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1
Wysocka, Ewa. "Ewolucja regulacji prawnych w bankowości spółdzielczej w Polsce." Studia Iuridica 72 (April 17, 2018): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.7646.
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Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
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Kabytov, P. S., and O. A. Bezgina. "Cooperation of small rural commodity producers in post-reform Russia: factors and conditions." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 1 (2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-1-8-14.
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In this article, the authors, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, using the statistical method and a systematic approach, analyzed the first steps in the development of cooperative societies in the rural environment using the example of the Volga region provinces. The factors and conditions were identified, the totality of which influenced the rate of spread and development of cooperative forms of management in the peasant environment during the post-reform period. This is, firstly, the urgent economic need for the peasant in inexpensive credit: the lack of financial resources forced them to borrow from usurers at a high interest rate; secondly, the efforts of representatives of the aristocracy, intelligentsia and zemstvos to draw attention to this problem, to promote and demonstrate the first experiences of cooperative work; thirdly, the actions of the state to create and develop cooperative legislation. The authors analyze examples of cooperative endeavors that were initiated by the most enlightened people of their time; trace the activities of the zemstvo in the dissemination of cooperative ideas in the peasant environment, the promotion of cooperative knowledge, assistance in opening cooperative partnerships and the provision of initial loans to peasants by rural credit and savings and loan associations; state measures at the legislative level to activate peasant self-help. The analysis of all the above factors in the development of cooperative societies in the peasant environment allowed the authors, following the ups and downs of the processes described, to draw a conclusion about their interaction and influence on the development of the cooperative movement in Russia. In zemstvo and state circles, an understanding has been formed that without the inclusion of peasants in a market economy, it is impossible to develop the infrastructure of the agricultural sector. At the same time, the authors are convinced that without the gradually emerging objective conditions, all these efforts would hardly have been justified.
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Bhandari, Shiva, Edward Frongillo, Rojee Suwal, Aman Sen Gupta, Narayan Prasad Tiwari, and Kenda Cunningham. "Sustaining Agriculture-Nutrition Interventions: Analysis of Determinants of Village Model Farmer Active Engagement in Nepal." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_016.
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Abstract Objectives Homestead food production (HFP) programs rely on village model farmers (VMFs) for implementation of agriculture-nutrition activities. No studies have assessed sustainability of VMFs. Our objective was to test determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working several years after being selected as VMFs. Methods We used cross-sectional monitoring data, collected in 2018 and 2019 among VMFs in Suaahara (2011–2021), a multi-sectoral integrated nutrition program that includes HFP in Nepal. Remaining as a VMF was assessed from self-report. Actively working as a VMF was based on whether s/he was leading an HFP beneficiary group, registered the HFP group, conducting regular group meetings, and engaging in saving and credit activities. Potential socio-economic and demographic determinants were identified a priori: gender, age, education, caste, being a female community health volunteer, socio-economic status, agricultural land size, household size, duration of being a VMF, residing in disaster-affected districts, agro-ecological zone, and number of trainings and inputs received. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios among 4732 VMFs. Results The odds of remaining and actively working were greater among those with some education compared to those without education. VMFs having more agricultural land were 2.25 and 1.14 times more likely to be remaining and actively working as a VMF, respectively. VMFs working for longer were less likely to remain and be active. More types of trainings and inputs received were associated with greater odds of remaining and actively working as an VMF. VMFs older than 35 y, other caste than Dalit, and living in Mountains and Hills were more likely to remain and actively work. We did not find significant association for household size and richer households. Conclusions Age, education, caste, agricultural land size, household wealth, time since becoming a VMF, and number of trainings and inputs received were important determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working in the program. Examining these factors can help selection of front-line workers to ensure their engagement and sustainability. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-367-A-16–00006.
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Oprea, Mădălina. "Școli și cursuri țărănești organizate de asociația „Astra“, între anii 1939-1940." Teologie și educație la "Dunărea de Jos" 17 (June 12, 2019): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/teologie.2019.10.
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The aim of this research is to present an objective analysis, starting from the texts of the historical documents issued by the Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and Culture of the Romanian People (“ASTRA”) between 1939 and 1940 regarding the schools and the courses organized for young adult peasants in Transylvania. The study presents the events, transformations and challenges that “Astra” had to face while trying to maintain its specific forms of activity and cultural manifestation. During 2 or 3 months, particularly in winter season, the organization of such courses had the gift to breathe life into village, waking up the interest and the participation of local intellectuals, many of them being part of the education system, and to break up the villagers‘ habitual inertia. In accordance with “Astra” ‘s educational curricula, Romanian young students, women and men, were taught notions about: agriculture, pomiculture, apiculture, animal husbandry, household maintenance, orchard maintenance and cultivation, legal notions, cooperative businesses and credit unions, general information about personal hygiene, sexuality, puericulture, Romanian language and literature, Romanian history, mathematics, physics, chemistry, music, religion, ethical and moral values. The lecturers who delivered those classes were doctors, priests, engineers, agronomists, lawyers, notaries, professors, institutes, teachers, officers. These specific forms of cultural and educational emancipation of young adult peasants were undertaken by divisions of “Astra” in at least 34 villages and cities. According to the documents of the “Astra” fund at Sibiu County Service of the National Archives issued between August 1939 and August 1940, through their representatives in the territory and in collaboration with the local Agricultural Chambers or with their own local divisions, “Astra” organized 40 peasant schools and agricultural courses attended by approximately 1194 men and 390 women.
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Orimogunje, Ronke Victoria, Ayodeji Sunday Ogunleye, and Ayodeji Damilola Kehinde. "Effect of Microcredit on Profit Efficiency of Small-Scale Poultry Farmers Oyo State, Nigeria." Agricultura 17, no. 1-2 (2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/agricultura.17.1-2.37-46.2020.
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This study investigated the effect of microcredit on profit efficiency of small-scale poultry farmers in Oyo State. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select two hundred poultry farmers for the study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Heckman selection model, stochastic frontier and Tobit models. Result from descriptive statistics showed that men (78%) are predominantly involved in poultry production. The average age of poultry farmers in the area of study is approximately 43 years. Most of the farmers are married (77.5%) and literate (80.5%). Furthermore, most of the respondents (73.5%) had access to microcredit with 87.5% belonging to one farmer’s association or the other. Heckman two-stage selection model revealed that membership of cooperative/farmer’s association and contact with extension agent are the significant factors influencing farmer’s access to microcredit. The second stage of the model reveals that age, years of education, household size, years of farming experience, distance to source of microcredit, timeliness of microcredit and stock size are the significant factors influencing the amount of microcredit obtained by farmers. Results obtained from the stochastic frontier model showed that smallholder poultry farmers had an average profit efficiency of 54.0% in poultry production. Furthermore, the Tobit model (Model 1) results revealed that amount of microcredit, distance to source of microcredit, interest rate and loan repayment period significantly influenced farmer’s profit efficiency while in the second model, years of formal education, poultry farming experience and membership of cooperative/farmer’s association influenced farmer’s profit efficiency. The results of two-side censored Tobit model suggest that microcredit variables are the most favourable variables for line of action. This suggested that policy makers should ensure that microcredit available through the agricultural credit programmes get to the needy farmers.
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Lu, Yung-Hsiang, Meng-Hsuan Wu, and Shang-Ho Yang. "Management outputs efficiency comparison: the credit departments within farmer associations in Taiwan and Japan." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0043.
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Farmer associations (FAs) in Taiwan and Japan Agricultural (JA) Cooperatives in Japan play an important role in agricultural development. Both have experienced dramatic changes in the macroeconomic environment, and have faced similar management issues. This study focuses on the comparison of operational management efficiency and productivity between the two agricultural institutions in two different countries, focusing on their respective credit departments. Using financial data covered from 2010 to 2014, a Stochastic Metafrontier Regression Model is adopted to explore how operating performances have influenced the productivity of such institutions. Environmental variables such as number of regional financial institutions, regional location, scale of fixed assets, and population density affect inefficiency. With an overall higher number of input and output variables, results show that the average efficiency of credit department within JA Cooperatives when producing output is at 97%, while that of FAs is lower at 90%. Therefore, FAs have more room for efficiency improvement and technological progress.
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Nduka, Helen O., Uche R. Ezeokafor, Gabriel E. Ekwere, and Ikechukwu E. Ngoka. "Gender Disparity Among Cooperative Farmers in Accessing Agricultural Credits in Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Business Administration Research 9, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v9n1p1.
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Women have been the focus of gender disparity and this has been widely referred to the disparity faced by women in the field of agriculture. Agricultural credit is imperative for sustainable agricultural development in any country of the world. In order to substantiate the assertion, this study evaluated the issues of gender disparity in farmers’ access to agricultural credit among cooperative societies in Anambra north zone of Anambra State. Specific objectives were to ascertain the quantum of credit obtained and repaid by female and male members; determine the effect of gender on the quantum of credit obtained and repaid; ascertain critical factors influencing access to credit by cooperative members; determine how gender contributed to credit repayment behaviour of cooperative members and examine perception of members on gender-related issues in credit operations. ANOVA and regression models were used to test hypotheses 1-5. Findings revealed that male members obtained more credit than female members, and female members repay more than their male counterparts. Gender was not a significant determinant of credit obtained and repaid by cooperative members and gender issues in credit operation were handled among cooperative members. However, the researcher recommended that the issues of gender inequality should not be encouraged. Both males and females should have equal access to credit and repayment of credit operation; despite the membership strength, more members should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in order to access credit and repay accordingly and cooperative officers should set up friendly credit scheme to ensure a functional and effective credit access.
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Sadiq, Mustapha A., John K. M. Kuwornu, Ramatu M. Al-Hassan, and Suhiyini I. Alhassan. "Assessing Maize Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Ghana." Agriculture 9, no. 5 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050090.
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This study examined the adaptation strategies of maize farmers to climate change and variability in the Eastern Region of Ghana using primary data collected from 150 maize farming households by the administration of structured questionnaires. The results of the multinomial logit regression revealed that rainfall perception, access to credit, and farming experience significantly influenced the adoption of recommended agricultural practices, whereas the adoption of soil-related strategies is influenced by gender and rainfall perception. Farming experience and rainfall perception influenced the adoption of improved varieties strategies. This study highlights the need for the development of water resources for maize production in the context of the changing climate. In this respect, the crucial roles of the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority, the agricultural extension division of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and other international organizations such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the World Bank regarding the development of irrigation facilities and the associated capacity building of the farmers are very important. Finally, the formation of Water User Associations for the smallholder farmers regarding the usage and maintenance of the irrigation facilities would be a step in the right direction.
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DOKUZLU, SERTAÇ. "The Agricultural Credit System in the Ottoman Empire between 1863 and 1888." Rural History 28, no. 2 (2017): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793317000139.
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AbstractAgricultural credit organisations are paramount to every country because agriculture must operate under threats of risk and uncertainty. When small-scale family farms are dominant, all types of agricultural organisations become important to keep farmers’ incomes at a reasonable level and encourage agricultural development. Midhat Pasha understood the importance of agricultural organisations, and he created a well-designed system for agricultural credit. He is the founder of Homeland Coffers that distribute credits to farmers. The original side of these credit organisations was capital accumulation and the methods of using it. Capital for these Coffers were provided by the joint actions of credit users. Midhat Pasha connected two cooperatives while the production cooperative provided capital for Homeland Coffers, they operated as a credit cooperative for twenty-five years in the Ottoman Empire. This credit organisation helped development of agriculture and provided many social benefits to the rural area.
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Zhu, Qianyu, Cheryl J. Wachenheim, Zhiyao Ma, and Cong Zhu. "Supply chain re-engineering: a case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2016.0095.
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Benefits of cooperative organization in agriculture come from price advantages in procurement and marketing, cost reductions and efficiency gains from sharing of productive assets and processes, and improved access to and increased efficiency in using credit, logistics, and information. Efficacy of strategic activities designed to capture these advantages is investigated empirically in a case study of the Tonghui Agricultural Cooperative in Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region of China. Information from interviews, on-site visits, evaluation of cooperative, member and partner information, and participation in the advising process are used to evaluate the impact of efforts to re-engineer the supply chain for independent farmers through cooperative organization. Specific examples of marketing channel development and operation for Wallace melons and mutton represent implementation of strategic plans. The case also reviews the cooperative’s credit system, designed increase access to and reduced cost of funds for members, use of alternative market venues, and horizontal expansion through tourism.
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Lokesha and Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar. "Impact of factors on the utilization of agricultural credit of banks: an analysis from the borrowers’ perspective." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 1 (2019): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(1).2019.16.
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Agricultural credit is required for the development of agriculture scenario in any economy. Commercial, cooperative and regional rural banks have extended agricultural credit to the farmers in Dakshina Kannada district of India. The effectiveness of agricultural credit system depends on the utilization of credit funds by the borrowers. The present study made an attempt to understand the factors influencing the utilization of agricultural credit of banks in Dakshina Kannada. The study used primary and secondary data. Primary data are gathered from the borrowers of banks operating in Dakshina Kannada district. The study found that there is an impact of demographic, agriculture and agricultural credit factors on the purpose of utilization of agricultural credit in Dakshina Kannada district.
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Łukaszuk, Krzysztof. "Agriculture Loans in Cooperative Banks of the Podlaskie Voivodeship." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no. 4 (2020): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0035.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: Running an agricultural activity requires acquiring funds necessary for its functioning and proper development. The most classic examples of financing agricultural activity include all kinds of bank loans used by farmers for the purchase of agricultural land, construction and modernization of buildings, the purchase of machinery and equipment, as well as the establishment of perennial plantations or the purchase of a herd. The aim of the study is to present the possibilities of financing agricultural activity by cooperative banks in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.Materials and methods: The study used the method of observation and analysis of banking materials. The source of information was the data of cooperative banks, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture and the Central Statistical Office.Results: Over the centuries, cooperative banks have developed techniques, methods and practices in the field of agricultural lending. They have somehow specialized in this area and offer farmers a full range of commercial loans. They have also actively participated in the redistribution of funds under the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. for many years. Currently operating farms have access to many forms of financing (the most developed and available in banks, however, are loans) depending on their financial needs or planned investments.Conclusions: Among many forms of foreign capital in agriculture, it is preferential loans that play a significant role as a stimulus to improve farm activities. Granting loans by cooperative banks is one of the basic tasks in their operations. Bank loans play an important role in changes taking place in agriculture. They generally do not violate the principles of market economy and financing rules, provided that the financial and credit policy takes into account the needs and limitations resulting from the current and forecast economic situation of farms.
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Łukaszuk, Krzysztof. "Agriculture Loans in Cooperative Banks of the Podlaskie Voivodeship." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no. 4 (2020): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0035.
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Summary Subject and purpose of work: Running an agricultural activity requires acquiring funds necessary for its functioning and proper development. The most classic examples of financing agricultural activity include all kinds of bank loans used by farmers for the purchase of agricultural land, construction and modernization of buildings, the purchase of machinery and equipment, as well as the establishment of perennial plantations or the purchase of a herd. The aim of the study is to present the possibilities of financing agricultural activity by cooperative banks in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Materials and methods: The study used the method of observation and analysis of banking materials. The source of information was the data of cooperative banks, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture and the Central Statistical Office. Results: Over the centuries, cooperative banks have developed techniques, methods and practices in the field of agricultural lending. They have somehow specialized in this area and offer farmers a full range of commercial loans. They have also actively participated in the redistribution of funds under the implementation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. for many years. Currently operating farms have access to many forms of financing (the most developed and available in banks, however, are loans) depending on their financial needs or planned investments. Conclusions: Among many forms of foreign capital in agriculture, it is preferential loans that play a significant role as a stimulus to improve farm activities. Granting loans by cooperative banks is one of the basic tasks in their operations. Bank loans play an important role in changes taking place in agriculture. They generally do not violate the principles of market economy and financing rules, provided that the financial and credit policy takes into account the needs and limitations resulting from the current and forecast economic situation of farms.
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Akinsola, Grace Oluwabukunmi, Emmanuel Egbodo Boheje ODUM, and Oluyomi Olumide Oyedapo. "Effects of cuniculture commercialization on household poverty status in south western Nigeria." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 27, no. 1 (2021): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.202127126-42.
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This study evaluated the effect of Cuniculture commercialization on household poverty in Osun State, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics of frequency counts, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Household Commercialization Index (HCI) and Tobit Regression was used to analyze data collected from 120 respondents randomly selected from the register of Rabbit Farmers and Breeders Association of Nigeria (RFABAN) of Ife/Ijesha Agricultural development Project (ADP). The results of the study show that Cuniculture is a male dominated enterprise. The modal age of respondents was 18-60 with 87.5% of respondents educated. Majority of respondents earned between NGN20000 - NGN100000 monthly from Cuniculture. The study found that 16% of respondents were poor and living below the poverty line. The HCI of Cuniculture indicates that 54.2% of production was done mainly for household consumption. Access to credit and unavailability of markets were the major constraints with Household size and access to credit influencing the commercialization of Cuniculture. The study recommends that more people be encouraged to go into Cuniculture to serve as additional income to household; rabbit farmers become more market oriented beyond their present level; they organize themselves into cooperative for access to credits and market creation and that appropriate solutions be sought for the challenges encountered.
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Mohiuddin, Yasmeen. "Credit Worthiness of Poor Women: A Comparison of Some Minimalist Credit Programmes in Asia: A Preliminary Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (1993): 1199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1199-1209.
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The recognition of credit as a powerful instrument for the alleviation of poverty in the developing countries has led to a multitude of programmes on agricultural credit, co-operatives, and integrated rural development in the past few decades. Agricultural or land development banks, commercial banks and cooperatives have sought "small borrowers" in theory but have, on the whole, failed to reach the poor, particularly women. The loan repayment rates in these programmes often have been very low which, together with below-market interest rates imposed by governments, has resulted in the stagnation of most third world credit institutions aimed at "small borrowers". On the other hand, innovative Credit Delivery Systems (CDSs) for the poor or "poverty lending" has been on the increase in many developing countries over the last two or three decades. In stark contrast to the conventional credit programmes, these innovative experiments show. extremely high repayment rates. More importantly, they reveal that the standard stereotypes are wildly inaccurate: that women are more creditworthy than men and the poor more creditworthy than the non-poor. These experiments include the Bedan Kredit Kecamatan (BKK), MBM and YIS programmes in Indonesia, Grameen Bank and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) in Bangladesh, Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) in Pakistan, Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) and Working Women's Forum (WWF) in India, the Kababaihang Barangay of San Miguel, Bulacan (KBB) in the Philippines, Production Credit for Rural Women (pCRW) in Nepal, etc.
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Beg, Masroor Ahmad. "Intra-Saarc Trade: A Dwindling Feature." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 1 (1990): 47–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849004600103.
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Most of the South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan,1 India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka formed a loose association SARC (South Asian Regional Cooperation) in the year 1980. Through various meetings and conferences spread over five years under the banner of SARC, an agreement was signed in December 1985 for the formation of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. SAARC member-countries have chosen some areas of cooperation like, agriculture, rural development, meteorology, telecommunication, scientific and technical cooperation, health and cooperation activities, transport, postal services and sports, arts and culture. The most recent development that has taken place concerns the meeting of Group of Planners on a yearly basis to review the studies made under the aegis of SAARC in the following areas2 (i) Analysis of trade regimes vis-a-vis industrial protection policies of member countries; (ii) Quantification of the benefits of intra-regional trade expansion including transit problems of land-locked countries and mechanism for financing short duration trade imbalances; (iii) Studies to explore the possibilities of joint ventures in agriculture, industry and energy; and (iv) Studies of existing national systems of industrial promotion and regulation including assessment of design and consultancy capabilities and post-harvest technologies. Inspite of these, the subject of cooperation for intra-regional trade expansion still remains outside the SAARC programme. There is little cooperation in the SAARC region in the sphere of trade. Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka (among other Asian countries) are signatories to the Bangkok Agreement under which each member country gives certain preferential treatment to the co-signatories in the field of trade. This Preferential Trade Agreement signed in July 1975, under the auspicies of ESCAP covered multilateral trade cooperation but has made very limited impact on expanding intra-regional trade among the three countries listed above. Apart from this, the SAARC countries are the members of Asian Clearing Union (ACU), set up in 1975, with a limited coverage of membership, transactions and credit facilities in this region. In spite of SAARC countries' participation in two major schemes of multilateral trade cooperation, the region lagged behind the rest of the world in expanding their trade. Over a period of time, the share of intra-regional trade in this region declined in comparison to world trade. The fall in the share of infra-regional trade can also be seen in a relative sense. Thus, the dependence of these countries upon developed countries has increased and foreign trade has failed to act as an engine of growth in this region. The aim of this paper is to examine: (i) Declining export and import growth rates of SAARC countries; (ii) SAARC countries' aggregate exports and imports share in world exports and imports and its burgeoning trade balances', and (iii) Intra-regional exports and imports share of SAARC countries and SAARC share in its total exports and imports to the rest of the world.
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Upadhyay, Namdev, Samaya Gairhe, Yogendra Acharya, Yuga Nath Ghimire, Krishna Prasad Timsina, and Ashok Acharya. "Credit’s use performance and its determinants on farm household: A case of Chitwan district of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (2020): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32493.
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Credit has been considered to play a pivotal role in the agricultural development of Nepal. A large number of institutions are involved in the disbursement of credit to agriculture. In this backdrop, the present study has examined the performance of agricultural credit and has identified the determinants of increased use of credit at the farm household level in Nepal. The study was based on survey data consisting of 107 samples collected randomly from the Chitwan district. The study has revealed that the quantum of credit availed by the farming households is affected by several socio-demographic factors which include caste, economically active population, food sufficiency, and membership in an organization. The research revealed that if the household is Brahmin/ Chettri, the probability of borrowing loans decreased by 32% as compared to other castes. Similarly, if the household’s economically active population increased by one unit, the probability of taking a loan increased by 16%. The results also show that, if household food sufficiency increased by one month the probability of taking loans decreased by 4 % but if the household head is a member of an organization, the probability of taking a loan increased by 28%. The congenial environment to increase the involvement of the household head to an organization like cooperative and farmers group, increasing the food self-sufficiency through productivity enhancement program and creating awareness on credit utilization helps to increase credit use performance in Agriculture.
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Gorbanyuk, V. O. "The cooperative movement in rural areas should be a priority in reforming of agriculture (opportunities, realities and economic efficiency of its approval)." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 86 (2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8605.
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The history of rural cooperatives in Ukraine is quite deep. It includes both national characteristics and certain global trends. Today in Ukraine the cooperative movement in the agro-industrial complex is primarily connected with the implementation of a comprehensive, agrarian, incl. land reform. The legal and normative mechanisms of socio-economic relations in the village are regulated by the Tax Code of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Commercial Code of Ukraine, the Land Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Farmers», the Law of Ukraine «On Personal Peasant Economy», the Law of Ukraine «On State Support to Agriculture», the Law of Ukraine «On State Registration of Legal Entities, Individuals-Enterprises and Public Formations», the Law of Ukraine «On Agricultural Advisory Activities», the Law of Ukraine «On Cooperation», the Law of Ukraine «On Agricultural Cooperation». These legislative acts determine that an agricultural cooperative is an important form of management, an integral part of a multi-faceted economy in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. However, it should be noted that at present the potential of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine remains poorly implemented, in particular, the establishment of multi-functional cooperatives, which in turn can form higher-level associations by sector or territory, act as founders of different types of enterprises, have their own competitive representations in the regions of Ukraine and abroad. Today should be answered rather effective is the prospect of introducing an integrated multi-profit agricultural service cooperatives built on profitable pricing under conditions of self-sufficient local communities combined with the experience and practices of the developed countries of Europe and the world. Does farmers need a real serving non-profit agricultural cooperative. The answer to this should be given by the conducted research, and the analysis of the existing experience. The history of Ukraine, including Galicia, had a positive experience in the functioning of rural cooperation. And in the world the particular importance are agricultural cooperatives which unite the efforts of rural producers in solving not only economic and social problems in the rural areas.
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Akimbekova, Galiya, Elena Horská, and Gulnur Yegizbayeva. "Evaluation of the Development pf Various Forms of Agriculture Cooperation in the Republic of Kazakhstan." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2017-0007.
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Abstract The article analyzes the current situation in the agricultural complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the necessity of combining small farms in the cooperative structure, evaluation of existing forms of cooperatives in agriculture are substantiated (production cooperatives, rural consumer cooperatives, rural consumer cooperatives of water users), a map of their location in the context of regions of the country is shown, problems hindering their development are revealed, particularly the formation and development trends of each of them, the economic indicators of production of products are given, together with their organizational structure, etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the production conditions, rural consumers and rural consumer cooperatives of water users, problems hindering their development are revealed, the positive and negative trends in the development of various forms of agricultural cooperation are assessed, and proposals has been substantiated in order to improve the regulatory framework, mechanisms of state support, credit and financial mechanisms, etc.
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Bogomolova, I. P., A. V. Kotarev, and I. N. Vasilenko. "Trends and prospects for the development of the livestock industry of the meat and food subcomplex in terms of resource saving and public administration." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 2 (2019): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-2-301-311.
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The livestock industry is an important structural element of the effective functioning of the meat subcomplex and the whole agroindustrial complex as a whole. In this sphere of management, about half of the gross agricultural output is produced (in 2017 – 48.7%). Held reform, transformation of agricultural sector in the 90-ies of XX century had a significant impact on the course and direction of this industry segment (violation of the integrity and structure of the gap and the loss of intra - and inter-industry linkages, illegal privatization, as a consequence, the recession and the bankruptcy of many companies). This situation has been stabilized and the industry has acquired a positive trend of development recently (6–7 years) after the adoption and implementation of targeted programs in the field of agriculture and food market. At the moment, modern domestic animal husbandry is developing at a fairly steady pace, but there are also systemic problems: price disparity; low resource efficiency; high depreciation of production assets and means of circulation; shortage of free cash and low availability for large credit loans; lack of highly qualified specialists; lack of implementation of mechanization and automation systems; feed supply problems. It is worth noting that this range of problems is not widespread, but they occur in many livestock farms. All this requires modern production management and public administration to take effective measures to modernize industrial enterprises. In this context, the state should create optimal conditions for fruitful interaction between investors and potential customers, act as a moderator, guarantor and insurer of the fulfillment of all obligations and agreements. It is also required to subsidize the reimbursement of costs for technical and technological re-equipment of the industry from the Federal (20–35%) and regional (20-25%) budgets; to create effective sales channels; to support projects in the field of breeding and breeding work; to continue to pay subsidies to compensate for part of the cost of increasing the number of livestock; to justify a clear action plan aimed at implementing projects in the field of modernization and reconstruction of the sectoral sphere of meat livestock for the period up to 2025; to develop a system of measures and to intensify the process of creating livestock industry associations in the regions on the basis of integration and cooperation approaches.
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Giagnocavo, Cynthia. "The Development of the Cooperative Movement and Civil Society in Almeria, Spain: Something from Nothing?" Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239820.
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Cooperatives fulfilled a broad and central role not only in the economic development, but also in the creation of civil society, in a population decimated and fragmented by the politics and culture of the Franco dictatorship. The province of Almeria, Spain, is an example of smallholding rapid development due to the expansion of intensive greenhouse horticulture. It was the poorest Spanish province per capita in 1955, semi-arid, drought-ridden, and devoid of significant infrastructure. Its undereducated population held little promise for economic growth and a massive migration out of the province left it depopulated. Subsequent economic and social development of Almeria was closely tied to the establishment of both credit and agricultural cooperatives, which supported a new greenhouse agriculture for small plot family farmers organized around cooperatives. This paper focuses on how cooperatives were fundamental in constructing civil society for the benefit of poor rural people, even in the presence of significant negative social capital and undemocratic institutions during the Franco dictatorship. As the sector has modernized and matured, cooperatives have led the sustainable transformation of the business ecosystem. However, current shortcomings in the Almeria cooperative movement and civil society and challenges yet to be met are also raised.
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Admiral, Febri, Zainul Daulay, and Ulfanora Ulfanora. "Transition of Rights on Land of Palm Oil Plasma Plantation through Buying Under Hands in Cooperative Bima I Nagari Abai." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 10 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i10.893.
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The development of the oil palm plantation industry in Indonesia in the last two decades is growing very rapidly. This plantation industry is of course very dependent on the availability of land that will be used to grow oil palm both from land controlled by the State and communal land and community agricultural land. With the need for land that is very much, of course the government must make the necessary regulations and also have to ascertain whether the regulations that have been made have been carried out by the business actors and whether the surrounding communities benefit from the existence of the oil palm plantation industry.Koperasi BIMA I Nagari Abai, which in this paper is the object of research, is one of the realization of the oil palm plantation industry that obtained land from the Nagari Abai community and partnered with the community to give their land in a cooperative forum. Complete legal relationship with all rights and obligations that are formed because the partnership program comes from the existence of a partnership agreement between PT. Binapratama Sakatojaya as adoptive father and cooperative of BIMA I Nagari Abai as adopted son and PT. Bank Mandiri, Tbk. as a credit provider for the construction of the Koperasi BIMA I plasma plantation.In the implementation of the partnership several problems were discovered that must be resolved immediately. Some of these problems are: legal relations that occur between PT. BPSJ with Bank Mandiri and Koperasi BIMA I related to the details of the debt and financing of the Koperasi BIMA I plasma plantation; in addition, there is also a large number of under-hand transfers of plasma plantations that are not in accordance with the rules of land law and the Articles of Association of Koperasi BIMA I Nagari Abai.
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McD. Herr, William. "Smith, Homer G. A Challenge to U.S. Agriculture: Building the Cooperative Production Credit System . Denver CO: Graphic Impressions, 1987, lxxiii + 314 pp., $@@‐@@23.95." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 4 (1988): 977–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1241963.
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Umar, Haruna S., and Emmanuel Peter. "Level of Savings among Maize Farmers in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, no. 1 (2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.3s.
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The study examined level of savings among maize farmers in Doma Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 80 respondents in the study area. Primary data were collected using well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression. The results show that half of the respondents (50.0%) were within the age bracket of 21 - 40 years with a mean age of 42 years. Majority (83.8%) of the respondents were married. About 26.2% of the respondents had between 11 and 15 years of farming experience. More than half (56.2%) of the respondents belong to one cooperative association or another. Most of the respondents (81.2%) had access to extension contact with 46.3% of the respondents operating savings accounts with commercial banks. Household size (0.819**), farming experience (-0.589**), membership of association (-5.635**) and revenue from maize farming (0.00028**) were significant at 5% and constitute major determinants of savings in the study area. It is recommended that efforts should be made to increase earnings from maize farming through improved productivity by appropriate extension service. Also, savings with the financial institutions by the maize farmers should be encouraged through whittling down of administrative bottlenecks and, through extension of collateral-free credit facilities to them.
 Keywords: Savings, maize farmers, commercial banks
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Poperechnyi, S., and O. Tarnavska. "Problems of state regulation of agriculture of Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 93 (2019): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9309.
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The problems of state support of agriculture of Ukraine are analyzed. Scientific publications are dominated by criticism of existing support systems without conventional approaches to improving it. Even the interpretation of the concept of “state support” is debatable. The development of state support programs is complicated by the unformed market environment, the high level of monopolization of the agricultural procurement sector, and the difficulty of bringing small producers to target market segments. It is concluded that because of this, the possibility of creating private farms without their registration as legal entities is not realized. There has been a tendency for the emergence and accelerated development of particularly large farms focused on production for the export of raw materials while aggravating the social problems of the village. Only by government support will the negative trends in cattle reductions be offset. It is proposed to increase the effectiveness of state support programs by creating self-regulatory vertical marketing systems, in which the interests of all participants of these systems, ensuring their sustainable development, will be coordinated without direct state administrative intervention. Organizationally, it is easiest to create vertical marketing systems based on the initiative of existing processing plants, for which this is a way of procuring the required amount of raw materials with specified characteristics. Such raw materials can produce competitive products both domestically and internationally. Public financial support for such systems will ensure that their processes of origin and development are intensified. The organization's discussion on the cooperative principles of small processing is critically evaluated. It is shown that the main advantage of organizing such processing is to overcome market monopolization, to ensure without price interference stabilization of prices and their formation at a level acceptable to all members of the cooperative association. The risk of expected price uncertainty is reduced and bank loans may be attracted accordingly. Business plans for the development of individual enterprises and industries can be developed based on the expected price. The development of state targeted programs for agricultural development is simplified. Direction of state targeted programs of agricultural development and achievement of strategic goals, orientation to the data of the purpose of individual economic entities implies constant research and forecasting of market trends. Even large agricultural enterprises or business associations cannot carry out such research on their own. They provide for taking into account the expected values of macroeconomic indicators, and taking into account the international integration of Ukraine and the situation of the international market. Such research by state institutions, dissemination of information on the results of research, bringing information to all participants of the agrarian market is more important state support than direct state financial support.
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BONDARUK, Т., and М. LUKASHUK. "Peculiarities and Prospects of Bank Lending to the Agriculture at the Current Phase of Economic Development in Ukraine." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, no. 3 (December 22, 2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.3-2020.09.
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It is demonstrated that the domestic agricultural sector continues to be underfunded in spite of special lending programs for agricultural producers implemented by banks and stimuli provided by international financial organizations to agricultural producers to make them introduce energy saving measures. The research objective is to review the current situation with bank lending of the agricultural sector in Ukraine and determine its main problems and prospects. The following research methods were used: induction, deduction, system approach, statistical analysis, logical generalization, graphical method. 
 It is shown that the bank lending in Ukraine is operating now under the pressures of the financial globalization processes and in the post-crisis condition of the bank sector, high risks and information asymmetry characterized by lack of complete and reliable information about the factors underlying business operation in various economic sectors, required for the assessment of the borrowers’ creditworthiness, and by inefficient financial and credit instruments. 
 A review of global practices shows that in most part of foreign countries governments support lending to agricultural producers through budget preferences or limitations imposed on the banks that can lend agricultural producers, with laying down a requirement that the loans provided to the agricultural sector must be the cheapest ones. Lending of agricultural producers in European countries is most often carried out by cooperative banks, with mortgage of lands being the main form of long-term lending. Considering the European practice, creating a specialized agrarian bank or applying economic stimuli to banks engaged in lending of the agricultural sector may be a solution of lending problems in Ukraine.
 The study of specific features of bank lending to the agricultural sector at the current phase of economic development in Ukraine confirms the need for further with scientific justifications of the government support to lending processes in the agricultural sector.
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Kryshanivsky, Y. I., and R. B. Puyda. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL-EDUCATIONAL LIFE OF THE POBEREZHIA VILLAGE IN 1919-1939." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Idea, no. 6(50) (December 28, 2018): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7410-2018-6(50)-65-76.
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The article deals with the problems of the Poberezhia village inhabitants’ cultural, educational and socioeconomic life as the typical countryside settlement of the Eastern Galicia of the interwar period (1919–1939). The social conditions of the local population residence were highlighted. They depended directly on the size of the land allotment. It was found that the agriculture and small industries related to the processing of agricultural raw materials and natural materials were the main vectors of economic activity in the Poberezhia village. The effectiveness of this activity consisted in the qualitative peasants’ self-organization for the cooperative movement. The situation of education in the village and the struggle of Poberezhia inhabitants for the Ukrainian language of education and a national-cultural consciousness preservation, where the important place was given to such public associations as «Ridna Shkola», «Prosvita», «Luh» and «Sokil», were analyzed. It was investigated that the local military-patriotic organization «Polski Związek Strzelecki» was provided by Poberezhia Polish community.
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Siyaya, Bongani J. Joconia, and Micah Bheki Masuku. "Factors Affecting Commercialisation of Indigenous Chickens in Swaziland." Journal of Agricultural Studies 1, no. 2 (2013): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v1i2.4016.
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About 90% of rural households in Swaziland keep indigenous chickens and the government of Swaziland, through the Ministry of Agriculture, implemented a commercialisation programme for indigenous chickens between 2008 and 2009 as a move towards ensuring food security and income generation. The purpose of the study was to conduct an analysis of the factors affecting the commercialising indigenous chickens in Swaziland. Specifically the study sought to; estimate sales rate, identify factors affecting sales rate and further identify constraints to commercialisation of indigenous chickens. The study used a descriptive quantitative design. Using a stratified random sample 147 indigenous poultry farmers were sampled from a population 729 farmers who trained on commercialisation of indigenous chickens in the four regions of Swaziland. Data were collected by the use of personal interviews with the aid of a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as means, mode and frequencies were used to estimate sales rate and analyse constraints to commercialisation, whilst a Tobit regression analysis was used to analyse factors affecting commercialisation of indigenous chickens. The results indicated a Pseudo–R2 of 0.88 implying that 88% of the variation in the model was due to the explanatory variables. Prices of alternative products, quantity of chickens sold, quantity of chickens consumed significantly (p< 0.01) affected sales rate. Supplementary feed also significantly (p< 0.10) affected the rate to commercialise. The results further indicate that farmers were constrained by: high disease outbreak; lack of fencing and housing; high feed costs; lack of markets; low productivity; lack of credit access; poor growth and maturity and low market prices. It is recommended that farmers organize themselves into cooperatives or associations to take advantage of discounts when purchasing feed.
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Rianse, Ilma Sarimutaqiyma, Slamet Hartono, and Any Suryantini. "HUBUNGAN KINERJA DAN MANFAAT KOPERASI PERTANIAN DI KABUPATEN KOLAKA." Agro Ekonomi 24, no. 1 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.17698.
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This research aimed at investigating : (1) the analysis of cooperation based on agricultural criterion in Kolaka District based on cooperation performance analysis based on agricultural criterion in Kolaka District according to cooperative development orientation and cooperation classification orientation; (2) the cooperation performance based on farmer’s perception and cooperation apparatus; (3) find out the benefit found by the farmer as the member; (4) the analysis of correlation between performance and benefit obtained by farmer as cooperation member. This research applied analytical method. The data used consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data in this research is taken from questioner answer returned by cooperation apparatus respondent and stakeholders who asses the performance and benefit from 10 Agriculture Cooperation of Kolaka District. Secondary data obtained were as: (a) the data of financial report or the balance 10 Agriculture Cooperation in Kolaka District year 2006-2010, (b) the data of profit and loss data 10 Agriculture Cooperation in Kolaka District year 2006-2010. The research finding shown that based on Cooperation Cllasification Orientation, the Agriculture Cooperation in Kolaka District in average was 61.58 in 2007 and included quite good category. In 2008, the average of the cooperation performance was 62.05 and included in quite good category. In 2009 the average of cooperation performance was 62.38 and included in quite good category. In 2010 the average of cooperation performance was 61.28 and include in quite good category. Then, majority of cooperation apparatus and stakeholders asses that agriculture cooperation in Kolaka District include in quite good criteria that is 48.75%. furthermore, majority of respondents asses that agriculture cooperation in Kolaka District is beneficial, that is 65%. Based on SEM analysis, the correlation of agriculture cooperation performance positively correlates with the finding benefit by farmers. The correlation of coefficient value of 0.85 has statistical value 14.40. the correlation of standardization value of 0.85 shows the performance and beneficial agriculture cooperation which brings the real correlation. Sequentially, the performance components give the biggest to smallest con tribution that is, caring towards the community is 0.86. the component of voluntary and opened membership is 0.80. the controlling by member democratically is 0.79. the economically participant of the member is 0.71. the education and training give contribution to 0.25. then to components of cooperation benefit sequentially give the biggest to smallest contribution that is marketing economy benefit is 0.96. credit benefit is 0.88. economical benefit of farmer necessity is 0.86. the contribution to social benefit is 0.48.
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Wang, Hongyu, Xiaolei Wang, Apurbo Sarkar, and Fuhong Zhang. "How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (2021): 7571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147571.
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Ever-increasing global environmental issues, land degradation, and groundwater contamination may significantly impact the agricultural sector of any country. The situation worsens while the global agricultural sectors are going through the unsustainable intensification of agricultural production powered by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This trend leads the sector to exercise environmentally friendly technology (EFT). Capital endowment and ecological cognition may significantly impact fostering farmers’ adoption of environmentally friendly technology. The government also tends to change the existing policies to cope with ever-increasing challenges like pollution control, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting agricultural sectors substantially by employing ecological compensation policy. The study’s main objective is to explore the impacts of farmer’s ecological compensation, capital endowment, and ecological cognition for the adoption of EFT. The empirical setup of the study quantifies with survey data of 471 apple farmers from nine counties of Shandong province. The study used Heckman’s two-stage model to craft the findings. The results showed that 52.02% of fruit farmers adopted two environmentally friendly technologies, and 23.99% of fruit farmers adopted three forms of environmentally friendly technologies. At the same time, we have traced that the capital endowment, planting scale, family income, and technical specialization of fruit farmers significantly impact adopting EFT. The study also revealed that understanding ecological compensation policy has a significant positive effect on adopting environmentally friendly technology. Seemingly, ecological compensation policy has a specific regulatory effect on fruit farmers’ capital endowment and ecological cognition. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the demonstration facilities, training, and frequently arrange awareness-building campaigns regarding rural non-point source pollution hazards and improve the cognition level of farmers. The agriculture extension department should strengthen the agricultural value chain facilities to make farmers fully realize the importance of EFT. Government should promote and extend the supports for availing new and innovative EFT at a reasonable price. Moreover, cooperative, financial, and credit organizations need to lead for the smooth transition of EFT. The agricultural cooperatives and formal risk-taking networks should act responsibly for shaping the behavioral factors of farmers.
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Enete, Anselm Anibueze, Joy N. Obi, Nicholas Ozor, and Chinedu Lilian Mba. "Socioeconomic assessment of flooding among farm households in Anambra state, Nigeria." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 8, no. 1 (2016): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2014-0084.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the extent of agricultural losses incurred by the farm households due to flood; to assess the farm households gender-based vulnerability to flood; to identify the coping strategies used by them; and to estimate factors that drive the choice of these coping strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Using both purposive and simple random sampling techniques, the paper selected 120 farm households from the flood prone areas of the state, using the list of the State Agricultural Development Project (ADP) contact farmers as a sampling frame. Data for the paper were collected using a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaire. The information collected included the extent of agricultural losses incurred by the farm households, farm household’s level of asset base, flood coping strategies adopted by the farmers and so on. The data were collected in August 2013. Findings – More than 70 per cent of the farmers’ farmlands were affected by flood, resulting in more than 80 per cent of their staple crops (cassava, rice, yam, maize and vegetables) and livestock (sheep/goat and chicken) being lost. Women were generally more vulnerable than men to the effect of flood. Selling of assets, borrowing of loans to diversify the means of livelihood, short-term migration, support from social network, compensation of losses from National and/or State Emergency Management Agencies, planting of agro-forestry trees, change of date of planting, land terracing, construction of drainages, cover cropping and making of ridges across slop constituted the flood coping strategies of the farmers. On the factors influencing the choice of these coping strategies, the level of education of the household head, frequency of extension visits in a year and tenure security status were positively and significantly related with land and crop management strategies, such as planting of agro-forestry trees, planting of cover crops and construction of drainages across farmland. Age, access to credit, farm size and membership of cooperative societies had negative relationships with selling of assets and short-term migration. In addition, membership of cooperative societies and flood experience were positively and significantly related with institutional measures, such as support from social network and National and State Emergency Management Agencies. These observations underscore the need for training, cooperatives and enhanced farm capacity (credit and farm size) in coping with flood by the farmers. It is recommended that governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should assist the farmers in these regards. Originality/value – Climate change induced flooding has become a developmental issue across the world. As countries continue to be hit by massive flooding, food production also continues to be hit adversely. Nigeria has joined this league because of the rampage flooding across the country in recent times. Anambra State is down stream of both rivers Niger and Benue and, hence, one of the states vulnerable to flooding in Nigeria. Available literature suggests that greater efforts have been made to quantify the economic implications of flooding on agriculture and the concomitant coping strategies in developed than in developing countries. This paper, therefore, assesses the extent of losses suffered by farm households, their level of vulnerability and flood coping strategies.
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Makushev, Andrey E. "Government Policy and Corporate Interests: Search for the Development of Agricultural Engineering in Russia in the Late XIX – early XX centuries." Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 19, no. 3 (2019): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.047.019.201903.249-262.
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Introduction. Against the backdrop of increased government participation in the economic development of the country, support for agricultural engineering was seen as one of the tools for transformation in the agricultural sector, as well as a way to increase public welfare. In addition, the government was interested in the growth of agricultural production and exports, which became one of the most important sources of foreign exchange funds. This article will attempt to explore the position of the state and the forms of its participation in the development of agricultural engineering in Russia. Special attention will be paid to the process of folding the corporate organization of manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements, against the backdrop of the strengthening of monopolistic trends in the Russian economy in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and system approach. The need to process quantitative data necessitated the use of a statistical method. The use of modernization theory made it possible to include the development processes of the production of agricultural machinery and implements in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on a study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature, the main development problems were identified, and the evolution of government policy in the field of agricultural engineering in the late XIX – early XX centuries was examined. Against the backdrop of increased government participation, the processes of capital self-organization are shown, the forms and results of interaction between government structures and corporate-monopoly organizations in the development of this industry are studied. Discussion and Conclusion. At the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, state participation in the development of the industry took place in two directions. Firstly, the customs regulation of imports of agricultural machinery, which was protectionist in nature. Secondly, direct support to manufacturers of machinery and complex technical devices for agriculture (bonuses and soft loans to owners of specialized enterprises, assistance in the transportation and marketing of products, etc.). In parallel, there was a consolidation of domestic manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements in order to exchange experience, jointly solve the most pressing problems and lobby their interests in government circles. Since 1907, congresses of Russian manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements began to be regularly held. In fact, this corporate organization has transformed into a monopolistic type of association. The study showed that the interaction of government structures and corporate-monopoly associations of manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements, despite some differences, was generally cooperative in nature and had a very positive effect on the development of the industry.
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Yusuf, W. A., R. O. Agbontafara, and S. A. Yusuf. "Effects of credit rationing on the returns of poultry farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i3.445.
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In Nigeria, agricultural credit has long been identified as a major input in the development of the agricultural sector. Thus, the study was carried out in order to examine the effects of credit rationing on the returns of poultry farmers in Ogun state, Nigeria. In the study, primary data obtained from 120 farmers through the use of questionnaires were used. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logit model and gross margin analysis. The result revealed that 59.22% of the sampled farmers obtained their capital from personal savings while 18.45% and 14.56% of them sourced theirs from cooperative organisations and banks, respectively. The study also affirmed that many of the farmers who source for credit outside their personal savings preferred getting credit from cooperative associations/savings associations because the source was less collateral-demanding, charges relatively lower interest rates, required bearable procedures and conditions for borrowing credit. The multinomial logit analysis showed that interest rate was significant at 5%level under cooperative/savings association sources. This implied that interest rate was a determining factor for sourcing credit from cooperative associations. The regression result also showed that interest rate on credit and distance of the farm households from credit source, contributed negatively, while gender and collateral contributed positively to the returns of poultry farmers. The result of the gross margin analysis showed that the total variable cost incurred by the farmers increased as the amount of credit/loan received increased. Hence, the informal finance providers were the backbone of small scale farmers. It is therefore recommended that the bureaucratic procedures for obtaining credit, from formal sources, should bemade flexible enough to accommodate small scale farmers.
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Owoeye, Rufus, and S. O. W. Toluwase. "Assessment of the Effect of Bank of Agriculture Loan on Female Farmers’ Agricultural Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 2, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.1.10.
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The study assessed the effect of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) loan on female farmers’ production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents in the study area through interview schedule. A multi-staged sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select two (2) out of the three (3) Local Government Areas (LGAs) which BOA branches are established in Ekiti State i.e. Ado Ekiti and Ijero Ekiti. Then, 45 respondents were selected and interviewed, using convenience sampling in each of the LGA selected. In total, sample size of 90 respondents were interviewed for this study. Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis, i.e. mean, percentage, frequency, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. The result showed that the average age of the respondents was approximately 40 years and majority of the respondents (48.9 percent) had 7-12years of education. Also, 88.9 percent of the respondents had heard about BOA and 32.2 percent had received ₦50,000 or less. Results further showed that 77.8 percent of the respondents experienced increase in production capacity while 58.9 percent of the total respondents experienced better standard of living. Result from Probit regression model showed that ownership of land, awareness of BOA, and past and current credit use had statistically significant effect on loan accessibility. It further showed that marital status, ownership of land, awareness, past and current credit use and collateral had positive effect on loan accessibility. Contrarily, age, educational level, income, membership of association were inversely correlated with loan accessibility. About 69 percent of the respondents were faced with the challenges of need for guarantor, 61.1 percent of the respondents faced with the problem of bureaucracy i.e. unnecessary delay in provision of the loan, while 46.7 percent had challenges due to the location of BOA branches. It is therefore recommended that government should include access to credit in any agricultural development programs in Nigeria, and provide funds to BOA so as to reduce bureaucracy in loan disbursement. Also, Women farmers should be encouraged and educated by extension workers to belong to cooperative associations so as to enjoy benefits emanating from being members of agricultural association
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Kholodova, M. A. "The model of formation of agricultural cooperation system in Russia on the principles of project management." Scientific Journal of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31774/2222-1816-2021-11-1-240-257.
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Purpose: to develop and substantiate a model for the formation of agricultural cooperation system in Russia on the principles of project management. Materials and methods: the methodological research tools are based on general scientific and specific methods, including comparative economic analysis. The results of the development and substantiation of a model of the agricultural cooperation system formation on the principles of project management are based on the best domestic practice of the regions – leaders in this direction. The object of the study was the sector of agricultural cooperation of Lipetsk and Rostov regions, as well as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The developed model is based on a rigidly built vertical of administrative resources at all levels of management: “settlement – district – region”. Results. The development of the small-scale sector of the economy of the EU countries and Russia is examined. Particular attention is paid to the domestic practice of agricultural cooperation to involve households in commercial agricultural production. It is substantiated that the development of agricultural cooperation is a priority direction of the state agrarian policy. Conclusions. It has been proved that the development of cooperation on the principles of project management not only ensures control and coordination of all levels of the system through the provision of grants and tax incentives, but also creates the infrastructure for the sale of cooperative products. The developed model includes an organizational and economic mechanism for the distribution of budgetary funds on the basis of project management, which will contribute to the development of a technological platform that makes it possible to link the areas of interaction not only of agricultural producers and public authorities at all levels, but also of credit and financial organizations, universities, scientific institutions, sectoral unions and associations, transforming the productive-economic relations of business entities with each other that have developed in the market.
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MUTLU, HASAN. "TARIM KREDİ KOOPERATİFLERİNİN SERMAYE BİRİKİMİNE ETKİLERİ (ATATÜRK DÖNEMİ 1935-1938)." 3. SEKTÖR SOSYAL EKONOMİ DERGİSİ, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.17.12.820.
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Monika. "A LOAN PORTFOLIO EVALUATION OF DISTRICT CENTRAL COOPERATIVE BANKS: A CASE STUDY OF UTTAR PRADESH." EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review, July 18, 2020, 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra3217.
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Indian Cooperative Banks are the world largest credit institution which serve the credit need of more than 120 million farmers(Rangarajan,1972). These cooperative banks are established to serve for the welfare of rural people and not for the profit maximization. Indian cooperative credit These banks provide credit under various areas such as, agriculture, lives stock, milk, self-employment, setting up small-scale units, personal finance etc. Indian Agricultural Cooperative credit institution are broadly categories in to two types, short term and long term agricultural credit institution. The short term agricultural credit institution have three tire federal structure, at the apex level: State Cooperative Banks, District Central Cooperative Banks at district level and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, at root level. The District Central Cooperatives Banks(DCCBs) act as intermediary, it provide short and medium term loan to the rural sector. There are total 364 DCCBs operating in country (RBI report, 2017-18), out of which 50 DCCBs operating in Uttar Pradesh (NAFSCOB, 2017-18). The present study evaluate the agricultural and non-agricultural loan distribute by DCCBs of UP for the period of 2013-14 to 2016-17. For the purpose of the study, District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) of UP were divided into 18 zone as per their administrative classification. The study revealed that there is volatility among the zone and some zone performed well in development of rural areas. KEYWORDS: Cooperative Banks, rural people, agriculture, lives stock, milk, self-employment
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Goswami, Damini, and Mayank Jindal. "Awareness of Farmers about the Primary Agriculture Credit Societies (With Special Reference of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.3.33.
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Primary Agriculture Credit Society is a basic unit and smallest cooperative credit institution in India. It works on the grass-root level (gram panchayat and village level). Primary Agriculture Credit Society is formed at the village or town level. It is the old cooperative credit system of India. Primary Agriculture Credit Society was designed to be a village-level credit society into which the farmers brought in share capital, deposits, and provide loans to each other. This study aims to assess the Awareness of Farmers about the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies with Special Reference to Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. 58% of farmers know about primary agriculture credit societies and this study will useful for the rural areas policymakers and this study will also useful for many other stakeholders.
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C, Manjuprasad, and S. Mahendrakumar. "PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT COOPERATIVES IN KARNATAKA." GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS, November 15, 2019, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/gjra/6106697.
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Agricultural credit is one of the most essential inputs in all agricultural development programmes. The source of agriculture nance can be divided into two categories such as: Institutional nance and noninstitutional nance. Particularly the primary Agricultural cooperative credit societies plays very important role in agricultural development it is considered to be the pillars of the entire cooperative edice. The Primary Agricultural Co-operative Credit societies continue to be the main source of agricultural credit to the farmers in rural areas. This paper is carried out with a broad objective to examine the performance of primary agricultural credit co-operative societies in Karnataka for the year from 2005-06 to 2016-17 and the data analysis is carried out by the exponential growth model which has used to test the average annual growth of PACS.
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Olanrewaju, Opeyemi, Romanus Osabohien, and James Fasakin. "The Anchor Borrowers Programme and youth rice farmers in Northern Nigeria." Agricultural Finance Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2020-0039.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme (APB) on youth rice farmers’ productivity (yield/ha).Design/methodology/approachUsing cross-sectional data from youth rice farmers in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria, probit regression was used to examine the determinants of participation in ABP amongst the youth rice farmers. In addition, the instrumental variable (IV) regression approach that could mitigate selection bias due to unobservable factors resulting from the cross-sectional nature of the data was also used to determine the impact of the ABP on rice productivity of youth farmers.FindingsFindings from the study indicated that marital status, education, access to credit and membership of cooperative association were the significant determinants of participation in the ABP amongst the youth rice farmers.Practical implicationsThe implication of the result is that participation in the ABP leads to an increase in yield by about 42.46%, which shows the effectiveness of the ABP in the study area.Originality/valueThis study provides a rigorous econometric analysis of the determinants of ABP and its impact on rice productivity amongst youth farmers in Northern Nigeria. Thus, the study recommends improvement in credit accessibility, participation in the cooperative association and more education of the farmers to sustain the inputs distribution aim of the ABP.
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Omeje, Ambrose Nnaemeka, Augustine Jideofor Mba, Michael Okike Ugwu, Joseph Amuka, and Perpetual Ngozi Agamah. "Examining the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector: evidence from small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria." Agricultural Finance Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2020-0074.
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PurposeThe study examined the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector, using small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria, as evidence.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized survey data generated from 425 questionnaires administered to small-scale farmers in both rural and urban locations in Enugu State. The study applied the adequacy gap, timeliness gap and penetration gap indices to measure the penetration of financial inclusion among the small-scale farmers in Enugu State.FindingsIt was found that different lending agencies, except for some cooperative societies, were unable to meet the credit needs of small-scale farmers in Enugu State as shown by the adequacy gap index. The timeliness gap index revealed the existence of time gap in the credit receipt of small-scale farmers given that agriculture is rain-fed in Enugu. The penetration gap index indicated that there is gap in the penetration of agricultural credit grants to small-scale farmers in Enugu State, showing a shallow penetration of financial inclusion in agricultural sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited in scope as a result of data and the desire to study small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe study recommended among others that government should encourage cooperatives more to meet credit needs of farmers in order to raise the level of financial inclusion penetration.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the only study that examines the penetration of financial inclusion among small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. This study contributes to the growing literature on financial inclusion in the agricultural sector as there is dearth of literature in this study area.
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Desta, Zemeda, Lemma Zemedu, and Bosena Tegegne. "Sheep and Goat Value Chain Analysis in Tahtay Adyabo District, Tigray, Ethiopia." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, July 25, 2019, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2019/v11i330059.
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This study was aimed at evaluating the value chain of the small ruminant in Tahtay Adyabo District of Tigray Region. The data were collected from 138 sample households, 26 traders, 5 butchers, 7 hotels/restaurants and 11 consumers interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire and from key informant interview. The value chain analysis revealed that the major actors in the district being input suppliers, small ruminant producers, farmers, collectors, small traders, large traders, hotels/restaurants, butchers and consumers. Office of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dedebit Credit and Saving Institution, NGO (Save the Children) and Shire-Maitsebri Agricultural Research Center are main supporting institutions. Nine main alternative channels were identified for goat and sheep marketing. Small ruminant market participant of sample respondents were supplied 137.28 TLU of goats and 107.25 TLU of sheep to the market. In the study area, the governance of the sheep and goat value chain is buyer driven, and there are no producers and buyers cooperatives. Therefore effort should be made to establish farmers’ cooperative and collective action of farmers to lower transaction costs to access inputs.
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Belyaeva, Lyudmila, and Diana Khemlina. "AGRICULTURAL FARMS OPERATIONS IN PRESENT BUSINESS CONDITIONS." Economic scope, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2224-6282/159-33.
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The role of farms is too important today in today’s agricultural sector; therefore it is necessary to pay attention to those problems which today have this sector both in Ukraine and around the world space. In Ukraine, the development of farms is significantly influenced by several factors: the imperfection of the legal framework; weak support by state and regional entities; poor development of distribution networks, processing and storage of agricultural products; lack of organizational and economic activities methodological support of farms. During the quarantine, they suffer from an acute investment crisis. Today during quarantine measures actions, scientific research on these issues is limited but in the specialized publications there are some publications of practitioners on the farm activities in conditions of quarantine, explanation of state bodies. Farms are more affected by quarantine and the economic crisis therefore; the state has developed a strategy for the development of the agricultural sector for 2021–2023 and approved forms of providing financial support for farm development. The main areas for the support and development of private farming are the formation of agricultural policy by the analogy with Economic cooperation and development countries, reduction of investment risks, counteraction agricultural raiding in the seizure of agricultural land, development preferential insurance system, the formation of farmers ability to operate independently by training qualified personnel in the agriculture sector, able to carry out the activities on a family basis, due to technical re-equipment the general farms’ efficiency will increase. Creating conditions for cooperative and integration formations will also allow farmers to increase their activities profitability, enter new markets and increase volume revenues in foreign currency from agricultural products export, and incentives agricultural cooperation will give a new impetus to the development processing of raw materials in Ukraine, not abroad. The creation of voluntary associations of farms will protect farms in competition with monopolies for agricultural products markets.
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BASHIR UMAR, J.G. AKPOKO, and M.W. MUSA. "Impact assessment of Komadugu-Yobe Basin Wetlands Development Initiative Project on farmers livelihood in Jigawa State, Nigeria." Bonorowo Wetlands 9, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w90101.
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Abstract. Umar B, Akpoko JG, Musa MW. 2018. Impact assessment of Komadugu-Yobe Basin Wetlands Development Initiative Project on farmers livelihood in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 1-8. This study assessed the impact of the Komadugu-Yobe Wetlands Development Initiative project on income, agricultural production, and standard of living of the people. Primary data were obtained by the use of a structured questionnaire that was administered to 456 respondents comprising the project participants and non-participants. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Chow test were used to analyze the data collected. The findings on the socio-economic variables revealed that the mean age of the participants was 36 years and participants were younger in terms of age distribution, the participants were relatively more educated than the nonparticipants, the participants were also organized in to viable associations under the project, and the average years of farming experience of participants was 15 years while the nonparticipants had about 14 years. It was also found that the majority (85.5) of the participants have not benefitted from credit facilities. The logistic regression analysis shows that the socio-economic characteristics such as age (0.022**), level of education (0.000*), farm size (0.018*), Household size (0.224*), membership of cooperatives (0.022*), and access to credit (0.023**) were the most essential variables that predicted farmer‘s participation in the project. The results of the Chow test show that the F-calculated values on income, crop output, and living standard were higher than the F-tabulated values. It has been concluded that the Komadugu-Yobe Basin Wetlands Development Initiative project had a positive impact on the participants of the project. It is recommended that the project should register more participants as the activities of the project had impacted positively on the lives of the participants, to provide more employment opportunities for the youth in the area. Access to loan happened to be a factor that militates against the enhancement of crop production in the study area. It is recommended that farmers in the study area be linked with financial institutions or government agencies by the project to access loan to boost crop production in the area. Extension activities which play a significant role in extending information to farmers should be revived by the Government as the ratio of an extension agent to farmers is very low, when extension problems are solved, crop production in the area would be enhanced.
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Sri, Ch Ramya, and K. Suhasini. "Effect of Holistic Adoption of Dairy Farming Technologies on Households Farm Income of Small and Marginal Farmers: A Study of Telangana." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, July 28, 2020, 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2020/v38i730380.
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Dairy farming provides an excellent opportunity for self-employment of unemployed youth. It is also an important source of income generation for small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming and landless labourers. Dairy farming in India is more of subsidiary activity represented by plurality of small holder dairy farmers and entrepreneurs. The value of milk alone is well above Rs.35 thousand crores and livestock contributes nearly 5% to National GDP, accounting for more than 25% of agricultural GDP (Planning Commission, 2010). Cluster sampling technique is adopted for identification of three clusters, which are mutually homogeneous but internally heterogeneous. Three clusters included three mandals of Khammam district i.e., Mudigonda, Kusumanchi, Nelakondapalli are selected for the study. The income from dairy farming is surpassing the income from crop production enterprises and the risk is less compared to crop. The dairy animals are not improved breeds, so improved breeds and cross-bred suitable dairy units will enhance the income from dairy. Even though the farmers have both livestock and dairy enterprises, there is a lack of integration to the extent of 50% of the sampled farmers. Such awareness has to be created. There is capital crunch created faced by marginal and small farmers, credit support and technical support would enhance the household income. Need for Government role in improving the supply of inputs and services to dairy farmers/beneficiaries at their doorsteps with minimum cost by promoting milk co-operatives which maintain the milk chilling and processing centres and play a remunerative price within a stipulated time. Developing viable farmer’s cooperatives societies/federations like: milk producers’ cooperative societies at village and district levels, federations, boards and corporations is needed.