Journal articles: 'Agriculture – Barbados'

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Burnard, T. "Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados." Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25094621.

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Zahedieh, Nuala. "Sweet Negotiations. Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados." Slavery & Abolition 31, no. 1 (2010): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481738.

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Lorde, Troy, Antonio Alleyne, and Brian Francis. "An Assessment of Barbados' Competitiveness within the EU Market 1992-2006." Global Economy Journal 10, no. 2 (2010): 1850194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1574.

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This paper assesses Barbados' competitiveness within the EU market in light of its recent signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU in 2008. Using SITC data from 1992-2006, indices of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) were calculated. We found that Barbados possesses comparative advantages in Live Animals; Raw Sugars, Beet and Cane; and Spirits. However, policies such as the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, onerous rules of origin and non-tariff barriers including technical barriers to trade, threaten to undermine these advantages. These developments strongly suggest that Barbados must move agriculture up the value chain and increase value-added, as well as integrate it more fully with other sectors of its economy. Greater attention must be focused on countries in the EU other than the UK, if full advantage is to be taken of the EPA, as the UK market is already mature. There is evidence that export opportunities to these countries exist in other commodity groups (Fuels, Lubricants, etc.; Animal, Vegetable Oils Fats, Wax; Chemicals, Related Products; Manufactured Goods). When these issues are placed within the context of Barbados' history of weak capacity to take advantage of the market access opportunities available from their trading arrangements, the overarching challenge for Barbados is one of effective market access. This will require, among other things, a capable export promotion agency. The export of non-traditional commodities should be promoted, and greater support, perhaps in the form of incentives, should be provided to large firms that are not yet exporters to encourage them to look beyond the domestic market.

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Brown, Laurence. "Experiments in indenture: Barbados and the segmentation of migrant labor in the Caribbean 1863-1865." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (2008): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002500.

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Focuses on indentured and other labour migration from Barbados to other parts of the Caribbean starting in 1863. Within the context of the sugar estate-dominated agriculture of Barbados, as well as its high population density, the author describes the policies and decisions of the governors and local assemblies regarding emigration. He points out how the sugar industry's need for labourers remained dominant in the policies, but that the drought in 1863 caused privations and unrest among the labourers, resulting in more flexibility regarding allowance of indentured emigration schemes and recruitment, such as toward St Croix and Antigua, and later toward British Guiana, and to a smaller degree Jamaica. He discusses how this led to rivalries regarding labour immigrants between colonies, and further attempts at restrictions on labour emigration and recruitment in Barbados.

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Brown, Laurence. "Experiments in indenture: Barbados and the segmentation of migrant labor in the Caribbean 1863-1865." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (2005): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002500.

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Focuses on indentured and other labour migration from Barbados to other parts of the Caribbean starting in 1863. Within the context of the sugar estate-dominated agriculture of Barbados, as well as its high population density, the author describes the policies and decisions of the governors and local assemblies regarding emigration. He points out how the sugar industry's need for labourers remained dominant in the policies, but that the drought in 1863 caused privations and unrest among the labourers, resulting in more flexibility regarding allowance of indentured emigration schemes and recruitment, such as toward St Croix and Antigua, and later toward British Guiana, and to a smaller degree Jamaica. He discusses how this led to rivalries regarding labour immigrants between colonies, and further attempts at restrictions on labour emigration and recruitment in Barbados.

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Emmanuel, Kwame, and Anthony Clayton. "A strategic framework for sustainable water resource management in small island nations: the case of Barbados." Water Policy 19, no. 4 (2017): 601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.137.

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Physical scarcity of freshwater is often given as the reason for water shortages, but it is usually its management that can either create or resolve the problem. This will be illustrated by the case of Barbados. The water management issues are typical of many small island states, some of which are particularly vulnerable to water scarcity, especially in the context of climate change. Barbados experiences extended interruptions in the water supply, mainly in northern and eastern parishes. Supplies of freshwater are relatively sparse, but it will be argued that it is the policy regime that ensures that water is inefficiently supplied, allocated and used, and so is the primary cause of supply interruptions. The objectives of this paper are to establish a theoretical framework for sustainable water resource management and frame a strategy for Barbados which reconciles demand and supply of water while taking into account environmental, economic and social interests. The mixed methodology involved semi-structured interviews of policy makers and practitioners from the water, tourism, agriculture and planning sectors, as well as a household survey.

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Daniel C. Littlefield. "Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados (review)." Journal of Social History 42, no. 4 (2009): 1047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.0.0190.

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POST, CHARLES. "Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantations Agriculture in Early Barbados - by Russell R. Menard." Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 1 (2007): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00166_1.x.

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Coppin, Addington. "Sectoral Labor Employment in a Caribbean Economy: The Case of Barbados." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 1 (1994): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02895740.

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This study examines the demand for labor in five major sectors of the Caribbean economy of Barbados. While the demand for labor function in the nontradable sectors appears well-defined in terms of real wages and real aggregate output, the inclusion of a variable to capture the effects of capital-deepening appears important to the specification of labor demand in the tradable sectors—agriculture and manufacturing. Low estimates of real wage elasticities and real output elasticities in the vicinity of unity suggest that employers in the major sectors are more likely to alter their demand for labor based on expectations of the economy's performance than in response to labor cost factors denominated in producer prices.

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Higman, B. W. "Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados. By Russell R. Menard (Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2006) 181 pp. $39.50." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 3 (2008): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.38.3.481.

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Bush, B. "RUSSELL R. MENARD. Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2006. Pp. xvii, 181. $39.50." American Historical Review 113, no. 1 (2008): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.1.233.

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Buamden, Susana. "Relación entre la disponibilidad alimentaria y la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en América." Salud Colectiva 14, no. 3 (2018): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.18294/sc.2018.1556.

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Con el objetivo de describir la relación entre la disponibilidad alimentaria y la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en los países de América en el año 2010, se analizaron datos provistos por la International Agency for Research on Cancer y la Food and Agriculture Organization mediante un estudio ecológico. Se observó una gran variabilidad excepto en disponibilidad calórica. La disponibilidad alimentaria fue abundante para calorías, grasas totales, grasa animal, carnes rojas y bebidas alcohólicas. Para frutas y vegetales fue crítica en un 80% de los países. Los países con más alta tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal fueron Uruguay, Barbados, Argentina y Cuba, y con las tasas más bajas fueron Guatemala, Canadá, México y Honduras. Las relaciones más fuertes se dieron entre la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal y la disponibilidad alimentaria de grasa animal, carne roja, bebidas alcohólicas y calorías. No se encontró efecto protector de la disponibilidad alimentaria de frutas y vegetales sobre la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Sería recomendable mejorar los registros de incidencia de tumores y de formas directas de evaluar la dieta para ser analizados en futuros estudios en lugar de los datos aquí utilizados.

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Littlefield, D. C. "Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados. By Russell R. Menard (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2006. xvii plus 181 pp.)." Journal of Social History 42, no. 4 (2009): 1047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/42.4.1047.

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Tunnicliffe, Rachel L., Anita L. Ganesan, Robert J. Parker, et al. "Quantifying sources of Brazil's CH<sub>4</sub> emissions between 2010 and 2018 from satellite data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 21 (2020): 13041–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13041-2020.

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Abstract. Brazil's CH4 emissions over the period 2010–2018 were derived for the three main sectors of activity: anthropogenic, wetland and biomass burning. Our inverse modelling estimates were derived from GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite measurements of XCH4 combined with surface data from Ragged Point, Barbados, and the high-resolution regional atmospheric transport model NAME (Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment). We find that Brazil's mean emissions over 2010–2018 are 33.6±3.6Tgyr-1, which are comprised of 19.0±2.6Tgyr-1 from anthropogenic (primarily related to agriculture and waste), 13.0±1.9Tgyr-1 from wetlands and 1.7±0.3Tgyr-1 from biomass burning sources. In addition, between the 2011–2013 and 2014–2018 periods, Brazil's mean emissions rose by 6.9±5.3Tgyr-1 and this increase may have contributed to the accelerated global methane growth rate observed during the latter period. We find that wetland emissions from the western Amazon increased during the start of the 2015–2016 El Niño by 3.7±2.7Tgyr-1 and this is likely driven by increased surface temperatures. We also find that our estimates of anthropogenic emissions are consistent with those reported by Brazil to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. We show that satellite data are beneficial for constraining national-scale CH4 emissions, and, through a series of sensitivity studies and validation experiments using data not assimilated in the inversion, we demonstrate that (a) calibrated ground-based data are important to include alongside satellite data in a regional inversion and that (b) inversions must account for any offsets between the two data streams and their representations by models.

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Guasco, Michael. "Russell R. Menard, Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados. London and Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2006. xviii + 181 pp. ISBN: 0-8139-2540-1 (hbk.)." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (2007): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000358.

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., Silfia, Helmi ., Melinda ., and Henmaidi . "Penguatan Daya Saing Sektor Pertanian Barbasis Usaha Tani Skala Kecil; Review Literature." Jurnal Pembangunan Nagari 3, no. 1 (2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30559/jpn.v3i1.77.

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Agricultural competitiveness is a prerequisite to benefit from free trade. Increasing the competitiveness of agriculture can not be separated by the existence of small-scale farming because Indonesia's agricultural sector is dominated by cultivation activities conducted in small-scale units, inefficient, low productivity, low value added and low trading performance strategy is needed in improving the competitiveness of small scale farm-based. This review is a qualitative description presenting a review literature on the concept of competitiveness and the dynamics of agriculture based on small-scale farming and how to build competitivenessof small-scale farmer

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Teixeira, Ariany G., Mateus O. Cabral, Fábio Luiz de Oliveira, Leandro P. Dalvi, Luciano Menini, and Leonardo F. Rocha. "Interference of weeds on Barbados gooseberry initial development." Horticultura Brasileira 39, no. 2 (2021): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20210205.

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ABSTRACT The Barbados gooseberry crop has agricultural potential, but little information is available regarding cropping practices. More information on weed interference in Barbados gooseberry will support growers to take weed management decisions. The objective of this work was to study initial growth and development of Barbados gooseberry under the interference of weeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with five treatments, composed of Barbados gooseberry in competition with four weed species: slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), and a weed-free control, with six replicates. Weed competition led to a decrease in growth and development of Barbados gooseberry reflected in a reduction of up to 40% in yield and 23% in protein content. Additional work must be conducted evaluating these findings under field conditions, using different seedling production and planting techniques potentially affecting these results.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 1-2 (1999): 121–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002590.

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-Charles V. Carnegie, W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the age of sail. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. xiv + 310 pp.-Stanley L. Engerman, Wim Klooster, Illicit Riches: Dutch trade in the Caribbean, 1648-1795. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998. xiv + 283 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Emma Aurora Dávila Cox, Este inmenso comercio: Las relaciones mercantiles entre Puerto Rico y Gran Bretaña 1844-1898. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1996. xxi + 364 pp.-Félix V. Matos Rodríguez, Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico y la lucha por la hegomonía en el Caribe: Colonialismo y contrabando, siglos XVI-XVIII. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico y Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, 1995. ix + 244 pp.-Herbert S. Klein, Patrick Manning, Slave trades, 1500-1800: Globalization of forced labour. Hampshire, U.K.: Variorum, 1996. xxxiv + 361 pp.-Jay R. Mandle, Kari Levitt ,The critical tradition of Caribbean political economy: The legacy of George Beckford. Kingston: Ian Randle, 1996. xxvi + 288., Michael Witter (eds)-Kevin Birth, Belal Ahmed ,The political economy of food and agriculture in the Caribbean. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1996. xxi + 276 pp., Sultana Afroz (eds)-Sarah J. Mahler, Alejandro Portes ,The urban Caribbean: Transition to the new global economy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997. xvii + 260 pp., Carlos Dore-Cabral, Patricia Landolt (eds)-O. Nigel Bolland, Ray Kiely, The politics of labour and development in Trinidad. Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago: The Press University of the West Indies, 1996. iii + 218 pp.-Lynn M. Morgan, Aviva Chomsky, West Indian workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870-1940. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. xiii + 302 pp.-Eileen J. Findlay, Maria del Carmen Baerga, Genero y trabajo: La industria de la aguja en Puerto Rico y el Caribe hispánico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1993. xxvi + 321 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Jorge Rodríguez Beruff ,Security problems and policies in the post-cold war Caribbean. London: :Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's, 1996. 249 pp., Humberto García Muñiz (eds)-Alex Dupuy, Irwin P. Stotzky, Silencing the guns in Haiti: The promise of deliberative democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. xvi + 294 pp.-Carrol F. Coates, Myriam J.A. Chancy, Framing silence: Revolutionary novels by Haitian women. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. ix + 200 pp.-Havidán Rodríguez, Walter Díaz, Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz ,Island paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990's. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1996. xi + 198 pp., Carlos E. Santiago (eds)-Ramona Hernández, Alan Cambeira, Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. xi + 272 pp.-Ramona Hernández, Emilio Betances ,The Dominican Republic today: Realities and perspectives. New York: Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere studies, CUNY, 1996. 205 pp., Hobart A. Spalding, Jr. (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Eberhard Bolay, The Dominican Republic: A country between rain forest and desert. Wekersheim, FRG: Margraf Verlag, 1997. 456 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Patricia R. Pessar, A visa for a dream: Dominicans in the United States. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. xvi + 98 pp.-Diane Austin-Broos, Nicole Rodriguez Toulis, Believing identity: Pentecostalism and the mediation of Jamaican ethnicity and gender in England. Oxford NY: Berg, 1997. xv + 304 p.-Mary Chamberlain, Trevor A. Carmichael, Barbados: Thirty years of independence. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 1996. xxxv + 294 pp.-Paul van Gelder, Gert Oostindie, Het paradijs overzee: De 'Nederlandse' Caraïben en Nederland. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1997. 385 pp.-Roger D. Abrahams, Richard D.E. Burton, Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. x + 297 pp.-Roger D. Abrahams, Joseph Roach, Cities of the dead: Circum-Atlantic performance. New York NY: Columbia University Press, 1996. xiii + 328 pp.-George Mentore, Peter A. Roberts, From oral to literate culture: Colonial experience in the English West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica: The Press University of the West Indies, 1997. xii + 301 pp.-Emily A. Vogt, Howard Johnson ,The white minority in the Caribbean. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener, 1998. xvi + 179 pp., Karl Watson (eds)-Virginia Heyer Young, Sheryl L. Lutjens, The state, bureaucracy, and the Cuban schools: Power and participation. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1996. xiii + 239 pp.

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Hinds, May. "Guest Editors: May Hinds and Ernest BogerAssisted by Editor: Richard TeareAchieving service excellence in Barbados – the service leadership factor." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 18, no. 7 (2006): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596110610702995.

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PurposeBarbados has been driven by agricultural pursuits for most of its existence and successive decision makers have failed to create a tradition or culture with a focus on service. In a move to change this focus in support of a service culture, the National Initiative for Service Excellence (NISE) was launched on November 30, 2004. A highlight of the event was the tripartite commitment made by the leaders of the social partnership (government, labour and the private sector). The purpose of this article is to examine the topic of service leadership – and the role the three leaders must play in achieving service excellence.Design/methodology/approachThis article is as a result of observations and experiences while the author served as Lead Champion for NISE. It is also informed by research on the subject. “Achieving service excellence – customer service strategies for the hospitality/tourism industry in Barbados”.FindingsBarbadians must determine the factors for a foundation that the country needs if it is to have a service excellence culture. The foundation for Barbados might be found in the people of Barbados and in the church which is an influential institution in Barbados.Originality/valueBehavioural change must start with three leaders of the social partnership. This message is valuable to these service leaders in the journey towards achieving service excellence in Barbados.

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Griffith, Anthony D. "Education and agricultural development in the Caribbean: The case of Barbados." International Journal of Educational Development 15, no. 2 (1995): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(94)00039-r.

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21

Goddard, Robert. "The Fall of the Barbados Planter Class: An Interpretation of the 1980s Crisis in the Barbados Sugar Industry." Agricultural History 75, no. 3 (2001): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ah.2001.75.3.329.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Bookreviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 83, no. 1-2 (2009): 121–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002463.

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Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, edited by Kevin A. Yelvington (reviewed by Aisha Khan)Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660, by Linda M. Heywood & John K. Thornton (reviewed by James H. Sweet)An Eye for the Tropics: Tourism, Photography, and Framing the Caribbean Picturesque, by Krista A. Thompson (reviewed by Carl Thompson)Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: The Arrival of the Stranger King, by William F. Keegan (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, by David F. Marley (reviewed by Richard L. Kagan) Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, edited by Christopher Leslie Brown & Philip D. Morgan (reviewed by James Sidbury)Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados, by Russell R. Menard (reviewed by Kenneth Morgan)Jamaica in 1850 or, The Effects of Sixteen Years of Freedom on a Slave Colony, by John Bigelow (reviewed by Jean Besson) Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism, by Christopher Leslie Brown (reviewed by Cassandra Pybus) Caribbean Journeys: An Ethnography of Migration and Home in Three Family Networks, by Karen Fog Olwig (reviewed by George Gmelch) Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception, or Exit, by Reuel R. Rogers (reviewed by Kevin Birth) Puerto Rican Arrival in New York: Narratives of the Migration, 1920-1950, edited by Juan Flores (reviewed by Wilson A. Valentín-Escobar)The Conquest of History: Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century, by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara (reviewed by Aline Helg)Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, edited by Pamela Scully & Diana Paton (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) Gender and Democracy in Cuba, by Ilja A. Luciak (reviewed by Florence E. Babb) The “New Man” in Cuba: Culture and Identity in the Revolution, by Ana Serra (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Lydia Cabrera and the Construction of an Afro-Cuban Cultural Identity, by Edna M. Rodríguez-Mangual (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Worldview, the Orichas, and Santeria: Africa to Cuba and Beyond, by Mercedes Cros Sandoval (reviewed by Elizabeth Pérez)The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, by Matt D. Childs (reviewed by Manuel Barcia) Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation, by Harvey R. Neptune (reviewed by Selwyn Ryan) Claims to Memory: Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean, by Catherine A. Reinhardt (reviewed by Dominique Taffin) The Grand Slave Emporium, Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade, by William St. Clair (reviewed by Ray A. Kea) History of the Caribbean, by Frank Moya Pons (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Out of the Crowded Vagueness: A History of the Islands of St Kitts, Nevis & Anguilla, by Brian Dyde (reviewed by Karen Fog Olwig) Scoping the Amazon: Image, Icon, Ethnography, by Stephen Nugent (reviewed by Neil L. Whitehead)

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Vallès, Henri, Hazel A. Oxenford, and Alex Henderson. "Switching between standard coral reef benthic monitoring protocols is complicated: proof of concept." PeerJ 7 (December 3, 2019): e8167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8167.

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Monitoring the state of coral reefs is necessary to identify drivers of change and assess effectiveness of management actions. There are several widely-used survey methods, each of which is likely to exhibit different biases that should be quantified if the purpose is to combine datasets obtained via different survey methods. The latter is a particularly important consideration when switching methodologies in long-term monitoring programs and is highly relevant to the Caribbean today. This is because of the continuing need for regionally comparable coral reef monitoring datasets and the fact that the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)-Caribbean node is now recommending a photoquadrat (PQ) method over the chain intercept transect method widely adopted by the members of the first truly regional monitoring network, Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP), in the early-1990s. Barbados, a member of the CARICOMP network, has been using a variation of the chain intercept method in its long-term coral reef monitoring program for more than two decades. Now a member of GCRMN-Caribbean, Barbados is considering switching to the PQ method in conformity with other regional members. Since we expect differences between methods, this study seeks to quantify the nature of those differences to inform Barbados and others considering switching methods. In 2017, both methods were concurrently implemented at 21 permanent monitoring plots across three major reef types in Barbados. Differences in % cover estimates for the six major benthic components, that is, hard corals, sponges, gorgonians, macroalgae, turf algae and crustose coralline algae, were examined within and among reef types. Overall, we found a complex pattern of differences between methods that depended on the benthic component, its relative abundance, and the reef type. We conclude that most benthic components would require a different conversion procedure depending on the reef type, and we provide an example of these procedures for Barbados. The factors that likely contribute to the complex pattern of between-method differences are discussed. Overall, our findings highlight that switching methods will be complicated, but not impossible. Finally, our study fills an important gap by underscoring a promising analytical framework to guide the comparison of ecological survey methods on coral reefs.

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Beckles, Hilary McD. "Plantation Production and White “Proto-Slavery”: White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645." Americas 41, no. 3 (1985): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007098.

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Two dominant features of agricultural history in the English West Indies are the formation of the plantation system and the importation of large numbers of servile labourers from diverse parts of the world—Africa, Europe and Asia. In Barbados and the Leeward Islands, the backbone of early English colonisation of the New World, large plantations developed within the first decade of settlement. The effective colonisation of these islands, St. Christopher (St. Kitts) in 1624, Barbados 1627, Nevis 1628, Montserrat and Antigua 1632, was possible because of the early emergence of large plantations which were clearly designed for large scale production, and the distribution of commodities upon the world market; they were instrumental in forging an effective and profitable agrarian culture out of the unstable frontier environment of the seventeenth century Caribbean. These plantations, therefore, preceded the emergence of the sugar industry and the general use of African slave labour; they developed during the formative years when the production of tobacco, cotton and indigo dominated land use, and utilised predominatly European indentured labour. The structure of land distribution and the nature of land tenure Systems in the pre-sugar era illustrate this. Most planters who accelerated the pace of economic growth in the late 1640's and early 1650's by the production of sugar and black slave labour, already owned substantial plantations stocked with large numbers of indentured servants.

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Schuhmann, Peter, Ryan Skeete, Richard Waite, et al. "Coastal and Marine Quality and Tourists’ Stated Intention to Return to Barbados." Water 11, no. 6 (2019): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061265.

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Seawater quality is critical for island and coastal communities dependent on coastal tourism. Improper management of coastal development and inland watersheds can decrease seawater quality and adversely impact marine life, human health, and economic growth. Agricultural runoff and improper sewage management compromise nearshore water quality in many coastal regions and can impact visitation decisions of tourists who are drawn to these destinations. The purpose of this paper is to understand how tourists’ decisions to revisit Barbados might be affected by changes in coastal and marine quality. We use data collected from tourists to examine how tourists’ stated willingness to return is affected by scenarios involving changes in seawater quality, beach width and coral reef health. Results reveal that return decisions are sensitive to changes in all aspects of coastal and marine quality. A reduction in seawater quality discourages tourists’ intention to return more than other environmental factors. These results are of paramount interest to destination managers, marketers and policymakers who rely on repeat visitation data to develop marketing strategies and infer future direction. This research highlights the importance of prioritizing seawater quality management to protect the coastal tourism product, especially in small island developing states (SIDS) with a high reliance on tourism income.

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Gündoğdu, Ayşe, Saniye Türk Çulha, and Fatma Koçbaş. "Trace Elements Concentrations and Human Health Risk Evaluation for Four Common Fish Species in Sinop Coasts (Black Sea)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (2020): 1854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.1854-1862.3470.

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In the study, Trachurus trachurus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Merlangius merlangius euxinus, and Mullus barbatus from along the coast of Sinop were analysed for the content of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and aluminium (Al) in the muscle. Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were determined to be lightly higher than the acceptable rates in fish samples. The provisional tolerable daily and weekly intake of trace metals in our work were all under than the limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, while for Cd, only M. barbatus was higher than FAO limits. E. encrasicolus and M. barbatus had the highest values for the collected total target danger section, but they did not posture a potential hazard within the diet of local residents. For carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risk assessment, the results were lower than the admissible rate of EPA. In the four fish species in the work, the Target cancer risk values of Ni were greater than 10-4, whereas the Target cancer risk values of Pb were smaller than 10-6. According to these results, it is thought that the Ni concentration in fish does pose a carcinogenic risk due to long-term and continuous consumption.

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Zuniga González, Carlos Alberto. "Crecimiento de la productividad total de los factores en la agricultura: análisis del índice de Malmquist de 14 países, 1979-2008." REICE: Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas 8, no. 16 (2020): 68–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v8i16.10661.

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La investigación se centró en estudiar el comportamiento de la productividad en la producción agrícola en 14 países en desarrollo de la región de Centroamérica y el Caribe. Se utilizaron datos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación en el período 1979-2008. El estudio utilizó el análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) para derivar los índices de productividad de Malmquist. Se examinaron las tendencias de la productividad agrícola durante el período. Las cuestiones de la puesta al día y la convergencia, o en algunos casos la posible divergencia, en la productividad en la agricultura se examinó dentro de un marco global. 1.5% de la PTF, con el cambio de eficiencia (o puesta al día) contribuyendo con 0.1% por año y el cambio técnico (o cambio de frontera) proporcionando el otro 1.4% como resultado. El desempeño más espectacular lo presenta República Dominicana, por lo que representó 3.9% en la PTF durante el período de estudio un crecimiento anual promedio. Cuba, Barbados, Costa Rica, Panamá y Guatemala han registrado una tasa de crecimiento de la PTF de solo 2,9 cada uno.

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Lefebvre, Louis, Simon Ducatez, and Jean-Nicolas Audet. "Feeding innovations in a nested phylogeny of Neotropical passerines." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1690 (2016): 20150188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0188.

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Several studies on cognition, molecular phylogenetics and taxonomic diversity independently suggest that Darwin's finches are part of a larger clade of speciose, flexible birds, the family Thraupidae , a member of the New World nine-primaried oscine superfamily Emberizoidea . Here, we first present a new, previously unpublished, dataset of feeding innovations covering the Neotropical region and compare the stem clades of Darwin's finches to other neotropical clades at the levels of the subfamily, family and superfamily/order. Both in terms of raw frequency as well as rates corrected for research effort and phylogeny, the family Thraupidae and superfamily Emberizoidea show high levels of innovation, supporting the idea that adaptive radiations are favoured when the ancestral stem species were flexible. Second, we discuss examples of innovation and problem-solving in two opportunistic and tame Emberizoid species, the Barbados bullfinch Loxigilla barbadensis and the Carib grackle Quiscalus lugubris fortirostris in Barbados. We review studies on these two species and argue that a comparison of L. barbadensis with its closest, but very shy and conservative local relative, the black-faced grassquit Tiaris bicolor , might provide key insights into the evolutionary divergence of cognition.

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PINHEIRO, EDUARDO MENDONÇA, CAMILA PINHEIRO NOBRE, THAYANNA VIEIRA COSTA, ORLANDO CARLOS HUERTAS TAVARES, and JOSÉ RIBAMAR GUSMÃO ARAUJO. "ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SEEDLING FORMATION OF BARBADOS CHERRY (Malpighia emarginata D.C.)." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 2 (2019): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n210rc.

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ABSTRACT The use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may favor both the growth phase and the stabilization of the seedlings after transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of different AMF species on the development of Barbados cherry seedlings from herbaceous and semi-hardwood cuttings. Softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings, previously rooted, were planted in 500 ml tubes filled with Plantmax® substrate and inoculated with three species of mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora margarita - Gimarg, Claroideoglomus etunicatum - Claetun and Glomus clarum - Glclar) isolated and combined (Gimarg + Claetun, Gimarg + Glclar, Claetun + Glclar and Gimarg + Claetun + Glclar). The statistical design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 2 x 8 (two types of cuttings and eight types of inoculation, including control without AMF inoculation) with ten replications. The seedlings were kept in a greenhouse for 100 days and height was measured every 15 days to determine the absolute and relative growth rate (AGR and RGR). At the end of the experiment the seedlings were sacrificed and determined height, fresh and dry shoot mass and root and mycorrhizal colonization rate. The results indicate potential for production of Malpighia emarginata D.C. seedlings inoculated with AMF with tendency to reduce the time for transplanting. The Gimarg + Claetun combination promoted higher rates of absolute growth and height of seedlings from herbaceous cuttings. The species Glomus clarum, isolated or associated with C. etunicatum, promoted higher colonization rates in herbaceous and semi-hardwood seedlings, respectively.

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Coppin, Addington. "The Demand for Labor in Caribbean Community MDCs." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 2 (1994): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02692734.

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This article presents a comparative analysis of labor market demand in the three major economies of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) in the period since 1970. The regression analysis indicates that the manufacturing sectors in Barbados and Jamaica were more responsive to changing domestic and international market conditions than the agricultural sectors, or than the Trinidad & Tobago manufacturing sector. Other important conclusions based on specifications at the aggregate level are that the real wage explained labor demand only in Jamaica, and that there was a secular increase in the demand for labor in both Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago, even after wages and output were controlled for. Taken in conjunction with the other findings for Trinidad & Tobago, we conclude that there is a need to focus on other sectors as important employers of labor in the period under analysis.

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Sills, Jillian M., Colleen Reichmuth, Brandon L. Southall, Alex Whiting, and John Goodwin. "Auditory biology of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus)." Polar Biology 43, no. 11 (2020): 1681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02736-w.

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De Almeida, T., F. Mesléard, M. Santonja, R. Gros, T. Dutoit, and O. Blight. "Above- and below-ground effects of an ecosystem engineer ant in Mediterranean dry grasslands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (2020): 20201840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1840.

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Within a local assemblage, ecosystem engineers can have major impacts on population dynamics, community composition and ecosystem functions by transforming or creating new habitats. They act as an ecological filter altering community composition through a set of environmental variables. The impact of ants on their environment has been widely studied, but their multi-component effects (both trophic and non-trophic) have been rarely addressed. We investigated the roles of Messor barbarus , one of the commonest harvester ant species in south-western European Mediterranean grasslands. We analysed soil physico-chemical parameters, above-ground vegetation (e.g. species richness, plant community, micro-local heterogeneity, plant biomass) and above- and below-ground fauna (macrofauna, Collembola, Acari and nematodes). A clear and strong local impact of M. barbarus on soil, vegetation and fauna compartments emerges. The environmental filter is altered by modifications to soil physico-chemical properties, and the biotic filter by changes to plant communities and altered above- and below-ground fauna abundance, occurrence and community structure. The engineering activity of M. barbarus affects not only these separate ecosystem components but also the trophic and non-trophic relationships between them. By altering ecological filters at a local scale, M. barbarus creates habitat heterogeneity that may in turn increase ecological niches in these highly diverse ecosystems.

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SÁ, CINARA BARBOSA FRANCO DE, and IZAMARA NUNES SOUSA. "Análise sobre a obra Latifúndio, Escravidão e Dependência Econômica de Ramiro Guerra." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 39, no. 1 (2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-35172019-2934.

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RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a obra de Ramiro Guerra (Latifúndio, escravidão e dependência econômica), uma das suas principais obras que trata da região de Barbados localizada nas Pequenas Antilhas na América Central. Assim, a análise mostra como Ramiro Guerra desmistifica toda uma teoria em relação à substituição do trabalho do pequeno proprietário pela mão de obra barata do escravo. O mesmo autor ressalta que essa substituição não foi devido a uma questão de raças ou de clima ou até mesmo da superioridade da vontade humana. Mas, sim, devido a uma causa puramente social e econômica: a destruição da pequena propriedade pelo latifúndio açucareiro e pela conseguinte emigração de uma classe social que seria expulsa de forma “voluntária” devido à falta de trabalho. Dessa forma, a análise, de acordo com o pensamento de Guerra, enfatiza que não foi o clima antilhano que expulsou os servos brancos, mas sim a empresa açucareira capitalista que se instalaria na região, aniquilando a pequena propriedade e eliminando o cultivador independente e convertendo as comunidades robustas com vidas próprias em meras oficinas de trabalho com salários baixos, tudo em prol das metrópoles. E também as consequências desse comércio açucareiro em Cuba trazendo as mesmas consequências de destruição da pequena agricultura.

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Forde, Corey, Bryan Stierman, Pilar Ramon-Pardo, Thais dos Santos, and Nalini Singh. "Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Barbados: Driving change in practice at the national level." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (2017): e0176779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176779.

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Broderick, Shaun R., and Williams B. Evans. "Biosolids Promote Similar Plant Growth and Quality Responses as Conventional and Slow-release Fertilizers." HortTechnology 27, no. 6 (2017): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03639-17.

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Biosolids are rich in plant nutrients and are a byproduct of municipal wastewater treatment and those that meet strict government safety standards can be land applied in most agricultural settings except for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) certified organic production. Across the United States, about 60% of biosolids are land applied, but in Mississippi almost no biosolids are land applied. Our research goal was to compare plant size in southeastern U.S. soils amended with biosolids at rates of 2, 8, 14, and 20 tons/acre in contrast to soils amended with synthetic fertilizers using ‘Floral Lace Cherry’ dianthus (Dianthus chinensis ×barbatus), ‘Dreams Coral Morn’ petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), ‘Pidgeon White’ kale (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala), and ‘Bright Lights’ swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla). To accomplish this, fertilizers and biosolids were applied to prebedded fields in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement of nutrient treatments. Plant performance data and soil data were taken 43 and 56 days after transplant. Soil pH was reduced and organic matter increased at the highest application rates (14 and 20 tons/acre) of biosolids, and higher levels of phosphorus, zinc, and sulfur were found in these soils. In plant shoots, higher levels of copper, manganese, magnesium, and zinc were found when grown in soils amended with biosolids at a rate of 20 tons/acre compared with plants grown with synthetic fertilizers. Except for swiss chard, no crops fertilized with biosolids exhibited a difference in dry weights (DW) compared with conventional fertilizers. These data demonstrate that soil properties can be improved and similar plant sizes can be achieved through biosolid applications. We conclude that Grade A biosolids produced in Mississippi can be used to supplement synthetic fertilizers for ornamental and vegetable production.

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Landis, R. Clive, Songee Lynn Branch-Beckles, Shawna Crichlow, Ian R. Hambleton, and Anton Best. "Ten Year Trends in Community HIV Viral Load in Barbados: Implications for Treatment as Prevention." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (2013): e58590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058590.

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Sobers, N. P., N. Unwin, T. A. Samuels, S. Capewell, M. O’Flaherty, and J. A. Critchley. "Adverse risk factor trends limit gains in coronary heart disease mortality in Barbados: 1990-2012." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (2019): e0215392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215392.

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Guzmán Bárcenes, Vicente Bolívar, Nancy Gloria Alvarado Ramos, and Erika Nataly Alvarado Ramos. "Rasgos culturales de los Chimbus y Guarangas en la provincia de Bolívar." Revista Científica UISRAEL 7, no. 1 (2020): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35290/rcui.v7n1.2020.118.

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En el Ecuador, la cultura “Chimbo”, se ubicó en el mismo sitio donde hoy se asienta la ciudad de San José Chimbo, se caracterizó por un amplio conocimiento de las técnicas de la agricultura, hilandería, alfarería y el pastoreo. Los vestigios encontrados a lo largo de la investigación, muestran una cerámica de textura rústica y áspera, las vasijas llevan en el cuello una especie de anillos, producidos con un tubo de carrizo, con ojos en formas de pepa de café. Los “Guarangas”, por su parte, tienen las mismas características que los Chimbos y se entiende que estos pueblos originarios conservaban, además, sus lenguas, que eran una mezcla entre la barbacoa, cañarí y panzaleo (Guamán, 2018). Es decir, que la lengua kichwa, aparece posteriormente con las conquistas de los Incas y relaciones comerciales entre estos pueblos (Itier, 2015).

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Norman, Victoria, Hugo Darras, Christopher Tranter, Serge Aron, and William O. H. Hughes. "Cryptic lineages hybridize for worker production in the harvester ant Messor barbarus." Biology Letters 12, no. 11 (2016): 20160542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0542.

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The reproductive division of labour between queen and worker castes in social insects is a defining characteristic of eusociality and a classic example of phenotypic plasticity. Whether social insect larvae develop into queens or workers has long been thought to be determined by environmental cues, i.e. larvae are developmentally totipotent. Contrary to this paradigm, several recent studies have revealed that caste is determined by genotype in some ant species, but whether this is restricted to just a few exceptional species is still unclear. Here, we show that the Mediterranean harvester ant Messor barbarus possesses an unusual reproductive system, in which the female castes are genetically determined. Using both nuclear and mitochondrial data, we show that Iberian populations have two distinct, cryptic lineages. Workers are always inter-lineage hybrids whereas queens are always produced from pure-lineage matings. The results suggest that genetic caste determination may be more widespread in ants than previously thought, and that further investigation in other species is needed to understand the frequency and evolution of this remarkable reproductive system.

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Joksimovic, A., S. Regner, and Z. Gacic. "Mortality of red mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758) on the Montenegrin shelf (South Adriatic)." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 3 (2009): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0903493j.

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Red mullet, Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, is an economically very important species in trawl fisheries in the Adriatic Sea. Material for analysis was collected from October 2002 until May 2004 with a bottom trawl net from commercial trawlers on the Montenegrin shelf. Mortality of this species was analyzed for the first time in this area, sepa?rately for males and females and for both sexes together. Until now, only the spatial distribution and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of Mullus barbatus have been studied in Montenegrin waters. Estimated total mortality rates were Zmales = 0.653 and Zfemales = 0.712. The average mortality rate for both sexes was Z m+f = 0.749, while the natural mortality rate was Mm+f = 0.342. Values of Z in the Montenegrin shelf area are considerably lower than Z values for the Croatian and Italian parts of the Adriatic Sea, indicating that on the Montenegrin shelf fishing of this species is significantly less intensive than in other trawl-fishing areas of the Adriatic Sea.

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Beasley, Nicholas M. "Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780." Church History 76, no. 3 (2007): 541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700500572.

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Four thousand miles of ocean divided the plantation colonies of the first British Empire from the English metropole, a great physical distance that was augmented by the cultural divergence that divided those slave societies from England. Colonists in Barbados, Jamaica, and South Carolina thus made the re-creation of English ritual ways central to their ordering of the colonial experience. In particular, the preservation of the English liturgical year and its ritual enactment offered opportunities to connect colonial experience to metropolitan ideal. Confronted with seasons and crops that did not square meteorologically with English experience, colonists sought the comfort of maintaining English calendrical norms as much as possible. Within parish boundaries, colonists built churches in which the parish community could gather for the carefully scheduled, well-ordered worship of the English national church. The English Sabbath was central to the passage of time in weekly units, a day set apart for the church's liturgy, rest from labor, and social gatherings. The great and minor festivals of the Christian year and the daily office offered similar opportunities for Christian teaching and social fellowship, just as the celebration of state holidays connected these distant outposts of the empire to the Protestant national narrative that held an increasingly British people together. These ways of ordering time lent meaning to days that otherwise slipped by amid the routines of agricultural, commercial, and domestic life.

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Okosodo, E. F., J. O. Orimaye, and F. O. Obasogie. "Food and Feeding Ecology of Common Bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus) in Leventis Foundation Agricultural School Ilesa South Western Nigeria." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 1 (2016): 010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2016.1.121615169.

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Hjelset, A. M., M. Andersen, I. Gjertz, C. Lydersen, and B. Gulliksen. "Feeding habits of bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) from the Svalbard area, Norway." Polar Biology 21, no. 3 (1999): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050351.

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Llobet, Samuel M., Heidi Ahonen, Christian Lydersen, Jørgen Berge, Rolf Ims, and Kit M. Kovacs. "Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations across seasons and habitat types in Svalbard, Norway." Polar Biology 44, no. 7 (2021): 1273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02874-9.

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AbstractMale bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) use vocal displays to attract females and to compete with other males during the mating season. This makes it possible to monitor breeding populations of this species using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study analysed year-round acoustic data records from AURAL instruments in Svalbard (Norway) to investigate seasonal variation in the acoustic presence of male bearded seals and the phenology of different call types (long, step and sweep trills) at three sites representing a variety of habitats with varied ice conditions. Male bearded seals vocalized for an extended period at a drift-ice site (Atwain; January–July) north of Spitsbergen, while the vocal season was shorter at a High Arctic land-fast-ice site (Rijpfjorden; February–June) and shorter yet again at a west-coast site that has undergone dramatic reductions in sea ice cover over the last 1.5 decades (Kongsfjorden; April–June). Generalized Additive Models showed marked seasonal segregation in the use of different trill types at Atwain, where call rates reached 400 per h, with long trills being the most numerous call type. Modest segregation of trill types was seen at Rijpfjorden, where call rates reached 300 per h, and no segregation occurred in Kongsfjorden (peak call rate 80 per h). Sea ice cover was available throughout the vocal season at Atwain and Rijpfjorden, while at Kongsfjorden peak vocal activity (May–June) occurred after the sea ice disappeared. Ongoing climate warming and sea ice reductions will likely increase the incidence of such mismatches and reduce breeding habitat for bearded seals.

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Cao, Dan, Xiaodong Jiao, Xing Liu, et al. "CDKN2B Polymorphism Is Associated with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) in the Afro-Caribbean Population of Barbados, West Indies." PLoS ONE 7, no. 6 (2012): e39278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039278.

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Andersen, M., A. M. Hjelset, I. Gjertz, C. Lydersen, and B. Gulliksen. "Growth, age at sexual maturity and condition in bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) from Svalbard, Norway." Polar Biology 21, no. 3 (1999): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050350.

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Giovas, Christina M., George D. Kamenov, and John Krigbaum. "87Sr/86Sr and 14C evidence for peccary (Tayassuidae) introduction challenges accepted historical interpretation of the 1657 Ligon map of Barbados." PLOS ONE 14, no. 5 (2019): e0216458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216458.

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Tüzün, S., C. Dalyan, and L. Eryilmaz. "Age and Growth of the Red Mullet Mullus barbatus in the North Aegean Sea." Journal of Ichthyology 59, no. 4 (2019): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0032945219040179.

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Wessinger, Carolyn A., and Mark D. Rausher. "PREDICTABILITY AND IRREVERSIBILITY OF GENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH FLOWER COLOR EVOLUTION INPENSTEMON BARBATUS." Evolution 68, no. 4 (2014): 1058–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12340.

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Pavlovic, S. Z., Slavica Borkovic-Mitic, Tijana Radovanovic, et al. "Activity of oxidative stress biomarkers in the white muscle of red mullet (Mullus barbatus L.) from the Adriatic sea." Archives of Biological Sciences 61, no. 4 (2009): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0904693p.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of oxidative stress biomarkers (total superoxide dismutase - Tot SOD; and copper and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase - CuZn SOD; manganese-containing superoxide dismutase - Mn SOD; catalase - CAT; glutathione peroxidase - GSH-Px; and glutathione reductase - GR), as well as the biotransformation phase II enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST), in the white muscle of red mullet (Mullus barbatus L.) at Platamuni (PL) and Valdanos (VAL) in the Adriatic Sea during the winter and spring seasons. The obtained results show both site and seasonal influences on the investigated parameters, with lower enzyme activities at VAL than at PL and in spring than in winter.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture – Barbados'

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