Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture biologique – Aspect anthropologique'
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Richardson, Mary. "Polycultures of the mind : organic farmers in Québec and the recovery of agency." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25408/25408.pdf.
Full textLeroux, Benoît. "Les agriculteurs biologiques et l'alternative : contribution à une anthropologie politique d'un monde paysan en devenir." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0137.
Full textThis thesis takes aim at probing and analyzing the social dynamics within the organic farming arena given both its internal configuration and its external interactions such as with the food-processing field and politics. We shall, first, attempt to identify and outline this specific social space by various investigative approaches (socio-historical, geopolitical, socio-anthropological) and by inspecting social properties incorporated within collective structures (trends, organisations, beliefs, issues,. . . ). Then we shall consider the representations and individual strategies of approximately thirty farmers involved in today organic farming emphasizing articulation between on one side their business model and perspectives and on the other side organic farming structural transformations. The reconstruction of its genesis and the analysis of the institutionalization process enable to circumscribe logics and social characteristics sustaining the « cultural system » fundament of agriculture and organic farmers. Via the constitution of a bipolar socioprofessional space, this method serves to underIine the presence of a whole set of intermediate positions located between these two structuring poles, which ail in ail contribute to a conventionalisation of organic farming. Nevertheless, studies on socio-technical innovations corroborate a « transversal approach » as matrix of its agro-economical and socials specificities. If a plurality of expressions, including regenerated alternatives, continues to nurture the organic farming field, yet it is stirred by powers outside its. Properties likely to increasingly reduce the distinctive position it stands for in the agricultural economy. Everything indicates that the loss of its apparent protest force disables its autonomy but broaden its future within the market economy and modem societies
Galarneau, Vincent. "Les jardiniers de la conscience : socialiser l'environnement, habiter la ferme et incorporer le vivant en agriculture biodynamique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28321/28321.pdf.
Full textVankeerberghen, Audrey. "Etre agriculteur bio: engagements individuels, engagements collectifs." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209890.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Cazals, Clarisse. "Analyse conventionnaliste des démarches environnementales volontaires : l'exemple de la viticulture et de l'arboriculture fruitière." Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40034.
Full textVoluntary Environmental Approaches (VEA) are considered as all the firm free contracts aiming at improving their environmental performance, beyond legal requirements, in the limits of a formal or informal system. The dynamics of their expansion and their diversity leads to open an economical and ecological work in order to analyse them, selecting the acceptibility criteria, rather than the ecological one. We present an analysis of the various conditions of VEA emergence and durability in the agricultural sector, especially in wine growing and fruit arboriculture. As a matter of fact, these two sectors are concerned by the non-point source pollution due to chemical products. In order to cope with this major environmental issue, the actors have chosen two VEA models : organic farming and integrated farming. Starting from the economics of conventions theoretical foundations, we build an analysis that fits with the environmental problem, articulating possible worlds of environmental protecting production and environmental conventions. It allows us to focus on the distinction between the two VEA types in both processes
Anzalone, Guilhem. "Les économies politiques de l’agriculture biologique : production et commercialisation de la viande bovine biologique en France." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0027.
Full textThough recently developed and limited in scope, the French organic farming sector is highly diversified. The reason is that organic farming refers to farming practices but also to an ideological movement. Producing and commercializing organic products in such situation constitutes a relevant topic for economic sociology: how is the organic farming ideological project embedded in the commercialization process? The analysis is based on a fieldwork conducted with the economic sector’s actors in western and south-western France: breeders, farmers groups, manufacturing plants, distributors, professional associations and unions. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the gathering of written sources. To analyze how organic meat circulates, I take into account the definition of the product, the form of the economic transaction and more widely the social roles played by actors involved in the circulation of the product. Drawing on the notions of “circuits of commerce” (V. Zelizer) and that of “moral economy” (E. P. Thompson), I show that the combination of these three criteria shapes different economic organization models – which I call political economies. I identify two of them: a standardization political economy and a producer political economy. The former is based on the concentration of volumes of production and its dispatching to diversified markets while the latter is characterized by the central breeders’ role
Langlais, Alexandra. "Quel statut juridique pour les dechets agricoles ?" Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4012.
Full textLlorca, Loureiro Iria. "La cocina en la Comunidad Campesina de Vicos de los Andes peruanos : entre la "tradición" local y la globalización mundial." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25631.
Full textDesde tiempos prehispánicos, los campesinos de la Comunidad de Vicos en los Andes peruanos han ido desarrollando prácticas y hábitos alimenticios con los cuales se han sentido identificados. A lo largo de la historia, la cocina local ha sido el resultado de la incorporación y el abandono de insumos, técnicas, utensilios, saberes y comportamientos, pero sin embargo, en las últimas décadas el desarrollo de un nuevo sistema planetario, el llamado globalización, está causando nuevos impactos en las prácticas alimenticias. Siendo Vicos una población rural y agrícola, vinculada directamente a los ciclos de la naturaleza y a las creencias locales, nuestro interés reside en investigar cómo la cocina local de este lugar puede ser influencida en el presente, por las tendencias de la globalización y por las “tradiciones” heredadas de sus antepasados.
Legoas, Pena Jorge, and Pena Jorge Legoas. "Ontographie du rapport à la terre à Chillimocco : rationalité et rituel dans l'agriculture d'un village andin au Pérou." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25782.
Full textCette thèse montre la façon dont les paysans-autochtones de Chillimocco (dans les Andes péruviennes) constituent leur rapport à la terre à travers l’activité agricole. Celle-ci est envisagée de façon à ne plus la considérer comme un ensemble de « techniques » qu’on impose sur la « nature » pour la soumettre, mais comme un continu qui associe du technique et du rituel et qui, ce faisant, établit un rapport symétrique entre hommes et terres. Nous faisons une description approfondie de la façon dont l’agriculture est menée dans ce village andin, afin de dégager les principes qu’elle met en place. La démarche analytique que nous suivons est double. Un premier niveau d’analyse est constitué par l’examen des catégories locales que dégage l’activité agricole. Elles-mêmes constituent un premier indice du rapport à la terre à Chillimocco, mais pour s’interroger à propos de la « rationalité » de ce rapport, on ne peut pas opérer une interpolation automatique. Un deuxième niveau d’analyse est alors opéré à l’aide d’une notion de rationalité révisée afin de la rendre abordable par l’anthropologie. Pour ce faire, on se sert de certains éléments de l’anthropologie symétrique qui nous permettent de remanier ladite notion et de l’investir des sens locaux dégagés par le premier niveau d’analyse. Les notions locales nous aident à envisager une rationalité sociale plus enracinée, mais aussi elles brisent nos catégories de départ et nous conduisent progressivement vers des notions plus aptes à saisir la différence ontologique que posent les Chillimoccokuna. La catégorie de « rituel », chère à l’anthropologie, est ainsi remise en question. Dans un premier moment, on met en œuvre un traitement du rituel cohérent avec la façon dont Edmund Leach (dépassant le rituel comme type d’action) l’envisageait comme un trait de l’action. Mais la considération de la condition ontologique des acteurs impliqués fait que cette thèse finisse par remettre en question la distinction entre traits rituels et traits techniques elle-même. Enfin, par notre approche qui va au-delà de la symétrie généralisée de Bruno Latour, par une préoccupation analytique autoréflexive fondée sur l’expérience, et par la prise en compte de formes d’existence multiples, ce travail établit une démarche que nous appelons d’ontographie.
This doctoral thesis shows how native peasants from Chillimocco (in the Peruvian Andes) establish a relationship with the land through agriculture. The latter is viewed not as a set of “techniques” imposed on “nature” to subject it, but as a continuum that combines technique and ritual and, in doing so, establishes a symmetrical relationship between human beings and lands. We describe in-depth how agriculture is carried out in this Andean village in order to bring out the principles it sets up. Our analytical work is twofold. A first level of analysis is constituted by the examination of local categories brought out by agricultural activities. These categories constitute a first marker of the relationship with the lands at Chillimocco, but to interrogate the “rationality” of this relationship one cannot undertake an automatic interpolation. Then a second level of analysis is undertaken with the help of a notion of “rationality” that has been revised in order to make it accessible to anthropology. To achieve this, we use some elements of the Symmetrical Anthropology that allow us to rework such notion and to endow it with the local meanings undertaken in the first level of analysis. The local notions help us not only to envision a more grounded social rationality, but also to unsettle our categories of departure; progressively leading us to more adapted notions to grasp the ontological difference revealed by the Chillimocco. Thus, the pertinence of “ritual, ” a category of great concern in the anthropological tradition is put into question. In a first moment, we treat ritual in agreement with how Edmund Leach visualized it, i.e. like a trait of all action (going beyond ritual as a type of action). However, the ontological condition of the actors involved, make that this dissertation also questions the distinction between ritual traits and technical traits. Finally, our approach that goes beyond Bruno Latour’s generalized symmetry, our self-reflexive analytical work based on experience, and our concern with multiple forms of existence, make of this work more an “ontographic” effort than a classical ethnography.
This doctoral thesis shows how native peasants from Chillimocco (in the Peruvian Andes) establish a relationship with the land through agriculture. The latter is viewed not as a set of “techniques” imposed on “nature” to subject it, but as a continuum that combines technique and ritual and, in doing so, establishes a symmetrical relationship between human beings and lands. We describe in-depth how agriculture is carried out in this Andean village in order to bring out the principles it sets up. Our analytical work is twofold. A first level of analysis is constituted by the examination of local categories brought out by agricultural activities. These categories constitute a first marker of the relationship with the lands at Chillimocco, but to interrogate the “rationality” of this relationship one cannot undertake an automatic interpolation. Then a second level of analysis is undertaken with the help of a notion of “rationality” that has been revised in order to make it accessible to anthropology. To achieve this, we use some elements of the Symmetrical Anthropology that allow us to rework such notion and to endow it with the local meanings undertaken in the first level of analysis. The local notions help us not only to envision a more grounded social rationality, but also to unsettle our categories of departure; progressively leading us to more adapted notions to grasp the ontological difference revealed by the Chillimocco. Thus, the pertinence of “ritual, ” a category of great concern in the anthropological tradition is put into question. In a first moment, we treat ritual in agreement with how Edmund Leach visualized it, i.e. like a trait of all action (going beyond ritual as a type of action). However, the ontological condition of the actors involved, make that this dissertation also questions the distinction between ritual traits and technical traits. Finally, our approach that goes beyond Bruno Latour’s generalized symmetry, our self-reflexive analytical work based on experience, and our concern with multiple forms of existence, make of this work more an “ontographic” effort than a classical ethnography.
Lamine, Claire. "La construction des pratiques alimentaires face à des incertitudes multiformes, entre délégation et modulation : le cas des mangeurs bio intermittents." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0049.
Full textThis work is centered on those organic consumers whose choice is irregular and partial. Their case allows us to look at the variability of contemporary food practices, in a context where concerns for food safety and uncertainty also due to the abundance of products and dietetical injunctions, make the choices more difficult. Avoiding to consider "a priori" the eater as worried, or even anxious, I describe when he gets worried, what happens then in the interaction with food, and how the problem is resolved. This pragmatic perspective complements a study of the arguments and the evolution of choices with time through food biographies and interviews. Unlike the 'purists' who delegate their choice to the organic label, the 'intermittents' resort both to partial delegation to the organic and to a principle of modulation open to other alternatives. In some specific systems of production and distribution, delegation gives way to implication, which modifies to some extent the relation between production and consumption, and creates local forms of political consumerism
Rioux, Laurie-Eve. "Caractérisation structurale et évaluation de l'activité biologique de polysaccharides extraits de saccharina longicruris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27273/27273.pdf.
Full textDumas, Marie-Eve. "Nourrir le lien : l'approvisionnement local en milieu rural, le cas de Bellechasse." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30158/30158.pdf.
Full textGruyer, Nicolas. "Traitement biologique des effluents de serre par des marais filtrants artificiels et des bioréacteurs passifs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28986/28986.pdf.
Full textRoquebert, Claire-Isabelle. "La critique écologique radicale dans le contexte de l’entreprise : l'ambivalence des démarches de RSE dans les entreprises en Biodynamie." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT2046/document.
Full textSince the end of the twentieth century, ecological claims have challenged the legitimacy of capitalism and led companies to justify and transform themselves. In particular, ecological criticism of capitalism lead to the rise of CSR in companies (Chiapello, 2013). In a constructivist approach to CSR, we question the scope of ecological criticism for organizational evolution. We aim at explaining how actors of a radical ecological criticism try to transform companies, threw the analysis of the ontological basis of this criticism, and the manner ecological claims are defended in an organizational context. This research is based on the framework of the Economies of worth (Boltanski & Thévenot, 1991), in order to take into account the multiplicity of social actor positions and their ability to argue and influence the evolution of companies. In particular, we analyze the emergence of an ecological argumentation and we question its radical character (Lafaye & Thévenot, 1993). This interpretative qualitative research is based on the study of two growing SMEs involved in Biodynamics. Through this multiple case study, we analyze the confrontation between the development of a functionalist organizational model and attempts to defend an ecological organizational model and CSR ambivalence in this tension. This research confirms and clarifies the ontological upheaval brought about by ecological argumentation (Lafaye & Thévenot, 1993). Then we specify what this upheaval implies for CSR and for the evolution of companies
Besson, Yvan. "Histoire de l'agriculture biologique : une introduction aux fondateurs, Sir Albert Howard, Rudolf Steiner, le couple Müller et Hans Peter Rusch, Masanobu Fukuoka." Troyes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TROY0003.
Full textOrganic farming originates from a social and agronomical criticism of industrialism and capitalism which tend towards the complete disappearance of farming, and of agricultural chemistry which exploits land without properly maintaining its fertility. In general, organic farming emerged from a romantic political contestation of modernity in all its complexity. Nostalgia for country life, a search fro harmony between farming and nature, a tendency towards biological mysticism, refusal of disillusion with the world, oriental influences, criticism of expansion of thirst for profit, all are recurrent themes, more or less underlined by the founders Howard, Müller, Rusch and Fukuoka. According to Steiner, organic farming plunges its roots in occultism. An epistemological and philosophical clarification on these various cultural issues became necessary. From an agronomical point of view, the criticism concerns themes of agricultural chemistry’s neglect for soil quality, importance of humus in the preservation of soil fertility and nutritional quality of agricultural produce. Apart from an economy based on farming, the alternatives proposed are marketing by producers and a return to organic fertilization techniques using compost and green manures. In addition, the idea of using nature as a model invites a comparison of farming with forestry, which today is compounded by agroforestry methods incorporating Ramial Chipped Wood
Lévesque, Vicky. "Potentiel des marais filtrants à traiter les effluents de serre issus d'une culture de tomate." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28453/28453.pdf.
Full textTankam, Chloé. "Analyse économique du développement des nouveaux marchés biologiques : le cas des marchés biologiques domestiques au Kenya." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10480.
Full textOver the past two decades the organic agro-food system has been transformed, extending beyond Northern countries and expanding in many so-called developing countries.This dynamic was first a positioning on high added value products’ export markets. Since several years, domestic markets have emerged in a growing number of developing countries, including Kenya. This thesis attempts to shed light on the dynamics explaining these new markets’ emergence and development. The research is based on four questions. The first one concerns the way organic transactions have been organized in Nairobi. Based on neo institutional economics, we explain how, in the absence of credible certification systems, these products are able to be sold with premium. The second question deals with the conditions of producers’ access to these markets. It is common to highlight that organic domestic Kenyan markets are more profitable than conventional ones. However, some producers, who could actually sell in these markets, prefer conventionalones. Thanks to the concept of transaction costs, we show the role of negotiation and monitoring transaction costs. Chapter 3 analyses the effects of selling on organic market on crops’ diversification, as a proxy of economic and environmental sustainability .Based on microeconomics’ contributions our results confirm the positive effect of organic markets. Finally, our fourth and final chapter provides an analysis of the conditions of these markets sustainability. We propose an analysis grid combining economy of information and quality construction approach, based on Hirschman (1970) works.This grid helps us comparing different certification and verification schemes existing in Kenya. Analysis shows that the least effective scheme is the one that is bound to grow,raising the question of the sustainability of Kenyan domestic organic markets
Rochefort, Sophie. "Impact de différents types d'entretien de pelouses sur l'abondance et la diversité des arthropodes, et potentiel des graminées endophytiques dans la lutte aux insectes ravageurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23747/23747.pdf.
Full textTurfgrass lawns are important ecosystems in urban areas, but the ecology of cool-season lawns has not been extensively studied in Quebec. Turfgrass management may influence ecosystem stability and arthropod communities. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize arthropod communities associated with turfgrass in Québec, and more specifically Collembola and ground beetle assemblages. Second, the effect of different turfgrass management practices on arthropods was evaluated. In a three-year field study, arthropods were sampled in two turfgrass lawns: a newly established lawn and a 10-year old lawn. Four turfgrass management were tested: i-management without pest control (control), ii-management with chemical pesticides, iii-integrated pest management, and iv-ecological management. Another aspect of this thesis was the evaluation of the potential of endophytic turfgrasses for the control of the hairy chinch bug, an important insect pest in Québec. Overwinter survival of endophytes and their host plants was first tested in two ecologically different areas under natural conditions. Furthermore, the influence of different combinations of endophytic perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass on hairy chinch bug survival and development was determined under greenhouse conditions. The study indicates that the diversity of arthropods in general, and of Collembola and ground beetle in particular was similar for both lawns even if plant composition differed. After three years, no difference between the four turfgrass management practices was detected. However, short term effects following insecticide (diazinon and carbaryl) applications appeared for Collembola and ground beetles communities. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue have the capacity to overwinter under Québec winter conditions. The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum found in tall fescue didn’t persist over time while the association N. lolii–perennial ryegrass remained stable after two winters. Greenhouse experiments revealed that endophytic perennial ryegrass ‘SR 4220’ did not negatively affect hairy chinch bug survival and development.
Audet, René. "Les inégalités Nord/Sud dans la régulation commerciale : analyse critique des certifications de l'agriculture alternative." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3187/1/M9477.pdf.
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