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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture Farm income'
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1
Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (November 30, 2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.
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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.
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El Benni, N., R. Finger, S. Mann, and B. Lehmann. "The distributional effects of agricultural policy reforms in Switzerland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 11 (November 26, 2012): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/215/2011-agricecon.
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This paper analyses the effects of Swiss agricultural policy reforms and the effects of farm income, off-farm income and direct payments on the distribution of the farm household income. To this end, the farm-level income records from the FADN data for the period 1990–2009 are used to calculate Gini coefficients and Gini elasticities. Bootstrap sampling procedures are applied to test for significant differences of the estimated parameters over time. The Gini coefficients estimated in our analysis show that the household income inequality in Swiss agriculture only slightly increased from 0.21 to 0.24, but the farm income inequality strongly increased from 0.27 to 0.38 in the considered period. We find furthermore that increasing off-farm incomes and direct payments would decrease the household income inequality. Especially direct payments that support farmers producing under adverse production conditions in the hill and mountain regions have found to be well targeted and thus contribute to the reductions in income inequality in agriculture.
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Findeis, Jill L., and Venkateshwar K. Reddy. "Decomposition of Income Distribution Among Farm Families." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001495.
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The greater reliance of U.S. farm families on off-farm income has implications for the structure of agriculture and the distribution of income within agriculture. Using annual data on farm households from the Current Population Survey, the degree of income inequality for the U.S. and by region is assessed for 1984. The distribution of income among farm families is decomposed by income source. Off-farm income is shown to contribute to higher average incomes and reduce income inequality at the margin, but only in regions where full-time farming predominates. In the Northeast and South, increases in off-farm income increase regional income inequality.
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Czyżewski, Andrzej, Ryszard Kata, and Anna Matuszczak. "THE REDISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN POLAND’S AGRICULTURAL BUDGETS IN THE LONG TERM." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.2.16.
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The study specifies the premises and purposes of the redistribution function of budget expenditures on agriculture. It determines the amount of expenditures fulfilling these purposes in Poland’s agricultural budgets in 1995–2018. An attempt was also made to assess their effects in the context of the dynamics of farmers’ income, the disparity between farmers’ income and the incomes of other social and professional groups, as well as intrasectoral disproportion in farm household income. It was demonstrated that the increase of budget expenditures on agriculture in 2004 contributed to a real increase of farmers’ income and a decrease in the disparity between the income of farm households and the income of households in general and of working households. However, the increase of redistribution expenditures did not reverse the progressing process of farm household income polarisation.
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson. "Seasonality and farm/non-farm interactions in Western Kenya." Journal of Modern African Studies 50, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x11000589.
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ABSTRACTThis article considers the distributional consequences of seasonality by analysing the links between non-farm incomes, commercialisation within agriculture, and variations in consumption burdens and expenditures at the household level. The common focus in the literature on non-farm incomes as levellers of seasonality and sources of risk minimisation is complemented by perspectives which consider how seasonality affects and is handled by households depending on their broader livelihood situations. To this perspective is also added a consideration of in-kind transfers and transactions. The article uses a mixed methods approach, drawing on data from two villages in Western Kenya. The lack of non-farm sources of income and the variation over time in consumption burdens aggravate the seasonal aspects of the agricultural production cycle for poorer households. By contrast, the interaction between farm and non-farm sources of income enables wealthier households to profit from seasonality in relation to agricultural markets, while providing the basis for meeting both farm and non-farm expenditures.
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Finger, Robert, and Nadja El Benni. "Farm income in European agriculture: new perspectives on measurement and implications for policy evaluation." European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab011.
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Abstract Viable farm households contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems. Farm income is a policy-relevant proxy for this viability. Here, we address three key aspects of farm income: first, the income issue, focusing on (average) income levels; second, the variability issue, focusing on income risks faced by farmers; and third, the inequality issue, focusing on the heterogeneity and (in-)equalities of farm incomes. This special issue presents new perspectives on measurement, modelling, development and policies related to the income of farm families in Europe, especially in the light of increasing complexity of farms and policies and risk exposure.
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Gołasa, Piotr. "TAX BURDENS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR EQUALIZING FARM INCOMES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5165.
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The aim of the article was to present the issue of income inequality among agricultural holdings and the importance of the current system of taxation of agricultural activities for their equalization. This study was based on data collected from 573 agricultural holdings from Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Podlaskie and Lodzkie. Gini coefficient was used to determine income differentiation. It was found that the examined farms are characterized by high income diversification (Gini coefficient – 0.672). The tax burden on farm incomes is at a low level of 3.8% and 77% of these burdens is agricultural tax. The agricultural tax system does not fulfill the redistributive function and even slightly increases the income gap. However, in the opinion of the surveyed farmers, the problem of income differentiation is not significant from their point of view, and the state should not take any additional measures to offset income. Possible changes should relate to the system of support of agriculture rather than its taxation.
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Bainé Szabó, Bernadett. "Alternative Income Sources in the Agriculture of Settlements Along the Hortobágy." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 10 (May 11, 2003): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/10/3500.
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Agriculture has played a dominant role among the income sources of population living along the Hortobágy just like in any other rural areas. I represent the situations of settlements along the Hortobágy by studying four of them, such as Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek. Big companies having worked in the examined settlements had significance in ensuring local working facilities, and restraining people from leaving. Acts dating back to the beginning of the 1990’ies, privatisation, transformation of the state farm and co-operatives have decreased the rate of employment in agriculture. Alternative income sources relating to agriculture, such as bio-farming by alternative plants, herb production and rural tourism will determine the future of agriculture in this area due to the closeness of the Hortobágy National Park, the unique but unfavourable natural conditions for agricultural production, financial aids by the National Agricultural Environmental Programme and the imminent EU-membership. In this way supporting these activities may ensure the livelihood of ex-agricultural workers and alternative income for those working in agriculture.I am going to deal with two issues in this article:• with the change of the role of agriculture in the examined settlements,• with economic analyses of alternative income sources by a model of a family farm.
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Panda, Sitakanta. "Farmer education and household agricultural income in rural India." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 6 (June 8, 2015): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0278.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in the rural household agricultural income by farmers’ education while exploiting a nationally representative household survey data set, i.e. the India Human Development Survey-2005, in the rural Indian context. The author seeks to answer the question: how much variation in the household net agricultural income per acre of land cultivated can farmers’ education explain? Design/methodology/approach – The author has employed the ordinary least squares regression model with village fixed effects. The author also analysed the data using some exploratory statistics. Findings – The author finds that farmers’ education significantly increases the net household farm income per acre of land cultivated last year. The results are robust to the inclusion of the five educational degree categories (dummies) in lieu of the years of schooling variable. The results are also robust to its decomposition into that for men and for women separately. Women farmers’ education has an amplified impact on farm incomes. The author also confirms the inverse relationship between the household agricultural income and land area cultivated, which is consistent with the huge literature on the negative relationship between land size-class and farm productivity. Practical implications – In a developing country with a not-so-modernized agriculture sector and low adoption of newer farming technologies, this validated importance of education in explaining the differences in rural farm earnings has guiding policy implications in that a positive return to farmer schooling signals the need for increased investments in the farmers’ education and awareness so as to enhance farm incomes and productivity. The special policy thrust on education of women and women farmers is critical to ensuring higher farm incomes and outcomes. Originality/value – The literature on the impact of farmers’ education on rural household agricultural income is very sparse. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this issue has not been addressed before in the Indian context. The author explains the contribution of farmer education to farm income in rural Indian households. The author also revisits the negative relationship between farm income and land size holdings in the Indian agriculture.
10
Radoslaw, Pastusiak, Jasiniak Magdalena, Soliwoda Michał, and Stawska Joanna. "What may determine off-farm income? A review." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 8 (August 4, 2017): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/123/2016-agricecon.
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Farming is treated as one of the riskiest businesses. Political decisions, especially these related to the agricultural sector, may be treated as of a great importance. As a consequence, farm owners seek to diversify their sources of income and run other strategies aiming to stabilize their earnings i.e. by off-farm activities. The paper selected key groups of the determinants of the off-farm income with the aim to evaluate the current state and to propose further steps of the detailed analysis. The authors identified the mechanisms how the particular instruments influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. It may be concluded that the significance of direct payments is still very high. Subsidies generally discourage farmers from the non-agriculture employment. The influence of socio-demographic characteristics is significant, however, the strength of this impact is determined by the additional factors like the situation in the labour market. In case of environmental determinants, it should be noted that there is a limited group of factors that may be out of control by the farm operators. The value added of the article is an attempt to identify the mechanisms how the particular instruments may influence farmers’ decisions on generating the off-farm income. The article finishes with the authors’ recommendations for further empirical studies.
11
Blaas, G., and J. Varoščák. "Slovak agricultural markets and farm income after the EU accession." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 1 (February 16, 2012): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4993-agricecon.
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The paper is focusing on the analysis of some aspects of changes in the economic performance of the farm sector in Slovakia during the first period after the accession to the European Union, as measured by the Economic Account of Agriculture. Authors find that the growth of agricultural goods output was the main element of the improved income generation within the sector during the first year of the EU membership. This was induced by the growth of physical crop output and new subsidies to products. Price alignment played only a minor role in the income growth within the sector. Price increases were limited to some few livestock products. The scope and range of the horizontal price transmissions might have also been influenced by the constraints on the domestic market demand, insufficient functioning of the market support institutions and shortages of marketing infrastructure.
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Kareemulla, K., Pandian Krishnan, S. Ravichandran, B. Ganesh Kumar, Sweety Sharma, and Ramachandra Bhatta. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810225.
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The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.
13
Runowski, Henryk. "DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7868.
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The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture.
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Key, Nigel. "Do Most U.S. Farms Really Lose Money? Taxation and Farm Income Underreporting." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 04 (July 29, 2019): 646–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.26.
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AbstractThis article explores whether income underreporting for tax purposes can explain why the majority of U.S. farmers earn low or negative net farm income. Using 10 years of U.S. Department of Agriculture farm-level data, the extent of underreporting is estimated by exploiting the fact that farm households face an incentive to underreport farm income that varies with their reported off-farm income. Results indicate that 39% of total farm income is underreported. For large farms, the results imply a substantial discrepancy between reported and earned farm income. For small-scale operations, underreporting reduces but does not eliminate the gap between farm and off-farm wages.
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Grontkowska, Anna, Barbara Gołębiewska, and Monika Gębska. "THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE EVALUATED BY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS DEPENDING ON FARM INCOME." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5959.
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This study aims to estimate the knowledge about sustainable agriculture and its implementation as part of farm practice, depending on a subjective evaluation of farm income status. Moreover, an attempt has been made to determine the importance of benefits for the environment, community, and farmers resulting from the implementation of this concept, in the opinion of farmers declaring a varying income status. The research carried out in 2019 for a sample of 291 farms using an interview questionnaire states that a more favourable subjective evaluation of own income status was connected with a more significant share of farmers formally declaring to know the concept of sustainable agriculture and the methods of this agricultural system. The research shows the following ranking of environmental benefits: water protection against pollution, reduced emission of greenhouse gases, reduced consumption of energy from non-renewable sources, and increased biodiversity in the natural environment. No distinct diversification was observed regarding presented groups according to age and declaration of income status evaluation. As regards benefits for the community in general, the succession was as follows: the production of safer foods, improvement of working conditions in a farm, improvement of farm animal welfare and better attractiveness of rural areas. However, this hierarchy differed depending on income status evaluation. As regards farmer benefits, the developed ranking showed minor diversification of the average position (rank) of individual advantages (ease sale of products, better farm productivity, improved soil condition, acquired knowledge and experience), which primarily resulted from different preferences of respondents depending on their income status.
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Blank, Steven C., Kenneth W. Erickson, Richard Nehring, and Charles Hallahan. "Agricultural Profits and Farm Household Wealth: A Farm-level Analysis Using Repeated Cross Sections." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 1 (April 2009): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002649.
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This study examines the relationship between agricultural profits and farm household wealth across locations and farm sizes in U.S. agriculture. A multiperiod household model is used to develop hypotheses for testing. Results indicate that farmland has out-performed nonfarm investments over the past decade. Thus, households may want to keep their farmland to build wealth, even if it requires them to earn off-farm income. The analysis implies that decision will be made based on farm household wealth factors having little to do with agriculture.
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Ukolova, Anna, and Bayarma Dashieva. "Analysis of the distribution of peasant (farmer) households by income." Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2106-05.
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The paper studies the distribution of peasant (farm) households by income according to the departmental reporting form 1-peasant (farm) household “Information on the production activities of heads of peasant (farm) households — individual entrepreneurs.” The study revealed the presence of a strong differentiation of peasant (farm) households by income, which indicates the need to use the grouping before summarizing the data for the population. It is proved that the distribution of peasant (farm) households by income are close to a lognormal distribution. Based on the allocation of groups with equal intervals according to the logarithms of income, analytical groupings can be built that allow researching the relationship between the features that characterize peasant (farm) households. Thus, the patterns of an increase in the resources of agricultural production and its efficiency were revealed as incomes grew per 1 peasant (farm) household; the differences between the initial and final analytical groups are statistically significant. The intervals of the selected analytical groups by region are of a similar nature, which may indicate the possibility of their consolidation and the establishment of uniform boundaries for typical income groups, as is done in countries with developed agriculture (the USA, the EU).
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Eagle, Alison J., James Rude, and Peter C. Boxall. "Agricultural support policy in Canada: What are the environmental consequences?" Environmental Reviews 24, no. 1 (March 2016): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0050.
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This paper reviews annual government spending on Canadian agriculture that attempts to stabilize and enhance farm incomes. Over the past 5 years, 2/3 of the $3 billion spent on agriculture went into stabilization programs to support farm incomes. However, this level of support raises questions about the environmental consequences of enhanced agricultural production. Environmental impacts from agriculture are well known and addressed in US and EU policies. In contrast, Canadian government expenditures on environmental initiatives in agriculture, as a share of farm income, are more than 10 times smaller than those in the US and the EU. Nonetheless the evidence is that Canadian programs have modest impacts on production, but that chemical and fertilizer input use may be higher than in the absence of the program. One possible course of action is to introduce cross-compliance between program payments and environmental objectives. However, there are no requirements that Canadian producers receiving support comply with environmental standards. While cross-compliance could be considered in the Canadian context, policies that directly target specific environmental issues in agriculture may have greater impact.
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Bojnec, Štefan, and Kristina Knific. "Farm Household Income Diversification as a Survival Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116341.
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The analyses focus on the structural change in agriculture and farm households for the selected hilly and mountainous areas in Slovenia before and after the accession to the European Union, with an emphasis on empirical analysis of a sample of income diversification of rural households in the census years, and the importance of self-employment for farm households’ well-being and food security. A t-test was applied to investigate the differences of arithmetic means between the two municipalities and between the two census years, and an F-test with analysis of variance was used for the differences of arithmetic means between four socioeconomic types of agricultural households (AHs). The number of farm households has declined with heterogeneous patterns according to their socioeconomic type and their location areas according to the level of economic development and natural farming conditions. Farm exits do not necessarily mean discontinuation of other nonfarming activities at a household. While the number of farm households leaving farming has increased, there has also been an increase in farm households engaged in other gainful activity such as supplementary farm activities and in off-farm employment and off-farm incomes. Income from farming for most households is not sufficient for survival, and therefore, diversification of income for households is imminent. Diversification of income from self-employment is important for more than one-third of households that maintain agri-food production for the market. Income from self-employment is an important source of income for household well-being and for investment in agricultural production to improve incomes from farming activities. Expansion of self-employment impacts the lack of time, business risks, and lack of interest of households to expand the business by renting external sources.
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Bender, M. H. "An economic comparison of traditional and conventional agricultural systems at a county level." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 16, no. 1 (March 2001): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008808.
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AbstractIn Holmes and Wayne Counties, Ohio, respectively, one-half and one-fourth of the farms belong to the Amish, an agrarian culture whose traditional agriculture has been remarkably successful. In an analysis of the 88 Ohio counties by means of the federal agricultural census, the economic performance of the two counties was examined in graphs of agricultural characteristics and financial indicators, some expressed on a per-ha basis across total farmland, as a measure of the efficiency of land utilization. Their performance was assessed relative to the following three groups of Ohio counties with high per-ha net farm income: those with large mean farm size, a prevalence of nursery and greenhouse production, or mixed crop and livestock agriculture. Belonging to the latter group, Holmes County ranked tenth and thirteenth highest among Ohio counties in per-ha gross and net farm income, respectively, and Wayne County, fifth and sixth. Despite the small mean farm size of 50 and 62 ha for Holmes and Wayne Counties, respectively, they matched counties of large mean farm size in terms of perha net farm income, and among 22 counties with small mean farm size of about 60 ha or less, they were exceeded only by 3 counties based on intensive nursery and greenhouse production. The large incomes were due to high marketed value of animal products. Supplemental feed consumption was 2.0 and 1.3 times the harvested crop production in Holmes and Wayne Counties, respectively, thus indicating large net imports of purchased feed. The large net incomes for the two counties were also a result of low labor costs, partly due to the fact that the Amish do not charge for helping each other on farms. When a conventional charge was applied to Amish labor, Wayne County remained among the highest of Ohio counties in per-ha net farm income, but Holmes County dropped to near the 50th percentile. Nonetheless, for the same decline, Holmes County remained among the highest of the 22 counties of small mean farm size because its initial performance was well above most of these counties. Since this was a study of land use efficiency, some discussion is devoted to farm size and productivity, relative levels of animal production, and cropland requirements to power horses and biofueled mechanical traction, the former an integral component of Amish agriculture. In the latter topic, corn-based ethanol and horse feed would require roughly the same area of cropland for traction to farm the nation's cropland, but on a net energy basis, the former area would be more than twice the latter. Since animal production is a major component of Amish agriculture, the results of the study provide indirect evidence that the small-scale, traditional farming of the Amish contributes substantially to the agricultural economies of Holmes and Wayne Counties.
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Whitaker, James B., and Anne Effland. "Income Stabilization Through Government Payments: How is Farm Household Consumption Affected?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 38, no. 1 (April 2009): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000174.
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We estimate the impacts of various types of government payments to U.S. agriculture on different components of farm household consumption. Using 2003 to 2005 data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), we show that marginal rates of consumption differ by consumption category and income source, including different types of farm program payments. The results suggest that farm households treat income from different sources as imperfect substitutes and may reserve income from specific sources for specific types of consumption. Implications for the effects of different types of government payments on the farm household are considered.
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Quaye, Frederick Murdoch. "Effects of Multiple Risks on Farm Income and Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Insurance: A Case Study of the Greater Accra Region in Ghana." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 6 (May 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n6p1.
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<p>This paper analyzes the determinants of farm income among farmers producing crops and animals in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It further estimates the willingness to pay for agricultural insurance by farmers. The farm income function was evaluated using a logarithmic function in which farm income is regressed as a function of determinants affecting it. The econometric results suggest that gender, education, farm size, farming experience, fertilizer usage and input cost all have a positive and statistically significant association with farm income. The results indicate that when investing in agriculture in the study region, weather hazards and pest and disease attacks are two important risk factors that need to be considered in the implementation of insurance policies since they have and statistically significant negative associations with farm income. The paper further observes that weather and pest/disease attacks are two significant risk factors that tend to influence farmers’ willingness to adopt and pay for agricultural insurance.</p>
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Hanson, J. D., John Hendrickson, and Dave Archer. "Challenges for maintaining sustainable agricultural systems in the United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 04 (July 4, 2008): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001974.
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AbstractDuring the 20th century, US agriculture underwent vast transformations. The number of farmers has decreased, more farmers are relying on off-farm income, agriculture's proportion of the US GDP has declined, and a minority of non-metro counties in the US are farming dependent. Agriculture's evolution will continue and we have identified key trends and future challenges to effectively manage our changing agricultural system. Eight current trends in US agriculture were identified. These included: (1) increased land degradation; (2) competing land uses; (3) focus on single ecosystem service; (4) increase in farm size; (5) movement toward commercialization; (6) genetic engineering; (7) global markets; and (8) changing social structure. Future trends likely to affect agriculture include: (1) diminishing and increasingly volatile farm incomes; (2) reduced government involvement in food regulation; (3) continued transition from farming to agribusiness; (4) land-use will become a major issue; (5) increasing animal protein consumption in the US; (6) increased public input on livestock production practices; (7) increasing urbanization of historically rural US counties; (8) increased public concern over food safety; (9) increased medicinal production from agriculture; (10) new tastes, markets and opportunities will emerge. We further postulated that future challenges facing US agriculture might include: (1) competitive pressures; (2) sustainable development; (3) resource conservation; and (4) research and development. Integrated agricultural systems may be flexible enough to address these challenges. However, robust principles will be needed to design adaptable integrated agricultural systems. We present a nonexclusive list of preliminary principles under the four general categories of (1) economics and economic policies; (2) environmental; (3) social and political; and (4) technological.
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Hang, Sheng, Jing Li, Xiangbo Xu, Yun Lyu, Yang Li, Huarui Gong, Yan Xu, and Zhu Ouyang. "An Optimization Scheme of Balancing GHG Emission and Income in Circular Agriculture System." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137154.
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With the rapid development of circular agriculture in China, balancing agricultural income and environmental impact by adjusting the structure and scale of circular agriculture is becoming increasingly important. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas and income earned from agriculture drives sustainable agricultural development. This paper built a multi-objective linear programming model based on greenhouse gas emission and agricultural product income and then optimized the structure and scale of circular agriculture using Beiqiu Farm as a case study. Results showed that greenhouse gas emission was mainly from manure management in livestock industry. While the agriculture income increased by 64% after optimization, GHG emission increased by only 12.3%. The optimization made full use of straw, manure and fodder, but also minimized soil nitrogen loss. The results laid a generalized guide for adjusting the structure and scale of the planting and raising industry. Measures for optimizing the management of manure were critical in achieving low agricultural carbon emissions in future agricultural development efforts.
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Kanwal, Nazish, Muhammad Ammad Khan, and Zhihao Zheng. "Analyzing the Determinants of Non-farm Income Diversification of Farm Households in Peshawar District of Pakistan." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjeb-2016-0003.
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Abstract The agricultural sector in Pakistan is not well-established to provide full employment opportunities and sufficient income for needed living standard to the rural population. Stagnant agricultural productivity and low returns in farming have led rural residents to look for alternative livelihoods, especially non-farm employment. With this background, the present study is an endeavor to empirically determine the factors of non-farm income diversification of rural farm households in Peshawar district of Pakistan. The study was undertaken in four villages and data was amassed from 196 small farming households by using the multi-stage sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical measures, the mean of income shares approach and the ordinary least squares regression analysis. The results indicate that in all the selected villages, the pattern of non-farm employment was more or less the same; however, the income from non-farm employment activities had an important contribution towards incrementing the absolute income of farm households. Non-farm income diversification is hence crucial for sustaining livelihoods and an integral dimension for invigorating rural economies. Therefore, the study recommends the promotion of non-farm employment as a good strategy for supplementing the income of small farmers without shifting attention from agriculture.
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Fischer, Christian. "Agriculture and tourism sector linkages: Global relevance and local evidence for the case of South Tyrol." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 544–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0053.
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AbstractThe promotion of agritourism, i.e., commercial encounters between farmers and non-local visitors, is seen as a vital development option to stabilise economic decline in rural areas. In addition to agritourism, this article analyses the various transactional linkages between the agriculture and tourism sectors. The theory part discusses earlier literature and also covers modern types of farmer-tourist interactions such as on-farm education and training activities. The empirical analysis provides a complete monetary quantification of the various sector linkages for the case of South Tyrol, a north Italian province with significant agricultural and tourism sectors. By using provincial input-output table data from 2011 and combining them with additional agricultural trade numbers, a complete sectoral interlinkage picture is constructed. The results show that while farmer income from tourism is significant, the money earned by exports of agricultural products to tourist source countries is more than double as much. Tourists’ farm overnight stays contribute to about 10% of total farm incomes. Moreover, the results show that agritourism activity and physical farm output are inversely related to each other. A thorough policy assessment of agritourism must differentiate between its farm income effects and its potential counterproductive consequences for global food security and local food supply.
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Kotagama, Hemesiri Bandara, and Hamam Al-Farsi. "Impact of the Domestic Labor Market on Sustainability of Agriculture in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23 (January 10, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss0pp24-28.
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Undistorted factor markets are a perquisite for efficient allocation of resources and growth in production. In Oman by 2013, only 16% of households have reported agriculture as the main occupation and 53% have reported nonagricultural government employment as the main occupation. This situation is hypothesized to be related to the labor market; where government legislated higher remuneration in the nonagricultural government sector vis-a-vis agricultural sector, influences Omani farmers to move to nonagricultural employment, causing reduced cultivated area and farm production. The study uses operations research methods to quantify the impact of labor market policies on agricultural employment, farm gross income and land use intensity (proxy for farm production and food security). It is found that the shift of Omani labor from agriculture is influenced by higher wages in the nonagricultural sectors. The agricultural land use intensity is thereby decreased. The policy of allowing hiring of expatriate labor is beneficial in overcoming labor scarcity. However, in the long-run both farm productivity need to improve to be competitive with legislated income receivable from nonagricultural employment and ideally labor markets need to operate freely, to enhance food security and assure employment of Omani labor in agriculture.
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Kotagama, Hemesiri Bandara, and Hamam Al-Farsi. "Impact of the Domestic Labor Market on Sustainability of Agriculture in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss1pp24-28.
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Undistorted factor markets are a perquisite for efficient allocation of resources and growth in production. In Oman by 2013, only 16% of households have reported agriculture as the main occupation and 53% have reported nonagricultural government employment as the main occupation. This situation is hypothesized to be related to the labor market; where government legislated higher remuneration in the nonagricultural government sector vis-a-vis agricultural sector, influences Omani farmers to move to nonagricultural employment, causing reduced cultivated area and farm production. The study uses operations research methods to quantify the impact of labor market policies on agricultural employment, farm gross income and land use intensity (proxy for farm production and food security). It is found that the shift of Omani labor from agriculture is influenced by higher wages in the nonagricultural sectors. The agricultural land use intensity is thereby decreased. The policy of allowing hiring of expatriate labor is beneficial in overcoming labor scarcity. However, in the long-run both farm productivity need to improve to be competitive with legislated income receivable from nonagricultural employment and ideally labor markets need to operate freely, to enhance food security and assure employment of Omani labor in agriculture.
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Andriani, Evi. "INCOME SOURCES ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM FARMERS." Jurnal AGRISEP 16, no. 2 (August 5, 2017): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.16.2.145-154.
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This study aims to analyse and estimate farmers income derived from inside and outside the oil palm estate to the land conversion activities of palm oil. This research was conducted in Taba Gemantung village, sub-district of Merigi Sakti, Bengkulu Tengah. Sample of 37 farmers selected randomly. The analyse method used is descriptive kuantitatif. Farm income estimated by substacting total revenue with total cost. The result show that (1). Two sources f oil palm income from agriculture sectors namely, paddy field and farm labors if they do not have palm estate, (2). non agriculture income sources are builder, employees, self employed and business stalls, (3). average farm income Rp 49.641.081 per year, and (4). average off-farm income average was equal to Rp 59.954.000 yearsKeywords: palm oil, the income of farmers
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Marciniuk-Kluska, Anna, and Antoni Bombik. "Próba oceny rozwoju polskiej wsi pięć lat po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2010.8.1.02.
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The objective of this article is familiarisation with the issues relating to agricultural development in Poland and its perspectives for the future. A trial to assess the development of the Polish agricultural areas has been made five years after the accession to the European Union. The analysis has been performed on the basis of the data from Economical Accounts for Agriculture (EAA), the Central Statistical Office (GUS), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MRiRW). Chosen data on income and subsidies in the farm sector in Poland between 2003 and 2008 have been quoted. The analysis of the statistical data shows that farmers’ income after Poland’s accession to the EU has risen nearly twice but the financial situation of people living in the agricultural areas is still very diversified. Their income has increased thanks to the EU's direct subsidies. The integration between Poland and the European Union has created additional opportunities for growth in the food and agriculture sector. For five years of Polish membership in the EU the export of farm and food products has nearly tripled.
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Spicka, Jindřich, Tomas Hlavsa, Katerina Soukupova, and Marie Stolbova. "Approaches to estimation the farm-level economic viability and sustainability in agriculture: A literature review." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 6 (June 18, 2019): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/269/2018-agricecon.
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Estimation of farm economic sustainability and viability became more topical when redesigning the Common Agricultural Policy which should stabilise farm income and make agribusiness more viable and sustainable (typically in Czech areas facing natural constraints). The key question is how to calculate the income of farms or farm households not only to survive but also to grow sustainably. The article summarises and compares knowledge from 51 studies to provide a comprehensive discussion on different ways how to measure economic viability and sustainability to set income support for farms in the areas with natural constraints optimally. The authors found family farms and off-farm income as important limitations of FADN database (Farm Accountancy Data Network) for evaluation of the economic sustainability of farm household. Moreover, some financial ratios (Return on Assets – ROA and assets turnover) are not suitable viability indicators for farms with a high share of hired land (typically large legal entities). Joining family farms and legal entities, the authors recommend using modified Farm Net Value Added (MFNVA) allowing for opportunity costs of own land and non-land assets. The average wage in the economy or region is a better proxy for opportunity labour costs of unpaid work rather than average agricultural wage.<br />
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Piet, Laurent, and Yann Desjeux. "New perspectives on the distribution of farm incomes and the redistributive impact of CAP payments." European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab005.
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Abstract We contribute to understanding the impact of potential drivers of farm income inequality and the redistributive impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments. Our approach provides information at any quantile of the income distribution, in contrast to the widely used Gini coefficient. Income growth and inequality dynamics of French commercial farms between 2000 and 2017 are found to be explained by a change in both income levels and farm characteristics. Further, CAP payments are shown to participate in levelling off income inequalities, with Pillar 1 and 2 payments performing differently along the distribution. Our results may help inform on-going policy debates about fairness in the distribution of farm support and structural change implications for the future of European agriculture.
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Bojnec, Štefan, Imre Fertő, Attila Jámbor, and József Tóth. "Determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture in new EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe." Acta Oeconomica 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.64.2014.2.4.
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Technical efficiency in agriculture of 10 new EU member states is analysed by Data Envelopment Analysis and econometric panel data analysis. Technical efficiency in agriculture is significantly positively associated with agricultural factor endowments, average farm size, farm specialisation, small-scale farms, and technological change. Foreign direct investments have an ambiguous effect. Reform and institutional developments, large-scale privatisation and price liberalisation, and urban- rural income gap are associated with technical efficiency in agriculture positively. An increase in technical efficiency in agriculture and the development of the rural economy are seen as a strategy to boost the level of living standards in agriculture and in rural areas.
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Bethge, Sabrina, Jost-Frederik Wendt, and Sebastian Lakner. "The Economic Well-being of Farm Households in Germany." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 70, no. 4 (September 15, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/gjae.2021.0090.
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In this study, we explore the economic well-being of farm and nonfarm households in Germany. We applied an indicator that combines households' disposable income and net wealth consisting of financial assets and real estate to data from the Income and Consumption Survey (EVS) 2018. We found that the income available to farm households can support a standard of living equal to that of nonfarm (employed) households. Wealth affects households' economic well-being in both directions: farm households and workers/employees would be better off if their household income would assess their economic status. The opposite trend occurs for unem-ployed and pensioners/retirees. However, the analysis of farmers' well-being requires income data of multiple years regarding the income volatility of self-employment in agriculture. Consid-ering wealth to assess farm households' economic well-being means paying attention to their farm assets because they are highly intertwined with the household. The EVS misses farm char-acteristics and a reliable number of farmers' observations to assess their economic well-being over time to derive agricultural policy implications. Hence, there is currently a lack of statistical data and evidence to achieve the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 's second objective to pro-vide income support in a targeted manner.
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Batie, Sandra S., and Daniel B. Taylor. "Widespread adoption of non-conventional agriculture: Profitability and impacts." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 3-4 (December 1989): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002952.
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AbstractConventional agriculture is increasingly criticized as being too concentrated in ownership; too reliant on technology, petroleum-based inputs, and credit; too specialized and ecologically unsound; and too dependent on government subsidies. Alternative agriculture is offered by many as an alternative, and we discuss the possible impacts of its widespread adoption on farm income, yields, regions, labor, trade, environmental quality, and farm structure. The profitability of alternative agriculture is also examined - in so doing, a distinction is made between the adoption of low-input practices and a more holistic alternative agricultural system.
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Molua, Ernest L. "Climate variability, vulnerability and effectiveness of farm-level adaptation options: the challenges and implications for food security in Southwestern Cameroon." Environment and Development Economics 7, no. 3 (July 2002): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x02000311.
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The risks associated with increasing climate variability pose technological and economic challenges to societies which are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. In Southwestern Cameroon the natural variability of rainfall and temperatures contribute to variability in agricultural production and food insecurity. This paper explores the impact of climate variability in Southwestern Cameroon on food availability. It examines farm household's vulnerability to food availability relating to climate, and reviews the interplay of climate, agriculture, and prospects for food security in the region. An econometric function directly relates farm income and precipitation, in order to statistically estimate the significance of farm-level adaptation methods. The results reveal that precipitation during growing and adaptation methods through changes in soil tillage and crop rotation practices have significant effects on farm returns. An essential precondition for food security and overall agricultural development in Southwestern Cameroon is a dynamic agricultural sector brought about both by steady increase in agricultural production and by greater efforts in farmer support, to enable farm households to take advantage of the opportunities and to minimize the negative impacts of climate variation on agriculture.
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Park, Jong Hoon, Jae Hee Hwang, and Seong Woo Lee. "The effect of the 6thindustrialization in agriculture on farm and off-farm income." Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7851/ksrp.2014.20.4.193.
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Hariyanto, Wahyudi, Tota Suhendrata, and Sodiq Jauhari. "Analysis Income and Household Expenses Based on Livelihood." E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123201005.
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The welfare of small farmer households has been essential; however, many of them who rely upon only on-farm find it difficult to cover their household expenses. The aims of the study were to identify various types of farmer household income sources and to analyze factors affecting farmer household income and expenditure. The study conducted in Boloh village, Toroh sub-district of Grobogan district from July to August 2018 analyzed data collected qualitatively, which referred to data reduction, data presentation, and withdrawal of conclusions using interactive analysis. The result showed that the average income of farmer households from on-farm was IDR. 18.987.000 per year, off-farm IDR. 14,825,000, and non-farm was IDR 25,925,000 per year; thus, the total of both was IDR 4,978,000 per month on average. Meanwhile, the average the total expenses was IDR 24,335,000 per year or IDR 2,028,000 per month consisting of food and transportation (61%), housing and appliances (6%), Household Facilities (13%), education and health (4%), agriculture (3%), and others (14%). Farmers depending only on agricultural activities without having non-farm jobs shall not be able to cover household expenses needed. Farmers should change their agricultural practices from traditional to modern. The government should have farmer provided supporting policy.
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Adams, Jr., Richard H. "Non-farm Income and Inequality in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1187-1198.
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In the past many researchers and policy-makers have viewed the rural economy of the Third World as being synonymous with agriculture. According to this view, rural households receive the bulk of their income from the production and sale of crops. Within the past few years this view has begun to change. There is now a growing recognition that the rural non-farm sector-which includes such diverse activities as government, commerce, and services-also plays a vital role in the economies of many rural Third World households. Household budget surveys in developing countries suggest that non-farm income represents between 13 and 67 percent of total rural household income. I According to these surveys, the contribution of non-farm income to total rural income is especially high in those areas where unfavourable labour-to-Iand ratios constrain / income-earning opportunities in agriculture. Despite the growing attention being focused on non-farm income, there is still no general agreement about the impact of this income source on poverty and income distribution. On the one hand, studies by Chinn (1979) and Ho (1979) in Taiwan indicate that non-farm income reduces rural income inequality. On the other hand, studies by Reardon, Delgado and Matlon (1992) in Burkina Faso, and Collier, Radwan and Wangwe (1986) in Tanzania find that non-farm income has a negative impact on rural income distribution.
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Mishra, Ashok K., and Carmen L. Sandretto. "Stability of Farm Income and the Role of Nonfarm Income in U.S. Agriculture." Review of Agricultural Economics 24, no. 1 (January 2002): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1058-7195.00014.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Amjed, Muhammad Rizwan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum, Rakhshanda Kousar, Muhammad Nazam, Abdus Samie, and Nasir Nadeem. "A Quest for Livelihood Sustainability? Patterns, Motives and Determinants of Non-Farm Income Diversification among Agricultural Households in Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169084.
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Many farmers worldwide resort to choosing various income-earning options for diversifying their income sources as a means of risk-avoidance, social protection, and, above all, to finance agricultural operations. Non-farm income generation among farm families has become an imperative part of livelihood earning strategies in recent years amid fast-evolving climatic and sociodemographic changes. In this regard, this study seeks to identify the patterns and socioeconomic factors responsible for the uptake of various non-farm income diversification sources among agricultural households in southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 290 farm households were sampled using a random sampling technique to collect relevant data through structured questionnaires. Results show that approximately 79% of the surveyed farmers were involved in non-farm income generation activities, whereas, the income from these sources accounts for about 15% of total household income. The majority of the respondents offered labour for off-farm work followed by self-employment ventures. The major reason to pursue non-farm work includes low income from agriculture, mitigating risks associated with farming, and acquiring funds to finance farming operations, along with the desire to increase family income. A range of socioeconomic and infrastructure-related variables are associated with the decision to participate in specific off-farm activity, such as age, education, family size, farm income, dependency burden, farming experience, and distance to the main city. Results imply the provision of technical support to increase livelihood from farming operations to ensure food security and curb rural-urban migration. However, vocational training can enhance the rural inhabitants’ skillset to diversify on the farm through agribusiness development within rural areas, enabling them to employ local people instead of populating urban centres.
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El Titi, Adel. "Integrated Farming: an Ecological Farming Approach in European Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 1 (March 1992): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100106.
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European agriculture operates in challenging times as it faces uncertainties arising from economic, political, environmental and other pressures. In the arable sector, there are serious problems associated with overproduction and declining farm incomes as well as concerns about species decline and the pollution of ground and surface waters by agrochemicals. Such issues are forcing a fundamental re-orientation in agriculture. An Integrated Farming System (IFS) is identified as a most promising approach. It integrates natural regulatory components into farming activities with the aim of replacing purchased off-farm inputs, whilst maintaining farm income. Farm-scale trials across Europe indicate positive benefits of IFS. Yield potential does not deteriorate, agrochemical inputs are reduced and several agroecosystem components are enhanced without losses in financial returns. This paper discusses developments in IFS, together with possible technology transfer systems, in the context of the new, environmentally-orientated CEC-agropolicy to achieve sustainable agriculture in Europe.
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Uddin, Mohammed Helal, and Nurul Islam. "Decomposing Rural Income into Sectors to Identify Their Likely Contributions to Rural Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120914501.
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The article estimates the contribution of total income from each sector to the overall rural income. It tests if the poor, who are concentrated in the lower-income quintiles, gain most from farm or non-farm sources of income growth. Also, within the farm or non-farm income, what are the relative contributions of its different sources. The dominance of agriculture is still there for the lowest quintile of rural households, farming still being the dominant sub-category. Over 1991–2010, a 13 per cent decrease in per capita real income from agricultural wages for all rural households and a 41 per cent decrease in that for Quintile 1 rural households contradict the earlier finding that increases in real wages were one of the main contributors to poverty reduction. Quintile-wise decomposition suggests that a substantial income enhancement was realised at upper quintiles of rural households. It also appears from the quintile-wise decomposition that the efficiency enhancement was realised more at upper quintiles leaving a relatively smaller effect on poverty reduction.
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Šapolaitė, Vaida. "Assessment of the agricultural activity in the EU-27 countries." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 36, no. 3 (October 14, 2014): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2014.062.
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The rational use of land, capital and labor determine the growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production and income of farmers together. The aim is to estimate the use of production resources in the EU-27 agricultural sector, using macro-economic indicators. The analysis and assessment of the use of land resources in agriculture have been conducted on the basis of data on economic accounts for agriculture and agricultural census to describe agricultural production intensity by type of farming and its impact on farm income. This paper examines the use of land resources in agriculture, measured by using relative indicators of agricultural output, intermediate consumption per hectare of agricultural land, the revenue per average employee and the comparative analysis these indicators in the farms of the European Union (EU) is presented.
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CATTANEO, ANDREA. "Inter-regional innovation in Brazilian agriculture and deforestation in the Amazon: income and environment in the balance." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 4 (July 18, 2005): 485–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002305.
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The paper examines how recent trends in agricultural productivity in Brazil, occurring both inside and outside the Amazon, affected deforestation and agricultural incomes. The analysis uses a computable general equilibrium model adapted to capture regional economic structures, and accounts for uncertainty concerning productivity improvements. Due to countervailing effects on deforestation of innovation inside and outside the Amazon – respectively, increasing and decreasing it – innovation in Brazilian agriculture in the period from 1985 to 1995 has not altered substantially deforestation rates. However, innovation inside the Amazon has to be reckoned as a driving force behind the continuing high levels of deforestation rates.Innovation rates for livestock activities, inside and outside the Amazon, prove crucial in determining deforestation and agricultural income. Technological improvements outside the Amazon for small farm production systems and for farms in general in the North-East increase agricultural income, improve income distribution, and limit deforestation rates.
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Irvan, I. Putu, and Ni Nyoman Yuliarmi. "Analysis of impact factors on farmers income." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 5 (September 4, 2019): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n5.731.
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The role of the Agriculture Sector is very important in the economy of most developing countries. Increasing agricultural productivity is a priority for achieving sustainable yield improvements and improving agricultural technology and management, improving groundwater and post-harvest management. Bali Province is a province that has potential in the agricultural sector. Various policies have been made by the government in increasing agricultural production such as irrigation development, production input subsidies, farm credit, and institutional development. The large role of agriculture in the GRDP should indicate the level of welfare of farmers. The research objectives are 1) analyzing the effect of labor, land area, production costs, and cultivation techniques on production, 2) analyzing the effect of labor, land area, production costs, cultivation techniques, and the amount of production on income, 3) analyzing technology as a variable moderating between labor towards production, 4) analyzing technology moderating between labor variables on income. The study was conducted in Jatiluwih Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency with a sample of 135 people from 400 rice farmers in Jatiluwih Village.
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van der Werf, Erik. "Agronomic and economic potential of sustainable agriculture in South India." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005427.
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AbstractThe development of sustainable agriculture in India has been limited by the absence of data on the agricultural and economic viability of ecological agriculture and its longterm prospects. This paper describes a two-year study of seven farm pairs, each consisting of one ecological and one comparable conventional reference farm. The ecological farms differed significantly from the conventional farms in the number of crops grown, the dependence of crop activities on external nutrients, and the number of techniques used to maintain soil fertility and create plant diversity. No significant economic differences were found. Gross income, variable costs, gross margin and net cash income per hectare were in the same range for the two groups of farms. The two groups were similar in average yields for major crops, days of labor per hectare, and total returns per day of labor.
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Qin, L., S. Yu, C. Wang, and Z. Jiang. "The impact of health on off-farm income of China’s migrant workers." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (March 12, 2013): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2012-agricecon.
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The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the impact of health on the off-farm income of China’s migrant workers by the Heckman model. The dataset collected from the Research Center for Rural Economy, the Ministry of Agriculture of China between 2003 and 2007 was used in this paper. The results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis show that the health of flowing workers significantly influences their off-farm income. Flowing workers associated with a poor health condition earn less than those who are of good health, and the off-farm income gap due to the health condition widens year by year. In addition, poor health negatively impacts the off-farm participant decision for the China’s rural residents. Therefore, more attention should be given to the health investment of migrant workers so as to improve their health and increase their off-farm income.
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Mahdalena, Mahdalena. "Analisis Pendapatan Petani Ubi Alabio (Dioscorea alata) Di Desa Nelayan Kecamatan Sungai Tabukan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan." RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2012): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v2i1.11.
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Agricultural development is aimed at increasing farmers' income and the role of agriculture in overall national development. Among the economic sectors, agriculture must remain the cornerstone of the development of the Hulu Sungai Utara district. The potential of the agricultural sector in Hulu Sungai Utara district includes rice and beans, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes or sweet potato alabio which are more dominant. The objectives of this study were: (i) to find out the cost and acceptance of the alabio yam farmers for one farm, (ii) to find out how the alabio sweet potato contributes to farmers' income during one farm, (iii) to know the problems faced by farmers. This research has been carried out in the Tabukan Sub-District Fishermen Village, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, from April to May 2009. While the data collection method is a direct interview method with farmers who are assisted by sample respondents using a questionnaire. At the alabio cassava farm in Desa Nelayan the average cost is Rp. 343,702.8, - / farming. The average income earned is Rp 2,439,036, 11, - and the average income is Rp 2,095,333.3, with an average contribution of 17.6%. Alabio yam farming in Desa Nelayan is a side activity, traditionally cultivated with a small scale of work. The selling price of the alabio perilogram in Nelayan Village ranges from Rp. 4,000 to Rp. 7,000.
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Sadguna, Dewa Nyoman, Ni Putu Anom Sulistiawati, and Ni Komang Alit Astiari. "Contributions of Household Income of Farmers as Palm Crafts Outside Agriculture Sector." International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (September 27, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v3i5.547.
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The aim of this research is to know: the reasons of the farmer working as the craftsman, the constraints faced by the farmer as the craftsman, and the large contribution of household income of farmers as a craftsman fibers outside the agricultural sector in Munggu Village. Data collected in this research are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods used were interviews and questionnaires. The data were analyzed by dividing the household income from the palm craft sector with the total income of the farmer household which was then supplies. Based on the results of the analysis is known most of the respondent farmers work as craftsmen “fibers/palm “ijuk” is for economic reasons. The palm craft sector is an alternative in the effort to supplement household income since the income as a worker of palm oil producers can contribute to the total income of farm households, where the palm craft sector contributes 30,21 of the total income of farm households. The agricultural sector contributed 25,92%. Given the substantial contribution of the palm fiber sector, the work can still be done by the farmers of respondents as long as no other work is considered better in helping to increase the income of farm households.