Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture et élevage'
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Doussan, Isabelle. "Activité agricole et droit de l'environnement : l'impossible conciliation ?" Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0055.
Full textWhile "all activities dealing with the control and exploitation of a vegetal and animal biological cycle are agricultural", agriculture more every day abandons respect for nature. Since world war ii, agriculture in france and in other industrialised countries has undergone a deep technical, economical and social revolution. Its influence on environment was not immediately perceived. Law is, now concerned with environnmental nuisances due to agricultural activities. However it is the fondamental ambiguity of the law relative to the connection in between environnemental protection and agricultural activity that must, overall be emphasized. Just as it is with industrial pollution, law deals with environmental protection as if it was a value that had nothing to do with production and as if production was not involved in it. But agricultural activity does, obviously, not consist in manufacturing disposable goods. It produces life. This is why environmental protection needs to be integrated in the production process to achieve it goals. But so far, the specificity of the relationship between environmental protection and agricultural production has not been taken into account. Consequently, the intensive production model is reinforced without managing to prevent risks for health, natural ressources and quality of life. One could think that environnemental protection and agricultural activity would naturally combine, but legal analysis shows that we are, at the present day, far from this
Picard, Jérôme. "Espaces et pratiques paysannes : les relations élevage-agriculture dans deux terroirs cotonniers du Nord Cameroun." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100063.
Full textBlanchard, Mélanie. "Gestion de la fertilité des sols et rôle du troupeau dans les systèmes coton-céréales-élevage au Mali-Sud : savoirs techniques locaux et pratiques d'intégration agriculture élevage." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582335.
Full textBlanchard, Mélanie. "Gestion de la fertilité des sols et rôle du troupeau dans les systèmes coton-céréales-élevage au Mali-Sud : savoirs techniques locaux et pratiques d’intégration agriculture élevage." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1047/document.
Full textSoil fertility management and herd role in the cotton-cereals-livestock systems in south Mali, technical local knowledge and crop-livestock farming practices. In the south Mali, population growth, joint development of cotton-crop and breeding system furthered the extension of cultivated lands, furthered the development of letting fallow land for a short-lived and the extension of lands cultivated in a continuous way. The pastoral lands are limited to the none cultivated areas. In a difficult context made off climatic hazard, economic crises and institutional uncertainty, the evolution of soil fertility practices and pastoral practices is looked up to enhance the farming systems and not mortgage their sustainability. New scientific approaches aim at changing the crop and breeding systems, at producing new knowledges and at reinforcing the farmer´s involvement. The technical references developed must be understandable by the farmers and the researchers and must integrate their local technical knowledges. Does the consideration of local technical knowledges in the soil fertility practices analysis enable to produce new knowledges on the practices, to elaborate technical proposals or improve the relations between researchers and farmers? We suggest to test a scientific approach to investigate soil fertility practices with the support of the characterization of the local technical knowledges. This work is performed with farmers of two villages of the South Mali. Analysis of knowledges and practices relations allows to appreciate the relevance of the local technical knowledges, allows to improve farming practices description and to assess the interest of this research method for agricultural sciences and the agricultural development
Paillat, Jean-Marie. "RELATION AGRICULTURE-ELEVAGE Combinaison d'approches analytiques et systémiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00948261.
Full textKobb, Mohammed. "Evolution et perspectives de l'élevage bovin, ovin et porcin en Lorraine (1970-1995)." Metz, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999METZ005L.
Full textBy extents of surface that it occupies, agriculture and notably raising forms a sector of activity importing, its territory is far to be negligible (3,4%) of the national territory. The Lorraine occupies a privileged geographical position in Europe. It shares its borders with three European countries (Belgium, Luxemburg and Germany). It is a door of entrance on the union European. The Lorraine also benefits a favorable climate to the development of raising and a good infrastructure that facilitates exchanges of products between the national and international different poles. Conscious of these assets, the of Lorraine agriculture evolves of a fast manner. Structures, techniques, mentality changes and producers adjust more and more suppleness to the fluctuations of the economic conjuncture. That is to say that the of Lorraine agriculture is dynamic and corresponds to a particularly living sector of the regional economy. Representing the 2/3 of the agricultural incomes, the animal productions are essentially owed to the bovine herd that is from afar most important in the region. The other raisings know some various evolutions. The ovine raising is tradition. It knows a new flight these last years. The raising of pork is in loss of speed. The of Lorraine agriculture is never based on only one activity. Raising is always associated to cultures fourragèreses and cerealièreses. The production of milk remains the big business for the immense majority of exploitations, of Lorraine. Indeed the Lorraine arranges organized strong path that sustains and reinforces the sector of raising. The production of meat comes that in second place and remain essentially the fact of slaughtering of veals and cow of reform. The of Lorraine characterizes himself by the quality of its products. It is a big region of cheese production to soft dough. The related géromé to the munster is the product most typical of the of Lorraine cheeses. The main thing of the production is industrial, but of farmers of the of the Vosges mountain the manufactures classic way again. During these last years, the Lorraine has sudden in full whip different measure consequences instituted by the European Community. Indeed the institution of quotas milkmen, the PAC and the GATT are the major events of this decade. The different measures of production laitière blockage, the stake in fallow of earths, of the decrease of agricultural product prices, of bounties encouraging the start to the retirement conjugated themselves with the demographic tendencies to lower the number of exploitations and to reduce the agricultural active population. The setting up of quotas milkmen in 1984 provoked the elimination of a big number of cows laitières and threw back the development of the livestock nurse. Unfortunately the growth of this last didn't compensate the fast decrease of laitières. Today already, and more again tomorrow, the of Lorraine agriculture, victim of all French agriculture of its production efforts, must adjust to the new orientations of the common agricultural policies, to assimilate constraints that it imposes, to produce a rational and competitive manner and to be a matter for new challenges if it wants to remain as it can it, a sector of economic of first plan and a strong point of the regional economy
Betabelet, Wouloungou Julie Roselyne. "Ressources, territoires et conflits : élevage bovin et exploitation minière dans l'Ouest centrafricain." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H104.
Full textThe Central African Republic has been experiencing sociopolitical and military crises for several decades. Those reached their peak in 2013 when clashes between the Séléka, a rebellion in the north and the AntiBalaka, a group of local militias, arose. The state no longer has control over the entire territory which is fragmented and held by armed groups. Presenting the casestudy of West Central African Republic, this thesis shows that armed conflicts have profound implications on people's relations to resources and territories. These conflicts also tend to destroy some economic activities such as cattle farming and artisanal mining. Not only it induces the reorganization of the production areas of pastoral and mining resources, but it also triggers a tendency for a decentralized access to resources via weapons. Such armed control impacts actors, networks and marketing flows. Our works focus on the dynamics of West Central Africa during the period 20132017. They are essentially based on a case study at the scale of the pastoral area of NiemYellewa, which shows how resentments between the dominant groups and power struggles between local leaders and the armed groups looking for resources, aggregate to generate, maintain and perpetuate a local conflict
Diouf, Ibrahima Faye. "Système mixte agriculture irriguée et élevage transhumant : l'enjeu autour de l'accès aux ressources foncières dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20084/document.
Full textIn the development of the Senegal River Valley and more precisely irrigated agriculture, pastoralist populations put forward a set of strategies to strengthen family farms. Since the 1970-1980 drought crises the situation of nomadic livestock as well as sustainability challenges in the valley continues to deteriorate, due to the reduction of rangeland. This work aims to understand the survival strategies adopted by farmers to keep their farms viable. Survey work in 41 farm managers was used to analyze the logic of agricultural diversification and land capitalization among Fulani Walwalbé. To face to the expansion of Irrigated Village Perimeters, ranchers have chosen to strengthen their practice of irrigated agriculture to vary their sources of income and have better access to postharvest lands. Farmers in rural communities of Gamadji and Guede towns located in the middle valley are very present in irrigated production systems. In addition to the rain fed cereal production, the several modes of land tenure permit them to speculate on profitable horticulture, such as vegetable crops (tomato and onion). Irrigated agriculture also provides breeders the privilege to access to post- harvest lands. Their presence in the Waalo land is also a means of ensuring their traditional land rights on these lands. Thus the practice of irrigated agriculture meets financial and property logic. While farming practice does not allow Fulani herders have access to land, irrigated agriculture appears as a strategy to move away from land capitalization. The joint practice of irrigated agriculture and livestock transhumance has encouraged the emergence of an agro-pastoral area around Podor made of: golf recession, post-crop lands, water points, transhumance pathways.... However, transhumance movements remain the central practice among Fulani herders of the middle valley and long displacement periods still possible
Diouf, Ibahima Faye. "Système mixte agriculture irriguée et élevage transhumant : l'enjeu autour de l'accès aux ressources foncières dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935092.
Full textReounodji, Frédéric. "Espaces, sociétés rurales et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles dans le sud-ouest du Tchad : vers une intégration agriculture-élevage." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010516.
Full textVayssières, Jonathan. "Modélisation participative et intégration des pratiques décisionnelles d'éleveurs dans un modèle global d'exploitation : application à l'évaluation de la durabilité des élevages laitiers d'une île tropicale." Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0009.
Full textFrom a nutritional and social viewpoint, animal products are of great importance in human diet. There are more than 1. 5 billions cattle reared at the world-scale, i. E. About one head for four humans. In developing countries, cattle replaces rural credit, it also supplies organic fertilisers necessary to maintain soil fertility and draft animal are essential in many crop systems located in remote areas. But cattle also lead to numerous negative impacts on the environment: air and water pollutions, biodiversity losses and climatic changes. Respective importance of these aggressions depends on farming practices and farm concentration. In La Réunion, due to strong land constraints, dairy farming tended to intensify with heavy use of mineral fertilisers and concentrate feeds. These practices can lead to nutrients excess at the farm-scale. Focusing on the emblematic question of nitrogen management, this thesis demonstrates how participative design of a model that simulates the whole-farm functioning can lead to constructive reflections, both for researchers and farmers, for reducing the environmental impact of actual production systems. This thesis led to the GAMEDE model (Global Activity Model for Evaluating the sustainability of Dairy Enterprises) which represents all the biomass and nitrogen flows at the whole-farm scale. As it is the farmer who decides to change or not his/her practices or the farm structure, he/she is placed at the heart of GAMEDE. This model simulates on a daily basis the performing of all the management actions and their consequences in terms of flows. For this, the main biophysical processes at work in such production systems are modelled. These include the growth of forage crops, their conditioning after harvest, the herd demography and its different productions, grazing and organic fertiliser evolution during handling, including gaseous emissions. GAMEDE helps assess the farmers’ management strategies according to the three pillars of sustainability: technical, environmental and social. Dairy farming is certainly the more complex livestock system to manage and thus to model. At the earth scale, there are barely about ten dairy farm simulation models comparable to GAMEDE. More, co-designing with farmers such models, where the dynamics of various processes are represented, is scarce. Therefore, it appeared particularly relevant to relate this participative modelling experience from the conceptual design, development, evaluation, improvement, up to the implementation of the model
Mohebhoseini, Mohadeseh. "Qâsem-Abâd d'hier et d'aujourd'hui (Iran septentrional) : changements techniques et sociaux." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0029.
Full textThe transformation is a product of influences and interactions of all material and non-material elements of social life. Through a methodological comparative reflexion,"work chain" as an observation and analysis tool of technical activities, this research identifies evolution and persistence of agricultural and pastoral techniques in the Qasem-Abad society (a multi-ethnic and agro-pastoral region in the north of Iran) since second decade of the XX century (1910) until today (2004) with regard to socio-economic factors of the Iranian contemporary society which intervene in the transformation of this rural society. It also clarifies the impacts of technical changes on other aspects of social life of habitants ; social relations, mode of subsistence (decline of pastoral activities and silk production), habitation and domestic relations, eating habits, ethnical frontiers, etc
Chatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Full textFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Sneessens, Inès. "La complémentarité entre culture et élevage permet-elle d’améliorer la durabilité des systèmes de production agricole ? : Approche par modélisation appliquée aux systèmes de polyculture-élevage ovin allaitant." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22505/document.
Full textSpecialization of farming systems and territories are not environmental-friendly, moreover those systems are threatened by the expected higher prices of inputs of production. Diversification and integration of crop and livestock at the farming system scale appears to be a valuable way to enhance farming system sustainability. We posit that they must be conditions of integration that permit mixed crop-livestock systems to be more sustainable than specialized systems and that existing methods of mixed crop-livestock systems characterization do not permit identifying those conditions. To test those hypothesis, we designed a whole-farm model – Sheep’n’Crop – that permits simulating contrasted mixed crop-livestock systems and evaluating (i) their sustainability through economic, productive and environmental (MJ, GHG, N balance) indicators and (ii) their energetic efficiency through a DEA production frontier analysis in order to characterize the complementarity that exists between crop and livestock subsystems. Those analyses were run on three contrasted farming system strategies, distinguished by a decreasing possibility of interactions between crop and livestock subsystems: integrated systems, non-integrated systems and virtual diversified systems. Those systems are also characterized by various crop-livestock organizations (% of crops) and lambing’s periods (spring or autumn). The analysis of sustainability indicates that crop-livestock interactions and spring seasonality permit enhancing each performance of sustainability. However, a high percentage of crops makes decrease the MJ consumption and N balance performances. The characterization of mixed crop-livestock systems through their energetic efficiency gains – the complementarity – show that integrated and non-integrated systems are respectively more efficient than virtual diversified systems by +6.4% and +0.4%. Comparing the complementarity index and indicators of sustainability of farming systems, we highlighted the existence of trade-off. Before analyzing and identifying the best trade-off compromise, we recommend completing our results by testing various pedoclimatic and socio-economic context, the effect of scale efficiencies, the effect of livestock intensification and increasing agronomic and technical effects of crop-livestock interactions
Carvalho, Soraya Abreu De. "Entre opportunisme et persistance. Quelles dynamiques et perspectives d'évolution pour les exploitations laitières familiales de la Transamazonienne ?" Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605840.
Full textFougerat, Alain. "Influence d'additifs alimentaires et d'antibiotiques utilisés en alimentation animale sur la méthanisation des lisiers de porc." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11730.
Full textTra, Bi Zamblé Armand. "Etude de l'impact des activités anthropiques et de la variabilité climatique sur la végétation et les usages des sols, par utilisation de la télédétection et des statistiques agricoles, sur le bassin versant du Bouregreg (MAROC)." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0008/document.
Full textThe Bouregreg watershed is located in the Northwest central Morocco. It’s a semi-arid basin of the humid part of the kingdom. Agriculture is a key pillar of the Moroccan economy. However, the agricultural area of the country is limited due to adverse climate conditions. This agricultural, area located in humid regions is only 20% of the national territory, hence a particular interest in favorable agricultural areas as Bouregreg watershed. Furthermore, although Morocco has undertaken major investments in irrigation, some areas such as the Bouregreg basin remained on the sidelines of this policy for reasons related to their natural fragility. Paradoxically, despite the attention given to irrigated agriculture in the various agricultural development policies of the country since independence, rainfed agriculture remains the main source of agricultural production, especially grain. Well, this rainfed agriculture associated with a significant ranching, focuses more on climatically favorable areas such as the Bouregreg basin, without taking into account the fragility of the soil and natural vegetation of these areas. The present study, conducted with the support of the SIGMED project, highlights the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation and soil of the Bouregreg basin under the combined action of adverse anthropogenic and climatic pressures from 1980 to 2009. This study uses the tool of remote sensing, GIS and statistical. Analysis of remote sensing is made from multiple scales from low resolution to high spatial resolution. It is the same for the temporal analysis, where are used both images of high temporal repetitiveness (NOAA and MODIS) and low temporal resolution (LANDSAT AND SPOT 5). Exploitation of these images combines remote sensing and statistical time series analysis and correlation. Analysis of various interactions between the dynamics of natural factors, including climate, and the anthropogenic factors, is carried out by GIS. For further reflection in the field of geographical prospective about the future of the basin in a climate environment increasingly unfavorable, climate analyzes were made from projections of regional climate models for 2050 and 2100 horizons. The main results of this study showed a significant decrease in plant productivity due to more increasing degradation caused by farming and climate actions. Based on the projections of climate models, this dynamics is likely to continue, so that beyond 2050, the system of rainfed production will have to disappear. As for forest formation, they should suffer as result more pressure which should lead to their disappearance. If an effective backup policy is not implemented. This dynamics to be highlights the importance of the issue of adaptation basin conditions of climate change
Visinet-Forestier, Jacqueline. "Etude didactique d'une innovation liée à l'utilisation d'un système-expert d'aide au diagnostic en formation initiale et continue dans l'enseignement agricole." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10238.
Full textRomdhane, Abderrazak. "Evolution des systèmes agro-pastoraux et dynamiques locales dans la délégation d'El Hamma-Gabès Sud tunisien." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100045.
Full textThe district of el Hamma in the north east of Tunisia has known socio-economic changes reflecting the agro-pastoral customs of the beni-zid people. The changes found expression in the privatization of land collectives, the creation of new irrigated perimeters and the expense of the covered lands, the planning of some steppes where we can see olivers and fruit trees behind the tabias near the jebels and the construction of many habitations. New strategies of agro-pastoral production in the south of Tunisia are dominated but next ways of managing natural resources like buying animal feeds, sale of water for animals and transhumance towards the north of the country. This investigation is an attempt to analyses and value all these changes "pastoral breeding continues of play an important economic role». Agriculture in the frequent difficulties for farmers whose viability never seems assured. The climatic conditions and the tribal traditions were not considerate in the different actions of management. Nevertheless, the improve use of water, better defense of animals and showing the advantages of Oglet Marteba and el Bhaier could be able to augment the revenues and prevent further exodus from rural areas and defend against desertification
El, Mejdoub El Alaoui Moulay El Hadi. "Organisation de l'espace et vie rurale chez les Aït Sgougou (Moyen-Atlas central)." Nancy 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN21022.
Full textSaidi, Mustapha. "Impact de la politique d'ajustement structurel sur l'agriculture tunisienne : Application aux systèmes de production à dominante céréales-élevage dans la région du Nord-Ouest." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT020A.
Full textRieutort, Laurent. "Espaces fragiles et dynamique des systèmes agricoles : l'élevage ovin en France." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF20043.
Full textIn spite of the economic boost of the 60's, sheep-farming in france, is the symbol of fringing agricultural production. Present day difficulties and the concurrence of the greatest exporting countries can be due to historical traditions, old-fashioned techniques, agro-business and small farming. The sheep wander in unstable peripheric areas, where intensive farming can't be established (centre-ouest, massif central, pyrenees, alpes du sud) ; as an exception, only the successof the roquefort milking area is indeniable. As it often implies and extensive type of farming, sheep-breeding corresponds to the present-day wish of limiting production and permitting a better use of the territory. But if it were too exclusive and under-rated, it might bear prejudice to the human precarity of many rural regions which are dependant on agriculture
Karamanes, Evangelos. "Les techniques et l'espace : la construction identitaire des Koupatsiarika (département de Grevena, Macédoine occidentale, Grèce)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHESA042.
Full textBaldoceda, Baldeon Luis Manuel. "Offrir une nouvelle bande d'herbe après la traite du matin ou après la traite du soir : effets sur la valeur nutritive du pâturage et sur les performances des vaches laitières en production bio." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28266/28266.pdf.
Full textBencherif, Slimane. "L'élevage pastoral et la céréaliculture dans la steppe algérienne Évolution et possibilités de développement." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00586977.
Full textAlali, Ali. "L’alimentation au royaume d’Ougarit aux XIVe et XIIIe siècles avant J.-C." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL025.
Full textThe dietary question offers a unique perspective to study almost every aspect of the kingdom of Ugarit, as it is currently known by archeology and epigraphy. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive view of the Ugaritic diet during the late Bronze Age and to develop certain topics. The unique bioclimatic and environmental conditions contributed considerably to the development of crop and livestock farming which was the primary way of life of the Ugaritic people. As regards agricultural products, they played an important role in the economic, social and religious life of the Ugaritians: Ugaritic wine and oil, in particular, were traded commercially and exported to Egypt and Cyprus. Furthermore, the use of foodstuffs was varied: They were used in several essential symbolic practices such as the payment for work or services, religious offerings for the gods as well as in ceremonial celebrations namely sacred banquets. By studying administrative and religious texts dealing with food, our work will provide a synthesis that will expand our understanding of the kingdom of Ugarit
Luth, Luth. "Effet de la combinaison de la lombrifiltration et du lagunage à macrophytes sur le recyclage des effluents sur le site d'élevage." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651435.
Full textBoutin, Denis. "Production de lait en tout ensilage au Québec, risques et impacts techniques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26168/26168.pdf.
Full textHoffmann, Alizé. "Impacts de la néolithisation sur l'évolution des systèmes hôtes-parasites : étude paléoparasitologique des sociétés mésolithiques et néolithiques dans le sud-est de la France et le nord-est de l'Espagne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20066.
Full textPaleoparasitology is the study of parasitic remains in archaeological context. The neolithization process with all that it implies in terms of socio-economic changes has helped to modify our relations to parasitic diseases. The first humanity epidemiological transition was induced by the establishment and intensification of agro-pastoral systems. The populations clustering, the sedentarisation, the presence in the same space of different species (animal and vegetable, especially allochthonous), the deforestation, the irrigation, the use of fertilizer, the parking or the storage are as many behaviors that impacted host / parasite systems. The deposits in our corpus focused on southwestern France and northeastern Spain.Through the analysis of helminth eggs, the way in which parasitic/host/environmental systems have adapted to the socio-economic transformations of human populations, as well as the health consequences on human populations of this anthropisation, have been understood. In addition, thanks to a dual approach (chronological and geographical) to European deposits with different biotopes, from our corpus integrated with those available in the bibliography, it has been possible to specify and compare the extent of human influence on parasitic/host systems. The deposits sampled in this study came from very different contexts, including chronology, geology, taphonomy and type of use. The most suitable facies for the conservation of helminth eggs were therefore identified
Anzalone, Guilhem. "Les économies politiques de l’agriculture biologique : production et commercialisation de la viande bovine biologique en France." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0027.
Full textThough recently developed and limited in scope, the French organic farming sector is highly diversified. The reason is that organic farming refers to farming practices but also to an ideological movement. Producing and commercializing organic products in such situation constitutes a relevant topic for economic sociology: how is the organic farming ideological project embedded in the commercialization process? The analysis is based on a fieldwork conducted with the economic sector’s actors in western and south-western France: breeders, farmers groups, manufacturing plants, distributors, professional associations and unions. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the gathering of written sources. To analyze how organic meat circulates, I take into account the definition of the product, the form of the economic transaction and more widely the social roles played by actors involved in the circulation of the product. Drawing on the notions of “circuits of commerce” (V. Zelizer) and that of “moral economy” (E. P. Thompson), I show that the combination of these three criteria shapes different economic organization models – which I call political economies. I identify two of them: a standardization political economy and a producer political economy. The former is based on the concentration of volumes of production and its dispatching to diversified markets while the latter is characterized by the central breeders’ role
Larochelle, Mélanie. "Liens entre l'âge, le poids et le gras dorsal d'une part, avec la productivité et la longévité des truies, d'autre part." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26421/26421.pdf.
Full textChin, Véronique. "La modernisation de l'agriculture chinoise : le cas des filières d'élevage : économie paysanne et dynamiques industrielles." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0099.
Full textThis study examines the modernization processes of Chinese agriculture since 1980 with a special focus on swine and poultry industries. Emerging production systems and development factors are studied through field studies in Guangdong province. When typical development patterns appeared in the poultry industry, the swine industry shows a different development path with small size family productions staying predominant. These small size productions result from land policy, rural underemployment and markets instabilities. In addition to animal husbandry, this study shows how small farms, with peasant roots, had remarkably adapted and evolved through multiple paths. As such, they allow a better understanding of the specific constraints of China's agricultural and food industries, as well as show that there is not only one way to economic development
Adjiou, Kodjo. "Les exploitations agricoles comme reflet d'une société en changement : Ngam-Ngam, Tchokossi et Moba-Gourma de Mango : Togo septentrional." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010515.
Full textBodet, Cédric. "L'apparition de l'élevage en Anatolie : un reflet de la structure économique et sociale du néolithique d'Asie antérieure." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010651.
Full textBerre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Full textThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Desbordes, Christelle. "Travail et société dans l’Égypte du IIIe millénaire : enseignements du système hiéroglyphique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20085.
Full textThe written form of hieroglyphic signs which represent workers is studied, and compared with iconographic documents and sculpture, to understand the way in which the writing interprets the notion of work, and the elements that the elite wants to fix in the imagery. A lexicographical approach of work is also done. Historical and sociological documentation is lastly used to obtain a more complete appreciation of the perception of the professional organization in the Old Kingdom. Our analysis has come to define the processes used to transcribe the worker in writing and in whole imagery of the Old Kingdom. The parameters which play a part in the composition of the worker’s image, in his appearance, his relation to action or his connection with technique, are thus defined. The link between lexicography and work is also treated. Whole information is then used to define the ideological perception of work at this time. Work is thus considered like a social act, and the worker, linked to a solid community, appears to be integrated in a complex hierarchic system. Work is also perceived as a hard act, practised by a modest population who is dependent on a ruling authority and who put a lot of effort into carrying out his task. Work finally appears as a productive act, and worker, as technician and producer, constitutes an essential link in the process of transformation of materials, and assures the prosperity of the country and the comfort of the elite
Dagenais, Guillaume. "Effet des pigments xanthophylles jaunes du gluten de maïs et utilisation de différents niveaux de lysine dans la moulée d'élevage; impacts sur les performances et la coloration de la truite arc-en-ciel (Onchorynchus mykiss)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25766/25766.pdf.
Full textRobineau, Ophélie. "Vivre de l'agriculture dans la ville africaine : une géographie des arrangements entre acteurs à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917958.
Full textDongmo, Aimé Landry. "Territoires, troupeaux et biomasses : enjeux de gestion pour un usage durable des ressources au Nord-Cameroun." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005304/document.
Full textIn North Cameroon like in similar areas of Sudano-sahelian Africa, severe drought and high demographic pressure has resulted in an influx of migrant farmers and the settlement of pastoralists in the more humid and less saturated zones. Today, farmers are face with a continuous drop in crop yields, Pastoralists have difficulties in feeding their herds. Studies of crop and livestock farming systems and the analysis of their interactions have highlighted the need for better management of biomass. Results show that the use of organic manure by primary crop farmers is low compared to livestock owners who use copious quantities on their crop farms. As a consequence, they obtain much higher biomass yields on much smaller land areas. In the dry season, they use their ancestral right of free ranging to feed their animals on crop residues produced by farmers. During the rest of the year, part of their herd goes on transhumance towards favourable areas while the other part is maintained in the village near the family. Feeding the latter entails walking long distances each day through narrow passages in cultivated fields. Finally, the important part of biomass production in the village depends both on the practices of farmers (mineral and organic fertilisation) and those of herd owners (free ranging). Systems of better biomass management are suggested to improve the soil fertility and production in the short term through organic matter produced near the farm, manure produced in stables or on a fix parking lot, or in the medium term by zero-till and planting under mulch system. Conceptual modelling systems are then developed for sustainable management of biomass
Blein, Charlotte. "Économie et territoire en Macédoine sous domination romaine (la Bottiée, l'Eordée et la Piérie du IIe s. Av. J. -C. Au IIIe s. Ap. J. -C) : l'apport des résultats de l'archéologie préventive à l'histoire des sociétés anciennes." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0025.
Full text"What has become of the economy of Philip II of Macedon's kingdom following the Roman conquest of Macedonia?" This broad (but significant) question is of particular interest as Macedonia is often depicted as an interface between the Greek and the Barbarian world and a passageway between the East and the West through the Via Egnatia. However, following the battle of Pydna in 168 BC, literary sources are scarce on the history of the new Roman province. This historical silence can be interpreted in ways that the area seems totally devoid of any economic dynamism. This dissertation seeks to outline the economic organization of the Roman province of Macedonia, from the point of view of its inner, daily and domestic functioning rather than on its integration within the broad Mediterranean trading networks. In order to grasp the diversity of the economic strategies and the organization and occupation of the Macedonian landscape at a local and regional scales, this study will primarily focus on archaeological evidences. It will be based on an exhaustive and comprehensive collection of remains uncovered from rescue excavations and related to "production" and "economic mechanisms" such as agricultural installations, trading facilities and craft apparatuses and workspaces. The available data is plentiful, but the amount of information that can be extracted from them is often limited as most of the archaeological remnants cannot be investigated separately from one another. The methodology use to reconstruct parts of the economical system of Roman Macedonia will be based on an approach focusing on a global and contextual examination of the archaeological vestiges
Bardoneschi, Floriana. "Le cheval de trait et son harnachement (entre Meuse et Loire, XIIe-XVIe siècle) : symboliser, habiter et cultiver les campagnes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC117.
Full textThroughout the medieval period, the working horse is at the same time a power-driven machine, a social marker, an investment and a companion. It has a hand in agricultural development as well as in all economic life. Source-crossing is the best solution to explore all its aspects. Besides iconographic documents which show agricultural activities, our particular focus were on three collections of texts : farming leases signed by the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem in the area of the French Priory, remission letters granted by the king of France and inventories made after the death of persons from Burgundy and Dijon. This is an opportunity to study what was the budget to buy and use a work horse, and how the search for productivity and cost-effectiveness appear. Several approaches may be found. First of all, it's important to see how a farmer could get a horse and the place where it's available, whether it's first- or second-hand. Then, there is the investment for its food and its maintenance in good condition for work. Furthermore the harness of draught horses is worthy of specific attention. The most important and the better known is the collar, but it's a piece of a set of technical developments. They meet not only other pieces of harness but also tools draft, -ploughs, harrows or cars
Chatzimpiros, Petros, and Petros Chatzimpiros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00834837.
Full textHOSTIOU, Nathalie. "Pratiques et stratégies de gestion des ressources herbagères cultivées par des éleveurs laitiers sur un front pionnier en Amazonie brésilienne: cas du municipe de Uruará." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000782.
Full textTaillade, Jean-Jacques. "Les dynamiques dans la gestion de l'espace et des ressources naturelles sur les interfluves de l'Ouest malgache : Cas des éleveurs Sakalava du Menabé." Montpellier 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON30064.
Full textThe problems linked to the preservation of the natural vegetation in the west of madagascar can be seen in many different ways. Forms of made-man degradation, most visible in some sectors, tend to demonstrate that the environment/society interface corresponds to man's aggressive action and leads to the progressive disappearance of sylvan areas. However, the dry forest, despite several centuries of human occupation, still occupies vast surfaces. Arboroginal societies, sakalava and pre-sakalava, are known to have made great use of the forest. The value of this environment was undoubtedly acknowledged by these populations who had enforced rules enabling them to define limits to lumbering. Several external factors (colonisation, migrations, appearance of free market) have contribued to the evolution of human behaviours towards more aggressiveness and less respect for the natural vegetation. Although this trend is general, there is also a resistance from big sakalava graziers, anxious to avoid redistribution of prosperity, who regards themselves as the supporters of a traditiona and "ecological" management of the forest, and develop new strategies to use space in order to appropriate the main forest-clad mountains in the area
Conesa, Marc. "D'herbe, de terre et de sang : la Cerdagne du XIVe au XIXe siècle." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30039.
Full textThis doctoral research dwells on the relationship between societies and the territories they shape within a diachronic perspective. The hypothesis at the core of this work is that the relation to space partakes of the classification of the individuals into several groups, according to localities, family status or land wealth. This list is neither to be considered exhaustive nor ahistorical. From this perspective, Cerdanya (in the Eastern Pyrenees) qualified as a terrain, given the social and spatial divides which bring to the fore and reconstruct the manifold relations to space between the 16th and 19th centuries. Three questions arise at three different scales. On a small scale, does the coming upon the political scene of a frontier in the middle of the 17th c. (with the Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659) modify the relations to space by creating a new state, a new actor ? Then, what about the role held by the city of Puigcerdà in the shaping of these moutain societies ? On the community scale, what kinds of relations to space form when it comes to common lands as much on the intercommunal as the intracommunal level ? Lastly, on the large scale, what are the links weaving between families, individuals and the land called “private”, when, from a historiographical point of view, Cerdanya is located in a Pyrenean aera where primogeniture and the exclusion of the youngest is deeply rooted
Grillot, Myriam. "Modélisation multi-agents et pluri-niveaux de la réorganisation du cycle de l’azote dans des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux en transition : le cas du bassin arachidier au Sénégal." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0006/document.
Full textAgro-sylvo-pastoral systems (systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux - SASP) of West Africa are agroecosystems limited in biomass and nutrients. Nutrient recycling and fertility transfer are traditionally driven by the mobility of ruminant herds led in extensive practices. Agro-pastoralists practice night corralling of their herds to concentrate the organic matter in the fields near the houses, in order to secure a sufficient food production for their needs. In a context of demographic growth and the reduction of natural rangelands in favor of cultivated areas, the "traditional" mobile livestock system, based on high mobility within the village is being called into question. The strategies adopted by the agro-pastoralists are: (i) keeping the herds away from the village for periods of varying lengths, by seasonal transhumance in less populated regions where forage resources are more important, or (ii) more recently, intensified practices with animals kept in the barn within the village and fed with concentrate feeds, bought on the local markets. These changes in livestock systems may have important consequences for biomass flows and nutrient cycling at the household and village landscape level. There was a need to assess their impact on the functioning and sustainability of SASP.To this end, the TERROIR multi-agent model has been developed and implemented on the GAMA modeling platform. It simulates the effect of changes in the organization of the landscape and livestock systems on biomass and nitrogen flows at different levels of organization in the village: plot, herd, household, village landscape. The model simulates the exchanges of biomasses between dozens of households with different strategies and practices. It includes the spatial transfers of biomasses between several hundred plots orchestrated by dozens of herds moving independently. The model synthesizes these flows with a set of indicators from two methods of analysis (Ecological Network Analysis and System Gate Balance) to describe the structure, functioning and sustainability of the agroecosystem, in terms of productivity, efficiency, autonomy, recycling, spatial transfers and nutrient balance. The model was designed and configured with available data on savannah agroecosystems in West Africa. It was evaluated from data observed in two villages of the Groundnut Basin in Senegal where the practices of agro-pastoralists are particularly contrasted. The TERROIR model was developed and implemented to explore the impacts of the village dynamics observed over the period 1920-2015 in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal, an agricultural zone in fast and advanced agrarian transition. The results highlight a reorganization of the nitrogen cycle and a general trend towards increased flows and increased dependence of agroecosystems on external sources of nutrients. However, the recycling and spatial transfers of nutrients internal to agroecosystems remain at high levels. The soil-plant-animal-human integration and the spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of fertilizing resources appear as two persistent properties of the studied agro-ecosystems. Consolidating this integration and spatial organization could guarantee for the sustainability of future farming systems that will emerge in a context of continued high-population growth and climate change
Fiette, Baptiste. "Les archives de Shamash-hazir : exercice du pouvoir et administration de la terre dans la province de Larsa sous Hammurabi de Babylone (1792-1750 av. J. -C. )." Paris, EPHE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EPHE4014.
Full textŠamaš-hazir is the manager of the royal estate of Larsa under Hammurabi of Babylon, after the conquest of the Larsa kingdom, in the south of Mesopotamia, in 1763. His archives, counting 313 tablets (one third of them until then unpublished), discovered by illegal diggers and scaterred into several collections, contain some letters written by the king and his ministers, or by the members of the family of Šamaš-hazir, and some legal and accounting documents. They inform us about his professional and private activities. The question of the practice of the babylonian power in a conquered land is on the heart of this dissertation. The first part concerns the new administration established by Hammurabi in the province of Larsa. Some local governors, until then unrecognized, are identified thanks to the archives of Šamaš-hazir associated with other contemporary texts. The duties of each category of dignitaries are highlighted. The second part deals with the management of the land in the royal estate : in the one hand, the fields are granted as holding to royal servants of all professions ; in the other hand, they are reserved to the Crown, collecting the crops. We stress the roles of Šamaš-hazir (land survey, maintenance of irrigation, solving of disputes) and the documents he has to write, consult, archive and send to the capital city. At last, the third part is devoted to his private archives : Šamaš-hazir builds up his own important estate around Larsa, his wife Zinû assists him in the economic management. His example illustrates a case of a babylonian dignitary occupying a piece of a conquered territory for his own business
Plassin, Sophie. "Élever des bovins dans des paysages éco-efficients. Comprendre et modéliser le processus d’intensification dans les fermes d’élevage d’Amazonie orientale brésilienne." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0028.
Full textAfter 50 years of agricultural expansion in Eastern Brazilian Amazon, environmental policy to reduce deforestation and a set of socio-economic drivers are putting constraints on extensive cattle ranching systems. In response, land use intensification has been gaining momentum as a way to improve livestock production in limited land areas and conserve forest. The process of land-use intensification is poorly understood in this region, particularly in its spatial dimension and in its contribution towards building eco-efficient landscapes, i.e. landscapes where practices and their spatial distribution optimize the use of natural resources. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to document and model the interactions between cattle ranchers’ decisions, landscapes and natural resources in a diversity of cattle farms.Firstly, we conducted a field research in two livestock-oriented regions of Pará state, Paragominas and Redenção. Drawing on interviews, landscape and farm trajectories analysis, we characterized six patterns of intensification, studied what perceptions cattle ranchers have on certain types of natural resources and described the effects of land-use management on such resources. Secondly, we developed an Agent-Based Model to simulate over 20 years the effects of intensive farming strategies on landscape and their natural resources, and assess the feasibility of adopting such management in various agrarian situations. We used the model to compare two scenarios of intensification: one semi-intensive solely based on improved pasture managenement and one intensive based on crop-livestock integration and irrigation.The results show that the process of intensification has led to a spatial rearrangement of land uses. Cattle ranchers prefer to intensify fields with the best biophysical conditions for forage production, as well as those closest to and most accessible from the farmstead. The intensification strategies aim at enhancing the use of multiple natural resources (topography, soil fertility, soil drainage, access to surface and groundwater for irrigation) and optimizing land-use configuration at farm scale. By contrast, during the colonization period, land-use organization was much less correlated to the spatial distribution of natural resources (except for soil fertility from forest ash and surface water), the main goal of farmers being land appropriation. Nevertheless, choice of farming practices and their spatial location differ among farms and according to the degree of heterogeneity of biophysical conditions. Moreover, simulation results show that the process of intensification can reduce the area necessary for animal production. Thus, cattle ranchers can increase herd size while sparing land for forest regeneration. However, low labor availability limits the spatial extent of land-use intensification at farm scale. In terms of landscape dynamics, cattle ranchers locate land-uses according to geomorphological units differently, which leads to various spatio-temporal dynamics of natural resources.Reconciling cattle ranching production and forest conservation in eco-efficient landscape remains an important challenge for Brazilian Amazon. The findings illustrate the importance of assessing the landscape areas most suitable for agricultural intensification and for conservation drawing on knowledge about cattle ranchers projects and the effects of their practices and spatial location on natural resources. Several opportunities and challenges are identified to tackle such challenge. New research perspectives related to decisions understanding, modeling and extension of the scale of analysis are proposed in order to take into account the influence of external factors on decisions and include more ecological and social interactions
Hanafi, Hamid. "Aménagement hydro-agricole et processus d'urbanisation dans la Basse-Moulouya (Maroc-oriental)." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010621.
Full textFauret, Pierre. "Anthropisation en direction des Parcs Nationaux de Taï et de la Comoé (Côte d’Ivoire) : évaluer le risque trypanosomien." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30025.
Full textIn Sub-Saharan Africa, population growth and climatic variability generate significant population movements in direction of protected areas. The installation on the periphery or inside the protected areas, exposes the human populations and the animals that they raise to the bite of insect-vectors able to transmitting pathogens (yellow fever, leishmaniasis, trypanosomosis etc.). This is the case of tsetse flies, vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness) and African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). In Côte d’Ivoire, population increased from 2.6 million (8 people/km2) in 1950 to 23,1 million in 2015 (71,6 people/km2). The process of deforestation for agriculture development (coffee, cocoa, rubber tree and cashew plantations for example) have led to a land saturation, which are oriented agricultural populations towards protected areas. This increasing of anthropic impacts in and around protected areas exposes human and animal populations to tsetse fly bite and trypanosome risk. The objective of this study is to report the process of exploitation of territories situated in margins and inside two protected areas and to evaluate trypanosome risk. More precisely, the first step is to characterize settlement dynamics (creation, extension and multiplication of stands, increase in human population densities) and changes in the rural area (areas cultivated and types of crops) outskirts of the Taï National Park (forest) and the Comoé National Park (savannah). Activities carried out by the surrounding riparian populations and within these protected areas is also studied (gathering, hunting, fishing, grazing, gold panning, etc.). In the same time, in order to assess the risk, entomological surveys (species diversity, density and infection of tsetse flies), medical and veterinary surveys (seroprevalence, prevalence of HAT and AAT) were conducted. This "One Health" approach provides a better understanding of how populations exploit marginal and protected areas and measure trypanosome risk exposure. In view of the demographic projections and future land issues associated, this theme appears essential for the elimination of human and animal trypanosomiasis. This study helps to reach the goal of elimination of THA in Côte d'Ivoire by 2020