Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture – Productivité – Afrique occidentale'
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Roudier, Philippe. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Full textIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Sow, Fanta. "Les stratégies de développement de la filière du miel en milieu rural du Sénégal, Guinée, Mali." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010667.
Full textDelpeuch, Claire. "Market organisation & performance in sub-Saharan African agriculture : three essays on the cotton sector." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0034.
Full textThis dissertation examines the links between market organisation and performance in sub-Saharan African (SSA) cotton sectors. Its purpose is to understand how market organisation influences both price signals and non-price variables that impact performance. This dissertation therefore aims to shed light on long-standing debates about the impact of market organisation in the cotton sectors of SSA, and in its agricultural sector more generally, (i) by looking at this issue in a formal theoretical framework to derive hypothesis on the expected effects of liberalisation; (ii) by analyzing the nature of reform processes in the long-run and in the largest possible array of countries; and (iii) by econometrically estimating the causal relationship between market organisation and performance. The first Chapter contributes to the general understanding of the link between market organisation and equity and efficiency in sub-Saharan cotton sectors from a formal theoretical perspective using a stylised contracting model adapted from Swinnen et al. (2010). The second Chapter delves into the specifics of cotton market reforms. It aims at giving a full panorama of how market organisation has evolved in SSA cotton producing countries from the early 1960s, that is, before the independence of many countries in the region, to the present time. The third Chapter explores the link between market structure and performance quantitatively. It adopts a novel quantitative, sector-specific and long-term econometric approach, which incorporates some of the market organisation indices complied in Chapter I
Poujol, Gabriel. "Les circuits vivriers du corridor Ouagadougou-Accra : conditions d’un développement inclusif." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30029/document.
Full textSince colonization, West African transport corridors drew an economic dependence on space towards global market. Massive imports of manufactured goods are not balanced by the export of raw materials. The African market is not yet the market for Africans and this generally hampers territorial development. In the transport corridor between Ouagadougou and Accra, in West Africa, the challenges of regional integration and food security are crystallizing in the staple food circuits. The exchanges that take place there regulate the mobility of foodstuffs between places. In the space constituted by Burkina Faso and Ghana, characterized by an ecological gradient between the Sahel and the coast that strongly differentiates agricultural potentialities, the thesis puts these challenges in perspective with territorial development. She analyzes the inclusive potential of merchant staple food circuits through the example of yam, maize and cowpea in the corridor that connects Ouagadougou to Accra. After analyzing the transactional practices of these circuits based on surveys carried out with traders and transporters in the field, we simulate potential exchanges using a gravity model based on data relating to production, commerce, and consumption, but also to road accessibility of space. Between food availability and household demand, locating these exchanges and their paths questions the articulation of the food trade scales and the complementarity of places and activities with regard to the links between agriculture, trade and transport identified as carriers of spatially inclusive development. In a context of secondary cities, margins and borders, our approach explores the spatial interactions between surplus and deficit areas in order to propose technical recommendations with operational and political scope to contribute to the reflection on regional integration and security food
Fouda-Onambele, Paul. "Information et communication de la FAO en matière d'agriculture en Afrique Occidentale : cas du Bénin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigéria, Togo." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30057.
Full textIn west africa, the peoples living in the countries of benin gulf (ghana-nigeria benin-cote d'ivoire-togo) are alike, sharing the same civilizations and facing the same problems. All of those countries have agriculture as the main and fundamental economic activity. Since independence, they have been victims of an inadequate political development which made agriculture play a secondary role. As a result, the agricultural production has declined seriously. It's rate of increase is less than that of the population growth (2% against 3,2%). From this, it resulted a chronic food shortage, misery and poverty. In that situation, the new agricultural development strategies are carried on at first, by information which is a prime necessity resource. So far, the democratization process in progress in those countries enhance an emergence and the development of media which are a powerful and an efficient means to reach the peoples, mostly those living in the rural areas. Being aware of those realities, fao as a reliable source of information, cooperates tightly with the media in order to put information and communication in the service of the peoples for a sustainable agricultural development, a healthy and nutritive feeding
Simioni, Guillaume. "Importance de la structure spatiale de la strate arborée sur les fonctionnements carboné et hydrique des écosystèmes herbes-arbres : exemple d'une savane d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112270.
Full textVegetation spatial structure is an important aspect of tree/grass ecosystem structure, but its influence on primary production and water balance has not been explored yet. To determine the importance of the spatial structure of the tree layer on a savanna ecosystem (Lamto, Ivory Coast ) carbon and water functions, a spatially explicit model was used. Field experiments were conducted to provide data to parameterize and test the model. Model tests were accurate. Experimental simulations done with the model showed that : (1) tree density had important effects on the partitioning of production and transpiration between the grass and tree components, on the total system production, and on ecosystem resource ( light, water, nitrogen ) use efficiencies ; (2) tree aggregation could, independently of tree density. .
Leblois, Antoine. "Quels changements organisationnels pour l'agriculture africaine ? : essais sur les réformes des filières cotonnières et les assurances à indices météorologiques." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765746.
Full textThe PhD dissertation dealt with two kinds of organisational changes that aim at defining paths for future agricultural development in sub-Saharan African countries. Both were related to market, the first concerned cash crop market structure and reforms, the access to second financial markets and more particularly insurances. The two first chapters were dedicated to institutional changes. We looked empirically for supply responses of market reforms in the cotton sector of 16 sub-Saharan African countries. We controlled for the availability of environmental factors on yield and area cultivated with cotton using the average of available precipitations and temperatures during the crop cycle, weighted by density of cotton cultivation over national cotton production zones. We found that reforms leading to regulation and strong competition had a significant impact, both on area and yield (but no significant impact of reforms leading to low competition). In a nutshell, reforms have generally led to higher yields but that introducing strong competition significantly lowered the area cultivated with cotton. The three last chapters concerned a relatively recent organisational innovation designed for fostering investments and technology adoption: weather index-based insurance mechanisms. I studied the potential of index-based insurances in developing countries, using detailed agronomic data on cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon and millet cultivation in South-West Niger, matched, in both cases, with observations from high density networks of rainfall stations. Those papers compare the performance of various meteorological indices based on daily rainfall data
Bawa, Anissou. "Mutations des périphéries urbaines au sud du Togo : des espaces ruraux à l'épreuve du peuplement et de la marchandisation des terres." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT077/document.
Full textThis research focuses on the transformation of suburban areas in the southern part of the republic of Togo, and in particular on the transformation of rural areas around cities. It’s based on multidisciplinary approach that take into consideration all questions on demography, land occupation, land selling and the perceptions of different actors involve in those areas. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to collect demographic and satellite data, and to formulate a database on land market. Also, a series of interviews of key individuals involved in land use plan and a quantitative survey of a large sample of farmers have been conducted.The results show that the economic, social and spatial transformations of suburban area of the city of Lomé is part of a general movement of strong population growth under way since the second half of the twentieth century and which is manifested both by the rapidly settlement and population growth of the localities themselves. Nearly 15 new localities appear every year in this small area and the number of localities with more than 1,000 inhabitants arose from 80 to 168 between 1970 and 2010. This intensification of settlement is both a cause and a consequence of the rapid sale of land. Three-quarters of land transfers are now monetized in this region. But this dynamic land market is still largely informal and unregulated by the government. In fact the rapid decrease of agricultural land is the main concern. Land acquisitions are indeed intended mainly to urbanization (66 %). Every year, a large proportion of agricultural land is converted to shelter: 26 % in the suburbs near the city of Lomé and 7 % in more remote peripheries, especially beyond 25 km. The vast majority of buyers (93 %) reside in nearby urban centers and these are often urban administrative managers (24 %). The supply of land for housing limited by the high demand mainly comes from two streams: the customary informal sector (77.5%), and the formal private sector (22.5%). If the customary sector allows households with low or medium incomes to access to land, it does not guarantee security of tenure and prices remain high relative to the purchasing power of the population. The structuring of these supply chains will be important to urbanization and settlement processes in order to contribute to more inclusive economic growth and shared prosperity and not a missed opportunity for agriculture.However, this land market, allows women – long marginalized by customary land tenure – access to land. Unlike men, women perceive urban growth as an opportunity for their farms and their land strategies aimed at maintaining suburban agriculture. Women become undoubtedly important players for the maintenance of agricultural activities in the suburban areas around African cities
Houngbedji, Ouziel Kenneth. "Trois essais sur la formalisation des droits fonciers au Bénin et en Éthiopie." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0031.
Full textContending that tenure insecurity under informal customary institutions dampens incentives for investment and contributes to low agricultural productivity in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, policymakers have tried to formalize customary land use through the provision of de jure rights to users. Two examples of such initiatives are the land registration programmes in Benin and Ethiopia. Both programmes embed the resolution of land disputes, the demarcation of plots and the recognition of individual land rights within customary practices and provide documentary evidence of those rights. In this doctoral thesis we explore the early effects of such programmes on household welfare. Following the land demarcation activities and the resolution of land disputes, the resources previously used to safeguard land claims from risk of encroachment are freed and can increase household welfare. There is also evidence that households anticipate the registration of their landholding(s) and take preventive measures to safeguard their land rights. This anticipation has an impact on the distribution of land rights between female and male landholders and could bias the impact evaluation of land registration programmes
Diarra, Lacina. "Essays on Structural Change, Agricultural and Economic Development." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69032.
Full textThis thesis investigates the relationship between land institutions and the agricultural labor transition to the non-agricultural sector. It also explores the effect of a large-scale labor movement out of the farming sector on sectoral efficiency. It consists of three chapters. The first chapter uses micro-level data from Uganda to identify the causal effect of land tenure security on the likelihood that a household switches from the agricultural to the nonagricultural sector as a source of livelihood. We first develop a parsimonious occupational choice model in which households face heterogeneous costs of switching from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector. Using farmland as collateral for loans can help finance these costs provided the switcher has secured property rights over it. We use this theoretical model to derive the empirical binary-choice model to be estimated. We compare two models that mitigate endogeneity issues, including the biprobit and the special regressor (SR) model. We find that a one percent increase in the proportion of titled plots owned by a household increases the probability that its members engage in off-farm activities by 9.02%, for the biprobit model, and by 11.6% for the SR model. The second chapter uses data from three rounds of the Tanzania Living Standard Survey to analyze the causal effect of household land tenure security on children's primary school completion probabilities conditional on gender. School attendance being considered as a reallocation of child labor to a non-agricultural opportunity. The empirical strategy accounts for educational selectivity and relies on a biprobit model to obtain consistent estimates of this causal effect. I find that land tenure security positively and significantly affects children's primary school completion, with an effect strongly driven by girls. Land tenure security increases girls' primary school completion probabilities by roughly 3.68 − 6.3 percentage points but has an ambiguous effect on boys' probabilities. These results suggest that land tenure security v could be an effective policy lever to reduce the gender gap in education and increase school completion rate in rural areas. The third chapter investigates the relationship between off-farm work participation and technical efficiency among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Incorporating the correlated random effects (CRE) approach to Greene's "true" stochastic frontier model, I account formally for potential endogeneity issues. The results suggest that participation in non-agricultural work increases technical efficiency by 13.32 percentage points. The average technical inefficiency is 0.2489, indicating that farmers produce below the optimal technical frontier, with a 24.89% deviation from the production frontier. These results imply that there is a potential for rural farmers to increase agricultural output even with the current level of available factors of production. Reallocating labor to its best possible use, combined with crop choices based on market signals, would increase overall agricultural production by 24.89 percentage points.
Fare, Yohann. "Origine et transformation d'un système agraire au Sénégal - La zone des Niayes -." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0009/document.
Full textA study on the agrarian system of the Niayes region, situated in the northern coastal area of Senegal, between Dakar and Saint Louis was accomplished, implementing historical surveys coupled with a hundred ones related to agricultural exploitations. About eighty surveys were used to help establish economic results. Main phases within the region’s agrarian system were distinguished.1. During the precolonial period, an economy of gathering (wine and palm oil) and a shifting agriculture with as basis millet and peanut in the South; transhumant stockbreeding system in the North;2. During colonization, market gardening became a source of income for Niayes farmers who, seen the area conditions, could not take advantage of the peanut boom of their Dieri neighbor. This development was also a response to cities’ increasing needs in fruits and vegetables.3. During the great drought (1970’s and 1980’s), the market gardening areas extension and the culture system’s intensification caused by migrants’ influx and thanks to the creation of a fruit-part-type contract, the mbeye seddo which allows sharing added value between the employer and the seasonal worker, the sourgha.4. For 20 years, the development of motorized culture systems, with an increasing differences of incomes between manual and motorized exploitations in one hand and the employers’ and family exploitations on the other hand.Within one contemporary agrarian system, we distinguished three main farming categories (family business, employers’ and capitalist ones). Within these groups, farms use manual, semi-motorized or motorized cultivating systems. The survival threshold (meaning the minimal level of necessary resources) was estimated for an average family at CFA 149’000 per working person and per year (227 euros).The first farm category is a food-producing system on short fallows with palm groves. With manual cultivating systems, it is possible for a working person to develop 800 to 1’200 m2 of vegetable basin (Niaye) depending on species to cultivate, with at best 2 campaigns per year. The income varies from 500 to 1’500 euros/working person/year. With combined systems (motorized drainage and manual water distribution), it increases to 2’500m2/year with also 2 campaigns per year and an income of 500 to 2’600 euros/working person/year. Complete motorization (motorized drainage and spraying water distribution, using hose) allows 2 to 4 campaigns per year on 3’000 to 3’500 m2/working person. Incomes vary between 2’000 to 10’000 euros/working person/year.Manual family farms or employers’ exploitations which hire few sourgha most face difficulties with an income barely situated beyond survival threshold (average of 260 to 300 euros/working person/year, sometimes 100 euros) on less than 2’000 m2/family working person. While appealing to sourghas a great deal, manual exploitations earn between 1’000 and 1’800 euros/working person/year on 4’000 m2 to 1 ha/family working person. Motorized exploitations (combined and integral) can use between 1’000m2 (combined) and 1ha/family working person (integral), with incomes varying from 1’500 euros/working person/year (family system with motorized drainage and manual water distribution) to 3’500 euros/working person/year (intensive and motorized capitalist system with 4 campaigns/year).If motorization seems tempting to improve incomes, though not deemed sustainable for the area (ground water overexploitation, various pollutions, and dependence to fossil energy), “race for motorization” brings about important income differences within manual exploitations and current social relationships, and added value sharing deserves review
Koussoubé, Estelle Mousson. "Institutions, Technology Adoption and Agricultural Development in Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090024.
Full textIncreasing agricultural productivity and fostering agricultural development are necessary for agriculture to play an effective role in food security and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. The literature has identified several barriers to agricultural development, including environmental constraints, institutional constraints, as well as resource constraints. However, how to promote agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a challenging issue. This dissertation addresses three important issues relating to agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly in Burkina Faso. The dissertation considers how institutions and policies can have an impact on the constraints faced by individual farmers and households, and how to foster the emergence of institutions that will work for agricultural development. The first chapter of this dissertation investigates the role of norms and institutions in the formation of farmer organizations, and women’s participation in farmer organizations. The findings indicate that female farmers are less likely to participate in farmer organizations. The results suggest that the relatively low level of female participation in farmer organizations is explained by women’s lack of resources including information as well as a lack of incentives to participate. The second chapter studies the emergence conditions of land markets in the Hauts-Bassins region Burkina’s cotton zone. The chapter’s findings highlight the equalizing role of land markets in this region. Land markets enable migrants to gain access to land in this region. Last, the third chapter of this dissertation seeks to understand the relative, apparent low use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. The low uptake of chemical fertilizers might have been driven by factors other than profitability, including a lack of access to fertilizers and credit. Building on the theoretical literature in economics as well as the literature in other social sciences, and on various datasets, this dissertation contributes to enhancing the overall understanding of the issues faced by farmers in Sub-Saharan African countries and points towards further research in the economics of agricultural development as well as in the general economic literature
Gubert, Flore. "Migration et gestion collective des risques : l’exemple de la région de Kayes (Mali)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF10219.
Full textPerrin, Aurélie. "Evaluation environnementale des systèmes agricoles urbains en Afrique de l'Ouest : Implications de la diversité des pratiques et de la variabilité des émissions d'azote dans l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie de la tomate au Bénin." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0080/document.
Full textUrban agriculture provides opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure food safety for cities inhabitants in West Africa. The general objective of this thesis is producing representative inventories and a robust environmental assessment for those production systems using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Our case study was the tomato production in urban gardens in Benin. Our state of the art identified the integration of the diversity of systems and the variability of field emissions as two major challenges for the LCA of vegetable products. We therefore developed a typology-based protocol to collect cropping systems data that includes their diversity and an approach combining a nitrogen budget and the use of a biophysical model to estimate nitrogen field emissions. We created inventories for 6 cropping system types and one weighted mean representative for the urban tomato growers in Benin. The analysis of the agronomical performances of these systems highlighted the important yield variability and the variable and often excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The investigation of nitrogen fluxes variability at plot and crop cycle scales led to the identification of 4 major influencing factors: water use, nitrogen input, soil pH and field capacity. Using favorable and unfavorable scenarios for nitrogen emissions for each of these 4 factors, we demonstrated that the LCA results were sensitive to their variations. The implementation of LCA using those contrasted data showed that one hectare of tomato production in Benin was more impacting than European vegetable productions. The benefits from the favorable climate for producing out-of-season tomatoes were hampered by the low efficiency of irrigations systems, the frequent use of insecticides and large nitrogen emissions. Measured data and new knowledge on these systems are needed to validate and refine our conclusions
Lanckriet, Edouard. "Le Système d’Innovation Technologique des agroénergies de la canne à sucre, un outil de développement durable au Brésil, quels enseignements pour la formation des politiques de développement liées au capital naturel en Afrique de l’Ouest ?" Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0013/document.
Full textIn Brazil, sugar cane is used as a raw material for the production of sugar, fuel, and electricity. This industrial model has enabled the country to build a competitive advantage on the biomass productivity of its soils. It has been promoted in Africa but the majority of African bioenergy projects have been a failure. This raises the question of the interest of the model in Brazil, of the role of bioenergy in a development strategy.The Brazilian model is a Technological Innovation System, the sugar cane TIS, which we analyze in the long term. Since the end of the 19th century, it has been structured to import, adapt and spread technologies in order to diversify sugar cane markets. The biofuel sector required the creation of an alternative technological system, financed by the State through the Proalcool Program (1975 to 1985); Created to absorb the surpluses of the sugar sector and for the energy security of the country. Public support was key in the evolution of the TIS, forged in the wake of the country's social and economic crises. The sugar cane TIS has enabled Brazil to train its human capital in the valorization of natural capital, which enables it today to experiment a new change : the agroecological conversion of the cane cultivation model, that would allow regenerating the Natural Capital soil. Based on our analysis of the Brazilian model we formulate an analysis of the factors of failure of the African jatropha biofuel projects and make a proposal for the structuring of a biofuel TIS adapted to West Africa stakes of development, which we suggest to back up to the oilseed chain
No Brasil, a cana-de-açúcar é utilizado como matéria-prima na fabricação de açúcar, combustível e eletricidade. Este modelo de negócio tem permitido ao país para transformar a produtividade de biomassa de seu solo em uma vantagem competitiva. Ele foi promovido na África, mas a maioria dos projetos de agroenergia africanos houve uma falha. Isso levanta a questão do interesse do modelo no Brasil, bem como o papel da bioenergia em uma estratégia de desenvolvimento. O modelo brasileiro é um Sistema de Inovação Tecnológica, o SIT da cana, que analisamos a longo prazo. Ele é estruturado desde o final do século XIX para importação, adaptação e difusão de tecnologias afim de diversificar os mercados de cana. O setor do etanol combustível tem necessidade de um sistema tecnologia alternativa, financiado pelo governo através do Programa Proálcool (1975-1985); ele foi criado para absorver os excedentes do sector do açúcar e para a segurança energética do país. O apoio público tem sido fundamental para a evolução do SIT, foi forjada pelas crises sociais e económicas do país. Hoje o SIT da cana-de-açúcar experimenta um modelo de produção agroecológica para o cultivo da cana, ele deveria ser capaz de regenerar o capital natural. Nossa análise do modelo brasileiro nos permite fazer uma análise dos fatores de não-sucesso dos projetos africanos de produção de biocombustível de jatropha. Nós formular uma proposta de estruturação de um SIT da agroenergia Oeste Africano adaptado às questões de desenvolvimento locais, propomos a ser associado ao setor oleaginosa
Bessay, Stéphane. "Les enjeux du financement agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2551/1/M11147.pdf.
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