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Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture – Aspect environnemental – Régions tropicales'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture – Aspect environnemental – Régions tropicales"
Kadhel, Philippe. "Pesticides aux Antilles : impact sur la fonction de reproduction." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0212.
Full textReproductive function is known to be sensitive to the effects xenobiotics. The agricultural activies of the French West indies lead to a very hight rate of pesticide use. Individuals professionally exposed to pesticides are at risk. Moreover, the use of chlordecone in the past has caused persistent pollution of the natural environment and the contamination of food products. This raises questions and concerns regarding the potential effects on health in the population as a whole. We investigated, in Guadeloupe, the consequences of pesticide use for the fertility of individuals working on banana plantations. We stutied reproductive function in male ship rats from two ecosystems with different levels of pesticide pollution. We also stutied the level contamination of the population (agricultural workers, pregnant women and neonates) with chlordecone and other persistent pollutants. Finally, we evaluated the incidence of gynaecological cancers. The fertility of agricultural workers (sperm analyses and reproductive hormones) did not seem to be affected by the pesticides currently in use, and were not correlated with blood chlordecone concentration. Chlordecone was the persistent pollutant most frequently detected but concentrations were lower than those associated to toxic effects at Hopewel. The study of wild shpi rats showed the potential problems and limitation of the use of this model as a sentinel species. The incidence gynaecological cancers appears to be consistent with expectations, taking into account the socio-cultural, economic, ethno-geographic and health characteristics of Guadeloupe
Lenoir, Aurélie. "On Comfort in Tropical Climates. The design and operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0038.
Full textThis thesis investigates a comfort approach for the design and the operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) in tropical climates. The work is part of an international research project, Task 40 / Annex 52 led by the International Energy Agency (IEA), that concerns net zero energy solar buildings. The case study of the ENERPOS building located in Reunion Island is one of the 30 Net ZEBs selected by the IEA to create a database of demonstration projects worldwide. The point of departure of the study is the observation that one of the challenges facing the intertropical zone today is the growing energy demand. Passive design is suggested as a possible solution to reduce the energydemand of buildings. This approach leads to dealing with comfort issues rather than energy issues, as is usually the case. In spite of the inherent subjective nature of occupant comfort, there is an essential need for methods and tools to characterise comfort in relation to the physical parameters of the environment, for instance, temperature, humidity, air speed and illuminance. Different approaches to thermal and visual comfort are introduced, with the aim of proposing comfort evaluation criteria that are adapted to the design offices. A thermal comfort survey of the occupants of the ENERPOS building, based on over 2,000 feedbacks was conducted from 2008 to 2011. The results have led to the recommendation of modifications in the Givoni comfort zones, notably by extending the maximum humidity level, for passive buildings combining the use of natural ventilation and ceiling fans. An innovative methodology using simulations and taking the passive behaviour of the building into account, as opposed to the conventional approach with regard to energy use, is proposed to facilitate the optimisation of the design of passive buildings. The study focuses on the design of solar shading, given the extensive role it plays in tropical climate, as well as the direct impact it has on both thermal and visual comfort of building occupants. Although the design phase aims to optimise the building to limit both discomfort and energy consumption, the operation of the building remains the critical phase that is often neglected or overlooked by design teams. A broad examination of the operation phase of the ENERPOS building, since its construction, from both energy and users’ point of view, illustrates that a building can reduce its energy consumption significantly, and thus, its environmental impact while maintaining an acceptable level of comfort for its users
Bourgoin, Clément. "A framework for evaluating forest ecological vulnerability in tropical deforestation fronts from the assessment of forest degradation in a landscape approach : Case studies from Brazil and Vietnam." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0027.
Full textThe conservation of tropical forest cover is a key to ensuring sustainable provision of multiple ecosystem services. In human-modified landscapes, forest conservation must also be reconciled with agricultural productivity. However, increasing demography, demand for agricultural products and changes in land uses are affecting forest sustainability through degradation processes. A first step to tailor effective forest management by local decision makers is to identify most vulnerable forests and to characterize what is driving this vulnerability. The objective of this thesis is to develop a multidimensional approach using remote sensing to assess forest degradation and the relations with the broader dynamics of land use/cover towards the evaluation of forest ecological vulnerability. The thesis was applied in old-deforestation fronts of Paragominas (Brazil) and Di Linh (Vietnam) where large-scale deforestation driven by commercial agriculture shaped the landscape into land use mosaics with increasing degradation pressures. In Paragominas, degradation is linked with long-term accumulation of selective logging and fire implying changes in forest structure. We estimated the potential of multisource remote sensing to map forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from large-scale field assessment of carbon stock. We improved the accuracy of AGB mapping compared to pantropical datasets and revealed that 87% of forest was degraded. At a lower scale, we investigated the consequences of 33 years of degradation history from Landsat on forest structures using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. We found that canopy textures captured canopy grain, heterogeneity and openness gradients, correlated with forest structure variability and could be used as proxies to characterize degraded forests. We also assessed the potential of very high resolution satellite images and derived canopy textures to upscale texture-structure relations at the municipality scale. Based on environmental, geographical factors and landscape structure metrics derived from land use/cover classification, we demonstrated that 80% of forest degradation was mainly driven by accessibility, geomorphology, fire occurrence and fragmentation. The drivers of degradation acted together and in sequence and clustering analysis disentangled different cascades of effects. Changes in landscape structure allowed reconstructing trajectories informing on agricultural frontier dynamics. The combination of current forest state, landscape dynamics and distribution of degradation drivers would be at the basis of ecological vulnerability assessment. In Di Linh, degradation mostly concerns forest edges and is driven by encroachment of coffee-based agriculture. Field inventory of the different forest types and other landscape elements combined with Sentinel-2 images allowed to map with high precision the current land cover. We then mapped land cover changes over 45 years using Landsat time series. We constructed trajectories of landscape structure dynamics from which we characterized the expansion of the agricultural frontier and highlighted heterogeneous agricultural encroachment on forested areas. We also identified degradation and fragmentation trajectories that affect forest cover at different rates and intensity. Combined, these indicators pinpointed hotspots of forest ecological vulnerability. Most vulnerable forest areas were experiencing rapid and recent forest cover loss associated with landscape fragmentation, land use competition due to coffee production and degradation. Through the developed remote sensing approaches and indicators at forest and landscape scales, we provided a holistic diagnosis of forests in human-modified landscapes encompassing forest state and broader dynamics and drivers. This thesis aims to pave the way for tailored and prioritized management of degraded forests at the landscape scale
Houdart, Marie. "Organisation spatiale des activités agricoles et pollution des eaux par les pesticides : modélisation appliquée au bassin versant de la Capot, Martinique." Antilles-Guyane, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AGUY0132.
Full textThis study shows how the spatial organization of agricultural activities is at the origin of polluting loads distribution. In order to understand the complexity of the rural system in which the various activities take place, an approach was necessary which would consider several levels of space organization, according to three points of view on space: As a result, three tools have been used at once : geographic information systems (GIS), graphic modeling (chorèmes) and-multi-agents systems (MAS) used to analyse data resulting from farmer's interviews. These tools are applied to a rural territory of 1200 hectares located on the Pelée mountain, characterized by the exclusiveness of agricultural activities-and the presence of 46 exploitations. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: historical construction of space at several levels of organization; distribution of logics of space management according to units of constraints; distribution of farming orientations and crop systems depending on distribution of- logics of space management. The environmental consequences have been evaluated by identifying plant health practices, formalized by an indicator of contribution of the plots to the polluting pressure: crops systems and farming orientation appears to be the principal criteria of space differentiation. Multi agents simulations helped to identify the ownership question as being at the basis for setting practices while minimizing spreadings of pesticides. At last, the study shows the need to take into account the various sides of rural development and the new functions of agriculture in order to solve environmental problems
Caiserman, Arnaud. "Adapter les stratégies agricoles aux évolutions socio-économiques et climatiques en milieu méditerranéen : comparaison de l'usage de l'eau et des choix de plantes des agriculteurs dans la plaine de la Békaa (Liban) et de Marvdasht (Iran)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3009.
Full textAccording to Köppen’s climate map, the semi-arid Mediterranean climate covers several countries in this region, including Lebanon and Iran. In order to regionalize the understanding of the water challenge of this region, two agricultural plains with similar characteristics were selected as study areas: the Bekaa plain in Lebanon and the Marvdahst plain in Iran. The Marvdasht plain is slightly drier and through climate change, the Bekaa plain will look like the present climate conditions of Marvdasht before 2100. It is therefore necessary to grasp the agricultural practices in the Marvdasht plain in order to imagine how Bekaa agriculture will look like in the future. Farmers must adapt their strategies to the local climate that is characterized by strong uncertainties (interannual variability of rainfall or frequent droughts) but also to economic uncertainties (prices’ variability). Despite (geo)political differences, some farmers in the Bekaa and Marvdasht have chosen strong water demanding crops, compared to the local renewable water resources. However, these crops are profitable on the market. In total, the water balances for the years under consideration are negative: in Marvdasht, farmers pumped 0,25 km3 of groundwater to meet the total irrigation needs, but the groundwater recharge was only 0,09 km3 in that year. In the Bekaa, this balance is also negative, but to a lesser extent: 0,15 km3 were pumped for a recharge of 0,1 km3. In both cases, irrigation needs are therefore higher than renewable water. They have therefore promoted market adaptation rather than sustainable resource management. Thus, the reasons for crop choices were closely analysed through field surveys and certain remote sensing methods to generate crop maps. The net irrigation requirements of crops are also estimated through remote sensing. Indeed, water needs determine whether or not farmers promote climate change adaptation strategies with relevant crop choices. This regional imbalance at the expense of resources stems from the productivism in the early 1950s. This paradigm is rooted on farm’s profitability and a more ambitious political objective, food self-sufficiency, especially in Iran. This causes an overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and thus a lowering of groundwater by several tens of meters since the 1980s. Some alternatives consist of growing plants with high added value and modest water requirements: saffron, canola, quinoa and cannabis (in Lebanon). We have highlighted these alternative crops since their cultivation on large areas could save millions of water cubic meters each year. Still not widely cultivated, these plants need incentive markets to attract the interest of agricultural stakeholders. This operational part thus analyses the reasons for this lukewarm success in order to find incentive markets. Such local markets would strengthen a more sustainable agricultural policy than restrictive measures on water management that farmers always manage to circumvent