Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture – Sahel'
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Yobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.
Full textThis thesis deals with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the Sahel zone that we define as a region comprising 12 countries and 52 agroecological zones within these countries. The study area covers Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Chad. The situation in this part of the world is strongly impacted by climate change because agriculture, largely rainfed, plays an important economic role there. Climate change is then expected to have an impact on food production, which will make food availability and access even more difficult.From a theoretical point of view, this thesis aims to feed the literature on climate change and its effects on agricultural sectors in the world, particularly in the Sahel, by focusing on agroecological zones. From an empirical point of view and by using a range of statistical and econometric techniques, this thesis takes into account the agricultural and climatic characteristics of each country and agroecological zones of the Sahel.In the first chapter, we deal with the issue of climate change and variability based on precipitation and temperature during the different seasons of the countries and agroecological zones of the Sahel. Using a linear regression model and an endogenous structural change model, we show that countries and agroecological zones are indeed affected by climate change and that the year 1980 is an essential point in explaining this phenomenon for both scales. We also show that desert and arid areas suffered a large number of shocks from 1901 to 2016, with the exception of Nigeria, where wetlands and non-desert areas suffered several shocks.In the second chapter, we study the relationship between climate change and variability, measured by temperature and precipitation conditions in the rainy seasons, and agricultural production at country level and at the level of agroecological zones in the Sahel. Focusing on an agricultural production index and five cereals (corn, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice), we study this relationship using an original database with socio-economic and climate variables. On the basis of an estimated agricultural production function for the 1961-2016 period, we show that precipitation and average temperatures during the growing season have very heterogeneous effects on agricultural production according to the cereal and agricultural zone, depending specific needs and stress linked to the cereal and agronomic and climatic conditions of each zone.In the third chapter, we analyze the link between climate change and food security in the Sahel countries. Based on a multidimensional analysis of food security and a panel data model with delayed climate variables of interest, we show that drought and floods negatively affect food security. In the presence of these climatic disasters, floods cause more damage to food security. Socioeconomic factors also play an important role in food security. Our results show that the low level of economic development, population growth and inflation of food prices do not guarantee food security. In addition, the absence of conflicts and political stability are important levers for improving the food security situation of the populations
Jouve, Philippe. "Adaptation des systèmes de production à l'aridité au Maroc et au Sahel." Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30033.
Full textThis works oriented thesis presents the results of researches undertaken in morocco and in the sahel about the adaptation of agricultural production systemes to aridity. It comprises two volumes. In the first one, a foreword retraces the professional career of the author and indicates the main reasons of the choice of the thesis topic. Then a first part shows the main characteristics and the specificity of the aridity in morocco and in the sahel with their agronomical consequences as well. In the second part, the cropping systems adopted in the two zones are described and their practises and strategies against climatic hazards are analyzed. The third part is about the presentation and discussion of the results of researches geared at adapting the production systems to aridity. In particular, the pathways and means of improving the water availability of rain cultivation and the efficiency of rains. At last, the possibility to fight aridity through irrigation is examined. A comparative analysis of both the morocco and the sahelian, most contrasted experience in this field, allows to discuss the conditions of success of irrigation. The second volume gathers a selection of 18 publications of the author about the study of the agricultural production systems and their adaptation to aridity
Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.
Full textDevaux, Pascal. "La relation entre le crédit et l'investissement en milieu rural sahélien." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50374-1999-9.pdf.
Full textThe part of credit in the agricultural investment decision is particular in sahelian zone given nonseparability of production and consommation decisions. Empirical studies allow to establish that sahelian farmers face an uninsurable background risk. The farmer's investment decision is therefore both affected by income maximisation and income securisation. In integrating credit into investment decision, we have to consider multiple source of risk : the income risk and the investment risk. The hypothese of prudent and strong risk aversion in ross sense behaviour allow to consider a double effect of credit on the investment decision : an incitative wealth effect linked to the increase in available liquidity, and a negative debt effect on investment. This debt effect is linked to the consequences of a debt to repay from an uncertain futur income. Beyond strictly productive elements, the relationship between credit and investment in rural sahelian zone depends on the income level and the income risk. The negative impact of financing investment by credit on income risk can lead sahelian producer not to invest, or to favour divisible and liquid agricultural investments, in order to minimise the debt and its effects on risk. Natural agricultural environment is likely to be affected; in furthering investment linked to extensive agriculture to the detriment of soil conservation investment, the latter being undivisible and illiquid
KANE, MAMADOU LAMI. "Les petites villes du Sahel du Sénégal." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE1A001.
Full textThe senegalese sahel is characterized by a very old but still discontinuous urbanization. Since senegal was independent in 1960, deep changes have occured, which have given birth to a new urban setup. During all that time, the rate of the population increase in those small towns has by and large remained high. In small urban centres, farm activities play an essential part in that they promote the development of other economic activities. Farmproduce industry has successfully contributed to the wealth of richard toll and dagana in the senegal delta, while both the tightness of the local market and the low income of the population have shrunk the expansion of craft industry. The road system development has led up to bypass old colonial commercial stops. Presently, small, urban trade confines itself to the redistribution of manufactured and food-producting goods. Lastly, small towns are also characterized by their inedequate equipement but, for some years, they have been tending to differentiate as far as housing conditions ans social development are concerned
Marie, Jérôme. "Le territoire de mare d'Ossolo : diversité culturelle et systèmes agro-pastoraux dans l'ouest du Sahel nigérien /." Talence : Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711021p.
Full textTrail, Patrick James. "Conservation agriculture in Senegal: comparing the effects of intercropping and mulching on millet yields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72275.
Full textMaster of Science
Lombard, Jérôme. "Problèmes alimentaires et stratégies de survie dans le Sahel sénégalais : les paysans Serer." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100028.
Full textThe Serer of Senegal experienced a number of poor harvests between 1983 and 1985. The carry-over periods were often prolonged and sometimes lasted up to six months. The serer responded by establishing a strict and careful management of their resources. They were able to carry-over the reserves that had been already foreseen during the hivernage. At the same time they had to rely greatly on their savings in order to cover their living expenses. These savings were made possible thanks to a variety of activities in the village, to the agility of solidarity within the serer family structure, and finally to employment in the cities during the dry season. From now on, self-sufficiency in grain production will be guaranteed as much by the harvest as by purchase of imported goods, grants, and foreign aid. The response to the food shortage is no longer solely a local affair, but is interrelated to all the conditions of the society (migration, family network. )
Niakate, Mahamadou. "L'agriculture et l'alimentation en marge des villes au Maliennes : le cas du Sahel Occidental : cercle de Yélimané." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2025.
Full textThe western Sahel of Mali, like other parts of the country, has been experiencing a fall in agricultural production for half a century (1970). This fall has direct consequences for households: food deficit and migration. The thesis aims to show the role of local productions in the self-consumption of households from different villages of the Yélimané circle in the western Malian Sahel. It also aims to consider the dietary and supply practices of agricultural households in this circle. It relies on in-depth field surveys of households, mayors and village chiefs. A relatively long-term analysis also made it possible to trace the trajectory of the households surveyed. These surveys made it possible to consider in detail how farm households in the Sahel region are experiencing food insecurity and what strategies they adopt in the face of food insufficiency. Migration is often a solution in the Yélimané circle. But it itself contributes to the devaluation of agriculture and the reduction of agricultural production.The agricultural situation of the circle depends on several elements such as good rainfall, which plays a key role. Located in a Sahelian zone where it rains little, the households of Yélimané circle have adopted short cultivation cycles in their farm. Food deficit is observed in all households in the circle. However, our surveys have shown that the agricultural and food situation varies according to the social status and the type of household surveyed. Due to their social organization, some categories are less affected than others. The situation also varies according to the location of the villages within the circle, some being in situations much more critical than others in connection with the difficulties of circulation
Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
Full textWind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas
Techoro, Prosper Somah Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schmidt. "Climatic change impacts on subsistence agriculture in the Sudano-Sahel Zone of Cameroon - constraints and opportunities for adaptation / Prosper Somah Techoro. Betreuer: Michael Schmidt." Cottbus : Universitätsbibliothek der BTU Cottbus, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038211085/34.
Full textBoureima, Amadou. "Contribution à l'étude et à l'aménagement des ressources du milieu naturel : exemple de la colonisation des nouvelles terres et la dynamiques des agrosystèmes le long du Goroubi au Niger." Bordeaux 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR30026.
Full textFor a long time, the goroubi's region, in the southern band of west niger, was a periforest area, where the presence of mankind was rare and limited in timer. This region presents a rather flat and homogeneous relief with fertil soils, adapted to extensive cereal farming over large areas. . Annual rainful is in the ordre of 600mm to 700mm, which is characteristic of this sahelian and sudanese band. This latest climatic crises in niger (1973-1984) have led to a southward migration of the northern populations afflicted by the drought. This migration concerns the goroubi region in particular, due to the favourable pluviometric conditions and under-populations. This migration has been encouraged by the politic authorities, even though necessary measures have not been taken in order to facilitate the southward migration. This had led to a clearing and a cultivation of the new goroubi lands by new immigrants and also by other farmers, who reside for the most part in the capital. An interpretation of areal photographs of 1956,1975 and our personal observations and groundwork in 1988 and 1989 have highlighted a clearcut progression and the degradation of the natural environment. The development of this environment requires an improvement in methods of livestock rearing in particular as well as various other methods aimed at the restoration of soil fertility
Rondot, Pierre. "Évolution des systèmes productifs agricoles au Sahel Burkinabé : évaluation de dix années de travail avec les populations de l'Oudalan." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10031.
Full textDiallo, Mamadou. "Problemes economiques de la maitrise de l'eau dans le sahel : le cas des petits perimetres irrigues avec l'eau souterraine." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0123.
Full textNdiaye, Yéro. "Aménagements hydroagricoles dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal, rive mauritanienne : Les problèmes d'encadrement." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUEL029.
Full textIn a sahelian region made more precarious by the persitent drought, the new use of dams seems to reassure decision-makers, who in irrigated culture, see the best means self-sufficieney in food. Yet, the development of this technology in an environment, which, up to now, is ignorant of hydro-agricultural traditions, implies good quality training capable of making it popular. . . So, in this study centered upon the mauritanean bank of the middle valley of the Sénégal river, we try and show the risky aspect of irrigation just now. This situation is the result of a lack of good training. The variable technico economy element predominates, whereas the human dimension, the real countrymen's participation are neglected. "Development is neither an obligation nor a law it is a social project among others". J. Gallais
Diallo, Hamidou. "Histoire du Sahel au Burkina Faso : agriculteurs, pasteurs et islam (1740-1960)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10051.
Full textVallette, Thibaut. "Taille et polissage de la pierre par des populations agricoles néolithiques en zone refuge saharienne : (Dhar Nema, Mauritanie sud-orientale)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010603.
Full textOrdovician sandstone and schist indented cliff, punctuated with doleritic intercalations, Dhar, Nema is the southeast ending of Dhar's bow in South-Eastern Mauritania. ln a general context of Sahara' s aridification, its water system connected to powerful fossil groundwaters allowed human groups gathered by the climatic pejoration to find refuge there, from the 3rd to 1st millennium BC. This new environment showed itself favorable to the appearance of social and technical innovations leading to a local agricultural development. Typotechnological study of the lithic material showed distinctions in the operational sequence according to blank's type. Besides an abundant grinding material, two original tool types are emphasized from the toolkit : the big knapped axes and the disks. This big set of tools, including some artifacts were also found on Dhar Oualata, finds some resonance with that of the Malian region located between Nioro du Sahel and Southern plains Assaba in Mauritania
Mohamed, Maher. "Le climat agricole au Sahel tunisien et les changements climatiques." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2466/1/M10930.pdf.
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