Academic literature on the topic 'Agriculture – Sahel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agriculture – Sahel"
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Sedano, Fernando, Vasco Molini, and M. Azad. "A Mapping Framework to Characterize Land Use in the Sudan-Sahel Region from Dense Stacks of Landsat Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060648.
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We developed a land cover and land use mapping framework specifically designed for agricultural systems of the Sudan-Sahel region. The mapping approach extracts information from inter- and intra-annual vegetation dynamics from dense stacks of Landsat 8 images. We applied this framework to create a 30 m spatial resolution land use map with a focus on agricultural landscapes of northern Nigeria for 2015. This map provides up-to-date information with a higher level of spatial and thematic detail resulting in a more precise characterization of agriculture in the region. The map reveals that agriculture is the main land use in the region. Arable land represents on average 52.5% of the area, higher than the reported national average for Nigeria (38.4%). Irrigated agriculture covers nearly 2.2% of the total area, reaching nearly 20% of the cultivated land when traditional floodplain agriculture systems are included, above the reported national average (0.63%). There is significant variability in land use within the region. Cultivated land in the northern section can reach values higher than 75%, most land suitable for agriculture is already under cultivation and there is limited land for future agricultural expansion. Marginal lands, not suitable for permanent agriculture, can reach 30% of the land at lower altitudes in the northeast and northwest. In contrast, the southern section presents lower land use intensity that results in a complex landscape that intertwines areas farms and larger patches of natural vegetation. This map improves the spatial detail of existing sources of LCLU information for the region and provides updated information of the current status of its agricultural landscapes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of multi temporal medium resolution remote sensing data to provide detailed and up-to-date information about agricultural systems in arid and sub arid landscapes of the Sahel region.
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Jnr, Stephen Doso. "Land degradation and agriculture in the Sahel of Africa: causes, impacts and recommendations." Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications 03, no. 03 (September 4, 2014): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14511/jasa.2014.030303.
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Cochrane, Laura L. "Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal." Africa 90, no. 2 (February 2020): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019001074.
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AbstractSevere ecological changes across the Sahel have created a difficult environment for agriculture and rural village economies. Rural communities, while small in scale, are creating new ways to transform their degraded environment. Their small size allows them to develop location-specific strategies to manage and improve water, soil and agriculture. This article focuses on two Sufi communities (daaras) in Senegal that integrate environmental work and spirituality. Religious organizations are influential in Senegal, as is the idea that labour is a part of both personal spirituality and shared religious teachings. As agriculture continues to be disrupted because of climate fluctuations, creating a habitable environment relies on applying region-specific agricultural science, and working through local structures. These conceptions of labour, along with the religious structures that support their work, make environmental projects spiritually significant, and also transformative for agriculture in a challenging environment.
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Sarr, Alioune Badara, and Moctar Camara. "Evolution Des Indices Pluviométriques Extrêmes Par L'analyse De Modèles Climatiques Régionaux Du Programme CORDEX: Les Projections Climatiques Sur Le Sénégal." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p206.
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This study aims at characterizing the extreme rainfall events over West Africa particularly in the Sahel region and Senegal by 2100 (far future) under the greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5 by analyzing the simulations of four (4) regional climate models (RCMs) of CORDEX (Regional COordinated climate Downscaling Experiment) program. The study of these extreme climate indices is crucial for the understanding of the impacts of climate change on some vital socio-economic sectors such as the agriculture in Sahel and Senegal. The results show that almost all the RCMs predict a decrease of the rainfall over most parts of the Sahel region particularly over the Western Sahel. The analysis of the climate indices such as the highest one day precipitation amount, the 99th percentile and the maximum dry spell length (CDD) shows that the RCMs (except CanRCM4) project an increase of these exceptional rainfall events over the Sahel (especially over the Western Sahel) by 2100. In Senegal, the RCMs (except RCA4) agree on a decrease of the precipitation and the number of wet days by 2100. When considering the evolution of rainfall events intensity, the highest one day precipitation amount and the 99th percentile, the RCMs (except CanRCM4) predict an increase of the extreme events which may translate into strong floods in Senegal. As for the dry and wet sequences, the RCMs projections (except those of RCA4) show an increase (respectively a decrease) of the maximum dry spell length (respectively of the maximum wet spell length) in Senegal. This increase in extreme rainfall indices may translate into a strengthening of natural disasters such as floods and drought. This work can be considered as a support for the policymakers in West Africa and particularly in Senegal for the better long-term planning of water resources and disaster management as wells as the build of a resilient agricultural system.
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Sissoko, Keffing, Herman van Keulen, Jan Verhagen, Vera Tekken, and Antonella Battaglini. "Agriculture, livelihoods and climate change in the West African Sahel." Regional Environmental Change 11, S1 (November 3, 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0164-y.
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Defrance, Dimitri, Benjamin Sultan, Mathieu Castets, Adjoua Moise Famien, and Christian Baron. "Impact of Climate Change in West Africa on Cereal Production Per Capita in 2050." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187585.
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Food security is a crucial issue in the Sahel and could be endangered by climate change and demographic pressure during the 21st century. Higher temperatures and changes in rainfall induced by global warming are threatening rainfed agriculture in this region while the population is expected to increase approximately three-fold until 2050. Our study quantifies the impact of climate change on food security by combining climate modelling (16 models from CMIP5), crop yield (simulated by agronomic model, SARRA-O) and demographic evolution (provided by UN projection) under two future climatic scenarios. We simulate yield for the main crops in five countries in West Africa and estimate the population pressure on crop production to assess the number of available cereal production per capita. We found that, although uncertain, the African monsoon evolution leads to an increase of rainfall in Eastern Sahel and a decrease in Western Sahel under the RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario from IPCC, leading to the higher temperature increase by the end of the 21st century. With regard to the abundance of food for the inhabitants, all the scenarios in each country show that in 2050, local agricultural production will be below 50 kg per capita. This situation can have impact on crop import and regional migration.
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Samasse, Kaboro, Niall P. Hanan, Julius Y. Anchang, and Yacouba Diallo. "A High-Resolution Cropland Map for the West African Sahel Based on High-Density Training Data, Google Earth Engine, and Locally Optimized Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091436.
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The West African Sahel Cropland map (WASC30) is a new 30-m cropland extent product for the nominal year of 2015. We used the computing resources provided by Google Earth Engine (GEE) to fit and apply Random Forest models for cropland detection in each of 189 grid cells (composed of 100 km2, hence a total of ~1.9 × 106 km2) across five countries of the West African Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Senegal). Landsat-8 surface reflectance (Bands 2–7) and vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, SAVI, and MSAVI), organized to include dry-season and growing-season band reflectances and vegetation indices for the years 2013–2015, were used as predictors. Training data were derived from an independent, high-resolution, visually interpreted sample dataset that classifies sample points across West Africa using a 2-km grid (~380,000 points were used in this study, with 50% used for model training and 50% used for model validation). Analysis of the new cropland dataset indicates a summed cropland area of ~316 × 103 km2 across the 5 countries, primarily in rainfed cropland (309 × 103 km2), with irrigated cropland area (7 × 103 km2) representing 2% of the total cropland area. At regional scale, the cropland dataset has an overall accuracy of 90.1% and a cropland class (rainfed and irrigated) user’s accuracy of 79%. At bioclimatic zones scale, results show that land proportion occupied by rainfed agriculture increases with annual precipitation up to 1000 mm. The Sudanian zone (600–1200 mm) has the highest proportion of land in agriculture (24%), followed by the Sahelian (200–600 mm) and the Guinean (1200 +) zones for 15% and 4%, respectively. The new West African Sahel dataset is made freely available for applications requiring improved cropland area information for agricultural monitoring and food security applications.
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Gadzama, Njidda Mamadu, and Haruna Kuje Ayuba. "On major environmental problem of desertification in Northern Nigeria with sustainable efforts to managing it." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2015-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the extent of desertification and land degradation as threat to sustainable environmental, agricultural and land development in the Sahel of Nigeria with its consequences; with also some efforts to control desertification. Design/methodology/approach – Several desertification attenuation projects in Nigeria are employing different methods for maximum benefits obtainable from the objectives) of the particular project. Specific methods will be cited for particular projects mentioned as appropriate. It is noted however that environmental impact assessment, community reconnaissance or needs assessments were initial part of pre-project activities. Findings – Desertification has reached an alarming state in Nigeria. The frontline desert threatened States of Nigeria constitute 40 per cent of the land mass of the country. With increased pressure of desertification, exacerbated by a period of prolonged drought of about 20 years, climate change and human activities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain sustainability in the management of the fragile lands and the region’s ecosystem. Strategic interventions in combating the problem of desertification in Nigeria have attenuated some of the detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts on the affected communities of the Sahel of the country. Programmes and projects are designed to strengthen the resilience of the people in the affected region with sound ecosystems’ management; support the efforts of the communities resulting in increased agricultural yields. Programmes and projects have strengthened the resilience of the people, participating in sand dune stabilization, the Great Green Wall Sahara Sahel Initiative and other shelterbelt development. Government has sustained inputs in environmentally friendly agriculture and also encouraged synergetic collaborative activities with national agencies, international agencies and local institutions. Originality/value – These results/activities give evidence of the increased public awareness of environmental degradation due to desertification in Nigeria; the realization in environmental stabilization needs with ready participation of the communities for improved livelihoods in arid agriculture; resulting in internalization of these problems for Nigeria.
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Sangare, D., B. Sawadogo, M. Sou/Dakoure, D. M. S. Ouedraogo, N. Hijikata, H. Yacouba, M. Bonzi, and L. Coulibaly. "Ecological sanitation products reuse for agriculture in Sahel: effects on soil properties." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-291-2015.
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Abstract. The sanitary products (i.e toilet compost, urine, and greywater) from resource oriented sanitation are a low-cost alternative to chemical fertilizers and irrigation water for poor communities in dry areas. However, if these products are not managed carefully, increased soil salinity and sodium accumulation could occur. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of these products at different combinations on the properties of cultivated soil and on okra plant productivity. The treatments were: (1) fresh dam water (FDW) as a negative control, (2) FDW plus chemical fertilizer (i.e.NPK) (FDW + NPK) as a positive control, (3) treated greywater (TGW), (4) FDW plus Urine/Toilet Compost (UTC) (FDW + UTC), (5) TGW + UTC, (6) TGW + NPK. Effects on okra productivity were assessed by measuring the fresh fruit yield whereas effects on soil were evaluated through measurements of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total organic carbon (TOC) at various depths. Results showed that the yields obtained with TGW (0.71 t ha−1) and TGW + UTC (0.67 t ha−1) were significantly higher than the yields obtained with the positive control FDW + NPK (0.22 t ha−1) meaning that the fertilizer value of the sanitary products was higher than that of chemical fertilizer. Concerning effects on soil, SAR values increased significantly in plots treated by TGW (8.86 ± 1.52) and TGW + UTC (10.55 ± 1.85) compared to plots fertilized with FDW (5.61 ± 1.45) and FDW + NPK (2.71 ± 0.67). The TOC of plots treated with TGW + UTC (6.09 ± 0.99 g kg−1) was significantly higher than those of FDW + NPK (4.46 ± 0.22 g kg−1). Combined sanitary products from resource oriented sanitation can be reused as a nutrient source and water for food production, provided that soil salinity is monitored and the soil has high drainage capacity.
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Fox, P., and J. Rockström. "Supplemental irrigation for dry-spell mitigation of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel." Agricultural Water Management 61, no. 1 (June 2003): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00008-8.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Agriculture – Sahel"
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Yobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.
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Cette thèse traite de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire dans la zone du Sahel que nous définissons comme une région comportant 12 pays et 52 zones agroécologiques à l'intérieur de ces pays. La zone d'étude couvre le Burkina Faso, la Djibouti, l'Érythrée, l'Éthiopie, le Mali, la Mauritanie, le Niger, Nigéria, Sénégal, la Somalie, le Soudan et le Tchad. La situation de cette partie du monde est fortement impactée par le changement climatique car l'agriculture, largement pluviale, y joue un rôle économique important. Il est alors attendu que le changement climatique aura un impact sur la production alimentaire, ce qui rendra encore plus difficile la disponibilité et l'accès aux aliments.D'un point de vue théorique, cette thèse vise à alimenter la littérature sur le changement climatique et ses effets sur les secteurs agricoles dans le monde, particulièrement dans le Sahel, en mettant un accent sur les zones agroécologiques. D'un point de vue empirique et en mobilisant notamment les techniques statistiques et économétriques, cette thèse prend en compte les caractérisés agricoles et climatiques de chaque pays et zones agroécologiques du Sahel.Dans le premier chapitre, nous traitons la question du changement et de la variabilité climatiques en se basant sur les précipitations et la température durant les différentes saisons des pays et zones agroécologiques du Sahel. En s'appuyant sur un modèle de régression linéaire et un modèle de changement structurel endogène, nous montrons que les pays et les zones agroécologiques sont effectivement affectés par le changement climatique et que l'année 1980 est un point essentiel dans l'explication de ce phénomène aux deux échelles. Nous montrons également que les zones désertiques et arides ont subi un grand nombre de chocs de 1901 à 2016, à l'exception du Nigéria, où les zones humides et les zones non désertiques ont subi plusieurs chocs.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions la relation entre le changement et la variabilité climatiques, mesurés par les conditions de température et de précipitations pendant les saisons des pluies, et la production agricole au niveau des pays et au niveau des zones agroécologiques du Sahel. En se concentrant sur un indice de production agricole et cinq céréales (maïs, mil, sorgho, blé et riz), nous étudions cette relation à l'aide d'une base de données originale avec des variables socio-économiques et climatiques. Sur la base d'une fonction de production agricole estimée pour la période 1961-2016, nous montrons que les précipitations et les températures moyennes pendant la saison de croissance ont des effets très hétérogènes sur la production agricole selon la zone céréalière et agricole, en fonction des besoins spécifiques et du stress liés aux conditions céréalières et agronomiques et climatiques de chaque zone.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous analysons le lien entre changement climatique et la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays du Sahel. En se basant sur une analyse multidimensionnelle de la sécurité alimentaire et un modèle de données de panel avec les variables climatiques d'intérêt retardées, nous montrons que la sécheresse et les inondations affectent négativement la sécurité alimentaire. En présence de ces catastrophes climatiques, les inondations causent davantage de dommages à la sécurité alimentaire. Les facteurs socioéconomiques jouent également un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire. Nos résultats montrent ainsi que le faible niveau de développement économique, la croissance démographique et l'inflation des prix des denrées alimentaires ne permettent pas d'assurer la sécurité alimentaire. En outre, l'absence des conflits et la stabilité politique sont des leviers importants d'amélioration de la situation de sécurité alimentaire des populationsThis thesis deals with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the Sahel zone that we define as a region comprising 12 countries and 52 agroecological zones within these countries. The study area covers Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Chad. The situation in this part of the world is strongly impacted by climate change because agriculture, largely rainfed, plays an important economic role there. Climate change is then expected to have an impact on food production, which will make food availability and access even more difficult.From a theoretical point of view, this thesis aims to feed the literature on climate change and its effects on agricultural sectors in the world, particularly in the Sahel, by focusing on agroecological zones. From an empirical point of view and by using a range of statistical and econometric techniques, this thesis takes into account the agricultural and climatic characteristics of each country and agroecological zones of the Sahel.In the first chapter, we deal with the issue of climate change and variability based on precipitation and temperature during the different seasons of the countries and agroecological zones of the Sahel. Using a linear regression model and an endogenous structural change model, we show that countries and agroecological zones are indeed affected by climate change and that the year 1980 is an essential point in explaining this phenomenon for both scales. We also show that desert and arid areas suffered a large number of shocks from 1901 to 2016, with the exception of Nigeria, where wetlands and non-desert areas suffered several shocks.In the second chapter, we study the relationship between climate change and variability, measured by temperature and precipitation conditions in the rainy seasons, and agricultural production at country level and at the level of agroecological zones in the Sahel. Focusing on an agricultural production index and five cereals (corn, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice), we study this relationship using an original database with socio-economic and climate variables. On the basis of an estimated agricultural production function for the 1961-2016 period, we show that precipitation and average temperatures during the growing season have very heterogeneous effects on agricultural production according to the cereal and agricultural zone, depending specific needs and stress linked to the cereal and agronomic and climatic conditions of each zone.In the third chapter, we analyze the link between climate change and food security in the Sahel countries. Based on a multidimensional analysis of food security and a panel data model with delayed climate variables of interest, we show that drought and floods negatively affect food security. In the presence of these climatic disasters, floods cause more damage to food security. Socioeconomic factors also play an important role in food security. Our results show that the low level of economic development, population growth and inflation of food prices do not guarantee food security. In addition, the absence of conflicts and political stability are important levers for improving the food security situation of the populations
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Jouve, Philippe. "Adaptation des systèmes de production à l'aridité au Maroc et au Sahel." Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30033.
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Cette these sur travaux presente les resultats de recherches entreprises au maroc et au sahel, sur l'adaptation des systemes de production agricole a l'aridite. Elle est constituee de deux volumes. Dans le premier, un avant-propos retrace l'itineraire professionnel de l'auteur et indique les raisons du choix du sujet de these. Ensuite, une premiere partie presente les caracteres generaux et la specificite de l'aridite au maroc et au sahel ainsi que leurs consequences agronomiques. Dans une deuxieme partie, sont decrits les systemes de culture adoptes par les agriculteurs dans les deux zones et sont analyses leurs pratiques et strategies contrealeatoires. La troisieme partie est consacree a la presentation et la discussion des resultats des recherches visant a adapter les systemes de production a l'aridite. En particulier, sont definis les voies et moyens pour ameliorer l'alimentation hydrique des cultures pluviales et l'efficacite des pluies. Enfin est examinee la possibilite de lutter contre l'aridite par l'irrigation. Une analyse comparee de l'experience, tres contrastee, du maroc et du sahel dans ce domaine, permet de discuter des conditions de reussite de l'irrigation. Le deuxieme volume regroupe une selection de dix-huit publications de l'auteur concernant l'etude des systemes de production agricole et leur adaptation a l'ariditeThis works oriented thesis presents the results of researches undertaken in morocco and in the sahel about the adaptation of agricultural production systemes to aridity. It comprises two volumes. In the first one, a foreword retraces the professional career of the author and indicates the main reasons of the choice of the thesis topic. Then a first part shows the main characteristics and the specificity of the aridity in morocco and in the sahel with their agronomical consequences as well. In the second part, the cropping systems adopted in the two zones are described and their practises and strategies against climatic hazards are analyzed. The third part is about the presentation and discussion of the results of researches geared at adapting the production systems to aridity. In particular, the pathways and means of improving the water availability of rain cultivation and the efficiency of rains. At last, the possibility to fight aridity through irrigation is examined. A comparative analysis of both the morocco and the sahelian, most contrasted experience in this field, allows to discuss the conditions of success of irrigation. The second volume gathers a selection of 18 publications of the author about the study of the agricultural production systems and their adaptation to aridity
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Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.
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Rassemblant les resultats de recherches menees de 1981 a 1992 en milieu peul, cette these traite la question des droits pastoraux et des conditions d'acces au ressources en eau et en paturages au sahel a travers l'etude comparative de deux regions, l'une, pastorale, situee au niger oriental (departement de diffa), l'autre, agropastorale, dans le nord du burkina faso (region du yagha). En introduction (premiere partie), la these dresse le portrait de deux pasteurs peul. Le premier (jahfaru de diffa) relate le deroulement de la secheresse de 1984 dans l'est nigerien, tandis que le second (bakuru de sebba) met en avant les difficultes grandissantes d'insertion physique de l'elevage au yagha. La deuxieme partie de la these analyse les fondements du pastoralisme a diffa et a sebba, associe ou non a l'agriculture : bases naturelles de l'elevage, caracteres originaux du capital animal et de l'organisation sociale des groupes humains, principales strategies. Les troisieme et quatrieme parties portent sur l'etude regionale du niger oriental (diffa) et du yagha burkinabe (sebba), en abordant les conditions historiques d'insertion des peul dans ces deux regions et l'evolution recente de leursituation - surtout depuis la secheresse de 1984 - a travers des enquetes menees aupres de plusieurs centaines de familles. La mise en parallele de ces deux regions conduit l'auteur dans la cinquieme partie, a reflechir sur les difficultes que pose la gestion de ressources pastorales partagees entre plusieurs communautes ("common property resources"). L'auteur montre la facon ambigue dont les etats saheliens ont aborde le statut de ces ressources en prenant l'exemple du code rural, au niger, et celui de la reorganisation agraire et fonciere, au burkina faso. Pour finir, l'auteur reflechit sur les conditions requises pour une meilleure securite fonciere en milieu pastoral et agropastoral et souleve la delicate question du role de l'etat.
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Devaux, Pascal. "La relation entre le crédit et l'investissement en milieu rural sahélien." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50374-1999-9.pdf.
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Le rôle du crédit dans la décision d'investissement agricole revêt un caractère particulier en milieu rural sahélien étant donne la non-séparabilité des décisions de production et de consommation. En effet, un certain nombre d'études empiriques permettent d'établir que le revenu agricole et extra-agricole de l'agriculteur sahélien est soumis à une incertitude irréductible. Dans sa décision d'investissement, l'agriculteur sahélien poursuit donc une stratégie à la fois marquée par la maximisation d'un revenu productif et par la recherche de sécurité économique. L'intégration du crédit dans cette décision d'investissement nous oblige à prendre en compte une double source de risque : le risque revenu et le risque d'investissement. L'hypothèse de comportement prudent et d'aversion forte au risque au sens de ross de l'agriculteur sahélien permet de considérer un double effet du crédit sur l'investissement : un effet richesse incitatif lié à la liquidité monétaire supplémentaire disponible, et un effet dette négatif sur l'investissement. Cet effet dette du crédit est lié aux conséquences d'une dette à rembourser à partir d'un revenu futur aléatoire. Au-delà d'éléments strictement productifs, la relation entre crédit et investissement en milieu rural sahélien dépend du niveau et de l'exposition au risque du revenu de l'agriculteur. L'impact négatif sur le risque revenu du financement à crédit de l'investissement agricole peut amener l'agriculteur sahélien soit à ne pas investir, soit à favoriser les investissements agricoles divisibles et liquides, sources de limitation de la dette et de ses effets sur le risque revenu. Ceci est susceptible d'avoir certaines conséquences sur l'environnement productif naturel. D'une part, en favorisant les investissements lies à des pratiques culturales extensives, et d'autre part, en défavorisant les investissements de conservation et d'amélioration de la fertilité des sols, indivisibles et illiquidesThe part of credit in the agricultural investment decision is particular in sahelian zone given nonseparability of production and consommation decisions. Empirical studies allow to establish that sahelian farmers face an uninsurable background risk. The farmer's investment decision is therefore both affected by income maximisation and income securisation. In integrating credit into investment decision, we have to consider multiple source of risk : the income risk and the investment risk. The hypothese of prudent and strong risk aversion in ross sense behaviour allow to consider a double effect of credit on the investment decision : an incitative wealth effect linked to the increase in available liquidity, and a negative debt effect on investment. This debt effect is linked to the consequences of a debt to repay from an uncertain futur income. Beyond strictly productive elements, the relationship between credit and investment in rural sahelian zone depends on the income level and the income risk. The negative impact of financing investment by credit on income risk can lead sahelian producer not to invest, or to favour divisible and liquid agricultural investments, in order to minimise the debt and its effects on risk. Natural agricultural environment is likely to be affected; in furthering investment linked to extensive agriculture to the detriment of soil conservation investment, the latter being undivisible and illiquid
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KANE, MAMADOU LAMI. "Les petites villes du Sahel du Sénégal." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE1A001.
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Le sahel senegalais est caracterise par une urbanisation tres ancienne mais discontinue. Depuis l'independance du senegal en 1960, de profondes transformations economiques et sociales sont intervenues et il en est resulte une nouvelle organisation urbaine. Pendant toute cette periode le rythme de croissance demographique des petites villes est demeure dans l'ensemble eleve. Les activites agricoles jouent un role essentiel dans les petits centres urbains car elles determinent l'existence et le developpement des autres activites economiques. L'industrie agro-alimentaire a fait la fortune de richard toll et de dagana dans le delta du senegal, alors que l'artisanat voit ses possibilites de developpement limitees a la fois par l'etroitesse du marche local et par les faibles revenus des populations. L'amenagement du reseau routier a conduit au court-circuitage des vieilles escales. Quant au petit commerce urbain il se limite aujourd'hui a la redistribution des produits manufactures et vivriers. Enfin les petites villes sont caracterisees par l'insuffisance de leurs equipements mais on observe, depuis quelques annees, une dynamique de differenciation aussi bien au niveau de l'habitat, de la societe que des villes entre ellesThe senegalese sahel is characterized by a very old but still discontinuous urbanization. Since senegal was independent in 1960, deep changes have occured, which have given birth to a new urban setup. During all that time, the rate of the population increase in those small towns has by and large remained high. In small urban centres, farm activities play an essential part in that they promote the development of other economic activities. Farmproduce industry has successfully contributed to the wealth of richard toll and dagana in the senegal delta, while both the tightness of the local market and the low income of the population have shrunk the expansion of craft industry. The road system development has led up to bypass old colonial commercial stops. Presently, small, urban trade confines itself to the redistribution of manufactured and food-producting goods. Lastly, small towns are also characterized by their inedequate equipement but, for some years, they have been tending to differentiate as far as housing conditions ans social development are concerned
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Marie, Jérôme. "Le territoire de mare d'Ossolo : diversité culturelle et systèmes agro-pastoraux dans l'ouest du Sahel nigérien /." Talence : Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711021p.
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Trail, Patrick James. "Conservation agriculture in Senegal: comparing the effects of intercropping and mulching on millet yields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72275.
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Situated on the western edge of Africa's harsh Sahel region, Senegal faces a number of agricultural production constraints. Limited rainfall, poor soil fertility, and insufficient agronomic inputs all contribute to low yielding millet production systems. This study was initiated to assess the potential for intercropping either cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) or mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) into traditional pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) cropping systems. During the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons two varieties of cowpea (upright and viney), and one variety of mungbean (upright) were grown in monoculture and subsequently intercropped with millet to evaluate the potential for increasing millet and overall yields. Millet was also planted with a mulch (2 t/ha of neem leaves) to test the effectiveness of increased ground cover on millet yields. In addition to yield data, soil moisture and plant NDVI data were also collected. Millet grain yields increased when intercropped with either cowpea or mungbean compared to millet that was grown alone, with grain yield increases of up to 55%. Additionally, the combined grain yields (millet + bean) were up to 67% higher than the traditional monoculture millet. The addition of mulch was the most effective treatment and increased millet grain yields up to 70%. Soil moisture increased up to 14% in mulched treatments over millet monoculture treatments. All yield increases were achieved without the addition of fertilizers or nutrient amendments. In an attempt to mimic local practices our experiment was rainfed and no soil amendments were introduced.Master of Science
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Lombard, Jérôme. "Problèmes alimentaires et stratégies de survie dans le Sahel sénégalais : les paysans Serer." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100028.
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Les Serer du Sénégal ont connu entre 1983 et 1985 plusieurs récoltes vivrières très médiocres. Les périodes dites de "soudure" se sont allongées et ont parfois dure plus de six mois. En réponse, les serer instaurent une gestion précise et rigoureuse des réserves vivrières, qui leur permet de décaler en saison sèche la soudure initialement prévue en hivernage. Simultanément, un recours massif aux revenus monétaires est rendu nécessaire pour assurer la couverture des besoins en numéraire. Ces revenus sont mobilisés grâce à la multiplication d'activités au village, par le biais de la solidarité familiale entre serer, enfin grâce à la recherche d'un travail rémunéré en ville pendant la saison sèche. Désormais, l'autosuffisance céréalière est autant assurée par la récolte que par l'apport extérieur sous forme d'achats, de dons, d'aide alimentaire. Les réponses à la pénurie ne sont plus uniquement locales mais élargies à l'ensemble de la nation (migration, réseaux familiaux)The Serer of Senegal experienced a number of poor harvests between 1983 and 1985. The carry-over periods were often prolonged and sometimes lasted up to six months. The serer responded by establishing a strict and careful management of their resources. They were able to carry-over the reserves that had been already foreseen during the hivernage. At the same time they had to rely greatly on their savings in order to cover their living expenses. These savings were made possible thanks to a variety of activities in the village, to the agility of solidarity within the serer family structure, and finally to employment in the cities during the dry season. From now on, self-sufficiency in grain production will be guaranteed as much by the harvest as by purchase of imported goods, grants, and foreign aid. The response to the food shortage is no longer solely a local affair, but is interrelated to all the conditions of the society (migration, family network. )
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Niakate, Mahamadou. "L'agriculture et l'alimentation en marge des villes au Maliennes : le cas du Sahel Occidental : cercle de Yélimané." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2025.
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Le Sahel occidental malien, à l’instar des autres régions du pays connait depuis un demi-siècle (1970) une chute de la production agricole. Cette chute a des conséquences directes auprès de ménages : le déficit alimentaire et la migration. La thèse vise à montrer le rôle des productions locales dans l’autoconsommation des ménages de différents villages du cercle de Yélimané dans le Sahel occidental Malien. Elle vise également de ce fait à considérer les pratiques alimentaires et d’approvisionnement des ménages agricole dans ce Cercle. Elle repose sur des enquêtes de terrain approfondies auprès de ménages, de maires, de chefs de village… Une analyse sur le temps relativement long a permis aussi de retracer la trajectoire des ménages enquêtés. Ces enquêtes ont permis de considérer finement comment des ménages agricoles de la région sahélienne vivent l’insécurité alimentaire et quelles stratégies ils adoptent face à l’insuffisance alimentaire. La migration constituant souvent une solution dans le Cercle de Yélimané. Mais elle-même contribue à dévaloriser l’agriculture et à la diminution de la production agricole.La situation agricole du cercle dépend de plusieurs éléments comme la bonne pluviométrie, qui joue un rôle primordial. Situé dans une zone sahélienne où il pleut peu, les ménages du Cercle de Yélimané ont adapté des cultures de cycle court dans leur exploitation. Le déficit alimentaire est observé dans tous les ménages du cercle. Toutefois, nos enquêtes ont montré que la situation agricole et alimentaire varie en fonction du statut social et du type de ménage enquêté. Grâce à son organisation sociale certaines catégories sont moins touchées par rapport aux autres. La situation varie également en fonction de la localisation des villages a sein du Cercle, certains sont dans des situations beaucoup plus critiques que d’autres en lien notamment avec les difficultés de circulationThe western Sahel of Mali, like other parts of the country, has been experiencing a fall in agricultural production for half a century (1970). This fall has direct consequences for households: food deficit and migration. The thesis aims to show the role of local productions in the self-consumption of households from different villages of the Yélimané circle in the western Malian Sahel. It also aims to consider the dietary and supply practices of agricultural households in this circle. It relies on in-depth field surveys of households, mayors and village chiefs. A relatively long-term analysis also made it possible to trace the trajectory of the households surveyed. These surveys made it possible to consider in detail how farm households in the Sahel region are experiencing food insecurity and what strategies they adopt in the face of food insufficiency. Migration is often a solution in the Yélimané circle. But it itself contributes to the devaluation of agriculture and the reduction of agricultural production.The agricultural situation of the circle depends on several elements such as good rainfall, which plays a key role. Located in a Sahelian zone where it rains little, the households of Yélimané circle have adopted short cultivation cycles in their farm. Food deficit is observed in all households in the circle. However, our surveys have shown that the agricultural and food situation varies according to the social status and the type of household surveyed. Due to their social organization, some categories are less affected than others. The situation also varies according to the location of the villages within the circle, some being in situations much more critical than others in connection with the difficulties of circulation
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Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
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Les diffusiomètres à bord des satellites ERS sont des capteurs radar à faible résolution spatiale (50 km) et à haute résolution temporelle (une acquisition tous les 3-4 jours environ), bien adaptés au suivi des surfaces continentales à l’échelle globale et régionale. Du fait de leur sensibilité aux fortes variations saisonnières des paramètres de surface tels que la masse végétale et l’humidité du sol, ils offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le suivi des régions semi-arides comme le Sahel d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Des études antérieures menées sur les régions pastorales sahéliennes, relativement homogènes, ont permis l’élaboration de cartes de production de masse herbacée à partir des données des diffusiomètres. Afin de pouvoir étendre ces travaux à l’ensemble de la ceinture sahélienne, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel de ces instruments pour le suivi de zones agro-pastorales, caractérisées par une plus grande hétérogénéité spatiale à l’échelle de la cellule de résolution considérée. La zone retenue est localisée dans la région du Fakara (Niger), pour laquelle de nombreuses mesures in situ ont été effectuées sur la période 1992 2000. Dans un premier temps, l’influence de l’hétérogénéité de la zone d’étude sur le signal est étudiée par comparaison avec les données acquises par le Radar à Synthèse d’Ouverture du satellite ERS, qui sont caractérisées par une résolution spatiale de l’ordre de 20 m. Puis une analyse quantitative est réalisée, basée sur le couplage d’un modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation sahélienne décrivant l’évolution de la scène observée, avec un modèle de rétrodiffusion simulant le signal tel qu’il serait mesuré par un capteur radar. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le rôle de la végétation est négligeable dans le signal en raison du faible taux de couverture végétale rencontré sur les zones agro-pastorales. Ces résultats permettent de montrer que l’humidité du sol peut être estimée à partir des seules données du diffusiomètre sur de telles zonesWind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas
Books on the topic "Agriculture – Sahel"
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Bukari, Université Mande. Les transformations de l'agriculture au Sahel. [Bamako, Mali]: Editions Le Cauri d'Or, 2003.
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2
1942-, Olsen Ole, ed. Indigenous integrated farming systems in the Sahel. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1992.
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Jayne, Thomas S. Technology and agricultural productivity in the Sahel. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.
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Leisinger, Klaus M. Überleben im Sahel: Eine ökologische und entwicklungspolitische Herausförderung. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1992.
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Broekhuyse, Jan. The organization of rural society in the Sahel. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1989.
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Bonfils, Michel. Halte à la désertification au Sahel: Guide méthodologique. Wageningen, Pays-Bas: C.T.A., 1987.
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Grand, Yves Le. Tradition pastorale et modernisation des systèmes de production au Sahel. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998.
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Changement pour lutter contre la famine dans le Sahel. Paris: Pensée universelle, 1985.
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Powell, J. M. Livestock, nutrient cycling and sustainable agriculture in the West African Sahel. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Agriculture – Sahel"
1
Breman, H. "Sustainable agriculture in the Sahel? (Integrated farming, perennials and fertilizers)." In Systems Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development, 213–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0121-9_12.
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Lèye, Babacar, Cheick Oumar Zouré, Roland Yonaba, and Harouna Karambiri. "Water Resources in the Sahel and Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change: Burkina Faso." In Climate Change and Water Resources in Africa, 309–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61225-2_14.
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Techoro, Prosper Somah, and Michael Schmidt. "The Cumulative Impacts of Climate Change on Subsistence Agriculture in the Sudano-Sahel Zone of Cameroon: Enhancing Adaptation Policies." In Environmental Protection in the European Union, 219–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77614-7_14.
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Apotsos, Alex, David Miller, and Brent Simpson. "Assessing Vulnerability to Support Promotion of Adaptive Agricultural Practices in the Sahel." In Climate Change Management, 159–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25814-0_12.
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Coulibaly, Adama, and Jens B. Aune. "Intensification of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Production in the Sahel-Sudanian Climatic Zones of Mali." In Climate Impacts on Agricultural and Natural Resource Sustainability in Africa, 147–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37537-9_8.
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Pastori, Marco, Céline Dondeynaz, Bernard Minoungou, Angel Udias, Iban Ameztoy, Mohamed Hamatan, Luigi Cattaneo, Abdou Ali, César Carmona Moreno, and Paolo Ronco. "Identification of Optimal Agricultural Development Strategies in the West African Sahel Mékrou Transboundary River Basin." In Climate Change Management, 729–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12974-3_33.
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Shinjo, Hitoshi. "Interactions Between Agricultural and Pastoral Activities in the Sahel with Emphasis on Management of Livestock Excreta: A Case Study in Southwestern Niger." In Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development, 293–305. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3_14.
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Ikazaki, Kenta. "Control of Wind Erosion, Loss of Soils, and Organic Matter Using the “Fallow Band System” in Semiarid Sandy Soils of the Sahel." In Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development, 309–21. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3_15.
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Harris, Ray, and Khalid Koser. "Agriculture and Fishing." In Continuity and Change in the Tunisian Sahel, 98–106. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351161121-11.
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Salack, Seyni, Koufanou Hien, Namo K. Z. Lawson, Inoussa Abdou Saley, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, and Moussa Waongo. "Chapitre 2. Prévisibilité des faux-départs de saison agricole au Sahel." In Risques climatiques et agriculture en Afrique de l’Ouest, 31–43. IRD Éditions, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.36114.
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