Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture et énergie – Brésil'
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Malgalhães, Drouvot Cláudia. "Le Programme national brésilien de biodiesel, les facteurs clés du succès et le management coopératif : une solution pour développer les compétences et la participation des petits paysans ?" Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENG004.
Full textThe objective of the Program main road of biodiesel launched by the Brazilian federal government in 2004 is to develop the production of biodiesel in relation to the small family farmers of the semi-arid areas and starting from plants which do not enter directly the human and animal chain food. Carried out in various areas of Nordeste and the North of Brazil, four studies on the ground evaluate, on a whole of criteria, the establishment of this program, in order to determine if the country communities concerned take part concretely in these actions, within the framework of associations or co-operatives and, if these projects support the social integration of this very marginalized population
Erthal, Villela Lamounier. "Intervention étatique et crise du modèle énergétique brésilien : la maîtrise de l'énergie comme perspective." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030061.
Full textThe brazilian government decided to intervene in petrobras and electrobras in order to face the challenge of rapid industrialization of the country and act upon the energetic sector. Those companies have experienced a great success since their creation, but are suffering the impact of serious problems since the crises of state in the 80's. The crises management in both companies had serious consequences in the energy consumption pattern. Both had lost their capacity of self-financing and had their consumption pattern distort. The market consumption then concentrates in a few activities and becomes irrational and obsolete in others. It was also observed that interdependence among: state strategy direction, the energy sector dynamics and the consumption structure. A vicious circle with evil effects has appeared during the crises contributing to the application of the neo-liberal polices. To break this circle a reform of the state and of the sector is required to impose a new technoadministrative reality to the brazilian production system
Dossa, Derli. "Adoption des techniques agricoles et décision des agriculteurs : le cas de producteurs de soja au Parana (Brésil)." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE010.
Full textThe object of this work is to analyze the offer and the adoption of technologies by soya producers in Brazil. During a survey carried out with 370 soya producers in panama in 1987 88, an important difference was noted between the technical proposals resulting from the Embrapa CNPSoya research and their adoption by farmers. Theoretically, there was no reason for the producers not to use the technical innovations that would enable their production systems to be improved. Technical choices : how and why became the basic questions of the work. In order to analyse this problem, we used the theoretical framework and methodology mainly developed by the INRA-SAD-Dijon research workers : the theory of the adaptative behaviour of the producers in a systematic and pluridisciplinary process, case studies, research-development (action), basic implements such as typologies, production operational costs and linear programming. The conclusion of this work is that to understand the use of new technologies in production systems, a multidisciplinary and systematic work must be carried out in order to study the habits and to be aware of the producer's circumstances and projects
Balerin, Yannick. "Agriculture et libéralisation économique au Mato Grosso : quelle trajectoire de développement ?" Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030040.
Full textThe Mato Grosso State’s economic development started shortly when Brazil decided to liberalize its economy in the early nineties. The political and economic project born in the fifties, aiming at occupying this vast territory and turning into an important agricultural production area, was still unachieved in 1985. In spite of the risks it brings, the liberalization has had a positive impact on the economic growth in Mato Grosso. It was stimulated by an exceptional development in agricultural production and its integration into the international trade, following the expansion of the cultivated lands, the adoption and the spread of the technological progress and the rural financings. The inclination of the public policies towards the most vulnerable population is visible through the new orientation of the public budgets and the recorded results of the land reform. The durability and the equity of the growth process still remain uncertain. The family agriculture segment is noticeable to be marginalized in the State rural economy, and its income is eroding. The economic growth of the State became very sensitive to the international conjuncture as a result of its over-specialization on the export soybean complex, and is strongly depending on the financing, out of the traditional banking system. The future competitiveness of the economy is linked with the development of transportation and storage infrastructures. The social and economic indicators in rural areas are improving sharply and the disparities are reducing, but these results are still to be confirmed in the longer term. Deforestation has been the price to pay for agriculture growth. The handling of the environmental issue, to accompany the dynamic of growth, constitutes a major stake. Especially at the time when the North of the Mato Grosso could become a new site for agricultural exports across the Amazonian basin, in order to maintain the price’s competitiveness of the production, to stimulate its diversification and to ensure the social and economic sustainability of the development process
Santiago, Junior Fernando Antonio. "La régulation du secteur électrique en France et au Brésil." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010284.
Full textMoruzzi-Marques, Paulo Eduardo. "Agriculture familiale et participation au Brésil : les conseils municipaux de développement rural du PRONAF (acteurs, intérêts et pouvoir)." Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030039.
Full textIn the crafting of Brazilian agricultural policy today, the idea of prioritizing family-run farming is broadening the debates on the subject of rural development, debates which bring different world views to confrontation. Enhancing the image of family-run farming is a major issue to be considered when examining modern Brazilian agricultural policies, which tend traditionally toward large operations, and which have marginalized through time the family-run farms, leading to a noticeable deterioration of agricultural ecosystems. In this regard, the fact that many developed countries have granted an important role to family-run farms can be taken as an example. This work analyzes the implementation of PRONAF, the Brazilian National Family-Run Agriculture Program created in 1995, and focuses notably on the participative aspect of the program. .
Noya, Eliane de Carvalho. "Création et diffusion d'innovations pour les paysans brésiliens : exemple des Etats de Minas Gerais et Pernambouc." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010659.
Full textVeiga, Iran. "Savoirs locaux et organisation sociale de l'agriculture amazonienne : la gestion durable des milieux en question." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20058.
Full textSchmidt, Wilson. "La relation entre le système productif et l'organisation de la recherche agricole au Brésil : une approche historique." Paris 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA030120.
Full textThe relationship between research activities and production activities is commonly introduced as a result from a rationa approach previously defined. According to this point of view, there is a tight and an one-direction link between science technique in one part, and scientific policy and production policy in the other part. Efforts engaged in research would more or less quickly, lead to improvement of economic efficiency. It is thus assumed a somewhat <> between dynamics of the scientific system and that one of production system. This work is an analysis of long-term relationships (1840-1990) between agricultural research and production systems in brazil. It aims at to show that there was seldom <> between the analysed evolutions, which were neither simple reciprocal. As examples of our proposition, we have favoured the analysis of three great periods that have been critical the brazilian agriculture change : 1830-1930 : legacy of colonial agriculture and appearance of a research devoted to se an image of modernity; - 1930-1967 : model based on local resources and research implemented towards national agricultural development; - 1967-1990 : research and production integrated within the scheme of international division o work : agricultural research under the constraints of the new model favouring agricultural exportations. For each of the periods, analysis is associated with the special cases of singular crops : namely coffee, cotton and soybean. We show that wholly speaking <> between scientific and production spheres is a consequence of selected economic growth models as well as functions devoted to agriculture. <> and <> are explored by the ga between capacity of knowledge production by the national scientific system and capacity (or willingness) of knowledge us by technical and production systems. Particular emphasis is put on differented rhythms of evolution of both scientific production <>
Éloy, Ludivine. "Entre ville et forêt : le futur de l'agriculture amérindienne en question : transformations agraires en périphérie de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nord-ouest amazonien, Brésil." Paris 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124085.
Full textThis thesis is a study of indigenous agriculture transformations around a small amazonian city. More than the demographic density, the agrarian transformations depend on the migration trajectories of the families up to the city, through various property rights in natural ressources and possibilities of collecting incomes mediated by large kinship networks. The farmers select imported agricultural techniques and transform their traditional practices. If one observes the existence of a specialization towards the market, family strategies of diversification are more current. The multilocal territorialities make it possible to compensate for the increasing scarcity of the natural resources, and to satisfy new aspirations. Swidden cultivation plays a central part in these territorial transformations, because, from its flexibility, it combines in space and time with the other activities. These innovations place again the Indigenous peoples as the central actors of the creation of the modernity in their territories
Aires, Filho Benaias. "Un exemple de modernisation conservatrice : l'UDR et les propriétaires ruraux dans l'Etat de Goias." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0016.
Full textIn Brazil, the growing of interests for an agrarian reform was accompanied by a diversity of patterns of representation of th land owners. The UDR (The Democratic Union of the Ruralists) was created in a potitical transition period when important measures were decided about the laws of the land. Our study is divised in three parts. In the first part we describe the brazilian modernization process occurred in the country. This process fortified the political power of the strong Brazilian land owners, the social inequality and concentrated the income between a little number of land owners. We also present the history of a Brazilian state, Goias. Until the years eighty, it has been an important agricultural frontier. However Goias is actually one of the strongest productors of grains in Brazil. In the second part we analyze the reality of the patronal representation in the country. The main subject studied is UDR, an organization with a novel pattern of representation of the Brazilian land owners, originated in a period of a political transition. We also study the authoritarian characteristics of the land owners of Goias. Finally we present the fairs and exhibitions, an important place of exhibition and social reproduction of this category. In the third part of this study we try to characterize the Brazilian version of the conservative thought of the leaders of UDR, the union that represents the land owners
Garcia, Parrilla Tiffany. "Temporalités et agricultures. Identités et objets en mouvement. Une approche croisée France - Brésil." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA034.
Full textHow do Brazilian and French family farms create innovative temporal practices to respond to ecological transition?This thesis explores in a context of the social acceleration of ecologisation, the diversity of practices and representations as an expression of fracture within the modernist agricultural model. It proposes focussing on temporal experiences of socio-professional identities, elements of nature and technical artefacts. Our three ields of research- La Genétouze, Saints en Puisaye and Rio Veado- encompass the development of organic farming and of the animated debates that arise from its «conventionalisation.» Controversies over its identity _ question the numerous cultural connections between the different agricultural models and the tensions conveyed around their links with the past, the present and the future.Our transversal approach in both France and Brazil proposes to cross-examine the temporalities experienced by farmers who use reasoned agriculture, conservation agriculture or agrobiologic farms alongside their local trajectories. It shows that social acceleration hegemony is illusory: the inversion of progressive and linear time or its deceleration symbolize cultural resistances. Rather, we are part of the coexistence of multiple, opposing and even contradictory temporalities within the same territory. The challenging questions for family farming are then civilizational: they reveal temporal crises questioning the researcher on the capacity of the actors to reverse the arrow of time, offering possible reconciliations between the linearity of technical progress and life cycles
Almeida, Jalcione Pereira de. "Agriculteurs de la deuxième chance : un regard sur les (ré)actions contestataires et la mouvance alternative dans l'agriculture du Brésil méridional." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100106.
Full textSilva, Osvaldo Heller da. "Communistes et anticommunistes : l'enjeu du syndicalisme agricole dans l'Etat du Paraná de 1945 à la fin des années 1970." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0048.
Full textAfter the sudden and troublesome occupation of the porecatu zone, in the northern part of parana, occurred the first agrarian conflits, which in turn permetted the implanting of the brazilian communist party in the countryside. The first collective representation of the peasantry then took shape, called the peasant leagues. After the stiffling of the conflict, the communists acted azs relays for the nascent peasant unions. At that point, the catholic hierarchy entered the race for the peasant trade unionism. However, thecommunists won the first round in the struggle for the leadership of the representation of the peasantry. The military putch of 1964 swept the communists away from the rural scene of parana. From then on, it is church formed union members who took control of the union structure left by the communists. Through the state subsidies, the new unions became powerfull service organisation serving the rural community. This type of unionism dwindled as did the military regime. It permitted the left to come back to the countryside, thus completing the full circle of the becoming, turmoil and consolidation of the peasant union movement
Grisel, Pierre-Nicolas. "La possibilité d'une transition agroécologique? : une analyse des déterminants économiques, écologiques et institutionnels de l'adoption de pratiques agricoles alternatives dans une communauté d'agriculteurs familiaux au Brésil." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01250525.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to explore the issue of changes in ways of production of family farmers communities facing economic and ecological crisis. To what extent are they able to carry out a transition to more sustainable ways of production? The thesis focuses on a rural region of Nova Friburgo (Brazil) with family farmers organized in communities. First of all, we identify the environmental, economic and institutional factors allowing family farmers to substitute agroecological practices to practices that emerged during the "green revolution" Based on a farming systems model, we then highlight the weakening of family structures since the 1970s, both in terms of economic performances and exploitation of ecosystem services. This context facilitateemergence of "environmental desservices" that had undermined the sustainability of these structures. In addition, the reintroduction of a full set of agroecological practices in the current family farming system does not appear as a viable economic alternative for farmers. Using scenarios, we however show that it is possible to identify the missing capabilities of producers that would enable them to initiate basic transformations. In addition, by focusing our analysis on the community level, we show the existence of endogenous forms of coordination – institutional arrangements – which could turn the current farming system toward an agroecology-based system
Barros, Emanoel de Souza. "Estimations de frontières de production des exploitations agricoles par des approches paramétriques, non paramétriques et bootstrap : avec une application à l'évaluation des effets de l'irrigation dans le Nordeste du Brésil." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010024.
Full textFruleux, Mathieu. "La dimension sectorielle du blocage d'une redéfinition du mode de régulation et les perspectives de développement au Brésil : une étude de cas de la filière sucre-énergie." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0037/document.
Full textThis work analyzes the weight of agribusiness as an explanatory variable of the unsustainable character of the distributive inflexion of Brazil’s growth regime. It specifies its importance in the mode of regulation by the one it recovers in what we call an economic government of the actors’ game. This concept defines the set of arrangements seeking to modify the features of economic actors, their interaction and their relations to the authorities according to objectives which refer to a precise governmental intentionality in societal terms. It is showed that is established in this way a governance of the agribusiness’ actors which ensures the reproduction of its power in some sectorial and territorial regulations. The study of this governance links its institutional and organizational action to the one of the governmentality by characterizing the role of beliefs and theoretical models established in theoretical references of public policies. This analysis is structured in two parts. A first one revises the literature on the limits to growth simultaneously as it characterizes its influence as reference of the economic policy. A second part develops a case study of the sugar-energy chain, one of the leadings of agribusiness. This one uncovers the changes and the uncertainties of the chain’s economic regime of functioning that induced its new governance. We conclude that the distributive intentionality of the economic government of the Workers’ Party did not give rise to a corresponding governance of actors of a re-industrialization conversely to the objective of growth of primary exports
Haro, Matas Maria Vicenta. "Le "capital social" nikkei et le cas des Brésiliens d'origine japonaise de São Gotardo (Minas Gérais-Brésil)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0128.
Full textThe Japanese migration to Brazil, which began in 1908, can be conceived as the last great wave of transoceanic migration to contemporary Brazil. Recruited with an employment contract, Japanese immigrants arrived and formed families. Until the Second World War, these social agents were directed towards work in the coffee fields in the state of São Paulo. Nowadays, the farms of Japanese-Brazilian family businesses have an excellent reputation, as can be seen in the city of São Gotardo (Minas Gerais). The nikkei families (sons and grandsons of the first Japanese immigrants to Brazil) arrived in this area as the result of the implementation of an experimental government program of colonization and agricultural exploitation in the 1970s: the PADAP (Program of colonization of the Upper Paranaíba). In the midst of a military dictatorship, this program was a model of the Green Revolution, transforming São Gotardo into an experimental base of Brazilian agricultural development in an unexplored biome: the Cerrado. Our research hypothesis is based on the recognition of “social capital” forged by Japanese immigrants, which enabled their social promotion. We call this capital nikkei "social capital". We conceive of the notion of "social capital" among the Japanese Brazilians as the resources (institutional, organizational and identity values) whose possession has facilitated social promotion. To justify our hypothesis, we present a methodology linking "geographical mobilization" and "social mobilization". Taking the case of Brazilians of Japanese origin from São Gotardo as an ethnographic field, we will study how two migrations, one international and one regional, were structured over time, over Brazilian territory and over the generations with the same goal: a familial socio-economic success
Kipoutou, Krasmer-Mobiank. "Energie et économie agro-alimentaire du manioc au Congo : dualisme et possibilités de réduction." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR1008.
Full textManioc agro-alimentary economy in congo is in crisis. We characterize that crisis by the well known musset's formulation : the century's disease come from two reasons, "what used to be isn't anymore, what will be isn't arrived yet. This formulation, adapted to cassave agro-alimentary economy, we may wright: the traditional agro-alimentary economy of cassave has been, this for ever; the modern agro-alimentary economy of cassave will be, but this economy is not gained yet. The answer to modern crisis consists in an economic recover. For the traditional crisis, the answer can begin with the improvement of the use of traditional energy or by the penetration of modern energy in the transformation-distribution of cassave. Those solutions can be adopted in order to structure or to restructure and to dynamise cassave agro-alimentary economy; they could be included in a global harmonization plan of all congoless economy. The cultuvation of cassave dominates the congoless agriculture. The development of cassave economy could favour the increase of the production, the cover of needs and the restriction of foods importations. It could also favour the development of others agricultural cultures economies
Koné, Aïcha. "Comprendre les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) du secteur Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT) en Côte d’Ivoire et au Brésil." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37774.
Full textChouinard-Michaud, Caroline. "Effet de la sélection génétique et d'une régie de coupe AM et PM sur la teneur en énergie et les attributs de la valeur nutritive de la luzerne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29927/29927.pdf.
Full textLanckriet, Edouard. "Le Système d’Innovation Technologique des agroénergies de la canne à sucre, un outil de développement durable au Brésil, quels enseignements pour la formation des politiques de développement liées au capital naturel en Afrique de l’Ouest ?" Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0013/document.
Full textIn Brazil, sugar cane is used as a raw material for the production of sugar, fuel, and electricity. This industrial model has enabled the country to build a competitive advantage on the biomass productivity of its soils. It has been promoted in Africa but the majority of African bioenergy projects have been a failure. This raises the question of the interest of the model in Brazil, of the role of bioenergy in a development strategy.The Brazilian model is a Technological Innovation System, the sugar cane TIS, which we analyze in the long term. Since the end of the 19th century, it has been structured to import, adapt and spread technologies in order to diversify sugar cane markets. The biofuel sector required the creation of an alternative technological system, financed by the State through the Proalcool Program (1975 to 1985); Created to absorb the surpluses of the sugar sector and for the energy security of the country. Public support was key in the evolution of the TIS, forged in the wake of the country's social and economic crises. The sugar cane TIS has enabled Brazil to train its human capital in the valorization of natural capital, which enables it today to experiment a new change : the agroecological conversion of the cane cultivation model, that would allow regenerating the Natural Capital soil. Based on our analysis of the Brazilian model we formulate an analysis of the factors of failure of the African jatropha biofuel projects and make a proposal for the structuring of a biofuel TIS adapted to West Africa stakes of development, which we suggest to back up to the oilseed chain
No Brasil, a cana-de-açúcar é utilizado como matéria-prima na fabricação de açúcar, combustível e eletricidade. Este modelo de negócio tem permitido ao país para transformar a produtividade de biomassa de seu solo em uma vantagem competitiva. Ele foi promovido na África, mas a maioria dos projetos de agroenergia africanos houve uma falha. Isso levanta a questão do interesse do modelo no Brasil, bem como o papel da bioenergia em uma estratégia de desenvolvimento. O modelo brasileiro é um Sistema de Inovação Tecnológica, o SIT da cana, que analisamos a longo prazo. Ele é estruturado desde o final do século XIX para importação, adaptação e difusão de tecnologias afim de diversificar os mercados de cana. O setor do etanol combustível tem necessidade de um sistema tecnologia alternativa, financiado pelo governo através do Programa Proálcool (1975-1985); ele foi criado para absorver os excedentes do sector do açúcar e para a segurança energética do país. O apoio público tem sido fundamental para a evolução do SIT, foi forjada pelas crises sociais e económicas do país. Hoje o SIT da cana-de-açúcar experimenta um modelo de produção agroecológica para o cultivo da cana, ele deveria ser capaz de regenerar o capital natural. Nossa análise do modelo brasileiro nos permite fazer uma análise dos fatores de não-sucesso dos projetos africanos de produção de biocombustível de jatropha. Nós formular uma proposta de estruturação de um SIT da agroenergia Oeste Africano adaptado às questões de desenvolvimento locais, propomos a ser associado ao setor oleaginosa
Bétard, François. "Montagnes humides au cœur du Nordeste brésilien semi-aride : le cas du massif de Baturité (Ceará) : apports d’une approche morphopédologique pour la connaissance et la gestion des milieux." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040232.
Full textThe humid mountains of Northeast Brazil, locally named Brejos de altitude, form islands of humidity where evergreen forest (mata atlântica) contrasts with the semi-arid conditions of the surrounding plain (Sertão). Despite the ecological, cultural and socio-economic importance of such humid mountains across a wide semi- arid area (‘Polígono das secas’), the high diversity of their physical environment has so far been poorly characterised. This study outlines the relevance of a pedogeomorphological approach to the understanding and management of landscape systems. Here the Baturité massif (Ceará) showcases the methodology used in this study, which involves i) a detailed field survey based on a combined description of landforms, weathering mantles and soils ; ii) the analytical characterization of soils and weathering materials based on a wide range of complementary pedological, sedimentological and geochemical laboratory methods ; and iii) the processing and spatial analysis of field and laboratory data in a GIS, with an aim to develop a modernised method of pedogeomorphic mapping applicable to the study of other mountains. The main results are presented in the form of an original inventory of pedogeomorphic landscape units for the Baturité massif and its piedmont. These results are placed within a more global scientific debate centred on the evolution of tropical landscapes, and the hypotheses are tested against geographic comparisons in Brazil and on other continents (Africa, India). The potential for agricultural development of the land systems of the humid mountains and their surrounding semi- arid plains are discussed in the light of the original results of this study
De, Jésus Paulo. "Construction du savoir-faire et formation professionnelle chez les paysans : une étude auprès de producteurs de pomme de terre au Pernambouc (Brésil)." Paris 8, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA080707.
Full textWith reference to the individual case history of peasant farmers in the north-east of brazil, the author analyses the process of the accumulation of ability and know-how, and the way these farmers develop a relationship to learning and knowledge. From this analysis combined with the one regarding the peasantry in its way of life and as a social class involved in a specific economic reality ( the peasant economy ), he offers his critical considerations about training of peasant farmers. He comes to the conclusion that the technology used in the potatoproduction - for instance - results from research made under specific conditions which differ from the conditions in which the countrymen work. Therefore, the technology is inappropriate to their working practices and lifestyle. Professional training for these farmers should be centred on their real requirements, in order to understand them better, to analyse critically and to develop radically new programs. In the case of brazil, this analysis shows the absence of a link between the real life of farmers and the process of training available to them. A transforma tion of this situation would require polical and economic structural reforms
Rassaert, Charles. "Succès et déboires des biocombustibles au Brésil, et utilisation de la politique énergétique de l'éthanol comme atout diplomatique jusque en 2012." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040038.
Full textIn 1973, after sugar crisis and first oil shock, Brazil was willing to reboost its economy. It decided then to bet on an innovative energetic program, issued from the sugar cane culture: the proalcool plan. Before ending in a fiasco, this project overhaul the brazilians farms, encouraged by the strong sugar sector. Thirty years later, the brazilian president Luiz Ignacio da Silva, known as « Lula », gave a new boost to the production of ethanol fuel and this during his whole two mandats. First producer of sugar in the world, Brazil uses this raw material to reduce the percentage of oil expense and contribute to fighting against global warming. With its stunning fast-paced growth,the Brazil of Lula spellbound the international comunity and the brazilian president is welcomed in Northern and developing countries – especially in Africa – to promote ethanol fuel. The aim of this strategy is to settle the brazilian position within the international community and make Brazil a new energetic country, worried about the environmental protection. The roadmap Brazil gave itself, was hard to follow. In competition with a very active biofuels fields in the United States, Brazil is also very hardly criticized by the international community (UN).These critics mainly focus on the accusation of increasing world hunger and to affect its own environment. Because of this, biofuels field suffered an increasing number of setbacks. Back against the wall, the sector is tryingto adapt and Brazil is still holding the line
Iasi, Neto Sylvio. "Les terroirs télévisuels : les rapports entre les grands reportages de "Globo Rural" et la culture brésilienne, à l’heure de la mondialisation." Paris 8, 2014. http://octaviana.fr/document/18048043X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThis thesis explores the relationships between stories featured on television program Globo Rural and different dimensions of Brazilian culture. In a society marked by regional diversity and national unity, by the ubiquitous presence of television and by globalization, we analyze to what extent, and how, these journalistic works – which address rural issues – contribute to a process through which the Brazilian public composes and constantly re-composes a general view of the nation. A cultural, and symbolic, elaboration involving local, regional, national, and global spheres. Broadcast by Rede Globo, Brazil’s largest television network, the program offers an audiovisual journey through the territory covering agriculture and animal farming, science and ecology, the daily lives of families and the social problems, cultural manifestations and local traditions of the land. Our analysis is based on both production and reception. As the text unfolds, we address the socio-cultural environment of modern Brazil, present the profile of this journalistic product, and examine the methods underlying the preparation of major TV stories and their message-related characteristics: a polysemic narrative that reveals Brazil’s regional differences and also the encompassing nature of the country’s rural localities. Using two qualitative studies as starting points, we also analyze how those documentaries are received by 72 viewers: 53 living in Brazil and 19 (Brazilians) living in Africa. At the end of this itinerary, at once audiovisual and transcontinental, we show that those feature stories are incorporated into a cultural co-production process. A shared perception of imaginaries that arise from the clash – and from the merger – of messages and recipients, of subjectivity and contexts, of journalists’ encoding and viewers’ decoding
MANCILLA, PLANTAROSA HUGO REINATO. "Etude de la planification et de l'implantation gouvernementales de la cogestion et de l'autogestion d'un systeme agro-alimentaire : le cas des perimetres irrigues places sous la responsabilite de la codevasf - nord-est du bresil." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010693.
Full textLandel, Pauline. "Participation et verrouillage technologique dans la transition écologique en agriculture. Le cas de l'Agriculture de Conservation en France et au Brésil." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0022/document.
Full textIntensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices
Brum, Argemiro Jacob. "Histoire et perspectives des débouchés du soja brésilien dans la communauté économique européenne, CEE." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0043.
Full textLubello, Pasquale. "Le soja génétiquement modifié (GM) au Brésil : raisons et conséquences d'un choix." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030064.
Full textThis thesis tries to illustrate the politico-economic problems connected to the Brazilian choice of commercial liberalization of the transgenic soybean, Roundup Ready (RR soybean). This study consists in two main parts. The first one on tackles the sociopolitical reasons which pushed the Lula’s Government towards this choice. The purpose is to analyze the perceptions of the main Brazilians actors (economic, social and political) concerned by the biotechnological innovation as well as them strategies of pressure on public institutions, during the process of formation of the Biosafety law (2005). The second part tempts a qualitative economic analysis of the impact of this new technology on the Paranean soybean-producers’ incomes. We try to demonstrate that the adoption of this technological innovation, instead of improving the average farmer’s margin of incomes, drag down his position by intensifing the relation of dependence between the farmer and agro-biotech-industries. These two parts meet finally, because the choice of liberalization of the transgenic soybean in Brazil signs not only the victory of the monocultural and capital intensive agriculture, but also the victory of the economic-political interests of the dominant Brazilian agro-industrial corporations
Arvor, Damien. "Etude par télédétection de la dynamique du soja et de l’impact des précipitations sur les productions au Mato Grosso (Brésil)." Rennes 2, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00422109/fr/.
Full textSince 2005, Mato Grosso became the first soybean producer State in Brazil. This evolution is the result of the progression of a pioneer frontier, which brought about undeniable positive socio-economic development but also high deforestation rates. The objective of this PhD is to contribute to a better knowledge of the interactions climate / society in Mato Grosso. More precisely, this work aims at determining the role of soybean dynamic as a driving force of the pioneer frontier, as well as evaluating the way rainfalls acts on the evolution of soybean territories. The analysis of these dynamics is carried out using classifications of temporal series of MODIS TERRA/EVI remotely sensed data. Our results indicate that the soybean agricultural expansion between 2000 and 2007 explains 12 % of the deforestation in Mato Grosso. In addition, 71 % of newly cultivated soybean fields in Mato Grosso are sewed in formerly deforested areas. Another important observation is that the agricultural sector is now initiating a new stage of development based on agricultural intensification: 46 % of the increase of agricultural production was obtained through changes in agricultural management practices. This is the consequence of the adoption of double cropping systems, which concern 30 % of the cultivated area in 2007 (against 6 % in 2000). We also show that agricultural intensification is affected by a strong spatial variability linked to the rainy season characteristics (annual rainfall, onset, end and duration of the rainy season). Those were computed using precipitation estimates from remotely sensed TRMM 3B42 products. Our results demonstrate a narrow relationship between intense rainy seasons and agricultural intensification
Desde 2005, o Mato Grosso transformou-se no maior Estado produtor de soja do Brasil. Essa evolução é a conseqüência do avanço de uma frente pioneira que trouwe um desenvolvimento socioeconômico certo, mas tambem resultou em altas taxas de desmatamento. Esta tese procura definir as interações clima / sociedade no Mato Grosso estudando o papel da dinâmica da soja como ator essencial da frente pioneira, além de avaliar a maneira pela qual as condições pluviométricas representam um fator importante, afetando a evolução dos territórios da soja. Essas dinâmicas são estudadas a partir de classificações de séries temporais de dados do sensor MODIS /EVI. Os resultados indicam que a expansão agrícola entre 2000 e 2007 explica 12% do desmatamento no Mato Grosso ; 71% das novas áreas de soja no Estado foram plantadas em talhões previamente desmatados. Atualmente, o setor agrícola matogrossense parece iniciar uma nova fase do seu desenvolvimento baseada na intensificação agrícola : 46% do aumento da produção agrícola é devido a mudanças nas práticas culturais. Isso é conseqüência da adoção generalizada dos sistemas safra-safrinha que representaram 30% das áreas agrícolas em 2007 (contra 6% em 2000). Essas mudanças são afetadas por uma forte variabiliadade espacial relacionada as condições pluviométricas (acúmulo anual de chuva, início, fim e duração da estação chuvosa), determinadas a partir das estimativas de precipitações dos produtos TRMM 3B42. Os resultados demonstram que as regiões caracterizadas por uma agricultura mais intensiva, são aquelas onde a estação chuvosa é a mais intensa, em volume e em duração
Laurent, François. "Agriculture et pollution de l'eau : modélisation des processus et analyse des dynamiques territoriales." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00773259.
Full textKeita, Kô. "Un milieu en évolution du Mali : La haute vallée du Niger et du Sankarani." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUEL084.
Full textThe general tendency to the increasing of the temperatures and the decreasing of the pluviometry, the deteriorating of soils and vegetal cover show how the physical aspect of the Sankarani and upper Niger valley in Mali is damaged. The building of the selingue dam in that area has allowed hydroelectric generation, irrigated farming and an experimention of a new kind of fishing. These new activities illustrate in the technical field the development of our surroundings from which the success of the rural growth operations takes into consideration the total perception of local communities environment
Congretel, Mélanie. "Une plante, des fils et des clones. Histoires amazoniennes de guaraná(s) dans un monde globalisé." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA016/document.
Full textCan we account for the identity and territorial struggles the globalization of markets and resources reveals, by describing how a plant cultivated for several centuries in the Brazilian Amazon, turns into a « wild » plant or, conversely, into a « technology »? In a context of ecological transition and criticism of the modernist agricultural paradigm, the thesis explores the local expressions and stakes of this socio-environmental shift, focusing on the relationships that form between men and an emblematic plant of the region, guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Considering four distinct projects which promote this energetic plant, it also questions the way Amazonian populations seize this changing context, and innovate in order to negotiate their relationship to modernity, at the crossroads of globalized value chains and of a territory, the Lower Amazonas, where the plant is historically rooted. In the wake of the environmental humanities interdisciplinary stream, our work contemplates guaraná as an actor of the projects studied. We combine ethnobotanical surveys with a socio-anthropological approach inspired by science studies, to portray local experiences of the plant and the multiple forms innovation can take in a region long shelved from the dynamics of development. By approaching the plant through the concept of ontology, we show that that several guaranas coexist today in the Lower Amazonas, defined by several ingredients: biological resources, practices, techniques, knowledge, representations, valuation projects and rules. Far from representing different points of view on the same plant, these "guaranás" are distinct plants. They embody the frictions between different worlds whose more or less extensive networks intersect and seek to anchor themselves in the territory, in order to impose themselves on others, to resist them, or to invent new representations of territorial development
Tsayem, Demaze Moise. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation en milieu tropical par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Full textPenteado, Roberto. "Création de Systèmes d'Intelligence dans une Organisation de Recherche et Développement avec la Scientométrie et la Médiamétrie." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00112626.
Full textLes résultats indiquent que la fonction d'analyse d'informations internes et externes aux organisations est aujourd'hui un instrument important et stratégique pour améliorer les décisions et les politiques organisationnelles et contribuer au développement de la société.
L'étude des compétences de R&D démontre le potentiel d'intelligence qui peut être générée avec des informations déjà présentes dans les organisations, mais dispersées en plusieurs départements administratifs. Il est le témoin de la nécessité d'organiser des environnements informatiques spécifiques pour la fonction d'analyse dans les organisations, intégrant bases de données et informations d'origines diverses.
Avec les méthodologies de médiamétrie les fonctions d'audit du travail de communication organisationnelle, d'évaluation du résultat de campagnes et de la production de dépêches pour la presse gagnent en efficience et l'élaboration de suggestions de reportages peut mieux correspondre aux préférences des éditeurs. Ceci ne serait pas possible sans l'acquisition de l'intelligence sur les médias pour déterminer les tendances, les préférences des divers véhicules et le comportement de leurs éditeurs.
La fonction de clipping, d'accompagner ce qui sort dans la presse est présente dans les grandes organisations. L'apport de ce travail consiste à intégrer la fonction analyse d'une base Clipping. A partir de tels corpus et munis des méthodologies et outils décrits plus loin, il est possible de réaliser des études prospectives sur l'évolution historique d'un thème, d'un produit, d'un politicien ou d'une entreprise dans les médias et de faciliter des activités de veille de l'environnement, des concurrents ou de tout un secteur de l'économie.
Goossens, Xavier. "La maîtrise de la demande en eau et en énergie en agriculture irriguée : de l'évaluation des enjeux à la proposition d'actions ciblées." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13050.
Full textJoubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l'agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l'émergence en milieu rural d'un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d'incidences sur l'environnement local." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576083.
Full textGoossens, Xavier. "LA MAITRISE DE LA DEMANDE EN EAU ET EN ENERGIE EN AGRICULTURE IRRIGUEE : DE L'EVALUATION DES ENJEUX A LA PROPOSITION D'ACTIONS CIBLEES." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557287.
Full textHarchaoui, Souhil. "Modélisation des transitions en agriculture : énergie, azote, et capacité nourricière de la France dans la longue durée (1882-2016) et prémices pour une généralisation à l'échelle mondiale." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=3874&f=24611.
Full textTo overcome the challenges of climate change and energy transition, combined with the projected population growth in the 21st century, agriculture must transform itself to produce more food while reducing its dependence on non-renewables sources and preserving ecosystems. This thesis examines the impacts of biophysical constraints and socio-technical transformations on agricultural metabolism, transitions and feeding capacity of agriculture. Agricultural metabolism is modelled through both energy and nitrogen flows that the agricultural system mobilizes and converts to operate and to supply biomass. This analytical framework allows us, on the one hand, to position agriculture within the energy transition challenges and, on the other hand, to jointly quantify the achievable feeding capacity and its impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Agricultural metabolism is examined at two spatial and temporal scales: a long-term historical perspective modelling (1882-2016) at the scale of France and a historical (1961-2013) and prospective modelling at the global scale. The analysis of French agriculture is based on the modelling of historical production data and means of production. We explore the mechanisms that link the inputs and outputs of the agricultural system, together with the associated energy and nitrogen transitions continuously since 1882. We characterize the French trajectory on the basis of efficiency indicators, energy return on energy investment, farm surplus, self-sufficiency and energy neutrality of the system. Energy neutrality is a key indicator for positioning agriculture in the future energy transition. We quantify the impact of socio-technical transformations on transitions that have quadrupled the farm surplus and reduced its energy self-sufficiency to almost zero. Agriculture produced twice as much energy as it did in pre-industrial times, compared to four times today, but it has gone from an energy self-sufficient system fed by biomass to a system almost exclusively dependent on fossil fuels. Expressed in biomass equivalent, agriculture's current energy consumption is equal to its production, therefore a system that is not energetically viable. The challenge for agriculture is to contribute to the energy transition without encroaching on its food production. Meeting this challenge, which is little understood by society, requires improving the energy performance of agriculture and involves improving nitrogen use efficiency, as well as reducing livestock production, especially from monogastrics, decreasing farm labor needs, together with a high energy recovery from agricultural residues. Global-scale modelling allows us to describe the agriculture trajectory in terms of feeding capacity and environmental impact and to assess its food production limits on the basis of biophysical constraints. This modeling is a first module focused on the nitrogen metabolism and does not take into consideration the energy operating regime of agriculture. We examine the limits of world food production along with nitrogen losses according to degrees of nitrogen self-sufficiency. We show how maximum supportable human population on Earth can range from 6 to 17 billion people depending on the share of total grain production used in animal feed, the nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen fertilization regime. This analysis allows comparing, as it is rarely done, official population projections for the 21st century with planetary biophysical constraints and discuss the conditions under which these projections can be achieved
Bertrand, Georges. "Caractérisation des réponses adaptatives à la contrainte hydrique dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazonie chez trois espèces fourragères cultivées en monoculture et en association : brachiaria brizantha, Leucaena leucocephala et Arachis pintoï." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0066/document.
Full textIn the Eastern Amazon region (Pará, Brazil), smallholder farming significantly contributes to the transformation of the Amazonian rain forest ecosystem into pasture land that typically includes a single species, generally a perennial fodder grass (Poaceae) originating from Africa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). Such pastures rapidly lose their sustainability and get invaded by weeds. To prevent these effects, two imported perennial fodder species of the Fabaceae family (Arachis pintoï cv. Amarelo and Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) have been mixed with the African grass Brachiaria and the interrelations between B. brizantha and the Fabaceae species have been studied. In this unique ecophysiological study, plant parameters, such as gas exchange and plant water potential have been correlated with soil parameters, such as soil water content. The final goal was to assess the impact of the Fabaceae plants on pasture tolerance to water deficit. The experimental setting included five treatments applied to 100 m2 fenced plots to keep cattle away. Treatments corresponded to various combinations between the grass and the two Fabaceae species. Three biological repeats were set up for each treatment for statistical significance and in order to account for soil structure variability. In monospecific plots, B. brizantha exhibited stomatal conductance values higher than those expected from typical C4 species whereas net CO2 assimilation rates were normal. A. pintoï and L. leucocephala had usual stomatal conductance values for field-cultivated C3 plants. In response to drought, a general adjustment in stomatal conductance was observed 30 days into the dry season (i.e. without rain), suggesting that the plants limited transpiration rates according to the progressive decrease in soil water content. This strategy allowed them to maintain photosynthetic activities and to supply photosynthates to their tissues while limiting rises in temperatures. Upon exhaustion of soil water cotent, decreases in leaf water potentials were observed and plants escaped drought by reducing their leaf area and by abruptly closing their stomata. Brachiaria’s responses to drought were similar in mixed and monospecific plots regarding stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate or real-time water efficiency. However, when grown in mixed plots with A. pintoï, Brachiaria’s leaf water potential decreased rapidly after the onset of drought, due to the competition for water. In a A. pintoï ! Brachiaria plot, Brachiaria had a negative impact on A. pintoï photosynthetic activities and biomass production, even though the latter was considered as a shade plant species. On the other hand, Brachiaria metabolic activities were reduced in L. leucocephala ! Brachiaria combinations, due to the interception of light supply by L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala avoided water deficit by reducing leaf area. The resulting increase in light intensity reaching the lower strata, toward the end of the dry season weakened the shortest plants and limited fodder production. In conclusion, we propose that farmers implement pasture sustainability by developing crop mixing, using fodder species adapted to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, our results show that several crop combinations represent viable solutions to the perpetuation of new pastures. Each fodder species presents specific drought adaptation features. Combining them could be beneficial if pastoral pressure was allowed to develop according to the plants tolerance level. Improvements in fodder production and diversity could extend the life-span of smallholder settlements and as a result slow down deforestation
Grosso, Susana. "Les agronomes de terrain face à une nouvelle agriculture pampéenne : stratégies pour la reterritorialisation des connaissances agronomiques." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681187.
Full textBarros, de Mendonça Sávio. "Modèle conceptuel d'évaluation de l'impact de l'innovation : basé sur des études de cas des organisations de recherche agricole en France, Brésil et Australie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG021/document.
Full textAgricultural research has an important role for the world population by considering it as a strategic area for providing knowledge and technological base for agricultural production. This sector generates outputs, outcomes with respective impacts to rural zones, supply chains, economy, society and environment. The agricultural research & innovation represents a key piece for reaching the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG), especially to SDG 2 and 12 – to promote sustainable agricultural to eliminate hunger and improving nutrition, as well as to promote sustainable consumption and production, respectively. In order to check whether agricultural research organizations generate sustainable impacts, it is necessary to assess the impacts of their innovations. Funders, supreme auditing institutions, parliament, government, producers, supply chains, consumers and all society require transparency, efficacity, and effectivity of public organizations: they must highlight return of public investment as well as generate positive impact to the economy and society, and minimize negative impacts to the environment. Many public research organizations around the world have developed impact assessment processes. There is no flawed theories and practices approaches to impact assessment context. Therefore, this research seeks to fill gaps or to supplement the existing approaches. The main thesis objective is to summarize theoretical and practical studied approaches on impact assessment, including the experiences of four research organizations, and to develop a conceptual model of innovation impact assessment management system, especially applicable to agricultural research organizations. It adopts a methodology based on literature review, four cases of a comparative study of agricultural research organizations (Cirad and Inra from France, Embrapa from Brazil, and CSIRO from Australia), and benchmarking these experiences studied. The innovative contributions of this thesis are I. construction of a conceptual model of an impact assessment management system based on the open innovation process; II. the model of innovation impact assessment management system considers a cross-cut view of sustainability, integrating the environmental, social, political and economic dimensions; III. the innovation impact assessment system will be based on a unique managerial process that regards ex-ante and ex-post assessment stages according to its respective temporality; IV. the management of the innovation and impact assessment processes foresees the insertion of behavioral approaches such as concepts of holism, constructivism, transdisciplinarity and agile management practices as essential requirements for the effective engagement of the internal and external actors and the effectiveness of the evaluation process. This thesis has an original approach by bringing a research governance tool with an innovative focus on ex-ante and ex-post impact management, helping research and innovation organizations to become increasingly sustainable in their institutional missions, thus contributing to the achievement of the UN's sustainable development goals towards more productive and sustainable agriculture
Ferreira, Laura Angelica. "Le rôle de l'élevage bovin dans la viabilité agro-écologique et socio-économique des systèmes de production agricoles familiaux en Amazonie brésilienne. Le cas d'Uruara (Para, Brésil)." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INAP0050.
Full textBainville, Sébastien. "Le développement de l'agriculture familiale: processus d'interactions entre changements techniques et changements institutionnels. Un " cas d'école " : la commune de Silvânia-Brésil." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684462.
Full textDumora, Catherine. "Vivre et survivre dans une Aire d'Environnement Protégé : le cas d'une petite paysannerie de l'APA (Area de Protecao Ambiental) de Guaraquecaba, Parana, Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00149169.
Full textLe cas étudié constitue en quelque sorte un condensé des problèmes qui peuvent se poser lors de l'apparition d'enjeux de protection environnementale dans un espace occupé de longue date par une population de petits agriculteurs. Le Municipe abrite un des derniers lambeaux qui subsiste de la Mata Atlântica. Du fait de la valeur patrimoniale qui lui est attribuée à l'échelle nationale et internationale, le territoire dont la population locale a tiré pendant plusieurs générations les moyens de sa subsistance fait l'objet désormais de sévères restrictions d'usage. Des pratiques anciennes d'exploitation des ressources naturelles - agriculture sur défriche-brûlis, chasse, collecte - qui constituaient les piliers de son système de production sont prohibées. C'est une mutation profonde qui est exigée de sa part, à laquelle elle est peu préparée, peu aidée, et qu'elle vit comme une menace sur sa capacité actuelle et future à se reproduire matériellement et socialement.
Le programme interdisciplinaire conduit une interrogation générale sur les dynamiques écologiques, économiques, sociales dont ce cas d'école offre l'illustration, dynamiques qui conduisent à poser sur des bases concrètes la question des contradictions constitutives de la notion de développement durable : tension entre « durabilité » environnementale et « durabilité » sociale. Cette thèse, dans son objet plus spécifique, analyse le vécu quotidien des populations de petits agriculteurs familiaux qui sont directement aux prises avec cette contradiction. Par une approche anthropologique, c'est une vision de l'intérieur qu'elle s'efforce de donner à partager, centrée sur les stratégies concrètes mises en œuvre par cette population pour continuer à vivre et à garder l'espoir d'un avenir dans un contexte où elle a le sentiment qu'on ne lui fait plus de place.
Les premiers chapitres sont consacrés à l'histoire spécifique, complexe et mouvementée qui a caractérisé les relations de la population rurale à son milieu dans cette région. Ils retracent également les circonstances sociales et politiques particulières qui ont conduit à la création de l'APA.
L'étude anthropologique consacrée aux hameaux de la vallée du Rio Guaraqueçaba et plus particulièrement à celui de Batuva, porte d'abord sur les relations sociales qui se mobilisent dans l'utilisation des ressources : la parenté, les trajectoires familiales, l'organisation sociale du travail. On étudie ensuite l'usage, l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans l'aspect technique au travers des pratiques de production, des techniques de transformation. On identifie les connaissances sur les ressources naturelles, et les modes de représentations qui sont derrière ces savoirs, distinguant ainsi les savoirs opérationnels et les représentations.
Enfin, les observations se concentrent sur la reproduction matérielle et sociale : les stratégies de résolution des problèmes quotidiens à différents niveaux (individu, famille, localité, famille à l'extérieur...) que les personnes développent pour permettre de se reproduire socialement et physiquement (construire une maison, s'habiller, s'alimenter, l'origine du revenu de la famille, la santé, l'importance des relations familiales internes et externes à la communauté pour répondre à ces nécessités). Cette recherche analyse ainsi la capacité de la famille, et plus largement de la population du hameau, à se reproduire dans son territoire local par diverses activités dont certaines reposent sur une exploitation des ressources naturelles environnantes et d'autres, font appel à des revenus qui ne trouvent pas leur origine localement. Ce sont des stratégies diversifiées de pluriactivité qui sont à l'œuvre.
Sur ces bases empiriques, cette recherche tente d'apporter une réflexion sur les notions de communauté rurale, population traditionnelle, agriculture familiale, conciliation ou contradiction entre préservation de l'environnement et développement durable.
Ce travail montre au travers d'une étude de cas illustrative la contradiction entre la protection de l'environnement et le développement durable, dans le sens de la permanence de la population locale. Les petits agriculteurs familiaux sont, dans cette situation, largement repoussés dans la clandestinité, qui devient un outil incontournable pour leur survie. On assiste à la normalisation de la clandestinité face à une polarisation du développement durable privilégiant presque exclusivement la protection de l'environnement. L'étude montre le divorce entre deux visions de la notion de développement durable : celle de la population locale qui pense la durabilité en terme de sa subsistance et celle des institutions faisant appliquer la législation donnant la priorité à la préservation environnementale.
RESUME COURT
Cette thèse analyse le vécu quotidien des populations qui sont directement aux prises avec la question des contradictions constitutives de la notion de développement durable qui génèrent une tension entre «durabilité» environnementale et «durabilité» sociale. Une approche anthropologique - centrée sur les stratégies concrètes mises en œuvre par les petits agriculteurs familiaux de la région de Guaraqueçaba pour continuer à vivre et à garder l'espoir d'un avenir dans un contexte où ils ont le sentiment qu'on ne leur fait plus de place - met en évidence qu'ils sont, dans cette situation, largement repoussés dans la clandestinité, situation incontournable pour leur survie. L'étude montre le divorce entre deux visions de la notion de développement durable : celle de la population locale qui pense la durabilité en terme de sa subsistance et celle des institutions faisant appliquer la législation donnant la priorité à la préservation environnementale.
Joubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l’agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l’émergence en milieu rural d’un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d’incidences sur l’environnement local." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROF035/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the newly role given to the renewable energies in a still rural French area, The Charente Maritime, while here and there, two issues are at stake : the question of climate change as well as the dramatic decrease of fossil energy stocks, in a period more and more turning towards the implementation of environment protection measures.Our research makes a review of the different renewable energies. Firstly the ones already produced and used in Charente Maritime, secondly the ones whose implementation is planned and eventually those which are in a state of project. (hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass energies). The thesis is also about the potential of these energies expansion, about their consequences on environment, and in the way farmers, local representatives, association leaders and inhabitants view them.As a conclusion the thesis shows that environment results that we can draw from all these innovations is mixed : while the use of renewable energies reduce a little the dependence of Charentaises countries from fossil energies, the direct environment impact of these new energy sources appears ambiguous and especially contrasted. The study has been made in a quite little geographical area. It is all the same representative of the current changes in the French as well as the European countryside, the local and national specificities having been clearly underlined
Pilo, Francesca. "La régularisation des favelas par l’électricité : un service entre Etat, marché et citoyenneté." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1089.
Full textWith the country's hosting of a number of major international events having refocused attention on security issues, the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro introduced a new public security policy at the end of 2008 to regain territorial control over many of the city's favelas through the use of Pacifying Police Units (UPP). This programme has led to a partial revamp of the public authorities' favelas integration project. Since the 1990s, development has mainly involved improving infrastructure and access roads and, to a lesser extent, land and urban regularisation. Now, however, the authorities plan to promote ‘integration through the regularisation' of market and administrative relationships, involving various stakeholders from both the public and private spheres. This thesis examines the integration of these favelas from a relatively unexplored perspective: that of regularisation through the electricity network, the aim of which is to transform ‘illegal users' into new ‘registered customers', connected to the distribution company by a meter. In particular, we will highlight the link between the public and private approaches being used in projects to regularise the electricity service in two favelas, Santa Marta and Cantagalo. To this end, our analysis will focus on studying regularisation of the electricity service using its own tools - including socio-technical (installing meters and rehabilitating the network), commercial (billing collection methods) and controlling electricity consumption tools - and examining the ways in which customers have taken ownership of these. Research shows that regularising the electricity service tends to reshape the favelados' relationship with the state and the market; however, this has a number of limitations: it is difficult to build contractual customer relationships based on trust; activities to control consumption advocate bringing behaviours ‘up to standard' rather than supporting use; service regularisation tends to reproduce socio-economic inequalities rather than rise above them and these inequalities also gradually become less political. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to help improve understanding of the methods being used to integrate the favelas given the growing neo-liberalisation of urban policy
Maruejouls, Bernard. "Résistances à l'innovation en milieu rural : les difficultés du développement du séchage en grange des fourrages utilisant l'énergie solaire en Midi-Pyrénées." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT013A.
Full textLaraque, Alain. "Comportements hydrochimiques des "açudes" du "nordeste" brésilien semi-aride : évolutions et prévisions pour un usage en irrigation." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20003.
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