores in the presence of cellulose fibres in pots, and thus more stable pore filling and better protection of internal surface interactions.
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Crespi, Tatiane Baseggio, Priscila Rezende da Costa, Taísa Scariot Preusler, and Geciane Silveira Porto. "The alignment of organizational structure and R&D management in internationalized public company." Innovation & Management Review 16, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-07-2018-0046.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the organizational structure and R&D management alignment in an internationalized public company. Design/methodology/approach The authors performed a descriptive qualitative research using the single case method of EMBRAPA. Findings The results indicated that EMBRAPA organizational structure provides a structural framework for R&D management, promoting knowledge and infrastructure sharing. The internationalization, especially through LABEX, allows researchers to interact with research centers of excellence abroad. This makes strategic planning (Sistema de Inteligência Estratégico da EMBRAPA – Agropensa, portfolios and project arrangements) results in R&D projects, through macro programs, generating innovations for Brazilian agriculture. Research limitations/implications It should be noted that this study presents some limitations, among them, the fact that only one company is being analyzed. Practical implications Therefore, EMBRAPA’s organizational structure provides a structural framework for R&D management, promoting knowledge sharing and infrastructure. This makes the strategic planning (Agropensa, portfolios and arrangements) to result in R&D projects, via macro programs, generating innovations for the Brazilian agriculture. On the contributions to the advancement of knowledge with regard to the professional management of public research institutes, it is worth synthesizing, therefore, the following practical evidence in the field and that they were key to the successful management of R&D activities in EMBRAPA. Originality/value The choice of this company is due to its importance for the Brazilian agricultural development, to the innovations generated for the modernization of agriculture and due to it being a public, internationalized R&D company, and with a trajectory of four decades of existence.
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Filgueiras, Roberto, Matheus M. Reis, Érika M. G. Lopes, Rayssa B. Ribeiro, and Maria Camila A. Ramos. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Climatological Variables in the Aid of Decision Making for Irrigated Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p292.
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The knowledge of the spatial-temporal dynamics of evapotranspiration is of great importance for the accomplishment of agroclimatic zoning and, therefore, for the design of irrigation systems and management of water use in irrigated perimeters. In this context, this study aimed to generate, with the aid of geotechnologies, information that can support irrigation systems planning and design, based on the temporal distribution of daily climatological normals and on evapotranspiration mapping for the irrigated perimeter of Gorutuba/MG. Climatic data were obtained from the meteorological station of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) of the municipality of Janaúba/MG in the period from 1985 to 2014. It was verified the non-tendentiousness and the temporal dependence of the climate data using variogram analysis and the temporal dependence index, respectively. For the interpolation, it was used ordinary kriging. The evapotranspiration mapping was conducted from 180 monthly images, from 2000 to 2014, of the MODIS sensor MOD16A product. The results generated for the irrigated perimeter provided relevant information for decision making of the irrigated agriculture management.
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Khai, Huynh Viet. "Assessing Consumer Preferences for Organic Vegetables: A Case Study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Information Management and Business Review 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v7i1.1137.
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An increase in consumer’s demand for environmental and health quality has generated the movement of organic agriculture in terms of high-value products. Understanding consumer preferences is very necessary and important for policy-makers to design appropriate policies promoting and developing organic agriculture. This study employed a dichotomous choice contingent valuation model to analyze consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Results indicated that the majority of consumers were interested in organically grown products and willing to pay an average price premium of 59% for organic vegetables. Consumers concerned about health and food safety were more likely to purchase and those who have high household income and education also accepted to buy organic vegetables with higher price than conventional ones.
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Ali, Rabiatul Adawiyah, Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim, and Hon Loong Lam. "Conversion Technologies: Evaluation of Economic Performance and Environmental Impact Analysis for Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia." Processes 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100752.
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The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing globally every year, including in Malaysia. Approaching the year 2020, Malaysia still has MSW disposal issues since most waste goes to landfills rather than being utilized as energy. Process network synthesis (PNS) is a tool to optimize the conversion technologies of MSW. This study optimizes MSW conversion technologies using a PNS tool, the “process graph” (P-graph). The four highest compositions (i.e., food waste, agriculture waste, paper, and plastics) of MSW generated in Malaysia were optimized using a P-graph. Two types of conversion technologies were considered, biological conversion (anaerobic digestion) and thermal conversion (pyrolysis and incinerator), since limited data were available for use as optimization input. All these conversion technologies were compared with the standard method used: landfilling. One hundred feasible structure were generated using a P-graph. Two feasible structures were selected from nine, based on the maximum economic performance and minimal environmental impact. Feasible structure 9 was appointed as the design with the maximum economic performance (MYR 6.65 billion per annum) and feasible structure 7 as the design with the minimal environmental impact (89,600 m3/year of greenhouse gas emission).