To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Agriculture loss.
Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture loss'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Agriculture loss.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Cohim, Eduardo Borges, Adriano Souza Leão, Hamilton de Araújo Silva, and Gilmar Souza Santos. "Water loss associated with food loss and waste in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 2 (2021): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z21769478885.
Full textAbstract:
This article aimed to estimate the loss of water associated with food loss and waste in Brazil in 2013. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) on food balance and waste, as well as the Water Footprint (WF) of agricultural products available at Water Footprint Network (WFN) were used. Results show that food waste reaches 49 million metric tons per year, compromising a total of 87 billion cubic meters of water, which is higher than the average annual flow of the river São Francisco. Major water loss is associated with the agricultural production stage (32%), followed by consumption (19%). Amongst food groups, major water loss is associated with meat (49%), followed by cereals (19%). Roughly 96% of water loss is attributed to the green water component, which highlights that attention must be paid to rainfed agriculture to ensure food and water for everyone. The loss of blue water was more than half of the volume consumed in the urban sector, and the grey component (polluted water) was equivalent to 80% of this consumption. Measures such as improving agricultural practices, logistics, irrigation, expanding and improving rainfed agriculture, developing campaigns and policies to reduce exportation of primary products, as well as consumption of products from animal origin, can contribute to managing the food supply chain more sustainably when the focus is water. Reducing food loss and waste means preserving water.
2
McGinn, S. M., and H. H. Janzen. "Ammonia sources in agriculture and their measurement." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-059.
Full textAbstract:
There are several reasons why the measurement of ammonia emissions is important in agriculture. The emission of ammonia from stored and land-applied manure to the atmosphere can result in a significant loss of nitrogen for crop production. It is necessary to quantify this loss to evaluate manure handling practices for maintaining the nutritive value of the manure. Minimizing the emissions of ammonia from manure also reduces agriculture's impact on the environment. A high atmospheric concentration of ammonia can result in acidification of land and water surfaces, cause plant damage and reduce plant biodiversity in natural systems. Ammonia emissions from manure coincide with odors, which are a nuisance in areas of intensive livestock operations. Reducing ammonia emissions by altering manure management will also reduce odor problems. The purpose of this paper is to review agricultural sources of ammonia and describe techniques used in determining the loss of ammonia from manure-amended soils. Micrometeorological techniques are used to estimate field scale emissions whereas, for small plots where treatment (effects) is used, chambers and mass balance techniques are more suitable methods. A simple method is described, which, when combined with a denuder sampler mounted on a wind vane, permits flexibility in experimental design and requires fewer ammonia samples than the traditional mass balance approach. A chamber method making use of diffusion samplers that can measure the ammonia concentration in the air at the soil surface is also described. Key words: Ammonia, nitrogen loss, agriculture, manure, micrometeorology, chamber
3
Mahmud, Kishan, Dinesh Panday, Anaas Mergoum, and Ali Missaoui. "Nitrogen Losses and Potential Mitigation Strategies for a Sustainable Agroecosystem." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042400.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) in the agricultural production system influences many aspects of agroecosystems and several critical ecosystem services widely depend on the N availability in the soil. Cumulative changes in regional ecosystem services may lead to global environmental changes. Thus, the soil N status in agriculture is of critical importance to strategize its most efficient use. Nitrogen is also one of the most susceptible macronutrients to environmental loss, such as ammonia volatilization (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate leaching (NO3), etc. Any form of N losses from agricultural systems can be major limitations for crop production, soil sustainability, and environmental safeguard. There is a need to focus on mitigation strategies to minimize global N pollution and implement agricultural management practices that encourage regenerative and sustainable agriculture. In this review, we identified the avenues of N loss into the environment caused by current agronomic practices and discussed the potential practices that can be adapted to prevent this N loss in production agriculture. This review also explored the N status in agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic and the existing knowledge gaps and questions that need to be addressed.
4
Karna, Bikash Karma, Shobha Shrestha, and Hriday Lal Koirala. "Geo-Information Modeling of Soil Erosion for Sustainable Agriculture Land Management in Sambhunath Municipality." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v20i1.39478.
Full textAbstract:
Geo-information science has attempted to estimate the actual soil loss and its correlative interpretation with land use and cover types in an agricultural land, Sambhunath Municipality. Among several empirical and physically based soil erosion models, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) are widely used and employed to estimate soil loss based on rainfall, topographic contour, and soil map. The soil erosion ranges values are found from 0 to 2635 t ha-1 yr-1 in terms of soil loss per year in the municipality. Soil erosion rates are found highly correlated with the increasing exposure of land surface in Chure range mostly on forest area. Agriculture lands spatially concentrated in 51.70% of the Municipality extent, is contributing significantly as of 16293 t ha-1 yr-1 of the total potential soil loss from fertile cropland. Based on severity of soil loss, cultivation agriculture areas are priority for reducing soil loss for optimum agriculture management practices in land use planning.
5
Socolar, Jacob B., Elvis H. Valderrama Sandoval, and David S. Wilcove. "Overlooked biodiversity loss in tropical smallholder agriculture." Conservation Biology 33, no. 6 (August 2019): 1338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13344.
Full text
6
Pederson, Glenn, and Nicholas Sakaimbo. "Default and loss given default in agriculture." Agricultural Finance Review 71, no. 2 (August 2, 2011): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00021461111152546.
Full text
7
Vrublova, Katerina. "Evaluation of Ecosystem Services Loss Due to Urban Sprawl on Agricultural Land in the Context of Sustainable Development." Journal of Landscape Ecology 13, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2020-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper focuses on the ecosystem services which are provided by agriculture land and on the urban sprawl in the study area of municipality with extended powers Třebíč. The main focus of this article is to evaluate what ecosystem services are provided to Czech society by the agricultural land and assess their financial value and also evaluate which ecosystem services disappear or are limited due to urban sprawl on agricultural land. Generally, the topic of ecosystem services in agriculture comes under focus especially in view of the recurring drought in Europe and on-going climate change. Also the subject of urbanization and decreasing area available for agriculture is a wide-spread phenomena in Europe. The practical output of this paper will comprise of better insight on function and value of land under agriculture use which is lost due to urban development and raising the awareness amongst the society on the fast-growing trend of unsustainable urban sprawl.
8
Hang, Sheng, Jing Li, Xiangbo Xu, Yun Lyu, Yang Li, Huarui Gong, Yan Xu, and Zhu Ouyang. "An Optimization Scheme of Balancing GHG Emission and Income in Circular Agriculture System." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137154.
Full textAbstract:
With the rapid development of circular agriculture in China, balancing agricultural income and environmental impact by adjusting the structure and scale of circular agriculture is becoming increasingly important. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas and income earned from agriculture drives sustainable agricultural development. This paper built a multi-objective linear programming model based on greenhouse gas emission and agricultural product income and then optimized the structure and scale of circular agriculture using Beiqiu Farm as a case study. Results showed that greenhouse gas emission was mainly from manure management in livestock industry. While the agriculture income increased by 64% after optimization, GHG emission increased by only 12.3%. The optimization made full use of straw, manure and fodder, but also minimized soil nitrogen loss. The results laid a generalized guide for adjusting the structure and scale of the planting and raising industry. Measures for optimizing the management of manure were critical in achieving low agricultural carbon emissions in future agricultural development efforts.
9
Mohan, Preeya, and Eric Strobl. "A hurricane wind risk and loss assessment of Caribbean agriculture." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x16000176.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHurricanes act as large external shocks potentially causing considerable damage to agriculture in the Caribbean. While a number of studies have estimated their historic economic impact, arguably the wider community and policy makers are more concerned about their future risk and potential losses, since this type of information is useful for disaster preparedness and mitigation strategy and policy. This paper implements a new approach to undertaking a quantitative wind risk and loss assessment of agriculture in Caribbean island economies. The authors construct an expected loss function that uses synthetically generated, and historical, hurricane tracks within a wind field model that takes cropland exposure derived from satellite data into consideration. The results indicate that expected wind losses are potentially large but vary considerably across the region, where the smaller islands are considerably more likely to be negatively impacted. Moreover, we find that the structure of the agricultural sector can be important in terms of vulnerability.
10
Duong, Duc Tam. "Sustainable development for Vietnam agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017501015.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is one of the important and complex sectors, it is not only a simple economic sector but also a biological - technical system. Because the basis for agricultural development is the use of bio-energy - plants and animals. Agricultural sector, if understood in a narrow sense, is only the cultivation, husbandry and service sectors. As for agriculture, in broad terms it also includes forestry and fishery. Agriculture provides food and food for social needs, agriculture is the basic material production industry, plays a major role in economic development in most of the country, especially in developing countries. At present, Vietnam’s agriculture has great potential and can be enriched from agriculture. However, wastage and loss in agriculture are still high in the stages of processing, harvesting and preserving. Mechanization is still low, lower than Thailand, so agricultural labor productivity is not high. Over the past years, Vietnam’s Agriculture has achieved important developments, contributing to the development of Vietnam’s economy. However, to achieve higher goals in the next 10 years, Vietnam’s agriculture needs to promote its strengths, such as: Well implementing land policies in agriculture; training high quality human resources; building a credible agriculture, which is clean, safe, quality agriculture and organic agriculture; protect natural environment, such as: land, climate, weather, hydrology, etc. In order to ensure sustainable agricultural development.
11
Mosleh, Mostafa Kamal Kamel, and Khaled Mohmmad Amin Hazaymeh. "Geospatial Analysis of Agriculture Land Loss in Qena City, Upper Egypt." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021100103.
Full textAbstract:
Although urbanization presents opportunities for new urban developments, it may have serious problems on environment and land use/cover patterns. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of built‑up delineation index set (BDIS) for mapping agricultural land loss in Upper Egypt. Three Landsat images were obtained for the years 1986, 2000, and 2016 and utilized as inputs to calculate the BDIS variables. Then a supervised classification technique (i.e., support vector machine) was used to classify the images. The findings showed that urban areas have witnessed a dramatic expansion at a growing rate of 44.1% during the 30 years. As a result, the loss of the agricultural land was found to be approximately 64.83 ha, which represents -4%, during the same period because of the urban expansion and the illegal construction of settlements. These findings would support the local decision makers in urban and agriculture land management authorities to develop sustainable development plans that control the spatiotemporal urban expansion and agricultural land loss.
12
Weare, Bryan C. "Efforts to reduce stratospheric ozone loss affect agriculture." California Agriculture 49, no. 3 (May 1995): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v049n03p24.
Full text
13
Sumari, N. S., Z. Shao, M. Huang, C. A. Sanga, and J. L. Van Genderen. "URBAN EXPANSION: A GEO-SPATIAL APPROACH FOR TEMPORAL MONITORING OF LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 14, 2017): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-1349-2017.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents some preliminary results from research on monitoring the urban growth of Shenzhen in China. Agriculture is still the pillar of national economies in many countries including China. Thus, agriculture contributes to population growth. Population growth follows either exponential or logistic growth models. These models can be examined using a time-series of geospatial data, mainly historical earth observation imagery from satellites such as LANDSAT. Such multitemporal data may provide insights into settlement analysis as well as on population dynamics and hence, quantify the loss of agricultural land. In this study, LANDSAT data of ten dates, at approximately five yearly intervals from 1977 to 2017 were used. The remote sensing techniques used for analysis of data for 40 years were image selection, then followed by geometric and radiometric corrections and mosaicking. Also, classification, remote sensing image fusion, and change detection methods were used. This research extracted the information on the amount, direction, and speed of urbanization, and hence, the number of hectares of agricultural land lost due to urban expansion. Several specific elements were used in the descriptive model of landscape changes and population dynamics of the city of Shenzhen in China. These elements are: i) quantify the urban changes, from a small town (37.000 people in the early 1970’s) to the megalopolis of around 20 million habitants today. ii) Examining the rate of urban extension on the loss of agricultural landscape and population growth. iii) The loss of food production was analysed against the economic growth in the region. iv) The aspects of loss of agricultural land, area of built-up urban land, and increase in population are studied quantitatively, by the temporal analysis of earth observation geospatial data. The experimental results from this study show that the proposed method is effective in determining loss of agricultural land in any city due to urbanization. It can be used by town planner and other stakeholders such as land surveyors and agriculture experts to mitigate the mushrooming of unplanned settlements in many town / villages and loss of land for agriculture which might cause problems in food security.
14
K.*, Gupta N., Isaac R. K., and R. K. Singh. "Maintenance and Analysis of Agricultural Data: A Challenge." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 09 (August 31, 2016): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.09.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is the backbone of India and agriculture research is required for sustainable and modern agriculture. In India there are more than 1,00,000 agricultural scientists working for agricultural research and development ICAR, SAUs, KVKs, CSIR, IITs, NGOs, etc. large number of data are being produced by different scientist, researcher and student involved in various research work conducted on farm. The availability of huge data from the field of agriculture is needed to be translated in valuable and easily understandable format. Several data collecting agencies are working on state, central and international level. In spite of good no. of available software's, the information obtained through the analysis of data are, somehow, lacking in meeting their fate of serving the targeted communities-farmers, researcher and student. Loss of data means loss of national money. So there is need of proper Maintenance and analysis of agricultural data. Here vast information is collected related to the topic from different countries to evaluate what type of system are being used by them to solve the problem and also to prepare a strategy by adopting which maintenance and analysis of agricultural data in India will be possible. This will save not only the money but also the time for generating the same data and the valuable man power.
15
Bhadu, Anu. "Application and Participation of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (July 23, 2021): 1140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07261.
Full textAbstract:
This study provides a detailed review of the literature on the use of artificial intelligence in agriculture. Agriculture has numerous obstacles, including disease, incorrect soil management, drainage, and irrigation, among others… By this is due to catastrophic crop loss and environmental threats of chemical excessiveness. Many researchers have been concluded to address these issues. With its learning capabilities, artificial intelligence has become a vital approach for solving various agricultural difficulties. Systems are being created to aid agricultural specialists around the world in finding better answers. It covers 100 important contributions where the challenges related to agriculture are encountered by artificial intelligence techniques. Readers will be able to see how agriculture has changed in many ways through (1983 to 2017) 34 years.
16
Ikerd, John E. "U. S. Agriculture at a Crossroads: Implications for Agricultural Economics." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 18, no. 1 (July 1986): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200005264.
Full textAbstract:
United States agriculture is at a crossroads. The current financial crisis in agriculture eventually will force the farm sector to follow one of two general directions for the future. One of those courses is to retreat from reliance on export markets, the loss of which triggered the current farm financial crisis, and to return to greater reliance on domestic demand. The other course is to return to a world market orientation, regain export markets lost during the 1980s, and develop and exploit a growing world demand for agricultural commodities. Each of these alternatives implies a different future for United States agriculture and a different future for the Agricultural Economics profession.
17
Upendra, R. S., I. M. Umesh, R. B. Ravi Varma, and B. Basavaprasad. "Technology in Indian agriculture - a review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i2.pp1070-1077.
Full textAbstract:
Optimization of agricultural practices for enhanced crop yield is considered to be essential phenomena for the countries like India. In order to strengthen the economy and also to meet the food demand for the exponentially growing population, optimizing the agricultural practices has become necessity. In India, weather and geographical conditions are highly variable and were thought to be the major bottleneck of agricultural practices to achieve improved crop yield. Agricultural practices in India are facing many challenges such as change in climatic conditions, different geographical environment, conventional agricultural practices; economic and political scenario. Economic loss due to the lack of information on crop yield productivity is another major concern in the country. These hurdles can be overcome by the implementation of advanced technology in agriculture. Some of the trends observed are smart farming, digital agriculture and Big Data Analytics which provide useful information regarding various crop yields influencing factors and predicting the accurate amounts of crop yield. The exact prediction of crop yield helps formers to develop a suitable cultivation plan, crop health monitoring system, management of crop yield efficiently and also to establish the business strategy in order to decrease economic losses. This also makes the agricultural practices as one of the highly profitable venture. This paper presents insights on the various applications of technology advancements in agriculture such as Digital Agriculture, Smart Farming or Internet of Agriculture Technology (IoAT), Precision Agriculture, Crop Management, Weed and Pest control, Crop protection and Big data analytics.
18
Tyukavina, Alexandra, Matthew C. Hansen, Peter Potapov, Diana Parker, Chima Okpa, Stephen V. Stehman, Indrani Kommareddy, and Svetlana Turubanova. "Congo Basin forest loss dominated by increasing smallholder clearing." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaat2993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2993.
Full textAbstract:
A regional assessment of forest disturbance dynamics from 2000 to 2014 was performed for the Congo Basin countries using time-series satellite data. Area of forest loss was estimated and disaggregated by predisturbance forest type and direct disturbance driver. An estimated 84% of forest disturbance area in the region is due to small-scale, nonmechanized forest clearing for agriculture. Annual rates of small-scale clearing for agriculture in primary forests and woodlands doubled between 2000 and 2014, mirroring increasing population growth. Smallholder clearing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone accounted for nearly two-thirds of total forest loss in the basin. Selective logging is the second most significant disturbance driver, contributing roughly 10% of regional gross forest disturbance area and more than 60% of disturbance area in Gabon. Forest loss due to agro-industrial clearing along the Gulf of Guinea coast more than doubled in the last half of the study period. Maintaining natural forest cover in the Congo Basin into the future will be challenged by an expected fivefold population growth by 2100 and allocation of industrial timber harvesting and large-scale agricultural development inside remaining old-growth forests.
19
Woodford, Chales M., Layle D. Lawrence, Lisa Fazalare, and Jennifer Martin. "Hearing Loss And Hearing Conservation Practices Among Agriculture Instructors." Journal of Agricultural Education 37, no. 2 (June 1996): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.1996.02034.
Full text
20
Kuisma, Miia, and Helena Kahiluoto. "Biotic resource loss beyond food waste: Agriculture leaks worst." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 124 (September 2017): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.04.008.
Full text
21
de Jong, Wil. "Developing swidden agriculture and the threat of biodiversity loss." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 62, no. 2-3 (April 1997): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01144-9.
Full text
22
Clay, Daniel C., and Laurence A. Lewis. "Land use, soil loss, and sustainable agriculture in Rwanda." Human Ecology 18, no. 2 (June 1990): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889179.
Full text
23
Gupta, Himika. "Role of Nanocomposites in Agriculture." Nano Hybrids and Composites 20 (April 2018): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.20.81.
Full textAbstract:
Nanotechnology has gained interest due to their wide applications. Nanocomposites are used in energy storage, water treatment, disease diagnosis, drug delivery system, food processing, health monitoring, pest detection and control, agricultural productivity and enhancement. In the present era, bulk use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides results loss in soil diversity and developed resistance against pathogens and pests. In the present chapter, we reviewed the role of nanocomposites in agriculture to reduce the burden of fertilizers and pesticides.
24
Robertson, G. Philip. "A Sustainable Agriculture?" Daedalus 144, no. 4 (September 2015): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00355.
Full textAbstract:
The defining challenge of sustainable agriculture is the production of food and other agricultural products at an environmental cost that does not jeopardize the food security and general welfare of future generations. Feeding another three billion people in the face of climate change, biodiversity loss, and an environment already saturated with excess nitrogen and other reactive pollutants requires new approaches and new tools in the design and deployment of workable solutions. Solutions will be local but all will require an ecological systems approach that considers sustainable farming practices in the full context of ecosystems and landscapes. And their deployment will require an understanding of the social systems capable of building incentives that produce socially desired outcomes. Socioecological models for agriculture provide an opportunity to explore feedbacks, trade-offs, and synergies that can optimize and strengthen emerging connections between farming and society. With the right incentives, innovative research, and political will, a sustainable agriculture is within our reach.
25
Rizal, Govinda, Shanta Karki, and Kishor Dahal. "Agriculture is a panacea in all emergencies." Applied Science and Technology Annals 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/asta.v1i1.30269.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is a panacea during all emergencies except the emergencies in agriculture itself. The recent novel coronavirus that caused COVID-19 pandemic has once again rejuvenated this realization. In Nepal, where the agrarian economy is still predominant, the effect of the pandemic differs from that of industrialized and developed countries where commercial agriculture is in practice. The fear of the outbreak of COVID-19, lockdown for its prevention, and diversion of state resources to health and other welfare sector have both direct, and indirect as well as short-term, mid-term, and long-term effects on the agriculture sector. Until now there is no complete assessment of the loss caused by the lockdown in the agriculture sector. Therefore, this study was conducted to collect representative data and information regarding the loss caused at different stages of various agricultural commodities. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire survey from 60 respondents and analyzed using MS-Excel. The findings show that the harvest and supply chain of perishable vegetables, fruits, fish, poultry, dairy, and cut-flower sectors were the worst hit during the lockdown in Nepal. Many city-dwellers returned to villages during lockdown time that coincided with rice cultivation season. The rice harvests later in the year is expected to be high and enough for the country. However, the challenges are the timely availability of inputs, uncertainties of weather, limitation of storages, and disturbances in the internal distribution system. These challenges should be converted into an opportunity to develop the overall agricultural sector through utilization of the currently available surplus human resource for increase in quality production, establishing agri-processing industries, smoothening of the marketing and distribution channels.
26
Novotny, Vladimir. "Diffuse pollution from agriculture - a worldwide outlook." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0124.
Full textAbstract:
Until the 1950s most farming was carried out on smaller family farms that used organic fertilizers and essentially their waste production was easily assimilated by soils and receiving water bodies. The period post 1950 has seen a worldwide shift to larger monocultural, intensively operated farm units. The farm yields have increased dramatically, however, to sustain the increasing yields and productivity farms are using large quantities of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At the same time, deforestation has occurred on a large scale since the 1950s and the deforested land has been converted to agricultural (mostly in developing countries) and urban (both developed and undeveloped countries) land uses. Also, a massive shift of population from rural areas to the cities has occurred in developing countries since the 1950s. Surface and groundwater quality degradation due to agricultural practices and conversion of land to agriculture can be categorized as follows: a) degradation due to land use conversion from native lands to agriculture; b) increased erosion and soil loss due to agricultural practices; c) chemical pollution by fertilizers and pesticides; and d) pollution from animal operations. Abatement of agricultural diffuse sources of pollution can and must be conducted in the context of moving toward sustainable agriculture. Some trends toward sustainable agriculture are already emerging in the US and Europe.
27
Firbank, Leslie. "What is sustainable agriculture?" Biochemist 40, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio04004004.
Full textAbstract:
We all want to eat food that is produced sustainably. But it's not at all clear what that means in practice. Fundamentally, agriculture can be regarded as sustainable if it can continue to meet human needs whilst avoiding irreversible harm to the planet. The human needs are not just food, but include employment, leisure, social cohesion and the many ecosystem services provided by agricultural land that benefit people, including regulating water quantity and quality, carbon storage, maintaining landscapes of cultural and spiritual value, and providing homes for wildlife. Agriculture causes harm to the planet from habitat loss, carbon emissions, and pollution of air and water. Meeting these challenges is tough now, but it will only become more difficult as the human population rises and climate change becomes more difficult to cope with.
28
AHMED, Shahid, and Saba ISMAIL. "Is 'WTO-Plus' a Policy Option for India-China Agriculture Trade? A CGE Analysis." Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics 13, no. 26 (November 30, 2020): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2020.026.02.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the effect of bilateral tariff reduction in the agriculture sector between India and China. The results are evaluated in terms of welfare, output, employment and the potential trade flows between India and China using the GTAPmodel. The present study suggests that partial tariff reduction on imports of agricultural commodities between India and China may be welfare-enhancing for both India and China while complete tariff reduction on imports of agricultural commodities may have welfare loss for India, though there will be substantial welfare gains for China. The study reveals that welfare gains for China are larger in comparison to India. The study suggests that a well calculated and strategically negotiated tariff reduction in the agriculture sector may create a win-win situation for both partners. The study further argues that China should offer preferential market access to India for mutually beneficial and welfare-enhancing engagements for both countries. Finally, the study concludes that there exists a narrow scope for 'WTO-Plus' approach for India-China agriculture trade relations. India should assess all pros and cons as it has revenue loss and impact on economically marginalised 'Farming Community'
29
Suvorov, Nicolae, and Alina Mădălina Stancu. "Climate-Smart Approach for Sustainable Agriculture." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 10, no. 2 (April 2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2021040104.
Full textAbstract:
The 21st century comes with a great challenge in terms of sustainable agriculture and food security, which is also a worldwide debated issue due to problems such as population growth, degradation of natural resources including loss of biodiversity and considerable soil degradation, and last but not least, climate change. In fact, climate change poses the greatest threat to agricultural systems and the health of ecosystems and natural balance. The green revolution comes as a lifesaver for the environment, streamlining the allocation of natural resources but at the same time involves huge costs in term of money, time, and labor. Due to the intensive use of fossil fuels, chemical treatments in agriculture, and animal husbandry, environmental problems such as climate change tend to become more pronounced resulting in negative environmental externalities globally. A smart approach to sustainable agriculture is to reinvent and innovate traditional agricultural practices in order to identify ways and possibilities to reduce the risks related to the use of pesticides in close connection with the health of ecosystems.
30
Sanderman, Jonathan, Tomislav Hengl, and Gregory J. Fiske. "Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 21, 2017): 9575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114.
Full textAbstract:
Human appropriation of land for agriculture has greatly altered the terrestrial carbon balance, creating a large but uncertain carbon debt in soils. Estimating the size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to land use and land cover change has been difficult but is a critical step in understanding whether SOC sequestration can be an effective climate mitigation strategy. In this study, a machine learning-based model was fitted using a global compilation of SOC data and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) land use data in combination with climatic, landform and lithology covariates. Model results compared favorably with a global compilation of paired plot studies. Projection of this model onto a world without agriculture indicated a global carbon debt due to agriculture of 133 Pg C for the top 2 m of soil, with the rate of loss increasing dramatically in the past 200 years. The HYDE classes “grazing” and “cropland” contributed nearly equally to the loss of SOC. There were higher percent SOC losses on cropland but since more than twice as much land is grazed, slightly higher total losses were found from grazing land. Important spatial patterns of SOC loss were found: Hotspots of SOC loss coincided with some major cropping regions as well as semiarid grazing regions, while other major agricultural zones showed small losses and even net gains in SOC. This analysis has demonstrated that there are identifiable regions which can be targeted for SOC restoration efforts.
31
Mannion, Antoinette M. "Agriculture and Land Transformation. 2. Present Trends and Future Prospects." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 3 (September 1997): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600304.
Full textAbstract:
Today, agriculture remains a major agent of land transformation, the nature of which varies considerably between the developed and developing worlds. Of particular significance is the transformation of tropical forest lands into agricultural lands. This is causing extensive loss of biodiversity which means a loss of potential benefits in terms of ‘goods ’, and possibly the impairment of ecosystem services. The latter has implications for global climatic change. Such trends will continue beyond the millennium as world population is set to increase from 5.7 × 109 now to 8.3 × 109 in 2025. Part 1 of this series—Temporal and spatial dimensions — appeared in Volume 26 No. 2.
32
Ayoob, Seeni Mohamed, and Mohamed Anifa Mohamed Fowsar. "Invasion of Paddy Combine Harvester (PCH) and Its Socioeconomic Impacts: A Study based on Ampara District, Sri Lanka." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 5 (September 21, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0092.
Full textAbstract:
The term mechanisation of paddy agriculture denotes that mechanical power is used in agriculture instead of human and animal power, which is totally diminished today. Paddy agriculture plays an important role in the Sri Lankan economy where rice is the staple food of the country. Ampara district in Eastern Province of Sri Lanka contributes to the national food production by through paddy cultivation. In Ampara district, the tractor was used in paddy agriculture that required the need for human power previously. Nevertheless, the invasion of Paddy Combine Harvester (PCH) has demolished the tasks done by human power in the paddy agricultural sector now. Harvesting, threshing and cleaning were carried out in different stages of a long period with multiple groups of people by using human power in the past. Now it has changed, and Paddy combine Harvester (PCH) is used for all works of harvesting, threshing and cleaning within a short period at present. This study was conducted to emphasise the changes caused by the mechanisation in paddy agriculture and examine the changes among the Muslim society after the invasion of Paddy Combine Harvester (PCH) in the paddy agricultural sector. The decline in collective action and social solidarity among family members and society, loss of farming-related celebrations and ceremonies, the decline of the contribution of women in the agriculture and loss of job opportunities and income were found to be the negative impacts of the invasion of the paddy combine harvester. The decline in the disparities among landlords and peasants, changes in the food and dressing pattern, new employment opportunities and income generation, changes in the education sector, speedy harvesting in the rainy seasons and reduction in workload and less time consumption were found to be the positive impacts of the invasion of paddy combine harvester (PCH).
33
Pang, A. P., and T. Sun. "Bayesian networks for environmental flow decision-making and an application in the Yellow River estuary, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 8, 2014): 1641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1641-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We proposed an approach for environmental flow decision-making based on Bayesian networks considering seasonal water use conflicts between agriculture and ecosystems. Three steps were included in the approach: water shortage assessment after environmental flow allocation using a production-loss model considering temporal variations of river flows; trade-off analysis of water use outcomes by Bayesian networks; and environmental flow decision-making based on a risk assessment under different management strategies. An agricultural water shortage model and a production-loss model were integrated after satisfying environmental flows with temporal variability. The case study in the Yellow River estuary indicated that the average difference of acceptable economic loss for winter wheat irrigation stakeholders was 10% between water saving measures and water diversion projects. The combination of water diversion projects and water-saving measures would allow 4.1% more river inflow to be allocated to ecological needs in normal years without further economic losses in agriculture.
34
Pang, A. P., and T. Sun. "Bayesian networks for environmental flow decision making and an application in the Yellow River estuary, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2013): 14873–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14873-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We proposed an approach for environmental flow decision making based on Bayesian networks considering seasonal water use conflicts between agriculture and ecosystems. Three steps were included in the approach: water shortage assessment after environmental flow allocation using a production-loss model considering temporal variations of river flows; trade-off analysis of water use outcomes by Bayesian networks; and environmental flow decision making based on a risk assessment under different management strategies. An agricultural water shortage model and a production-loss model were integrated after satisfying environmental flows with temporal variability. The case study in the Yellow River estuary indicated that the average difference of acceptable economic loss for winter wheat irrigation stakeholders was 10% between water saving measures and water diversion projects. The combination of water diversion projects and water-saving measures would allow 4.1% more river inflow to be allocated to ecological needs in normal years without further economic losses in agriculture.
35
Dennis, Ryan. "‘Out of Proportion to the Small Loss’: Productivist Agriculture in the Farming Novels of John McGahern and Halldór Laxness." Irish University Review 49, no. 1 (May 2019): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2019.0381.
Full textAbstract:
Ireland and Iceland, both (semi-)peripheral islands in relation to Europe's core hegemonic capitalism, once shared similar farming systems based on small holdings and rotational grazing. Today, however, agriculture looks increasingly different in each nation, for at critical junctures their agriculture policy decisions took radically divergent paths. This paper will examine Irish writer John McGahern's That They May Face the Rising Sun and the Icelandic novel Independent People by Hálldor Laxness as farming novels that ultimately stand as responses to these agricultural policies during the periods they were made. It will contend that, given each author's experience in farming, the novels must be read as acts of political intent meant to provide warnings against productivist policies and the loss of social and rural capital they generate. In connecting these works to the specific agricultural policies enacted and practiced at the time of their writing, a form of resistance will be brought to light that has been overlooked thus far in their registration as world literature.
36
Meemken, Eva-Marie, and Matin Qaim. "Organic Agriculture, Food Security, and the Environment." Annual Review of Resource Economics 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023252.
Full textAbstract:
Organic agriculture is often perceived as more sustainable than conventional farming. We review the literature on this topic from a global perspective. In terms of environmental and climate change effects, organic farming is less polluting than conventional farming when measured per unit of land but not when measured per unit of output. Organic farming, which currently accounts for only 1% of global agricultural land, is lower yielding on average. Due to higher knowledge requirements, observed yield gaps might further increase if a larger number of farmers would switch to organic practices. Widespread upscaling of organic agriculture would cause additional loss of natural habitats and also entail output price increases, making food less affordable for poor consumers in developing countries. Organic farming is not the paradigm for sustainable agriculture and food security, but smart combinations of organic and conventional methods could contribute toward sustainable productivity increases in global agriculture.
37
Song, Yanling, Hans W. Linderholm, Yi Luo, Jinxia Xu, and Guangsheng Zhou. "Climatic Causes of Maize Production Loss under Global Warming in Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 7829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187829.
Full textAbstract:
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important staple crops in Northeast China, and yield losses are mainly induced by climate anomalies, plant diseases and pests. To understand how maize yield loss is affected by global warming, daily precipitation and temperatures, together with provincial agricultural data sets, were analyzed. The results showed that the accumulated temperature, an important factor in agricultural productivity, increased by 5% in 1991–2017, compared to 1961–1990, and that the frequency of low temperatures decreased by 14.8% over the same time period. An increase in drought by 21.6% was observed from 1961–1990 to 1991–2017, caused by decreased growing-season precipitation by −4 mm/decade. In addition, days with heavy rain in August and September increased slightly in Northeast China. In general, maize growth responded positively to the increased thermal conditions; in 1961–1990, 22.7% of observed maize yield-loss cases were due to low temperatures, but only 10% in 1991–2017. However, during the same time, the number of drought-induced yield loss cases increased from 27.3% to 46.7%. Moreover, yield loss cases caused by heavy rainstorms increased from 4.5% to 13.3%, indicating that heavy rainstorms have become an increasing threat to agriculture in Northeast China over the last three decades. In total, at least 70% of cases of provincial yield losses in Northeast China over the last three decades could be attributed to climatic factors. The frequency of climate hazards has changed under global warming, resulting in new challenges for agriculture. While drought and low temperatures were the primary causes for climate-induced yield losses before the 1990s, negative impacts from extreme events, mainly drought but also heavy precipitation, have increased in the last three decades, associated with global change. Farmers, agricultural scientists, and government policy makers could use these results when planning for adaptation to climate change.
38
Power, Alison G. "Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (September 27, 2010): 2959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0143.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural ecosystems provide humans with food, forage, bioenergy and pharmaceuticals and are essential to human wellbeing. These systems rely on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling and hydrological services. Preliminary assessments indicate that the value of these ecosystem services to agriculture is enormous and often underappreciated. Agroecosystems also produce a variety of ecosystem services, such as regulation of soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, support for biodiversity and cultural services. Depending on management practices, agriculture can also be the source of numerous disservices, including loss of wildlife habitat, nutrient runoff, sedimentation of waterways, greenhouse gas emissions, and pesticide poisoning of humans and non-target species. The tradeoffs that may occur between provisioning services and other ecosystem services and disservices should be evaluated in terms of spatial scale, temporal scale and reversibility. As more effective methods for valuing ecosystem services become available, the potential for ‘win–win’ scenarios increases. Under all scenarios, appropriate agricultural management practices are critical to realizing the benefits of ecosystem services and reducing disservices from agricultural activities.
39
Gruziel, Kinga, and Małgorzata Raczkowska. "The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.107.
Full textAbstract:
The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
40
G, UshaDevi, and Gokulnath BV. "A survey on plant disease prediction using machine learning and deep learning techniques." Inteligencia Artificial 23, no. 65 (July 31, 2020): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol23iss65pp136-154.
Full textAbstract:
The major agricultural products in India are rice, wheat, pulses, and spices. As our population is increasing rapidly the demand for agriculture products also increasing alarmingly. A huge amount of data are incremented from various field of agriculture. Analysis of this data helps in predicting the crop yield, analyzing soil quality, predicting disease in a plant, and how meteorological factor affects crop productivity. Crop protection plays a vital role in maintaining agriculture product. Pathogen, pest, weed, and animals are responsible for the productivity loss in agriculture product. Machine learning techniques like Random Forest, Bayesian Network, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine etc. help in automatic detection of plant disease from visual symptoms in the plant. A survey of different existing machine learning techniques used for plant disease prediction was presented in this paper. Automatic detection of disease in plant helps in early diagnosis and prevention of disease which leads to an increase in agriculture productivity.
41
Hidayat, Yayat, Kukuh Murtilaksono, and Naik Sinukaban. "Characterization of Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss on Forest-Agriculture Landscape." Journal of Tropical Soils 17, no. 3 (January 25, 2013): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.v17i3.259-266.
Full textAbstract:
The study was aimed to quantify volume of surface runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss from the forest-agriculture landscape (forest margins) in Lore Lindu National Park Central Sulawesi. Surface runoff volume and soil erosion were measured daily on erosion plots. It was installed on several land use types i.e. forest land, maize, young cocoa, medium cocoa, old cocoa, vanilla, shrub and bush and bareland, on the soil Typic Dystrudepts with slope ± 40%. The nutrient content in surface runoff and sediments were analyzed from selected surface runoff and sediment samples. Surface runoff and soil erosion from agriculture land were respectively 2.1 to 3.4 and 3.6 to 5.8 times higher than from forest lands. Meanwhile, surface runoff and soil erosion from bareland were respectively 7.0 and 23.7 times greater than forest land respectively. Sediment nutrient contents from forest land were higher than agriculture land. In the contrary, total nutrient lost from agriculture land were higher than forest land ones. Nutrient losses carried by surface runoff were larger than those losses carried by sediments. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loss in surface runoff was 6,1 to 8,0 times higher than total organic carbon (TOC) loss in sediments. Likewise, nitrate (NO3-) loss in surface runoff was 1.9 to 12.1 times higher than total nitrogen (TN) in sediments as well as potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium losses. Potassium is dominant cation loss carried by the surface runoff, while calcium is mainly carried by sediment.Keywords: Dissolve organic carbon; forest-agriculture landscape; nutrient loss; soil erosion; surface runoff[How to Cite: Hidayat Y, K Murtilaksono and N Sinukaban. 2012. Characterization of Surface Runoff, Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss on Forest-agriculture Landscape. J Trop Soils, 17 (3): 259-266. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.259][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.259]
42
Aminah, Siti. "ANALISIS POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN PERTANIAN ORGANIK DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PETANI (Studi Kasus Pertanian Rakyat di Kecamatan Maro Sebo Kabupaten Muaro Jambi)." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v2i1.9.
Full textAbstract:
Skyrocketing demand for organic agricultural products (without using chemicals), during these last few months because consumers are aware and selective top-qualityhealth products of agriculture. Agricultural product demand being high is vegetables, rice, fruit, spices, coffee and tea. Organic gardening tends to be more environmentally friendly because of the nature of the specific local. Ideally we strive to build plantations (at least the pilot orchards) organic. For the potential feasibility of agricultural development efforts on Agriculture organic food crops in Maro Sebo. To assess the feasibility of the venture with the pattern of organic farming tools used instruments namely Merchantibility Loss – Profit, Return Cost Ratio (R/C). Benefit Cost Ratio, The Break Event Point (BEP). The feasibility analysis of effort three commodities to agricultural businesses, namely rice, maize and chilli was able to provide considerable benefits for farmers. Keyword: organic farming, farmers' income
43
Chrastinová, Z. "Differentiation and reasons of decline of agricultural enterprises in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 9 (March 1, 2012): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5345-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
This contribution deals with the differentiation of agricultural enterprises, with focus on the declining enterprises as the most troublesome. In 2000, these businesses generated about 47% of the total loss in agriculture. In this respect, the methodological procedure was also used for the purpose of tipping out the highly unprofitable enterprises. The economic and financial analysis is focused on evaluation of the achieved results expressed in basic economic indicators. The analysis refers to the cause of agricultural enterprises decline. The different dynamics of restructuring process of agricultural production confirm the marked difference of results characteristic for declining enterprises with growing year-on-year loss, increasing costs, decrease of own capital, high indebtness and dependence on the foreign sources.
44
JALETA, OLANI GANFURE, and HABTE JEBESSA DEBELLA. "The impact of large scale agriculture on forest and wildlife in Diga Woreda, Western Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Agriculture 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2017): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g010207.
Full textAbstract:
Jaleta OG, Jebessa H. 2018. The impact of large scale agriculture on forest and wildlife in Diga Woreda, Western Ethiopia. Asian J Agric 1: 100-113. Large-scale agriculture uses agricultural machinery to mechanize the practices of agriculture. It is one of the leading causes of the loss of forest and wildlife in many countries including our country, Ethiopia. Information on forest cover change that occurred from 1986 to 2006 in Diga Woreda/district (Woyessa Dimtu, Bekiltu Gudina, and Melka Beti Jirma Kebeles) was compared with the present time using Geographic Information System (GIS). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of large-scale agriculture on forest cover change by using the satellite image of the study area and other data collecting methods such as household's interview, KI, FGD and observation (survey) to detect its effect on wildlife. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data as well as primary and secondary data sources to collect necessary information. The information providers were purposively selected from sample ‘kebeles' based on their age and experiences, that is, to get a detail and accurate information elders and experts who have lived in the area for many years and who know more how and when the Hanger-Didessa state farm had established were selected. The state farm covered a large area, that is, about four districts such as Sasiga, Diga, Arjo and Guto Gida. For this study, Diga was selected because of its socio-economic characteristics, deforested (degraded) area, local loss of larger mammals and forest cover changes observed in the district. The descriptive research method was used to assess community's knowledge, perception, skill, and feeling about the impact of Local Study Area (LSA) on forest and wildlife in the area. Land cover change analysis for 1986 to 2006 showed that the land cover of the study area is classified as grazing, wood, agricultural, settlement and degraded lands. The result of the analysis showed that agriculture, settlement and degraded lands increased from 19.68% to 32.72%, 12.12% to 26.85% and 2.76% to 4.72% respectively in an expense of a decrease in the grass (grazing) and woodlands. Therefore, LSA is the primary cause for the loss of forest and wildlife in the study area.
45
Lin, T. C., P. L. Shaner, L. J. Wang, Y. T. Shih, C. P. Wang, G. H. Huang, and J. C. Huang. "Effects of mountain agriculture on nutrient cycling at upstream watersheds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 5 (May 4, 2015): 4785–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4785-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The expansion of agriculture to rugged mountains can exacerbate negative impacts of agriculture activities on ecosystem function. In this study, we monitored streamwater chemistry of four watersheds with varying proportions of agricultural lands (0.4, 3, 17, 22%) and rainfall chemistry of two of the four watersheds at Feitsui Reservoir Watershed in northern Taiwan to examine the effects of agriculture on watershed nutrient cycling. We found that the greater the proportions of agricultural lands, the higher the ion concentrations, which is evident for fertilizer-associated ions (NO3-, K+) but not for ions that are rich in soils (SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+), suggesting that agriculture enriched fertilizer-associated nutrients in streamwater. The watershed with the highest proportion of agricultural lands had higher concentrations of ions in rainfall and lower nutrient retention capacity (i.e. higher output–input ratio of ions) compared to the relatively pristine watershed, suggesting that agriculture can influence atmospheric deposition of nutrients and a system's ability to retain nutrients. Furthermore, we found that a forested watershed downstream of agricultural activities can dilute the concentrations of fertilizer-associated ions (NO3−, K+) in streamwater by more than 70%, indicating that specific landscape configurations help mitigate nutrient enrichment to aquatic systems. We estimated that agricultural lands at our study site contributed approximately 400 kg ha−1 yr−1 of NO3-N and 260 kg ha−1 yr−1 of PO4-P output via streamwater, an order of magnitude greater than previously reported around the globe and can only be matched by areas under intense fertilizer use. Furthermore, we re-constructed watershed nutrient fluxes to show that excessive leaching of N and P, and additional loss of N to the atmosphere via volatilization and denitrification, can occur under intense fertilizer use. In summary, this study demonstrated the pervasive impacts of agriculture activities, especially excessive fertilization, on ecosystem nutrient cycling at mountain watersheds.
46
SISAY, TILAHUN. "Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities." Tropical Drylands 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/tropdrylands/t020104.
Full textAbstract:
Sisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. For Ethiopia to achieve middle-income status by 2025 and make substantial inroads against food insecurity, concerted and strategic investment and strategic choices in the agricultural sector are vital. Agricultural linkage encloses generating and transferring agricultural technologies to enhance productivity, reduce loss, and improve the livelihoods of beneficiaries as well as the country’s economy. The objective of this paper was to review the current status of linkage between agriculture-industry actors, extent of technology adoption system, challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. The result of the review study shows that different factors are constraining the system. Most of the agriculture industry linkage and technologies promoted through the extension system and adoption levels are far below the possible expectation in the country. Agriculture research industries lack effective mechanisms of transferring their technologies to the end users, inadequate technological skilled manpower, poor market linkage between technology multiplication enterprises and technology users, lack of responsible body to transfer technology were the major challenges in Ethiopia. Factors constraining the linkage between stakeholders and technology adoption level of Universities, TEVTs, agriculture Research institutions and agriculture sector are wide ranging from poor linkage between stakeholders and weak involvement of professionals are among the main problems that constraining the system. Weak link between research, education, and extension and the contact of these organizations have with farmers is among the main bottlenecks in agricultural technology development, adoption level. Therefore, strong University and Research-industry linkage is needed in the country.
47
Vereijken, P. "From conventional to integrated agriculture." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i3.16792.
Full textAbstract:
Conventional agriculture aims mainly at a maximum financial return. This had both positive and negative consequences. The paper indicates that conventional farming systems with their predominantly agricultural aims cannot adequately meet the complex of environmental and social aims. It is necessary to find farming systems which pursue a broader aim than the simply agroeconomic one. This new direction, which embraces various aims in the field of economics, employment, environment, nature, landscape, quality of food and well-being, is called 'integrated farming'. A new and appropriate technology needs to be developed on the basis of this integrated vision of agriculture. The paper discusses the research and development at the farm level being carried out at the experimental farm at Nagele in the Netherlands. The first results show that an integrated approach can result in considerable reduction of inputs without loss of income for the farmer. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
48
Chrastinová, Z. "Development of selected financial indicators for agricultural enterprises in the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 3 (February 24, 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5178-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
Except of 2001 and 2002, the agriculture has produced losses of SKK 38.8 billion over the entire process of transformation. The losses in agriculture were caused by major disparities between the price of supplies to agriculture and prices of agricultural products, plus the restrictive subsidy and loan policy adopted in the early years of the economic reform. The economic situation has improved over the last two years. This was caused by the increase in subsidies, as well as by the continuing restructuring process (sales and liquidation of dubious assets, optimised production), reduction in numbers of loss-making enterprises, by growth and increase in efficiency of production and due to a substantial increase in earnings of many partnerships. However, even despite the positive trends current financial position of most agricultural enterprises does not meet the requirements for development in agriculture, with the rate of TFA (tangible fixed assets) depreciation achieving 50% (of that, depreciation of machinery stands at 70%). The earnings are moderate even in profit making enterprises, with 75% of those enterprises making only up to SKK 1.5 million in earnings.
49
Villada-Bedoya, Sebastián, Fabiola Ospina Bautista, Lucimar G. Dias, and Jaime Vicente Estévez Varón. "Diversidad de insectos acuáticos en quebradas impactadas por agricultura y minería, Caldas, Colombia." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 4 (September 19, 2017): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.26903.
Full textAbstract:
Freshwater ecosystems are under severe anthropic pressure (e.g. agriculture and mining), which generates adverse effects on the diversity of aquatic insects. We evaluated the insect community in streams impacted by agriculture and mining, and determined how these activities affected the community. We studied six streams in Caldas (Colombia), two with mining and two with agriculture impact. We collected the insects using a Surber net with three replicates per substrate (fine sediment, stones, and litter). In total, 12 502 aquatic insects were collected. The most representative genera were Baetodes, Simulium, and Cricotopus (57.7 %). Streams with agricultural activity had lower aquatic insects diversity than mining impact (F2,309 = 21.82, p = 0.001). The agriculture areas presented a structure dominated by Simulium and Cricotopus (Diptera, pollution-tolerant morphospecies). Baetodes dominated in stones substrate, Cricotopus in sediment, and Simulium and Cricotopus dominated in litter (F2,309 = 2.84, p = 0.001). Therefore, both factors (impact and substrate type) are being important in determining the diversity of aquatic insects. Our results suggested that agricultural activity has a higher impact on the diversity of aquatic insects, which may be associated with the loss of riparian vegetation.
50
Chandrasekaran, Manivannan, and Rajesh Ranganathan. "Modelling and optimisation of Indian traditional agriculture supply chain to reduce post-harvest loss and CO2 emission." Industrial Management & Data Systems 117, no. 9 (October 16, 2017): 1817–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-09-2016-0383.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reduce the post-harvest loss occurring through respiration and CO2 emission produce by the selected produces, during logistics. This paper proposes a supply chain (SC) structure for the Indian traditional agriculture SC planning model to reduce post-harvest loss and mixed closed transportation to reduce CO2 emission. Design/methodology/approach The Indian agriculture SC structure is modeled and solved by genetic algorithm using a MATLAB Optimization toolbox. The respiration rate is measured by a static method. These values are applied in an SC planning model and the post-harvest loss and its corresponding CO2 emission are estimated. Findings This paper proposes a supply structure for the Indian traditional agriculture SC to reduce the post-harvest loss; the experiments measured the respiration rate to estimate the CO2 emission. The mixed closed transportation method is found to be suitable for short-purpose domestic transportation. Research limitations/implications The optimized supply structure leads to unemployment through eliminating the intermediaries. Therefore, further research encourages the conversion of intermediaries into hub instead of eliminating them. Practical implications This paper includes implications for the development of Indian traditional agriculture SC by an optimized supply structure and novel transportation method for the selected agriculture produces based on compatibility. Originality/value This paper identified that the agriculture produces respiration can also emit the CO2. The closed transportation method can reduce the CO2 emission of produces respiration than traditional open transportation.