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1
Kiss, Lívia Benita. "Examination of Agricultural Income Inequality in the European Union." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 3 (2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/bel.4(3).36-45.2020.
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The significant roles of agriculture in the economic development of a country are determinative. It has already made a substantial contribution to the economic prosperity of advanced countries. Its role in the economic development of less developed countries is of vital importance. The share of the population working in agriculture is declining as countries develop. While less than 5% of the population does in rich countries work in agriculture, more than two-thirds of the people in poor countries. It is predominantly the huge productivity increase that makes this reduction in labor possible. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the situation of agriculture in the European Union from 2010 to 2019, with a particular focus on agricultural income and labor force developments. The number of employed in agriculture has decreased globally (by almost -14%) and in the European Union (by nearly -19%). The added value of agriculture has grown at a similar rate worldwide (by almost +22%) and in the European Union (by almost +23%). Indicators of agricultural income showed indicator A an increase of 25.56%, indicator B 39.11% and index C 20.39% in 2017 compared to 2010. In 2019 the gross value added in agriculture was the most significant in Germany, Spain, France, and Italy. Together, the four countries accounted for 42% gross value added in agriculture of EU-28. Indicator A, B and C of agricultural income showed in 2019 the most significant positive change in Bulgaria, in Denmark and Romania. Employment in agriculture was the highest in Poland and Romania in 2019. Several reasons can explain the differences in the development of agricultural performance in each European Union country. These reasons can be grouped. On the one hand, the location varies from country to country. Due to their different locations, their climatic, natural and ecological conditions are different. Another important difference is the size of the states. On the other hand, the structure and organization of society are different. Thirdly, the economic situation and status of each country are different. Keywords: Agriculture, Labor, Income, Inequality, European Union.
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Spitsina, Kseniya A., and Anastasiya A. Shikunova. "Agriculture of the Australian Union: Challenges, Responses, Tasks Ahead." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 2(51) (2021): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-2-2-51-254-267.
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The article analyses the current state of agriculture industry in the Australian Union. It examines the impact of miscellaneous factors, such as natural disasters, climate conditions, the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the establishment of regional free trade regimes, as well as the degree of their implementation. The paper reveals the specificity of the entry of Australian agriculture products into the markets of China, South Korea and Japan along with the development of agriculture in Australia and the efforts made by the Australian government and business community to overcome the troubles the industry suffered from in 2018-2020. In the authors’ opinion, the growing tensions in trade and economic relations between the Australian Union and the PRC affect the overall situation of Australian agriculture. In its turn, this incentivizes Canberra to explore new sources of agriculture product sales and expand cooperation with other partners.
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Wysokiński, Marcin, Joanna Domagała, Arkadiusz Gromada, Magdalena Golonko, and Paulina Trębska. "Economic and energy efficiency of agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 8 (August 24, 2020): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/170/2020-agricecon.
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Article concerns economic and energy efficiency of agriculture in European Union countries. The study period concerned 2016. For analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular and graphic methods and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method – CCR (Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes) model focused on input-oriented minimisation were used. An assessment of the socio-economic development of the EU countries was made using the following measures: Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (USD per inhabitant). Modern agriculture depends on industrial energy sources and as the socio-economic development changes into more and more energy-intensive production technologies. After presenting the introduction and review of the literature, the economic and energy efficiency of agriculture in the EU countries in 2016 was examined, which was at a high level – the DEA reached 0.67. Then, the correlation between the socio-economic development of countries and their economic and energy efficiency was analysed. It was also found that along with socio-economic development in the EU countries, the economic and energy efficiency of agriculture is increasing.
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Wysokiński, Marcin, Paulina Trębska, and Arkadiusz Gromada. "POLISH AGRICULTURE ENERGY INTENSITY WITH OTHER ECONOMIC SECTORS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5193.
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The aim of this article is to assess the energy intensity of Polish agriculture with other sectors of the economy. The article also assesses the share of agriculture in final energy consumption in the European Union countries. The article uses secondary data from the Central Statistical Office and EUROSTAT. The energy intensity of agriculture in Poland is decreasing and will continue to decline as changes in the agrarian structure and intensification of production in family-owned commodities grow. Comparing the energy intensity of the economy in EU member countries, it is much higher in newly-admitted countries than in EU-15 countries.
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Wysokiński, Marcin, Magdalena Golonko, Paulina Trębska, Arkadiusz Gromada, and Qi Jun Jiang. "ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURE IN POLAND COMPARED TO OTHER EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 19, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2020.19.2.22.
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Modern agriculture is dependent on external energy sources. Non-renewable energy sources play a dominant role, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and, as a consequence, to environmental degradation. Therefore, it becomes obvious to strive to improve energy efficiency and change the structure of its sources. One of the main research goals was to determine the economic and energy efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and assess its energy consumption by analysing energy consumption per employee or 1 ha of utilized agricultural area. The work analyses changes in energy consumption in agriculture of the European Union and its members. Eurostat data was used for the analysis.
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Staniszewski, Jakub, and Andrzej Czyżewski. "INTERDEPENDENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.4.63.
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The aim of the study was to identify the most important determinants of economic and environmental efficiency of agricultural production in the EU countries in 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2013, with particular emphasis on structural conditions. The paper presents the results of modelling with the use of Eurostat data and methods of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and panel regression. In the case of economic efficiency, the importance of production concentration, understood as economic strength of farms, associated with an even distribution of production, was identified. In the case of eco-efficiency, its limiting factor turned out to be specialisation towards animal production. These results allow us to conclude that it is possible to achieve economic and environmental objectives at the same time, as none of the identified determinants was repeated in both models with the opposite sign. The results of the research are also a premise for the implementation of an active structural policy under the CAP after 2020.
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Valkó, Gábor, Mária Fekete-Farkas, and Ildikó Kovács. "Indicators for the economic dimension of sustainable agriculture in the European Union." Regional Statistics 7, no. 1 (2017): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15196/rs07110.
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Morkovkin, Dmitry, Iryna Hutarava, Elizaveta Ogloblina, Arthur Gibadullin, and Svetlana Kharchenko. "Assessment of the innovative potential of agriculture of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017605002.
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The study is devoted to assessing the innovative potential of agriculture of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. As part of the work, it was revealed that the Member States of the Union were united in order to ensure sustainable development in the current and strategic perspective. The analyzed agricultural indicators led to the conclusion that the Russian Federation is the absolute leader in terms of gross output and distribution of agricultural products, the Republic of Kazakhstan occupies the second place, and the Republic of Belarus in third place. At the same time, the specific indicator reflecting the collection and production of agricultural products per capita, which indicates the innovative development of agriculture, was analyzed in the work, as a result, it was revealed that the Russian Federation ranks last in terms of certain indicators. In this connection, mechanisms were proposed in the work aimed at increasing the innovative development of agriculture in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Blaas, G. "Slovak agriculture heading for the EU membership." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 3 (February 29, 2012): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5275-agricecon.
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The paper analyses the economic and policy gap between the agriculture in Slovakia and the EU member states from the perspective of the future accession of this country to the Union. As it concludes, the deterioration of terms of trade during the transition period creates also problems for the accession negotiations, because this fact seems to legitimate the equitable implementation of the CAP in all member countries after the East-enlargement of the Union. The paper is arguing, on the basis of income simulation, that that the Commission proposal on reduced direct payments for the newly admitted countries would, in case of Slovakia, generate an improvement of the sectoral income only if they are topped by rural development measures.
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Jaroszewska, Joanna, and Robert Pietrzykowski. "Convergence of the Labour Productivity in European Union Agriculture." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.88.
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The objective of the paper is to examine the changes in the level of diversification of the labour productivity in the European Union countries in the years 1998-2015, and then to determine whether there is any convergence of the labour productivity among these countries. The labour productivity has been calculated as a relation of the gross value added at constant prices per one full-time employee. The study used the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) and the Agricultural Labour Input (ALI). The study covered the European Union countries, broken down by the countries of the „old” EU (EU-15) and the countries admitted to the EU after 2004. In order to determine the changes occurring in these countries, sigma-convergence (σ) and beta-convergence (β) have been used. The study shows that after 2011 there was a process of convergence among the EU countries in terms of the labour productivity in agriculture.
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Gruziel, Kinga, and Małgorzata Raczkowska. "The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.107.
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The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
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Mardalieva, L. A., and N. K. Abdildaeva. "The development of competitive forms of agricultural entrepreneuship in Kirgizia in conditions of integration." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-5-208-214.
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The article analyzes the development of agriculture in the Republic of Kirgizia and output of products by categories of entrepreneur structures. During the research the authors found out that reforms in agriculture caused serious changes in structure and forms of agricultural entrepreneurship, which can be seen in the fact of the primary settingup and developing the small-peasant family form. The reasons for the development of small-peasant forms of entrepreneurship were shown and it affects negatively the use of economic potential in industry. It was revealed that in agriculture of the Republic organizational forms of agricultural units were: joint stock companies, production cooperatives. It was grounded that insufficient development of big commodity production was caused by week stimulation of this form of entrepreneurship. On the basis of comparative analysis of entrepreneurial structure in the industry of Eurasian Economic Union country-members the authors identified the lines in shaping competitive forms of agricultural entrepreneurship in Kirgizia in conditions of integration. They proposed measures aimed at development of agricultural cooperation and setting-up competitive forms of economic management, which could promote transformation of the agrarian sector of the country within the frames of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Yurievna Myasnikova, Olga, Irina Ivanovna Shatalova, Elena Vyacheslavovna Zenkina, Tatyana Vyacheslavovna Bogacheva, Nikita Igorevich Illeritsky, and Gozel’ Muradovna Kutlyeva. "Promising Directions of Cooperation Among Eurasian Economic Union Countries." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.14 (July 25, 2018): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.17031.
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The paper explores the possibilities of technological cooperation among the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (officially EAEU, but sometimes called EEU or EAU). Based on specific and individual backgrounds of each EAEU country, the promising areas for its expansion are determined within the framework of industries with export potential, high-technological, oriented at national markets for the formation of an economic strategy focused on regional integration with the highest level of encouragement of the national economic interests of the EAPC countries. The most significant sectors of the economy are identified: the space industry, energy, metallurgy, engineering, agriculture, etc. The feasibility of value chain development in the region was highlighted, as well as the development of inter-industry and intra-sector cooperation with partner countries in strategically important sectors of the economy, which includes the opportunity of forming specific sectoral niches through specialization and development of national industrial potential of the member states. This focus will promote development and realization of internal scientific and technical potential of the EAEU countries, commercialization of R&D results, technological improvements and will increase their competitiveness on the global markets.
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NARYNBAYEVA, A. S., and S. G. GLUKHOV. "LENDING IN AGRICULTURE IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS." Problems of AgriMarket 4 (December 15, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.11.
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The article examines the issues of public support and its impact on the development of agricultural production in the context of integration of national economies. The agro-industrial complex is one of the most important strategic sectors of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. Despite functioning in the conditions of turbulence of the world commodity markets, in agricultural sphere of the EAEU there are currently positive trends. The role of the lending system in AIC complex, contributing to the solution of the problems of financial support of agricultural producers, is considered. The objective need for lending support for agriculture is due to a number of reasons, the main of which are the peculiarities of agricultural production, inequality in the exchange of goods with industry, the need to overcome negative trends in development of the industry. The assessment of the lending policy in agricultural sector, which is focused on a narrow circle of borrowers, does not contain effective mechanisms for lending to economic entities, is limited in the choice of methods for determining the level of creditworthiness of agricultural enterprises and ways to assist in obtaining loans to farms in different economic situations. Based on the analysis of lending to agro-industrial production of the EAEU countries, the existing problems of recent years are shown. In the final part, the authors formulate the prospects for strengthening integration ties within the Eurasian Economic Union. Recommendations on improving lending system, contributing to the effective development of agro-industrial complex of each country, improving economic relations in domestic and foreign markets are presented.
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Narynbayeva, A. S., and S. G. Glukhov. "LENDING IN AGRICULTURE IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2020-4-2708-9991.11.
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The article examines the issues of public support and its impact on the development of agricultural production in the context of integration of national economies. The agro-industrial complex is one of the most important strategic sectors of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. Despite functioning in the conditions of turbulence of the world commodity markets, in agricultural sphere of the EAEU there are currently positive trends. The role of the lending system in AIC complex, contributing to the solution of the problems of financial support of agricultural producers, is considered. The objective need for lending support for agriculture is due to a number of reasons, the main of which are the peculiarities of agricultural production, inequality in the exchange of goods with industry, the need to overcome negative trends in development of the industry. The assessment of the lending policy in agricultural sector, which is focused on a narrow circle of borrowers, does not contain effective mechanisms for lending to economic entities, is limited in the choice of methods for determining the level of creditworthiness of agricultural enterprises and ways to assist in obtaining loans to farms in different economic situations. Based on the analysis of lending to agro-industrial production of the EAEU countries, the existing problems of recent years are shown. In the final part, the authors formulate the prospects for strengthening integration ties within the Eurasian Economic Union. Recommendations on improving lending system, contributing to the effective development of agro-industrial complex of each country, improving economic relations in domestic and foreign markets are presented.
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Szczukocka, Agata. "Rozwój sektora rolnego w Polsce i krajach Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.25.
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The role and importance of the agricultural sector is changing in the process of socio-economic development. Despite the ongoing changes, agriculture in Poland is still an important sector of the economy, and Poland is a major producer of food. The article attempts to assess the development of the agricultural sector in Poland, by voivodships and in comparison with European Union countries, using economic indicators. An analysis of the dynamics of changes in the level of employment and gross value added in terms of three sectors was carried out. Application to the synthetic measure of development made it possible to assess individual voivodships and EU countries from the point of view of the development of the agricultural sector. The research has shown that in recent years the role of the agricultural sector in Poland and European Union countries has decreased. In addition, there was a large variation in the development of agriculture in the system of provinces and in the countries of the European Union.
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Entin, Mark, and Dmitriy Galushko. "Interaction of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states in the sphere of agriculture." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 68, no. 2 (2021): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2102491e.
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The aim of the paper is to consider the international experience of delineating spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators in the sphere of agriculture on the example of the Eurasian Economic Union. Used philosophical, general scientific and special methods helped to provide an assessment of the process, which shows that, due to the incompleteness of the process of economic integration, the existing institutional structure of the Union cannot be considered as finalized, and therefore the assignment of certain powers to the Union's bodies is situational, which prevents the formulation of final conclusions on the specifics of delimiting the spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators and the boundaries of powers of national regulators in the agricultural sector. The authors concluded that Eurasian Economic Commission's powers and competence in the sphere of agriculture should be expanded in order to achieve aims of the integration entity.
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Murawska, Anna, and Piotr Prus. "The Progress of Sustainable Management of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture in European Union States Including Poland—Variation, Trends, and Economic Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031035.
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Ammonia (NH3) is one of the gases adversely affecting the natural environment. The greatest contributor to emissions of this gas to the atmosphere is agricultural activity. The main objective of the study was to assess the progress of sustainable management of ammonia emissions from agriculture in European Union countries. The specific objectives of the article were the following: to analyse and diagnose the level of ammonia emissions from agriculture, to study the diversity of emissions of this gas between countries, to analyse trends in the years 2010–2017 and, above all, to assess the relationship between the level of ammonia emissions from agriculture and the economic conditions of EU countries. The theoretical part of the article describes the causes and effects of, as well as preventive actions against, ammonia emissions from agriculture, whereas the empirical part analyses the problems, trends, variations, and the impact of economic conditions on emissions of this gas in 2010–2017. To evaluate the range of problems discussed, indicators describing ammonia emission levels Y01A and Y01B, as well as indicators characterising economic conditions X01, X02, and X03 have been employed. During the study, the following indicators were analysed: ammonia emissions from agriculture in kilograms per hectare (Y01A), ammonia emissions from agriculture—percentage of total emissions (Y01B), government appropriations or outlays on research and development in agriculture in EUR per capita (X01), agricultural factor income in EUR per annual work unit (AWU) (X02), and real GDP in EUR per capita (X03). The source for the empirical data was information from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The analysis covered 28 states of the European Union. In the article, among others, the rate of change indices, coefficients of variation (Vs), measures of distance (D) and range (R), coefficients of asymmetry (A) and kurtosis (K) were calculated, and correlation and regression analysis were performed. The share of agriculture in total ammonia emissions in European Union countries is very high and averages as high as 92%. Most of the countries maintain an upward tendency; a disturbing fact, considering such high ammonia emissions from agriculture. Based on the present analysis, it has also been confirmed that countries with the relatively highest levels of economy and agricultural research and development funding in fact emit more and increasingly more ammonia from agriculture. To avoid the intensification of the adverse effects of this phenomenon, all EU Member States should take effective, efficient, and sustained action to reduce ammonia emission levels.
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Schitov, Sergei, and Nadezhda Likholetova. "Theoretical and methodological guidelines for transnationalization and integration process managing in Eurasian Economic Union agricultural sector." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308069.
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Integration processes in the EAEU are currently developing against the backdrop of new global geo-economic, scientific, technological, and socio-economic challenges, and there is a constant active comprehensive development of cooperation with external partners, which is one of the important components of the successful functioning of the EAEU. An urgent task is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for managing the processes of transnationalization and integration of the agricultural sector of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. To this end, a system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of measures to manage the processes of transnationalization in agriculture was formed. The dependence of development of the industry on an effective program for adapting organizations to new economic conditions was established, which should take into account the complex of processes in the market, political, economic and other factors affecting the effectiveness of activities and make provisions for managing the processes of transnationalization in agriculture. The use of indices and indicators of transnationalization and integration will make it possible to monitor and exert a managerial impact on the integration processes and the interpenetration of economic complexes of the Union countries in the context of inclusion in global economic systems.
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Шагайда, Natalya Shagayda, Гатаулина, and Ekaterina Gataulina. "ESTIMATION OF LEVELS AND STRUCTURE OF STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE COUNTRIES OF EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 20, 2015): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14332.
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The article gives the detailed analysis of the levels and structure of state support of countries of Eurasian Economic Union on the basis of official notifications of the volumes of state support for agriculture in 2012. It is shown that countries differ significantly in these indicators, which could be a problem when forming a single agricultural market. The analysis revealed the imperfection of methodological approaches in determining the level of state support of agriculture as well as in filling in reporting forms, which leads to ambiguity of the reported data on the size and structure of state support presented by the countries. In particular, the assessment of the level of support of the Republic of Belarus in 2012 could be 19,1% instead of the submitted 8.7% due to the difference in the method used for calculating this index. It is proposed to increase the official involvement of the expert scientific community in monitoring the state support of agriculture.
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Kołodziejczak, Włodzimierz. "Employment and Gross Value Added in Agriculture Versus Other Sectors of the European Union Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145518.
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The aim of the paper is to recognize the level of employment and gross value added (GVA) in agriculture in relation to the other sectors of the European Union economy. The following research tasks were formulated: analysis of employment levels and GVA in the sectors of economy in 2000 and 2018 as well as the relationship between employment and GVA, assessment of GVA per 1 person employed in the investigated sectors and its changes in the analysed years, and assessment of the scale of surplus employment in agriculture assuming that GVA per 1 person employed in this sector would be equal to the average level reached in the industry and the services sectors. Comparative analysis and the deduction method were used in the study. Correlation coefficients between the level of employment in individual sectors and GVA per 1 person employed in the time series covering the years 2000–2008 were also calculated. A new measure of the “goal” of employment reduction in agriculture has been proposed, related to the measurement of the distance between agriculture and other sectors in terms of GVA generated per 1 employed—the Excess Employment Rate In The Agricultural Sector (EERAS). The research was based on EUROSTAT data from the years of 2000 and 2018. The process of changes in the sectoral structure of employment will probably be determined by the growth rate of demand for services, structural adjustment referring to matching the characteristics of the agricultural population to the demand for labour force in the services sector and the pace of structural transformations in rural areas. Rationalisation of employment levels in agriculture promotes improvement of its economic and social sustainability. Instruments based on financial transfers from nonagricultural sectors to agriculture should play a secondary role, since they are a burden to more efficient sectors, and in the long term, they may hinder reduction of employment in agriculture. However, due to the inevitable differences in productivity observed between agriculture and the nonagricultural sectors, at a technologically, economically, ecologically and socially justified level of employment in agriculture, transfers of the surplus generated in the secondary and tertiary sectors need at least to reduce, if not eliminate, economic consequences of these differences.
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Rogach, Svitlana, Larysa Vdovenko, and Oleh Polishchuk. "AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE UNDER THE JOINT POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-178-183.
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The purpose of this article is to study the experience of financial support of agriculture in the European Union in order to adapt it to the agricultural conditions of Ukraine. A decisive feature of European financial support to agriculture is the attitude towards it as one of the factors of development of the financial system of the European Union. Under the conditions when Ukraine tries to become a full member of the European Union, the author has proved that the modern system of financial support of agriculture in Ukraine is on the vector of formation and adaptation, therefore, the substantiation of theoretical and methodological principles and the development of practical recommendations for the improvement of existing and the introduction of progressive, recommended world practice levers and regulatory mechanisms become a determining factor in their further development. Methodology. In Ukraine, 2017 should only be expected to improve traditional forms of financial support. Among the positive points is the reduction of interest rates in UAH up to 15%, but with the preservation of monetary stability, one should not expect an increase in terms of lending, in the top, there will be loans up to one year, that is, within the product cycle. Results. Ukraine is trying to take over the experience of various European countries in relation to agriculture. It relies on the experience of Germany, France, Great Britain. Practical implications. The Government and the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food in the Budget for 2017 presented a state support reform that creates conditions for the development of small farms and stimulates the production of value-added products, and the main principles of state support should be targeting and transparency. Value/originality. In 2017, in support of the development of the livestock sector at the expense of the general fund of the state budget under the budget program “State Support of Livestock Sector”, expenditures are provided to ensure stabilization of livestock, increase its number, and stabilize production. In general, support for the agrarian sector is formal and insignificantly affecting the development of the agricultural sector, as a result of the economic and agricultural development vector declared in the 2017 Budget, in the light of economic instability, rising inflation and uncertainty.
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Šapolaitė, Vaida. "Assessment of the agricultural activity in the EU-27 countries." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 3 (October 14, 2014): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.062.
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The rational use of land, capital and labor determine the growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production and income of farmers together. The aim is to estimate the use of production resources in the EU-27 agricultural sector, using macro-economic indicators. The analysis and assessment of the use of land resources in agriculture have been conducted on the basis of data on economic accounts for agriculture and agricultural census to describe agricultural production intensity by type of farming and its impact on farm income. This paper examines the use of land resources in agriculture, measured by using relative indicators of agricultural output, intermediate consumption per hectare of agricultural land, the revenue per average employee and the comparative analysis these indicators in the farms of the European Union (EU) is presented.
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Ferencz, Árpád, and Rita Kalmár. "Work organization and economic examination of breadwinning of rurality." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 3-4 (September 30, 2009): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/3-4/8.
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Agriculture has been and probably will be a significant branch in the south part of the Great Plain in the future as well. Besides the mass products and in many cases instead of them when forming the agricultural structure, this region has to pay more attention to the branches that were important in the past. Hungarian experts who are famous in foreign countries as well deal with these branches and they provide excellent products. The rules referring to these products are more liberal in the market places of the European Union and their development is not controlled by strict quota systems. In the south part of the Great Hungarian Plain a lot of unique products of excellent quality are produced. Here in this essay we would like to find the answer to the question how the two significant products of the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain can provide the families with the income that they can live on.We aim at the economical examination of the cucumber grown in Méhkerék and asparagus of Homok. To do this we will apply the so called Standard Gross Margin. The agriculture of the states of the European Union is measured with the help of this method. It can also help us in the future to decide whether the different farms belonging to families are economically viable in Hungary.
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Smyth, Russell. "Property Rights in China's Economic Reforms." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00012-9.
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This paper explores China's experience with property rights reform. In contrast to most countries in East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, China has experimented with different ownership forms and this has been quite successful. Over the last two decades China has had the highest growth rate in the world. The main argument presented here is that private property rights alone cannot provide a theory for China's economic success and that the whole process is too complex to be reduced to canonical explanations. To this end the paper reviews recent evidence in the three main areas of reform—agriculture, rural industrialisation and state-owned sector reform.
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Belinska, Stefaniia, Izabela Adamičková, Natália Turčeková, Miriam Buliková, and Peter Bielik. "Regional Disparities in the European Union from the Perspective of Environmental Context Indicators." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0007.
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Abstract The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the countries’ economies and agricultural production has a huge socio-economic importance. In the current conditions of globalization and diversification of production, agriculture tries to achieve continuous development, realization of the potential, growth of the quantity and quality of the agricultural production, ensuring food security of the country. The quantitative and qualitative development of the agricultural sector takes place within a certain system, which is created under the influence of economic, social, and environmental factors based on innovations associated with transformation. These components of the current development of the agricultural sector are undergoing constant transformations, leading to the imbalances and the emergence of destructive processes within the complex system of the agricultural sector. Exploring regional disparities in terms of environmental and economic context indicators of CAP is strategically important for the stable rural and regional development of countries, increasing the competitiveness of agriculture, and sustainable and integrated development of regions. Based on the results of the calculations, we confirmed the effect of catching up between poorer and richer EU countries and identified the future trends in the occurrence and reduction of regional disparities.
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KUZNETSOV, Nikolai Ivanovich, Nadezhda Viktorovna UKOLOVA, Sergey Vladimirovich MONAKHOV, and Juliya Anatolyevna SHIKHANOVA. "Public-Private Partnership in the Agriculture of Russia and the European Union: Economic Problems and Prospects for Development." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 8, no. 8 (September 4, 2018): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v8.8(30).18.
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The authors of the article explore the specifics of the development of public-private partnership in the economy of Russia and the countries of the European Union. In the study, the authors identified the factors that affect the development of public-private partnerships in nowaday conditions. The authors’ interpretation of the concept of ‘public-private partnership’ is given in the article, the features of its use in agriculture are analyzed. The experience of development of public-private partnership in the EU countries and Russia is considered. The study presents extensive statistical material that characterizes the level of PPP development in the EU and Russia. The successful experience of using the PPP mechanism in the Russian agriculture is presented. The authors outline the priorities for the development of public-private partnership in Russia and the EU. The conclusion is made about the need for active development of PPP in the agriculture of Russia, the development directions in the EU are defined.
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Nhung, Nguyen Hong, Nguyen Quang Thai, Bui Trinh, and Nguyen Viet Phong. "Rural and Urban in Vietnam Economic Structure." International Business Research 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n3p31.
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Vietnam is an agricultural country with a "wet rice" culture. In recent decades, in addition to the achievement of relatively high economic growth, the implementation of poverty reduction, there seems to be the trend of simple "industrialization and modernization" almost in all localities of country. Vietnam instead of using forte be cultivated and raised in tropical agriculture into workers and townsman’s in an unprepared way. When Vietnamese people's strengths are not used and promoted, they have to try or be forced to use their weakness. So, the failure is almost inevitable.
This study aims to examine the change in the level of interactions between the agriculture, forestry, fisheries and rural sectors with other sectors in the economy and urban areas based on structure of the input - output table has been updated for Vietnam in 2016 by Vietnam Institute of Development Research (implemented 2018 under a Project of Vietnam Union of Science and Technique Associations VUSTA).
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Lapinskienė, Giedrė, Kęstutis Peleckis, and Marijus Radavičius. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 6 (December 24, 2015): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1112830.
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The paper analyses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between greenhouse gases and main aspects of economic development based on the panel data of 20 countries of the EU, including the data of three Baltic States, in the period 1995–2011. The fixed effect panel model was used as a framework for the analysis. The commonly used models confirmed the presence of the inverse U-shaped relationship. The novel contribution of this paper is that the factor referring to the global financial crisis was tested in expanded EKC model. Higher energy taxes, primary production of nuclear heat and R&D decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The size of agriculture, industry and construction, as well as the primary production of solid fuels have a positive sign, which means that a higher value of these indicators is associated with a higher level of GHG. This implies that the analysed set of factors can be applied to adjust the EKC trend in the region and might be useful for the climate change policy adjustment.
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Runowski, Henryk. "DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7868.
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The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture.
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Jaroszewska, Joanna, and Włodzimierz Rembisz. "SOURCES OF THE DYNAMICS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES BASED ON ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR AGRICULTURE (EAA)." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 2 (May 7, 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8118.
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The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate sources of dynamics of labour productivity factor performance based on the analytical approach adopted. The dynamics of gross value added and employment in agriculture were shaped to the dynamics of labor productivity changes. Derived analytical approach to the sources of dynamics of changes in labour productivity has been illustrated empirically. The empirical analysis was based on EU ROSTAT data. Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Statistics of Agricultural Labor Inputs. The positive impact of both sources of labor productivity growth and gross value added a tendency towards greater stability for the EU -15 countries has been demonstrated, the neutral nature of direct payments for changes in labor productivity was found.
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Péter Micskei. "The role of networks and clusters in rural development." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 42 (December 22, 2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/42/2660.
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The development of rural areas is a key role for the European Union and its member states as well. The rural development primarily achieved through the development of agriculture, because the main beneficiaries of the grant are the farmers. Hungary today is close to 1 million units in agriculture, but only 10% are competitive. Agriculture as an industry according to its economic characteristics needs closely managed decentralization, where the autonomy of the units remain, but there is a central governing body, which constitutes a proffesional manager function. This is a superorganization, which stay above agricultural units, called cluster.
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Hyytiä, Nina. "Russian Food Import Ban – Impacts on Rural and Regional Development in Finland." European Countryside 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 506–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0027.
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Abstract This paper investigates the economic effects of the food import ban that Russia imposed vis-à-vis the European Union in 2014 on the development of two structurally different rural regions in Finland. A detailed, rural-urban dataset was compiled for use with a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model. In the medium run, the overall economic effects of the trade ban were negative for both regions, and the value added of agriculture and food industries fell notably. When the rigidities of capital availability were relaxed, regional GDP and employment increased in South Ostrobothnia as, for instance, metal industry and construction accelerated economic growth. In North Karelia, where agriculture and food industry account for a minor share of economy, other industries could not compensate the losses the ban caused. Accordingly, the impacts were dependent on the economic structure of the region.
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SAR, MARCIN. "The Evolution of Centripetal Fraternalism: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 481, no. 1 (September 1985): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716285481001009.
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The author comments on the dynamics of Moscow's effort to reconcile its pursuit of control over Eastern Europe with its interest in a viable Eastern Europe, one that is stable and capable of self-sustaining development. Although Moscow has always exercised control in military matters, it allowed some Eastern Europeans economic independence in the 1970s. Changing circumstances in the 1980s, however, have caused the Kremlin to rethink its relationships with its Eastern European “satallies”— half satellites, half allies. Moscow faces dilemmas in areas such as energy, agriculture, the Eastern European states' relations with the West, economic reforms occurring in Eastern Europe, and integration within COMECON. How Moscow resolves these dilemmas lies at the core of its future relationships with Eastern Europe. Other important factors include the lessons learned from Poland, East Germany's evolving relationship with the Federal Republic of Germany, and China's growing economic and political initiatives vis-à-vis Eastern Europe.
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Eperjesi, Zoltán. "System of relations between competitiveness and social cohesion in the European Union (2007–2020)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 72 (May 16, 2017): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/72/1584.
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I my current essay I tried to prove that the European Union modified its economic policy due to the financial and economic crisis and the fierce global competitiveness requirements. The main emphasis was laid on the increase of competitiveness. Competitiveness became preferredto cohesion and the economic and social closing up of the newly joined Middle-Eastern European countries. The funds for competitiveness for growth and employment increase by 6–7% yearly during the financial perspective between 2007–2013. On the contrary the funds for agriculture and rural development decrease by 3% yearly in this period. The tendency remains unchanged during the financial perspective 2014–2020.This tendency strengthens the establishment of the two speed Europe concept and causes tensions between the core regions and the peripheries.
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Jezierska-Thöle, Aleksandra, Jörg Janzen, and Roman Rudnicki. "Agrarian-Economic Structure of Agricultural Holdings in Poland and East Germany: Selected Elements of Comparative Analysis." Quaestiones Geographicae 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0018.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine differences in the development of farms in Poland against the agriculture of East Germany, and to show areas with similar conditions for development. The time range of the research covered the years 2002-2010, i.e. the stage of preparation of Polish agriculture for accession to the European Union, the implementation of pre-accession aid programmes, and the establishment and implementation of the tools of the Common Agricultural Policy. To assess the level of agricultural development, natural, productive and social characteristics were adopted. Spatial variations in the analysed features were based on the variation coefficient (Vz), and the level of agricultural development, on Perkal’s index (Wi). In the analysed period the range of variation and the degree of the spatial dispersion of sub-indices changed, indicating a deepening of the polarisation processes in agriculture. The implementation of CAP intensified the process of specialisation and modernisation in agriculture, an example of which is the increase in the average farm size and in agricultural productivity. On the other hand, agricultural production intensified, as exemplified by a decrease in the minimum value in six of the analysed characteristics, which indicates growing disparities.
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Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues. "Agricultural Entrepreneurship in the European Union: Contributions for a Sustainable Development." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062080.
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Entrepreneurship is sometimes seen as a glimmer of hope which may bring about some contribution towards improving economic dynamics and performance, specifically in the creation of employment by young people, in general, with further educational training, greater flexibility and who are better prepared for working with new technologies. However, entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector is, in certain circumstances, viewed as being something incompatible or, at least, difficult to implement. More scientific studies in these fields could provide interesting contributions on the road to highlighting new ideas inside the farming sector. In this framework, the objective of this study is to explore the entrepreneurship dimensions within the European Union agriculture towards a more sustainable sector. In fact, without an economic dimension in farm management, its sustainability in the medium and long run may be compromised, increasing the abandonment of farming, namely in more disadvantaged regions. For this, the literature which is available on the platform Web of Science relating to the following three topics was initially analysed: entrepreneurship, agriculture, and the European Union. This literature was clustered through the VOSviewer software, an interesting tool for performing bibliometric analysis. Secondly, statistical information related to European Union agricultural entrepreneurship considering empirical approaches was also explored. The analysis carried out shows that the realities across European Union countries are, in fact, different, where the instruments from the common agricultural policies, for example, may play a crucial role in promoting more farming entrepreneurship in a more sustainable way.
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Ivanov, Laurentiu. "A Study Of The Agriculture Of Poland And Romania In Post-Communist Period." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 10 (April 29, 2016): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p470.
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In terms of size of territory and population, Poland and Romania are the largest former socialist countries, now, members of the European Union. In the last 25 years of transition to a market economy, Poland has excellent managed its natural potential and is, now, an economic model for other former socialist countries, including Romania. Poland has not experienced economic recession; its positive economic evolution was completely different from the evolution of the largest European economies, many of them facing distressful situations for long periods of time. The question to be addressed in this paper is: „How could we explain the present success of Polish agriculture? Could the present economic realities be partially influenced by the historical evolution of a country? “ In an attempt to provide an answer to this question, the present paper will highlight the economic developments in Romania and Poland in relation to developed countries for the last about 100 years in terms of “path dependency theory” and will conduct a comparative analysis between the two countries.
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Głębocki, Benicjusz, Ewa Kacprzak, and Tomasz Kossowski. "Multicriterion Typology of Agriculture: A Spatial Dependence Approach." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0021.
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Abstract At the turn of the 21st century Polish agriculture intensively changed as the consequence of: 1) the socio-economic transformation that started in 1989, 2) the general transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy and 3) Poland’s accession in 2004 to the European Union. In this paper, we try to describe, in a synthetic way, the spatial heterogeneity of development of agriculture in Poland. For this purpose we identified the types of contemporary Polish agriculture. We applied the measures of global (Moran 1950) and local (LISA) spatial autocorrelation devised by L. Anselin (1995) and used their calculations in classification methods. Our dataset consists of 69 variables and 3,069 spatial units at the LAU2 level. As the result of the analysis we identified 20 types of agriculture in Poland and presented their characteristic features. We have paid particular attention to a spatial distribution of identified types. We concluded that the distribution is not only a result of natural or socio-economic conditions and local spatial relationships, but also to a greater extent is still affected by historical conditions (mainly partitions and changes of borders after the First and Second World Wars).
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Ossowska, Luiza, and Dorota Janiszewska. "Zatrudnienie a intensywność rolnictwa państw Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.3.82.
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The objective of the article is to discuss employment in the context of the agriculture intensity in European Union countries based on selected features. The analysis was conducted for 2016. Research was examined using the cluster analysis. The following diagnostic features were used for the analysis: share of working population in agriculture with low educational attainment in total working population (%), share of working population in agriculture in total working population (%), labour productivity in agriculture (EUR/AWU), distribution of GVA by primary sector (%), share of UAA managed by farms with high input intensity per ha (%), average economic farm size (SO/holding in EUR). As a result of the cluster analysis, the examined regions were divided into four groups. According to the results, in countries with high levels of employment in agriculture, the share of added value provided by the agricultural sector is usually smaller. However, in countries with a lower share of people employed in agriculture, the intensity of agriculture is usually higher.
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Miller, Chris. "Soviet Assessments of China after Mao." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, no. 2 (July 9, 2015): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04202005.
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This article examines Soviet analyses of the economic reforms that China implemented during the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping. Many historians have argued that Soviet economic reform efforts during the Perestroika era might have been more successful had the Kremlin more closely followed Chinese efforts. This article shows that Soviet economists and sinologists carefully studied China’s reforms to agriculture, industry, and foreign investment law. By the mid-1980s, the article suggests, a significant section of the Soviet intelligentsia believed that China’s market-based economic reforms were working and that the Soviet Union should learn from them.
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Kaczynski, Wlodzimierz. "The Future of Blue Economy: Lessons for European Union." Foundations of Management 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10238-012-0033-8.
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The Future of Blue Economy: Lessons for European UnionAdvancing global economic integration through the oceans, an interplay of economic, social, climatologic and technical forces are bringing the oceans to the forefront of resource development and business activity. With oceans covering over 70 percent of the Earth's surface, the future of the ocean space is increasingly being shaped by the interaction of numerous and powerful forces, most important of them being human activities. Over next 20 years, increasing uncertainty will be generated by the confluence of rapid social, cultural, technological and geopolitical changes. The rapid global increase in the production outputs of industry, agriculture and fisheries, as well as rising levels of consumption of marine products and the demand for coastal space worldwide is exerting increasing environmental pressure on the ocean. There is a need to identify more effective means to reduce the environmental impacts generated by the economic growth and its by-products. Sustainable approaches meet the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs. The Blue Economy concept is about the commercial development of oceans in a sustainable way. Poland's future economic security is linked with country's presence in the world ocean and successful membership in international bodies such as European Union, NATO and various United Nations maritime organizations. These factors will also determine Poland's place and its role in the global ocean economy.
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Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
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Czapiewski, Konrad Ł. "Kompetencje rolników a efektywność ekonomiczna gospodarstw – przestrzenne konteksty relacji = Farmers’ competences and economic efficiency of farms – spatial contexts of the relationship." Studia Obszarów Wiejskich 57 (2020): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/sow.57.2.
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Today, knowledge is a fundamental development factor in all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the specific nature of agriculture affects farmers’ opportunities to acquire knowledge due to their reduced mobility. Due to the surface character of agriculture, and the point and concentrated nature of traditional sources of knowledge, they have difficult access to them. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the level of farmers’ qualifications and the economic efficiency of the farms they manage. This relationship is presented at four spatial and structural scales: (1) European Union, (2) Poland in the whole population of farms, (3) Poland in the population of the most marketable farms, (4) Poland in the diversified population of farms. On the basis of the conducted analyses, it can be stated that regardless of the spatial scale of the research, a general and strong regularity has been confirmed: the economic effects of farm activities (or, more broadly, their economic potential) are correlated with the level of education of people who work or manage them. Not forgetting the great influence on economic condition of farms of such factors as agrarian structure, dominant form of land use, level of specialization, agroecological conditions or physical size of farms, it should be clearly emphasized that knowledge is currently one of the key factors conditioning high management efficiency in agriculture.
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Czidor, Éva. "Comparative analysis of the transformation of Hungarian and East German agriculture." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3072.
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Agriculture, and within it, the development and later transformation of the cooperative system shows many similarities between Hungary and the Eastern German provinces. A few examples can be mentioned, such as the mistrust against the notion of cooperation, the forced development of the cooperatives and, as an occupied territory, the influence of the Soviet Union. Similar issues emerged in both countries’ agriculture and the measures taken were also alike. Similar social, economic processes and changes were started at the end of the 1980s (1989/90) and these had a significant effect on the areas that serve as a basis for this study.
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Umbitaliev, A. D., B. N. Sabenova, and T. N. Mashirova. "AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: ACTIVATION AND ASSESSMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN'S ADAPTABILITY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." Statistika, učet i audit 80, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51579/1563-2415.2021-1.21.
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The research is devoted to the issues of adaptability, agro-industrial complex, Kazakhstan, within the framework of the Eurasian economic Union and increasing its competitiveness. Originality of the research. The authors believe that the assessment of the competitiveness of the agroindustrial complex should be carried out not by absolute, but by relative indicators: crop yield, productivity of livestock and poultry, net export index, profitability of production, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, the volume of products per capita. Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that each partner country in the EAEU has its own comparative advantages, which should be taken into account when forming a single food market within the framework of the Eurasian economic Union. Research result. The article examines the impact of economic integration on the national economy, including the country's agro-industrial complex. Positive and negative effects of integration are revealed. The dynamics of economic indicators of agriculture in Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus is analyzed.
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Figus, Alessandro. "European Union and Russia: international relations evolution." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2020-0016.
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Abstract Today the relationship between Russia and the today EU-28 (today EU-27) members of the European Union is essential and very strategically important; this issue is bound to become more urgent as the two draws closer together over the next decades. In this paper, we discuss this and the Russian Federation’s role in the Ukraine conflict that has seriously affected EU-Russia relations. The EU and Russia have a long record of cooperation on issues of bilateral and international concern in several fields, from climate change to drug and human trafficking, but also the organized crime, terrorism, and non-proliferation. In particular, Europe, the “old traditional Europe”, acquires special weight for Russia in the context of the cooling down of relations between Russia and the United States. We will discuss gas, oil, and energy, but we can see that the solution can be only economic, and the oil and agriculture sectors could help do just that. “Business is business”.
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Curto Polo, Maria Mercedes. "Plant Patents in the European Union: Recent Developments." Revista Electrónica de Direito, no. 2 (June 2019): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2019-0002_0003.
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Biotechnology has become one of the most promising and important technologies for the development of innovation in agriculture. The economic importance of the invested resources justifies that innovators ask for an adequate means of protection to compensate their efforts. There are two possible ways of protection of the developments in plant innovation: A sui generis system born in the middle of last century in order to protect the results of traditional breeding processes, on the one hand; and the patentability of plant inventions which normally are the result of biotechnological processes which operate at the cellular level. The coexistence of these two systems of protection in the European Union causes some frictions which have to be solved, not only by the legislator, but also by the courts and the patent offices when they apply the law to a constantly evolving reality.
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Curto Polo, Maria Mercedes. "Plant Patents in the European Union: Recent Developments." Revista Electrónica de Direito 19, no. 2 (June 2019): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2019-0002_0003_.
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Biotechnology has become one of the most promising and important technologies for the development of innovation in agriculture. The economic importance of the invested resources justifies that innovators ask for an adequate means of protection to compensate their efforts. There are two possible ways of protection of the developments in plant innovation: A sui generis system born in the middle of last century in order to protect the results of traditional breeding processes, on the one hand; and the patentability of plant inventions which normally are the result of biotechnological processes which operate at the cellular level. The coexistence of these two systems of protection in the European Union causes some frictions which have to be solved, not only by the legislator, but also by the courts and the patent offices when they apply the law to a constantly evolving reality.
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Daniel, El Chami. "Towards Sustainable Organic Farming Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239832.
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The European Union green deal has proposed the “organic farming action plan” to render a farming system that is more sustainable and adaptable in terms of climate change mitigation and thus enable meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs). While this policy instrument is fundamental to achieving sustainable agriculture, there is still no agreement on what sustainable agriculture is and how to measure it. This opinion paper proposes an ecosystem-based framework for the crop life cycle to determine the balance between the economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainability toward supporting decision-making.