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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture Farm income'
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Persson, Elizabeth P. "Exploring Income Supplementation for Farm Sustainability." ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/478.
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Sustainable farms are critical to United States’ food independence and they positively contribute to the global economy. Farms in the United States are not sustainable without profitable supplemental income. The purpose of this case study was to explore the historic profitability of farm income supplementation methods. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory served as the conceptual framework. A purposive sample of 25 farmers from 5 regions of the continental United States completed semistructured interviews and described their personal experiences. Archival supplemental income data came from the United States Department of Agriculture census. All the data were analyzed using coded keywords, phrases, and concepts to identify the following profitable supplemental income themes: (a) government subsidies, (b) custom work, (c) sales of other products, (d) patronage dividends, (e) insurance payments, (f) cash rent, and (g) agtourism. The implications for positive social change include new insights that farmers may use to improve farm business practice, increase farm sustainability, and improve quality of life for farm families.
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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.
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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits.To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded.
The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions.
However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.
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Bai, Dan Molnar Joseph J. "Irrigation, income distribution, and industrialized agriculture in the Southeast United States." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1407.
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Saffert, Andrew Thomas. "An economic analysis of adjusted gross Revenue-Lite insurance on farm income variability for southeast Kansas farms." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/308.
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Gerlt, Scott Westhoff Patrick C. "Analysis of the average crop revenue election program, a representative farm approach." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6559.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 17, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Patrick Westhoff. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wambugu, Stella Njoki. "Farmers' health and agriculture in low income economies : investigating farm households and wider health interactions in rural Malawi." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2017. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24945/.
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Cai, Wenbiao. "Skill accumulation and international productivity differences across sectors." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3271.
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Why some countries are so much richer than others is a question of central interest in economics. Low aggregate income per worker in poor countries is mostly accounted for by low labor productivity and high employment in agriculture. This thesis attempts to understand cross-country income difference through examining productivity differences at the sector level - in agriculture and in non-agriculture.
Between rich and poor countries, there is a 45-fold difference in agricultural output per worker and a 34-fold difference in mean farm size. In the first chapter, I argue farmer's skill as a plausible explanation for these differences. The model features heterogeneity in innate agricultural skill, on-the-job skill accumulation, and span-of-control in agricultural production. I show that low total factor productivity (TFP) in poor countries not only induces more individuals with low innate skill to choose farming, but also reduces the incentive to accumulate skill. Between rich and poor countries, the model generates substantial difference in farmer's skill, which translates into differences in agricultural productivity and farm size distribution. Quantitatively, the calibrated model explains half of the cross-country differences in agricultural output per worker, and successfully replicates the size distribution of farms in both rich and poor countries.
Cross-country productivity differences are asymmetric across sectors. The labor productivity gap between rich and poor countries in agriculture is twice as large as that in the aggregate, and ten times larger than that in non-agriculture. The second chapter shows that these sectoral productivity differences can arise solely from difference in aggregate TFP. I extend the framework in the first chapter to allow for different skill in non-agricultural production as well. Low TFP distorts the allocation of skills across sectors and discourages skill accumulation on the job. To discipline the initial skill distribution and skill accumulation, the model is calibrated to match earnings distribution and age-earnings profiles in both agriculture and non-agriculture in the U.S. The model's implications are then examined using a sample of 70 countries that covers a wide range of development. Between rich and poor countries, the model accounts for most of the productivity differences at the sector level - productivity difference in agriculture in the model is 1.8 times larger than those in the aggregate and 6 times larger than those in non-agriculture. As in the data, the share of farmer in the labor force in the model declines from 85 percent in the poorest countries to less than 2 percent in the richest countries. These results suggest that policy aiming at improving overall efficiency should be prioritized.
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Mtati, Nosiseko. "The relative contribution of non-timber forest products, agriculture and off-farm sources of income to rural households in Koloni and Guquka, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018193.
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[Partial abstract]: This study was carried out to determine the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to household total income, other livelihood sectors were also examined simultaneously. The contribution of agriculture involved livestock and crop production. Wages and government grants were other livelihood sectors that were looked into. This study was important in determining the change in livelihood strategies in the last decade and to quantify the NTFPs used at the two sites. It was carried out in Guquka and Koloni, both part of the central Eastern Cape. Information on direct use value of the NTFPs used, the quantities and local price; crop production outputs and inputs and the costs. Data were collected via a questionnaire.
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Mukoya-Wangia, Sabina M. "Household production, consumption, and food security status in Kakamega region of Kenya /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901310.
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Jette-Nantel, Simon. "Implications of Off-Farm Income for Farm Income Stabilization Policies." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/15.
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This dissertation examines to what extent off-farm diversification may be an appropriate and accessible tool to mitigate the adverse effects from market failures and incompleteness in the crop and farm income insurance market. While the influence of the nonfarm sector has long been recognized as a primary force in shaping farm structure, off-farm income is rarely acknowledge as a risk management tool for operators and households of commercial farms. The dissertation develops a dynamic model that includes capital market imperfections, economies of scale in farm production, and the presence of adjustment costs in labor allocation decisions. The model provides a realistic characterization of the environment defining income and financial risks faced by farm operators, as well as the risk management alternatives available to them.
It is found that introducing off-farm labor can substantially mitigate the adverse effects of farm income risk on farm operators' and households' welfare, even for larger commercial farms. However, the diversification of labor by the main operator seems to impose labor and managerial constraints that can reduce the intensity and technical efficiency of the farm production. Alternatively, diversification at the household level through the allocation of spousal labor off the farm provides benefits in mitigating the adverse effects of farm income risk on farm production and efficiency, and on operators and households welfare. It thus provides an efficient risk management alternative that is consistent with most rationales that are invoked to justify farm policies.
Results suggest that the increasing incidence and importance of off-farm income within the farm population of most OECD countries is highly relevant in the design of effective farm policies This form of diversification can reduce the need and effectiveness of farm income stabilization polices. While it has been argued elsewhere that broader economic policies had a large influence in closing the income gap between farm and urban households, such policies may also have a role to play in addressing farm income risk issues and, in some cases, may represent more sustainable and efficient policy alternatives.
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Gregory, Michael Peter Robert. "Farm income inequality and instability." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338982.
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Cling, Aaron A. "Off-farm income: evaluating the effects of off-farm income on debt repayment capacity." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35557.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
This thesis examines the effect of off-farm income on a farming operation’s ability to repay their debt. The thesis develops a regression model that includes net farm income, debt repayment capacity with carryover working capital, off-farm income sources and a number of other independent variables that help define each individual borrower. The model provides an evaluation of the current farming environment and examines various income opportunities available to borrowers affects repayment capacity. This study found that the presence of off-farm income can increase the probability that the operation will be able to repay their debts. The model indicates that if off-farm income is present, the borrower’s debt repayment capacity ratio increases. This thesis further explores the model and the results produced from not only off-farm income but several different variables within the borrower’s scope of business. Results suggest that many other factors that are not available in the sample also play a large role in predicting an operation’s ability to repay debt. The study determined that the presence of one source of off-farm income was positive and statistically significant in explaining repayment capacity. An operation with a strong outside income source and one spouse working full time on the farm is more financially stable and will likely be more successful at repaying their debts.
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Hauger, Michael. "Net income, risk and business plan for Hauger farm." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17401.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Bob Burton
The purpose of this thesis is to compare the net income and risk associated with custom farming, cash rent, and crop-share. This analysis will help provide insight on the best option for my 40 acres of farm land, which I recently was given from my mother. The 40 acres is located in Codington County, SD and has been previously in a corn, soybean, and wheat rotation. Another goal of the thesis is to create a business plan for Hauger Farm, which will lay out the activities involved for custom farming. The 40 acres will continue to be in a corn, soybean, and wheat rotation. A 12-year analysis was developed to determine the net income and risk associated with custom farming, cash rent, and crop-share. The analysis consisted of historical data from the past nine years while predicting the next three years. After creating the net income statement, the option providing the most income over the long-run was to have the land custom farmed. Custom farming also brought the most income variability or risk; while cash rent showed to have the lowest risk with the least variable income.
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Ahmad, Zulfiqar. "Modelling the impact of agricultural policy at the farm level in the Punjab, Pakistan." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389368.
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Kidoido, Michael M. "Three Essays on Agricultural Production and Household Income Risk Management in Uganda." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313327913.
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Ternoski, Simão. "Estratégias de melhoria da renda da agricultura familiar: análise a partir da base social da CRESOL/Prudentópolis." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/629.
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O surgimento da economia de mercado, fez com que o contexto social da agricultura fosse
alterado, principalmente, em suas formas de organização do trabalho e da produção. A
submissão produtiva às economia de mercado determinam as estratégias de diversificação dos meios de vida na agricultura familiar e requerem esforços no sentido de ampliar as
capacitações em busca de uma maior potencialidade do viver. O mercado provoca privações das oportunidades que podem agravar ou auxiliar as situações de pobreza rural, desta forma, pergunta-se: as estratégias de diversificação adotadas pelas famílias rurais conseguem reduzir
as vulnerabilidades e elevar a renda? A partir deste problema, as seguintes possíveis respostas foram buscadas: (1) Agricultores com renda mais concentrada apresentam menor renda total;(2) Os agricultores pluriativos possuem renda mais elevada que os agricultores monoativos;
(3) Agricultor com melhor acesso aos recursos dos meios de vida apresenta maior renda. Para tanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as estratégias de melhoria da renda rural entre os cooperados da Cooperativa de Crédito Rural com Interação Solidária – CRESOL/ Prudentópolis – PR. Como resultado, identificou-se que: (1) a diversificação dos meios de vida permite aos estabelecimentos níveis de renda mais elevados, avançar na pluriatividade se
torna positivo no sentido de elevar a renda; (2) o índice de diversificação da renda não esta relacionado com maiores níveis de renda; (3) quanto a expansão do acesso aos recursos dos meios de vida, considerados entre o capital humano, social, ambiental, físico e financeiro, (variáveis exógenas), conclui-se que nem todos explicam na mesma proporção a renda total (variável endógena), mas, os capitais que explicaram a renda apresentaram parâmetros de explicação considerados altamente significativos.The emergence of a market economy, has made the social context of agriculture were changed, especially in its forms of organization of work and production. Submission productive market economy determine the diversification strategies of livelihoods in agriculture, family and require efforts to expand the capabilities in pursuit of greater potentiality of living. The market causes deprivation of opportunities that may exacerbate or assist rural poverty situations thus ask: diversification strategies adopted by rural households can reduce vulnerabilities and increase income? From this problem, the following possible answers were sought: (1) Farmers with more concentrated income have lower total income,(2) Farmers pluriativas have higher income farmers monoativas; (3) Farmer with better access to resources livelihoods has higher income. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify strategies to improve rural income among the cooperative's Rural Credit Cooperative Interaction with Solidarity - CRESOL / Prudentópolis - PR. As a result, it was found that: (1) diversification of livelihoods allows institutions of higher income levels, advancing pluriactivity becomes positive in order to raise revenue, (2) the index of income diversification is not associated with higher levels of income, (3) and expanding access to resources for livelihoods, considered among the human, social, environmental, physical and financial, (exogenous variables), it follows that not all explain the same proportion of total income (endogenous variable), but explained that the capital income of explanation presented parameters considered highly significant.
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Qasim, Muhammad [Verfasser]. "Determinants of Farm Income and Agricultural Risk Management Strategies : The Case of Rain-fed Farm Households in Pakistan’s Punjab / Muhammad Qasim." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027391311/34.
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Nelson, James H. "Labor allocation decisions of Virginia's farm families." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42951.
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Using data collected by the Virginia Agricultural Statistical Service in 1989, off-farm labor participation models were developed to identify factors that influence the probability that a farm operator or spouse in Virginia would choose to work off the farm. The sample indicated that a substantial proportion of Virginia farms had at least one member working off the farm. Higher total incomes were also earned by fanlilies with an operator and/or spouse working off the farm. In addition, the proportion of total income originating from off-farm sources was large regardless of whether the operator or spouse worked off the farm or not. As a result of this survey, the picture developed of farm operators and spouses in Virginia is different than a traditional view of farming would support.
Because of the dichotomous dependent variable and the different responses expected from the operator and spouse, probit analysis was selected to estimate separate participation models for the farm operator and spouse. The empirical results reveal that human capital, labor supply and labor demand characteristics influence the off-farm employment decisions of both the operator and spouse, though not in a uniform manner. Additionally, variables found to be important to off-farm labor force participation were primarily not farm specific. Changes in the non-farm economy are expected to affect the majority of Virginia farms more than changes in the farm economy. It is also clear that the majority of farm families in Virginia have a vested interest in efforts made to develop and strengthen the local economy.Master of Science
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Gedikoglu, Haluk McCann Laura. "Adoption of nutrient management practices." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6614.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Laura McCann. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Osborne, William A. "IMPROVING FARM MANAGEMENT DECISIONS BY ANALYZING PRODUCTION EXPENDITURE ALLOCATIONS AND FARM PERFORMANCE STANDING." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/20.
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This study examines the potential effects of categorical increases in production expenditures on farm income performance according to farm standing. The objective of this study is to expose differences in anticipated net farm income return from production expenditure investments and the optimal expense allocation strategy for each performance level. Studying farm performance through segregation by utilizing a two-tier analysis and quantile regression acknowledges the possibility that managerial strategy can differ based on managerial ability. Study outcomes are useful to farm managers because they offer more prescription style results and interpretations than found in other farm performance studies. Study findings show that as managerial proficiency increases so does a manager’s ability to extract higher returns from additional expenditures in certain input categories. Additionally, better managers are able to produce higher returns from more investment sources than their lower performing peers. Overall, study results and interpretations point to the importance of farm management ability as the key input for improving farm performance.
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Gibson, Heather N. "The relationship between net farm income, cash rents, and land values in Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19018.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Mykel R. Taylor
Land value research has been conducted over many decades with efforts being focused on a broad spectrum of topics encompassing many different issues. The research in this thesis will focus on understanding the relationship between net farm income, cash rent, and land value. This research could provide insight and direction in determining future land value behavior. Understanding land prices is important to many different segments of the agricultural industry. Those involved in the industry want to know where land values are going and what the future looks like. Although certain segments may not be directly affected by land value movements, if value decreases the environment of the agriculture industry is changed. Farmers and ranchers are interested in future land values as they make purchase and sale decisions or as they consider future growth of their operation. Agribusinesses understand the affect a decrease in land value would do to farmer’s decisions regarding capital purchases. Additionally, agriculture finance institutions are interested in the future movement of land value as they are concerned about the affects adverse movements in land value would have on their customer’s balance sheet and ultimately their collateral position. In this paper the relationship between land value and cash rent; where land value is a function of historical cash rent and cash rent is a function of net returns to the land will be tested for its’ existence in Kansas. Data were collected for the nine crop reporting districts in Kansas from 1973 through 2012.
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Kjeldahl, Rasmus. "Direct income payments to farmers : uses, implications and an empirical investigation of labour supply response in a sample of Danish farm households." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283728.
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Mello, Donizeti Aparecido [UNESP]. "Avaliação econômica do cultivo da soja em Rotação e sucessão de culturas: um estudo de Caso no município de Ourinhos-SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123220.
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000829565.pdf: 1578743 bytes, checksum: 5e7d397663171c947fa5f8f0ebb9919d (MD5)A produção da soja (Glycine Max (L.) Merril) apresenta-se como uma cultura agrícola importante para a economia do município de Ourinhos, localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo, que possui pequenas, médias e grandes propriedades rurais. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise econômica envolvendo duas práticas para a produção da soja - a rotação e sucessão de culturas, em três safras correspondentes aos anos de 2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/13. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi a de estudo de caso. Como base para o levantamento dos custos de produção optamos pelo modelo desenvolvido e utilizado pelo Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA), que considera a análise do custo operacional efetivo (COE), do custo operacional total (COT) e da rentabilidade econômica. Para a realização deste trabalho, foram analisadas duas propriedades rurais produtoras de soja localizadas no município de Ourinhos-SP. Os resultados obtidos nas três safras analisadas indicaram que na safra 2010/11 e 2011/12 o COE na sucessão de culturas mostrou-se maior em relação à rotação de culturas em 3,4% e na safra 2012/13 ...
The production of soy (Glycine Max (L.) Merril) is an important crop for the county of Ourinhos – SP due to the size of the rural area that surrounds the county because small, medium and large properties mainly plant soy in this area. This study aimed to conduct an economic analysis which evolves two procedures of the production of soy: the rotation of crops and the succession of crops in three different crops (2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/13). The methodology used for the development of this study was the case study, and it was the basis for raising costs of the production and the development of a model, which is used by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Therefore the effective operating cost (COE), the total operating cost (COT) and the profitability were analysed. Two properties in the county of Ourinhos were analysed for the development of this study. The results from the three crops indicated that in the 2010/11 crop and in the 2011/12 crop the COE in the succession of crops were bigger than in the rotation crop in 3,4 %, and in the 2012/13 crop, the COE in the succession of crops were 3,2% bigger. If it is analysed the COT in the three crops, it was noticed that the production expenses were bigger than the cost related to the rotation of crops, showing a difference of 2,6% in the 2010/11 crop, 1,8% in the 2011/12 crop and 2,5% in the 2012/13 crop. While analysing the productive profitability between the two procedures, the rotation of crops proved to be bigger in all of the three crops, and in the 2010/11 crop the difference was 8 more bags per hectare; in the 2011/12 crop the difference was 18 more bags per hectare and in the 2012/13 crop the difference was 4 more bags per hectare. The profitability indicators were also better in the rotation of ...
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Mello, Donizeti Aparecido 1972. "Avaliação econômica do cultivo da soja em Rotação e sucessão de culturas : um estudo de Caso no município de Ourinhos-SP /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123220.
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Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutui EsperanciniBanca: Luiz Cesar Ribas
Banca: Marcelo Fodra
Resumo: A produção da soja (Glycine Max (L.) Merril) apresenta-se como uma cultura agrícola importante para a economia do município de Ourinhos, localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo, que possui pequenas, médias e grandes propriedades rurais. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise econômica envolvendo duas práticas para a produção da soja - a rotação e sucessão de culturas, em três safras correspondentes aos anos de 2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/13. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi a de estudo de caso. Como base para o levantamento dos custos de produção optamos pelo modelo desenvolvido e utilizado pelo Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA), que considera a análise do custo operacional efetivo (COE), do custo operacional total (COT) e da rentabilidade econômica. Para a realização deste trabalho, foram analisadas duas propriedades rurais produtoras de soja localizadas no município de Ourinhos-SP. Os resultados obtidos nas três safras analisadas indicaram que na safra 2010/11 e 2011/12 o COE na sucessão de culturas mostrou-se maior em relação à rotação de culturas em 3,4% e na safra 2012/13 ...
Abstract: The production of soy (Glycine Max (L.) Merril) is an important crop for the county of Ourinhos - SP due to the size of the rural area that surrounds the county because small, medium and large properties mainly plant soy in this area. This study aimed to conduct an economic analysis which evolves two procedures of the production of soy: the rotation of crops and the succession of crops in three different crops (2010/11, 2011/12 e 2012/13). The methodology used for the development of this study was the case study, and it was the basis for raising costs of the production and the development of a model, which is used by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Therefore the effective operating cost (COE), the total operating cost (COT) and the profitability were analysed. Two properties in the county of Ourinhos were analysed for the development of this study. The results from the three crops indicated that in the 2010/11 crop and in the 2011/12 crop the COE in the succession of crops were bigger than in the rotation crop in 3,4 %, and in the 2012/13 crop, the COE in the succession of crops were 3,2% bigger. If it is analysed the COT in the three crops, it was noticed that the production expenses were bigger than the cost related to the rotation of crops, showing a difference of 2,6% in the 2010/11 crop, 1,8% in the 2011/12 crop and 2,5% in the 2012/13 crop. While analysing the productive profitability between the two procedures, the rotation of crops proved to be bigger in all of the three crops, and in the 2010/11 crop the difference was 8 more bags per hectare; in the 2011/12 crop the difference was 18 more bags per hectare and in the 2012/13 crop the difference was 4 more bags per hectare. The profitability indicators were also better in the rotation of ...
Mestre
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Dadzie, Nicholas Nyamekeh. "Empirical Essays in Development Economics." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376961345.
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Tengstam, Sven. "Essays on smallholder diversification, industry location, debt relief, and disability and utility /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Univ., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/18846.
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O'Brien, Patricia Ann, and patricia o'brien@rmit edu au. "COncepts and costs for the maintenance of productive capacity: a study of the measurement and reporting of soil quality." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 1999. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20040930.170346.
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This thesis studies the role accounting plays in the monitoring and reporting of soil quality in one sector of the agricultural industry, broadacre farming. A survey was conducted with broadacre farmers in the Loddon Catchment, Victoria, Australia. The primary aim was to determine the effectiveness accounting plays in providing information to decision makers relative to the productive capacity in soil quality and not just on profits. The capital asset in this study was defined as soil quality. Soils and soil quality in particular, are major elements in determining land value. The concern is decisions are being made by potential buyers and other decision makers, particularly policy makers, with regards to soil quality on the basis of incomplete and often misleading information. It is proposed that a major reason is due to the fact that different participants in the agricultural and accounting industries require and use different information. The accounting systems used by farmers are those that have been developed for the manufacturing sector which may not be appropriate for managing long-term, complex resources such as soil. The farmers themselves did not find formal accounting reports useful for decision making because these reports are based on uniform standards and market prices. The topic of soil quality and land degradation is viewed from two perspectives. In one perspective, the proprietary view; the accounting emphasis is on the ownership of assets and the change, both in income and capital, in these assets over time. In this case the accounting equation is seen as assets - liabilities = equities. The proprietor takes all the risk. A more recent perspective in accounting, the entity view, emphasises the assets whether financed from equity or debt and where the accounting equation is seen as assets = equities. The emphasis changes to the income flow from these assets and more interest is shown in current market prices as a reflection of the future value of these assets Profit is not necessarily a good indicator of what farmers are doing for their capital asset. There needs to be greater emphasis on costs undertaken for the conservation of soil. Those costs should be considered an investment and put into the balance sheet and not the profit and loss statement. The major finding of study demonstrates that decision making groups have different
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Souissi, Benrejab Fattouma. "Les régressions Gini-PLS : Une application aux inégalités des revenus agricoles européens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD018/document.
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Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons des modèles de régression ”Gini-PLS”. Les algorithmes proposés combinent les propriétés des estimateurs relatifs aux régressions Gini et PLS. Les quatre modèles construits dans cette thèse permettent de résoudre simultanément les problèmes : de valeurs extrêmes (”outliers”), de multi-colinéarité, de faible taille de l’échantillon, de données manquantes, d’erreurs de mesure et d’endogénéité. En présence des problèmes cités, les modèles uni-variés (Gini-PLS1) sont robustes pour estimer une variable dépendante en fonction d’une ou plusieurs variables explicatives ; tandis que les modèles multi-variés (Gini-PLS2) servent à estimer une matrice de variables dépendantes en fonction d’une matrice de variables explicatives.Notre application dans le cadre de la thèse concerne l’estimation de contributions des variables technico-économiques aux inégalités des rémunérations pour les pays européens adhérents à la Politique Agricole Commune.Nous proposons deux approches de régressions basées sur les modèles Gini-PLS (RISD-Gini-PLS) pour estimer les contributions des variables technico-économiques (sources de revenus, superficies, main d’œuvre, etc.) aux inégalités des revenus agricoles pour les pays de l’union européenne avant et après les réformes de Mac Sharry et de l’accord de LuxembourgIn this thesis we propose ”Gini-PLS” regressions. The proposed algorithms combine the properties of the estimators related to the Gini and PLS regressions. The four models built in this thesis solve simultaneously the problems of : extreme values (outliers), multicollinearity, small sample, missing data, measurement errors,and endogeneity. In presence of these problems, the univariate models (Gini-PLS1) are robust to estimate a dependent variable with one or more explanatory variables. While, the multivariate models (Gini-PLS2) are used to estimate a matrix of dependent variables with a matrix of explanatory variables.Our application in this thesis is the estimation of the contributions of technico-economic variables to the whole inequality of farm’s income for European countries acceding to the Common Agricultural Policy. We also propose Gini-PLS regressions approaches based on income source decomposition (RISD-Gini-PLS) to estimate the contributions of techno-economic variables (income sources, areas, labor, etc.) to the incomei nequalies of productions (total output crops and output livestock) for european countries
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Souza, Jos? Ant?nio Nunes de. "Podem os programas sociais e de transfer?ncia de renda influenciar a oferta de trabalho em atividades n?o agr?colas? uma an?lise para as fam?lias em condi??o de pobreza no meio rural do nordeste." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14086.
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Previous issue date: 2012-11-19This study aims to analyze the main effect of social programs and cash transfers on the labor supply of non-farm family members in poverty in rural areas of the Northeast. Among the specific objectives, we sought to investigate the effects of these programs and individual characteristics on the decision of participation and allocation of working hours of parents and children in non-agricultural activities. It was assumed, as a theoretical basis, the model of neoclassical labor supply as well as the principle that the decision of allocation of working hours, non-agricultural, is subject to the initial choice of the worker devote or not the non-agricultural employment . The hypothesis assumes that access to social programs and income transfer contributes to the dismay of rural workers, in poverty, in its decision to participate and offer hours of work in non-agricultural activities. To achieve this objective, we applied the models of Heckman (1979) and Double Hurdle, of Cragg (1971), consisting of associating the decision to participate in the labor market with the decision on the amount of hours allocated. The database used was the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD) of 2006. The results of the heads of households showed that transfers of income, although they may have some effect on labor supply rural nonfarm, the magnitude has to say that there may be some dependence on benefits. The estimates for the joint children of 10 to 15 years showed that the programs have negatively influenced participation in suggesting an increase in school participation, although for the allocation of working hours the results were not significant on the incidence of child labor
Este estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar o efeito dos programas sociais e de transfer?ncia de renda sobre a oferta de trabalho n?o agr?cola de membros das fam?lias em condi??o de pobreza no meio rural da regi?o Nordeste. Entre os objetivos espec?ficos, procurou-se investigar os efeitos desses programas e das caracter?sticas individuais sobre a decis?o de participa??o e de aloca??o de horas de trabalho de pais e de filhos em atividades n?o agr?colas. Admitiu-se, como base te?rica, o modelo de oferta de trabalho neocl?ssico, bem como o princ?pio de que a decis?o de aloca??o de horas de trabalho n?o agr?cola est? condicionada ? escolha inicial do trabalhador em se dedicar ou n?o ao emprego n?o agr?cola. A hip?tese testada pressup?e que o acesso aos programas sociais e de transfer?ncia de renda contribuem para o desalento do trabalhador rural, em condi??o de pobreza, na sua decis?o de participar e ofertar horas de trabalho nas atividades n?o agr?colas. Para alcan?ar esse objetivo, aplicaram-se os modelos de Heckman (1979) e de Double Hurdle, de Cragg (1971), que consistem em associar a decis?o de participa??o no mercado de trabalho com a decis?o da quantidade de horas de trabalho alocadas. A base de dados utilizada foi a da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicilio (PNAD), do ano de 2006. Os resultados dos chefes dos domic?lios mostraram que as transfer?ncias de renda, embora possam ter algum efeito sobre a oferta de trabalho rural n?o agr?cola, n?o t?m magnitude suficiente para que se afirme que possa haver alguma depend?ncia em rela??o aos benef?cios. As estima??es conjuntas para os filhos de 10 a 15 anos mostraram que os programas t?m influenciado negativamente na participa??o, sugerindo um aumento na participa??o escolar, embora, para a aloca??o de horas de trabalho, os resultados n?o tenham sido significantes sobre a incid?ncia de trabalho infantil
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Onyango, Calory Larr. "Urban-Urban and peri-urban agriculture as a poverty alleviation strategy among low income households : the case of Orange Farm, South Johannesburg." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3562.
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Urban and peri-urban agriculture is a strategy that can be adapted by low income
households in Orange Farm to meet their food and nutritional requirements. The practice
is a basis upon which poor families can enhance their incomes by producing part of their
food needs, hence saving money for use on other livelihood obligations. This dissertation
discusses the importance of urban and peri-urban agriculture as a method easily available
to low income families residing in informal settlements to access food and incomes.
Urban agriculture is examined in the context of poverty alleviation. A descriptive and
quantitative assessment of the salient variables of the practice in the area is attempted in
order to give an insight of the potential role the sector can play in eliminating poverty,
enhancing incomes and creating employment. The study shows that participation in urban
farming can impact significantly on poverty conditions and improve livelihoods.MA (Development Studies)
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Hewlett, John P. "The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers." Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26854.
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Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to
the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many
studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an
attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs
associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to
be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm
financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related
sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending
institutions.
The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows:
some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious
financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be
assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by
adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and
profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to
evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural
production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and
macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study
were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative
importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through
analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation
of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered
to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering
three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of
macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type
or a total of 18 alternatives.
Analysis of these different alternative production units was
accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model.
The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm
business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed
on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include
purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management,
cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates.
The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and
changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for
financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the
present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all
essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this
model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm
over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement,
statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a
fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability,
liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which
are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are
provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided
on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon.
Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy
and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This
objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to
reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for
comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of
debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt,
sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total
assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital
equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended
to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by
agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial
stress.
The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce
financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial
stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the
financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset
sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in
circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest
reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to
suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of
financial performance for producers under financial stress but do
little to improve those positions.Graduation date: 1988
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Persaud, Anthony W. "Mercury use and the socio-economic significance of artisanal and small-scale gold (ASGM) mining in Senegal : a mixed-methods approach to understanding ASGM." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6454.
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) continues to grow in more than 70 countries in the developing world, creating thriving local rural economies but also causing significant environmental contamination and health issues, with one particularly problematic issue involving the use of mercury in the gold extraction process. With the advent of the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury in 2009, a legally binding treaty aimed at reducing and where feasible eliminating mercury use, countries with significant ASGM populations require solutions for this sector. In April 2014, a mixed-methods rapid appraisal study was carried out over a three week period in the gold mining region of Kedougou, Senegal. During this time 80 structured interviews, 120 household surveys, physical measurements, observations and numerous informal interviews were utilized in conjunction with a comparative data analysis in order to create a national inventory of the ASGM sector for Senegal, to explore the sector’s socio-economic contribution to rural development in Senegal, and to provide a basis for discussing policy approaches needed to improve the sector. The results of this study show a thriving ASGM sector composed of approximately 67,000 people, producing an estimated 4.5 tonnes of gold per year and releasing approximately 5.2 tonnes of mercury into the environment. The methodologies used to create these estimates also provide in-depth information that illustrates an ASGM sector that is highly inter-connected with customary tenure practices and traditional agrarian livelihoods, and that is important for rural inhabitants in Senegal and other countries. This information can be utilized by the Senegalese and other governments to inform the policies that are being developed for the ASGM sector as they implement the obligations created by the Minimata Convention.Graduate
0503
0366
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persaud.anthonyw@gmail.com
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Abrha, Bihon Kassa. "Factors affecting agricultural production in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19072.
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This study investigates the factors affecting agricultural production of farm households in the National Regional State of Tigray, Ethiopia. The major primary sources of data for the study were farm household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study revealed that the annual average crop production of respondents was found to be below the standard annual food requirement recommended by the international organizations. The proportion of irrigated land to total cultivated land was only 11per cent. The proportion of irrigated land in the two districts is lower than 11.27 per cent at the regional level. The utilization of chemical fertilizers for the majority of the respondents was below the recommended standard for the region. Although the farmers were interested in using improved seeds, the supplied varieties were not based on their preferences. Extension agents were mainly engaged in activities which were not related to their professions. The farm income model result showed that landholding size (p<0.0001), possession of oxen(p<0.0001), amount of fertilizer(p=0.010), improved seeds(p=0.002), irrigation(p=0.028), soil quality(p=0.019), village distance to the district market(p=0.066), average distance of plots from the homestead (p=0.023) and crop rotation(p=0.016) were determinant variables. Farmers were engaged in off-farm activities to fulfill the cash requirements in credit constrained conditions. The laws of the region do not allow farmers to be out of their localities for more than two years and the farmerswere restricted to renting out only half of their land. This discouraged farmers from off-farm participation for fear of land confiscation. In the Probit model, the determinant variables of off-farm participation were: irrigation (p=0.001), age (p=0.007), amount of money borrowed (p=0.078), village distance to the wereda market (p=0.055), fear of land confiscation (p=0.023) and access to electricity (p=0.044).
It is recommended that if farmers are to use chemical fertilizers, they should be supplied with High Yielding Varieties (HYV)and enough water through access to irrigation. Furthermore, farmers should be allowed to have long term off-farm employment to augment the farming sector.Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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kuo, Hsiao-Chiao, and 郭小喬. "The analysis of agricultural policy and farm income change in Taiwan." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88722253330646428780.
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碩士國立中興大學
財政學研究所
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The main objective of the study here has been an intensive review of the relationship of agricultural policy and farm income change in Taiwan from the years 1949 to 1996 and understand direct and indirect subsidiary measures of agricultural policy how to influence farm income .The important findings are summaried : 1、After World War II，agricultural policy which has been designed tp improve farm income expands price support into farmer welfare policy. 2、The farm income change during the period 1964-72 is characterized by a upward trend ，but the trend of the period 1973-96 is diminishing . After the year 1986，the level of income in farm sector relative which in nonfarm sector maintain a stable ratio. 3、In the 1970s，the ratio of non-agricultural income of farm income exceedd which of agricultural income. Because of emphasis on agricultural development in government policy,the ratio of agricultural income of farm income maintains about 35 to 39 percent. 4、The year 1967 to 1995 the influece of direct subsidiary measure to agricultural income have been obvious ,and the influence of indirect subsidiary measure to non-agricultural income have been evident.
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Barua, Teen Kari. "The impact of farm and nonfarm income on agricultural landdownership structure and rural income distribution study of a village in Bangladesh /." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23465931.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 359-366).
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陳益壯. "The Impact of Agricultural Trade Policy Adjustment on Farm Income in Taiwan - Multisectoral Computable General Equilibrium Analysis." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32449111752018150853.
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Mahmood, Khalid. "Analysis of the Development Options to Improve the Income Situation of Dairying Households in Punjab." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F15E-4.
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Mazibuko, Ndumiso Vusumuzi Ezra. "Impact of agricultural infrastructure on productivity of smallholder farmers in the North West Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25201.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of agricultural infrastructure on agricultural productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province, South Africa. Factors that contribute to the availability, accessibility and satisfaction of smallholder farmers with regards to agricultural infrastructure were also assessed in the study. Using cross sectional data from the North West Province of South Africa, 150 smallholder farmers were selected using stratified sampling to group farmers into those who had agricultural infrastructure and those who did not have. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, divided into six sections as follows: personal socio-economic characteristics of farmers; characteristics of the land; agricultural infrastructure of smallholder farmers; agricultural production and markets; and production activities and financial support rendered to farmers. The data were coded, captured and analysed using STATA 14.0. Data were analysed through descriptive analyses, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Heckman selection procedure and Tobit Regression Models.
This result revealed that most of the farmers were male, aged between 41 and 60 years of age, had contact with extension services, had contact with extension services only occasionally and did not engage in non-farming activities. Smallholder farmers had less than 10 years of farming experience, a household size of less than or equal to five members, had about one household member assisting in the day-to-day farming activities. Most of the farmers did not belong to any organisation. Generally, the farmers indicated that they were involved in dry land farming. Farmers who irrigated their farms, did so on approximately 15 and 45 hectares of land. Farmers also indicated that they received agricultural support from CASP and used commercial seeds, fertilizers and animal vaccines as their production inputs. Furthermore, smallholder farmers in the study area received support for inputs while majority indicated they did not have to repay for the inputs. Majority of farmers indicated that infrastructure impacted on their farming enterprises through increases in productivity in their farming enterprises.
The study found that the factors influencing agricultural income for smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure were: Physical infrastructure index (Coef=0.78: P=0.01); Social infrastructure availability index (Coef=0.61: P<0.01); Institutional infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Level of education of farmers (Coef=0.96: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.59: P<0.05); Age of smallholder famers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in farming activities (Coef=0.24: P<0.05).
In terms of smallholder farmers with accessible agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure access index (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); Social infrastructure access index (Coef=0.38: P<0.1); Equipment infrastructure access index (Coef=0.62: P<0.01); Level of education for smallholder farmers (Coef=1.21: P<0.01); Access to agricultural extension services (Coef=1.64: P<0.01); Membership of Farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.77: P<0.05); Age of smallholder farmer (Coef=0.01: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in the farming enterprises (Coef=0.39: P<0.01). In terms of satisfaction of smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.35: P<0.1); Social infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.37: P<0.1); Institutional infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.25: P<0.01); Equipment infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.04: P<0.01); Level of education of respondents (Coef=1.24: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.58: P<0.01); Age of smallholder farmers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); Number of years farming (Coef = -0.57: P<0.1); and Number of household members assisting in farming (Coef=0.19: P<0.1). The results of the Heckman selection model revealed that the variables impacting on agricultural income were: agricultural infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.12: P<0.01); and access to extension services (Coef=0.62: P<0.05).
Furthermore, those impacting on agricultural production were: infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=-1.31: P<0.01); infrastructure accessibility index (Coef=-0.59: P<0.05); Level of education of smallholder farmers (Coef=0.64: P<0.01); access to extension services (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); and membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.66: P<0.01). The results of the Tobit Regression Model showed that among others factors influencing availability of agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.702: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.962: P<0.01); farm acquisition (Coef=0.323: P<0.01)farmer occupation (Coef=0.785: P<0.01); member of farmers’ organisations (Coef=2.066: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=1.283: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.100: P<0.01); and agricultural production inputs (Coef=-0.763: P<0.05).
In terms of accessibility to agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: engagement in non-farming activities Coef=1.275: P<0.01); contact with extension services (Coef=1.205: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.403: P<0.01); farmer occupation (Coef=0.456: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.111: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=0.653: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.045: P<0.05) and land tenure (Coef=0.156: P<0.01). In terms of satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, among other factors influencing satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: organisation for extension services (Coef=1.779: P<0.01); assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.411: P<0.01); government agricultural support to farmers (Coef=0.419: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.464: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.011: P<0.01); age of farmer (Coef= 0.030: P<0.01); level of education (Coef= 0.483: P<0.01); marital status (Coef=0.290: P<0.01); and gender (Coef= -0.576: P<0.01).
The results of the analysis were used to close the knowledge gap with regards to the impact of agricultural infrastructure, availability, accessibility and satisfaction on the productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province. In terms of recommendations, the study highlighted that agricultural industries and government should commit in assisting smallholder farmers to be productive and to participate in economic activities. This could be achieved through collaboration with industries in implementing initiatives that assist and accelerate the development of smallholder farming and also through assisting smallholder farmers access agricultural infrastructure.Agriculture and Animal Health
Ph. D. (Agriculture)
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Sekabira, Haruna Ahmad. "Mobile Phone Technologies and their Impacts on Household Welfare and Rural Development in Uganda." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3EBE-5.
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Netshivhodza, Thivhalemi Michael. "The role of minimum wages in South Africa’s agricultural sector." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23968.
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Income inequality is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. In all of these countries there are workers who are highly paid while others are given very low wages. The disgruntled low-paid workers in these countries usually force their governments to intervene in the labour market and introduce the redistributive policies like the minimum wage policy. Governments usually accede to these
demands of low-paid workers because they do not want to invite political troubles. That led to an increase in the number of countries using minimum wage policy as redistributive mechanism in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Minimum wage policy is, however, a very controversial issue. Supporters of minimum wages regard the policy as ideal because it provides social protection to un-unionised and low-paid workers with little or no bargaining power. The opponents of the policy on the other hand argue that wages in the labour market should be determined by the forces of demand and supply. It is argued that wages that are artificially determined lead to the rationing of jobs and displacement of the very same low-paid workers that the policy is intended to protect, as employers are forced to replace unskilled workers with skilled workers and machines. South Africa’s agricultural sector workers were among some of the least paid
workers in the country. Employers were able to exploit these workers because they were not protected by any labour legislation that workers in other sectors were afforded. Farm workers were only protected by common law. It was only in the 1990s that labour legislations like Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Labour Relations Act, Employment Equity Act, Extension of Security Act and Tenure Act and Skills
Development Act were extended to the agricultural sector in an attempt to protect the working conditions of vulnerable workers. These acts as well failed to improve the working conditions of the agricultural sector workers and that prompted the Minister of Labour to instruct the Director-General of Labour to conduct the necessary investigations to see if it could be necessary to introduce minimum standard of
employment in the sector, including minimum wages. That led to the adoption of Sectoral Determination 8 of 2003 which introduced sectoral minimum wage in the sector. The sectoral minimum wage which came into effect in 2003 was increased annually by the rate of inflation plus one per cent. It was only in 2013, after the Western Cape farm workers went on strike for higher wages, that the minimum wage was raised by 52 per cent. As argued by the opponents of minimum wages, job
losses occurred among unskilled workers. The implementation of minimum wage policy in the agricultural sector was problematic, as the policy was not properly complied with due to several compliance
concerns. Apart from there being insufficient inspectors to monitor and investigate cases of non-compliance, inspectors were under-trained and under-equipped. Fines imposed on offenders were too small, which further encouraged disregard for the policy.Economics
M. Com. (Economics)
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Mbewe, Jeremiah. "Evaluation of pass-on the gift concept on the socioeconomic welfare of rural households: the case of SACHZEP and ELITE Projects in Katete District, Zambia." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26687.
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This is an exploratory study on “Evaluation of Pass-on the Gift Concept on the Socioeconomic Welfare of Rural Households: The Case of SACHZEP and ELITE Projects in Katete District, Zambia. The main research objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of the PoG concept on the socioeconomic welfare of rural households. A mixed methods approach was used involving 124 household in the survey interviews, 5 FGDs and 18 key informant interviews. Study findings showed relationships existing between type of livestock with compliance to pass on the gift (p-=0.001), food security (p=0.001), income security (p=0.007) and education at 9th grade level (p=0.002). No relationship exists between livestock type with shelter status of beneficiaries. Livestock type, water scarcity, IKS and practices, sharing of knowledge, skills and livestock affects PoG impact on socioeconomic welfare of rural households. PoG is compatible with indigenous knowledge systems and supports Human Centred Development approach.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)