Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture, Cooperative Agricultural cooperative credit associations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agriculture, Cooperative Agricultural cooperative credit associations"
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Wysocka, Ewa. "Ewolucja regulacji prawnych w bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce." Studia Iuridica 72 (April 17, 2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7646.
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Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
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Kabytov, P. S., and O. A. Bezgina. "Cooperation of small rural commodity producers in post-reform Russia: factors and conditions." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 1 (2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-1-8-14.
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In this article, the authors, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, using the statistical method and a systematic approach, analyzed the first steps in the development of cooperative societies in the rural environment using the example of the Volga region provinces. The factors and conditions were identified, the totality of which influenced the rate of spread and development of cooperative forms of management in the peasant environment during the post-reform period. This is, firstly, the urgent economic need for the peasant in inexpensive credit: the lack of financial resources forced them to borrow from usurers at a high interest rate; secondly, the efforts of representatives of the aristocracy, intelligentsia and zemstvos to draw attention to this problem, to promote and demonstrate the first experiences of cooperative work; thirdly, the actions of the state to create and develop cooperative legislation. The authors analyze examples of cooperative endeavors that were initiated by the most enlightened people of their time; trace the activities of the zemstvo in the dissemination of cooperative ideas in the peasant environment, the promotion of cooperative knowledge, assistance in opening cooperative partnerships and the provision of initial loans to peasants by rural credit and savings and loan associations; state measures at the legislative level to activate peasant self-help. The analysis of all the above factors in the development of cooperative societies in the peasant environment allowed the authors, following the ups and downs of the processes described, to draw a conclusion about their interaction and influence on the development of the cooperative movement in Russia. In zemstvo and state circles, an understanding has been formed that without the inclusion of peasants in a market economy, it is impossible to develop the infrastructure of the agricultural sector. At the same time, the authors are convinced that without the gradually emerging objective conditions, all these efforts would hardly have been justified.
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Bhandari, Shiva, Edward Frongillo, Rojee Suwal, Aman Sen Gupta, Narayan Prasad Tiwari, and Kenda Cunningham. "Sustaining Agriculture-Nutrition Interventions: Analysis of Determinants of Village Model Farmer Active Engagement in Nepal." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_016.
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Abstract Objectives Homestead food production (HFP) programs rely on village model farmers (VMFs) for implementation of agriculture-nutrition activities. No studies have assessed sustainability of VMFs. Our objective was to test determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working several years after being selected as VMFs. Methods We used cross-sectional monitoring data, collected in 2018 and 2019 among VMFs in Suaahara (2011–2021), a multi-sectoral integrated nutrition program that includes HFP in Nepal. Remaining as a VMF was assessed from self-report. Actively working as a VMF was based on whether s/he was leading an HFP beneficiary group, registered the HFP group, conducting regular group meetings, and engaging in saving and credit activities. Potential socio-economic and demographic determinants were identified a priori: gender, age, education, caste, being a female community health volunteer, socio-economic status, agricultural land size, household size, duration of being a VMF, residing in disaster-affected districts, agro-ecological zone, and number of trainings and inputs received. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios among 4732 VMFs. Results The odds of remaining and actively working were greater among those with some education compared to those without education. VMFs having more agricultural land were 2.25 and 1.14 times more likely to be remaining and actively working as a VMF, respectively. VMFs working for longer were less likely to remain and be active. More types of trainings and inputs received were associated with greater odds of remaining and actively working as an VMF. VMFs older than 35 y, other caste than Dalit, and living in Mountains and Hills were more likely to remain and actively work. We did not find significant association for household size and richer households. Conclusions Age, education, caste, agricultural land size, household wealth, time since becoming a VMF, and number of trainings and inputs received were important determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working in the program. Examining these factors can help selection of front-line workers to ensure their engagement and sustainability. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-367-A-16–00006.
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Oprea, Mădălina. "Școli și cursuri țărănești organizate de asociația „Astra“, între anii 1939-1940." Teologie și educație la "Dunărea de Jos" 17 (June 12, 2019): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/teologie.2019.10.
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The aim of this research is to present an objective analysis, starting from the texts of the historical documents issued by the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Culture of the Romanian People (“ASTRA”) between 1939 and 1940 regarding the schools and the courses organized for young adult peasants in Transylvania. The study presents the events, transformations and challenges that “Astra” had to face while trying to maintain its specific forms of activity and cultural manifestation. During 2 or 3 months, particularly in winter season, the organization of such courses had the gift to breathe life into village, waking up the interest and the participation of local intellectuals, many of them being part of the education system, and to break up the villagers‘ habitual inertia. In accordance with “Astra” ‘s educational curricula, Romanian young students, women and men, were taught notions about: agriculture, pomiculture, apiculture, animal husbandry, household maintenance, orchard maintenance and cultivation, legal notions, cooperative businesses and credit unions, general information about personal hygiene, sexuality, puericulture, Romanian language and literature, Romanian history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, music, religion, ethical and moral values. The lecturers who delivered those classes were doctors, priests, engineers, agronomists, lawyers, notaries, professors, institutes, teachers, officers. These specific forms of cultural and educational emancipation of young adult peasants were undertaken by divisions of “Astra” in at least 34 villages and cities. According to the documents of the “Astra” fund at Sibiu County Service of the National Archives issued between August 1939 and August 1940, through their representatives in the territory and in collaboration with the local Agricultural Chambers or with their own local divisions, “Astra” organized 40 peasant schools and agricultural courses attended by approximately 1194 men and 390 women.
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Orimogunje, Ronke Victoria, Ayodeji Sunday Ogunleye, and Ayodeji Damilola Kehinde. "Effect of Microcredit on Profit Efficiency of Small-Scale Poultry Farmers Oyo State, Nigeria." Agricultura 17, no. 1-2 (2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/agricultura.17.1-2.37-46.2020.
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This study investigated the effect of microcredit on profit efficiency of small-scale poultry farmers in Oyo State. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select two hundred poultry farmers for the study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Heckman selection model, stochastic frontier and Tobit models. Result from descriptive statistics showed that men (78%) are predominantly involved in poultry production. The average age of poultry farmers in the area of study is approximately 43 years. Most of the farmers are married (77.5%) and literate (80.5%). Furthermore, most of the respondents (73.5%) had access to microcredit with 87.5% belonging to one farmer’s association or the other. Heckman two-stage selection model revealed that membership of cooperative/farmer’s association and contact with extension agent are the significant factors influencing farmer’s access to microcredit. The second stage of the model reveals that age, years of education, household size, years of farming experience, distance to source of microcredit, timeliness of microcredit and stock size are the significant factors influencing the amount of microcredit obtained by farmers. Results obtained from the stochastic frontier model showed that smallholder poultry farmers had an average profit efficiency of 54.0% in poultry production. Furthermore, the Tobit model (Model 1) results revealed that amount of microcredit, distance to source of microcredit, interest rate and loan repayment period significantly influenced farmer’s profit efficiency while in the second model, years of formal education, poultry farming experience and membership of cooperative/farmer’s association influenced farmer’s profit efficiency. The results of two-side censored Tobit model suggest that microcredit variables are the most favourable variables for line of action. This suggested that policy makers should ensure that microcredit available through the agricultural credit programmes get to the needy farmers.
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Lu, Yung-Hsiang, Meng-Hsuan Wu, and Shang-Ho Yang. "Management outputs efficiency comparison: the credit departments within farmer associations in Taiwan and Japan." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0043.
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Farmer associations (FAs) in Taiwan and Japan Agricultural (JA) Cooperatives in Japan play an important role in agricultural development. Both have experienced dramatic changes in the macroeconomic environment, and have faced similar management issues. This study focuses on the comparison of operational management efficiency and productivity between the two agricultural institutions in two different countries, focusing on their respective credit departments. Using financial data covered from 2010 to 2014, a Stochastic Metafrontier Regression Model is adopted to explore how operating performances have influenced the productivity of such institutions. Environmental variables such as number of regional financial institutions, regional location, scale of fixed assets, and population density affect inefficiency. With an overall higher number of input and output variables, results show that the average efficiency of credit department within JA Cooperatives when producing output is at 97%, while that of FAs is lower at 90%. Therefore, FAs have more room for efficiency improvement and technological progress.
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Nduka, Helen O., Uche R. Ezeokafor, Gabriel E. Ekwere, and Ikechukwu E. Ngoka. "Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Business Administration Research 9, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v9n1p1.
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Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.
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Sadiq, Mustapha A., John K. M. Kuwornu, Ramatu M. Al-Hassan, and Suhiyini I. Alhassan. "Assessing Maize Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Ghana." Agriculture 9, no. 5 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050090.
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This study examined the adaptation strategies of maize farmers to climate change and variability in the Eastern Region of Ghana using primary data collected from 150 maize farming households by the administration of structured questionnaires. The results of the multinomial logit regression revealed that rainfall perception, access to credit, and farming experience significantly influenced the adoption of recommended agricultural practices, whereas the adoption of soil-related strategies is influenced by gender and rainfall perception. Farming experience and rainfall perception influenced the adoption of improved varieties strategies. This study highlights the need for the development of water resources for maize production in the context of the changing climate. In this respect, the crucial roles of the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, the agricultural extension division of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and other international organizations such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the World Bank regarding the development of irrigation facilities and the associated capacity building of the farmers are very important. Finally, the formation of Water User Associations for the smallholder farmers regarding the usage and maintenance of the irrigation facilities would be a step in the right direction.
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DOKUZLU, SERTAÇ. "The Agricultural Credit System in the Ottoman Empire between 1863 and 1888." Rural History 28, no. 2 (2017): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793317000139.
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AbstractAgricultural credit organisations are paramount to every country because agriculture must operate under threats of risk and uncertainty. When small-scale family farms are dominant, all types of agricultural organisations become important to keep farmers’ incomes at a reasonable level and encourage agricultural development. Midhat Pasha understood the importance of agricultural organisations, and he created a well-designed system for agricultural credit. He is the founder of Homeland Coffers that distribute credits to farmers. The original side of these credit organisations was capital accumulation and the methods of using it. Capital for these Coffers were provided by the joint actions of credit users. Midhat Pasha connected two cooperatives while the production cooperative provided capital for Homeland Coffers, they operated as a credit cooperative for twenty-five years in the Ottoman Empire. This credit organisation helped development of agriculture and provided many social benefits to the rural area.
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Zhu, Qianyu, Cheryl J. Wachenheim, Zhiyao Ma, and Cong Zhu. "Supply chain re-engineering: a case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2016.0095.
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Benefits of cooperative organization in agriculture come from price advantages in procurement and marketing, cost reductions and efficiency gains from sharing of productive assets and processes, and improved access to and increased efficiency in using credit, logistics, and information. Efficacy of strategic activities designed to capture these advantages is investigated empirically in a case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region of China. Information from interviews, on-site visits, evaluation of cooperative, member and partner information, and participation in the advising process are used to evaluate the impact of efforts to re-engineer the supply chain for independent farmers through cooperative organization. Specific examples of marketing channel development and operation for Wallace melons and mutton represent implementation of strategic plans. The case also reviews the cooperative’s credit system, designed increase access to and reduced cost of funds for members, use of alternative market venues, and horizontal expansion through tourism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture, Cooperative Agricultural cooperative credit associations"
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Krumpelman-Farmer, Elaine L. "The investment horizon issue in user-owned organizations." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4162.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 10, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Chaddad, Fabio R. "Financial constraints in U.S. agricultural cooperatives : theory and panel data econometric evidence /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036812.
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Yossuck, Pradtana. "Factors contributing to the viability of farmer associations in Northern Thailand : multiple case study /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9964015.
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Condon, Andrew Michael. "Property rights and the investment behavior of U.S. Agricultural Cooperatives." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115032/.
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Akman, Geraldine. "Both sides now : gender relations in credit and agriculture cooperatives in rural Haiti." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39563.
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This dissertation applies the theoretical perspective of gender relations and develops methods to understand and analyze the movement of women from the center of social systems to its margins when these systems are undergoing rapid socio-economic and political change. This research responded to the pressing need for the application of newer, more appropriate theoretical and methodological perspectives to examine shifting power relations between women and men in areas undergoing transformation. In the case study, I investigate the locus of power in a system of cooperatives in the Departement du Nord, Haiti and discover how and why female members are being relegated to the periphery of this development programme. I find that a system of gender-based social power is causing unequal opportunities and oppressive power relations for female members in the cooperatives. I analyze how and why this system of social power causes conflict when the interests of female and male members differ in the cooperatives and I explore strategies for change. This dissertation also contributes to a greater understanding of the power dynamics which exist when one group holds different preferences and practices to the dominant group whose framework is the one considered acceptable in the society.
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Matthews, William A. "The residual control roles of cooperative board of directors a preliminary comparative analysis /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4802.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Atadja, Franklin Komla. "Sustainability Challenges for Maize and Cassava Farmers in Amankwakrom Subdistrict, Ghana." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10243184.
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<p>Agricultural system in Ghana underperformed because of limited financing, which constrained some small-scale maize and cassava farmers. The purpose of this case study design was to explore the methods that some small-scale maize and cassava farmers in Amankwakrom Subdistrict used in obtaining farm financing. Two themes from the literature review were a lack of collateral for small-scale farm financing and the small-scale farmers cooperative associations? role in farm financing. Regional-scale management sustainability index formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews with 8 fluent English speaking small-scale maize and cassava farmers who have obtained farm financing in the previous years. Using the Microsoft Excel and Non-numerical unstructured data indexing and theorizing software program for data analysis method, 3 major themes emerged: the farmer?s membership benefits of working in cooperative associations; farmer?s ability to provide the collateral requirements for the financial institutions; and farmer?s good loan repayment history. The study findings indicated that some small-scale maize and cassava farmers obtained farm loans because they used the cooperative associations as their collateral assets in order to satisfy for the requirements of the financial institutions. Social implications include the potential to guide the small-scale maize and cassava farmers to access farm credits to use in expanding their farm sizes. Expansion in farm sizes may result in more maize and cassava production that can help eliminate hunger and reduce poverty in the Amankwakrom Subdistrict of Ghana.
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"中國新式農村金融組織之發展與成效(1927-37): 江蘇省農村信用合作運動之個案硏究". 1998. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896269.
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陳煜禮.<br>論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998.<br>參考文獻: leaves 2-12 (3rd group)<br>中英文摘要.<br>Chen Yuli.<br>Chapter 第一章 --- 综論 --- p.1-10<br>Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 --- p.1-4<br>Chapter 第二節 --- 中國近代農村經濟合作運動研究概況 --- p.5-9<br>Chapter 第三節 --- 研究目的及架構 --- p.10<br>Chapter 第二章 --- 三十年代江蘇省傳統農村金融概況 --- p.11-38<br>Chapter 第一節 --- 三十年代江蘇省農村經濟情況 --- p.11-20<br>Chapter 第二節 --- 江蘇省三十年代農村資金短缺現象之分析 --- p.21-23<br>Chapter 第三節 --- 江蘇農家融通資金一借貸來源之分析 --- p.24-38<br>Chapter 甲、 --- 私人借貸 --- p.24-27<br>Chapter 乙、 --- 商店借貸 --- p.28-30<br>Chapter 丙、 --- 典當業 --- p.30-33<br>Chapter 丁、 --- 合會組織 --- p.33-36<br>Chapter 第三章 --- 江蘇省新式農村金融組織之出現一信用合作社 --- p.39-67<br>Chapter 第一節 --- 合作理念在近代中的傳播與發展 --- p.39-46<br>Chapter 甲、 --- 華洋義賑會經營的合作事業 --- p.41-44<br>Chapter 乙、 --- 國民政府推進合作運動 --- p.45-46<br>Chapter 第二節 --- 江蘇省農村信用合作的發展歷程 --- p.47-50<br>Chapter 第三節 --- 江蘇省農村信用合作社組織架構及資金來源 --- p.51-67<br>Chapter 甲、 --- 信用合作社之組織架構 --- p.52-53<br>Chapter 乙、 --- 農村信用合作社的組織實體´ؤ「社員」 --- p.54-57<br>Chapter 丙、 --- 信用合作社的資金來源 --- p.57-67<br>Chapter 一、 --- 江蘇省農民銀行 --- p.58-63<br>Chapter 二、 --- 上海商業儲蓄銀行 --- p.63-66<br>Chapter 第四章 --- 蘇南丹陽縣、蘇北淮陰縣兩地信用合作社發展成敗之檢討 --- p.68-85<br>Chapter 第一節 --- 蘇南丹陽縣之信用合作 --- p.68-76<br>Chapter 第二節 --- 蘇北淮陰縣之信用合作 --- p.77-84<br>Chapter 第五章 --- 總結一農村信用合作成效之評議 --- p.86-94
Books on the topic "Agriculture, Cooperative Agricultural cooperative credit associations"
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Kislev, Yoav. Credit cooperatives in Israeli agriculture. Agriculture and Rural Development Dept., World Bank, 1989.
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Nong cun xin yong she zhi du bian qian yu chuang xin. Zhongguo jin rong chu ban she, 2006.
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Miwa, Masao. Nōkyō kaikaku no gyakuryū to daidō: "shūken to dai kyōsō" kara "bunken to sumi wake" e. Nō-son-gyoson Bunka Kyōkai, 2001.
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Butler, Gillian. Designing membership structures for large agricultural cooperatives. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Cooperative Service, 1988.
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Butler, Gillian. Designing membership structures for large agricultural cooperatives. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Cooperative Service, 1988.
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Rayudu, C. S. Planning and non-credit business organisations. Discovery Pub. House, 1989.
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Naofumi, Kōno. Kyōdō kumiai no jidai: Kinmirai no sentaku. Nihon Keizai Hyōronsha, 1994.
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Li, Ganshun. Keizai seichō ni okeru nōgyō kyōdō kumiai no yakuwari: Chūgoku ni okeru nōgyō soshiki no arikata : 1993-nendo Asahi ferōshippu (Asahi kokusai shōreikin) josei kenkyū. Nagoya Daigaku Daigakuin Kokusai Kaihatsu Kenkyūka, 1994.
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Gaoping xin yong he zuo zhi, 1947-2004: Gaoping xinyong hezuo zhi. Shanxi ren min chu ban she, 2005.
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"Finance for Agriculture." In Agricultural Finance and Opportunities for Investment and Expansion. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3059-6.ch002.
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Finance for funding agricultural activities can be fixed through three typical sources, namely formal, informal, and semi-formal channels. However, the small-scale farmers either by omission or commission tend to rely solely on informal sources of finance, for instance, personal savings, for funding agricultural activities. There is therefore the need to inform farmers on the array of sources of finance that are available for them for use boosting their farm investment and enterprise expansion. The objectives of the chapter include highlighting three important functions of an enterprise, defining the meaning of agricultural finance, describing sources of investment fund for agriculture, and discussing the rural finance institution-building programme. The methodology adopted is that of systematic and analytical review of relevant literature. Following from the review of relevant literature, this chapter argues that the reported reluctance of banks to lend to agriculture is dictated by the profit-making motives of the banks against the characteristic risky nature of agricultural enterprises. A way around the reluctance is government backed and efficiently targeted credit schemes. The chapter further argues that farmers should form cooperative societies and source loans from such cooperative societies at single digit interest rates. With respect to the cooperative societies, government should constantly and consciously discharge its responsibilities as they relate to supervision, monitoring, and evaluation of the activities of registered cooperative societies. The chapter observes that the formal sources of agricultural finance are capable of mobilizing a large sum of money; however, in the process of financial intermediation, a relatively small fraction of the whole gets to agriculture. On their part, the informal sources tend to mobilize funds for agriculture at high and therefore unsustainable interest rates to farmers. Incentives and subsidies are therefore required for financing agriculture. It is specifically recommended that African governments should strive to commit themselves to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme's call for the allocation of at least 10% of the national budget for agriculture to achieve a target of 6% annual agricultural growth.
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Fedorova, Maria, and Ismail Taaricht. "Agricultural Cooperatives for Sustainable Development of Rural Territories and Food Security." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1042-1.ch023.
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This chapter deals with the elaboration of a conceptual framework for agricultural cooperatives in Morocco: sustainable development of rural territories. The farming cooperative associations form an effective means for the advancement of the agricultural sector, being one of the elements of agricultural policy, which play an important role in the development of agricultural production, both plant and animal, as well as in the development process in Morocco, especially for rural development, and through it, rural income of the farmers and their social statuses. In this chapter, the authors have taken the Moroccan agriculture cooperatives as a case of cooperative longevity and survival in order to observe the evolution and processes of adaptation to the distinct economic, social, and environmental demands of a broad range of member-owners. The demands of the farming community, members, and society have resulted in social and environmental factors being as much a priority as economic aspects.
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Fedorova, Maria, and Ismail Taaricht. "Agricultural Cooperatives for Sustainable Development of Rural Territories and Food Security." In Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch042.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter deals with the elaboration of a conceptual framework for agricultural cooperatives in Morocco: sustainable development of rural territories. The farming cooperative associations form an effective means for the advancement of the agricultural sector, being one of the elements of agricultural policy, which play an important role in the development of agricultural production, both plant and animal, as well as in the development process in Morocco, especially for rural development, and through it, rural income of the farmers and their social statuses. In this chapter, the authors have taken the Moroccan agriculture cooperatives as a case of cooperative longevity and survival in order to observe the evolution and processes of adaptation to the distinct economic, social, and environmental demands of a broad range of member-owners. The demands of the farming community, members, and society have resulted in social and environmental factors being as much a priority as economic aspects.