Journal articles: 'Agriculture – Sierra Leone'

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Ighobor, Kingsley. "Sierra Leone: nursing agriculture back to health." Africa Renewal 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/ffdcf0e9-en.

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Fayiah, M. "Uncertainties and trends in the forest policy framework in Sierra Leone: an overview of forest sustainability challenges in the post-independence era." International Forestry Review 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821832952744.

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Sierr a Leone is part of the Upper Guinean Forests with a climate that enhances great floral biodiversity. The exploitation of forest resources in Sierra Leone has seen a steady increase over the years while the establishment of forest plantations has witnessed a drastic decline. The relationship between forest exploitation and plantation forest decline is broadly assumed to be influenced by population growth, weak forest policies, legislatures, forest management and monitoring policies over the past century. The paper examines forests status and forest resources policy evolution since the pre-colonial era but pays particular attention to policies developed from 1988, in the post-colonial era, and the challenges facing their implementation. The paper highlights major challenges facing the healthy and sustainable growth of forest resources in Sierra Leone. The challenges range from the attachment of the Forestry Division to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS), the overlap in ministerial mandates about forest protection, corrupt government officials, poverty, illegal logging, inadequate funding and staff, natural disaster and outdated forestry instruments. Natural factors such as climate change, drought, and landslides are considered among the issues affecting the sustainable expansion of forest resources in Sierra Leone. A flowchart of forest sustainability challenges in Sierra Leone was designed, and classified forest challenges into natural and man-made causes. The inability of the Forestry Division to become an independent body and the continued reliance of the Division on the 1988 Forestry Act to make informed decisions in the 21st century is serving as a major barrier in sustaining forests resources in Sierra Leone. Improving forest management in the country requires the collective efforts of both national and international forests protections entities and organizations. Sound forests conservation policies and adequate funding and staffing can strengthen the Forestry Division in enforcing its constitutional mandates. Adopting the best practices models from countries such as China, India and the USA will help towards the goal of managing forest resources sustainably for current and future generations.

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Zachary Poppel. "The Ginger Option and Oppositional Agriculture in Postcolonial Sierra Leone." Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities 3 (2016): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.5250/resilience.3.2016.0384.

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Wadsworth, Richard A., and Aiah R. Lebbie. "What Happened to the Forests of Sierra Leone?" Land 8, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8050080.

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The last National Forest Inventory of Sierra Leone took place more than four decades ago in 1975. There appears to be no legal definition of “forest” in Sierra Leone and it is sometimes unclear whether reports are referring to the forest as a “land use” or a “land cover”. Estimates of forest loss in the Global Forest Resource Assessment Country Reports are based on the estimated rate during the period 1975 to 1986, and this has not been adjusted for the effects of the civil war, economic booms and busts, and the human population doubling (from about three million in 1975 to over seven million in 2018). Country estimates as part of the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Global Forest Assessment for 2015 aggregate several classes that are not usually considered as “forest” in normal discourse in Sierra Leone (for example, mangrove swamps, rubber plantations and Raphia palm swamps). This paper makes use of maps from 1950, 1975, and 2000/2 to discuss the fate of forests in Sierra Leone. The widely accepted narrative on forest loss in Sierra Leone and generally in West Africa is that it is rapid, drastic and recent. We suggest that the validity of this narrative depends on how you define “forest”. This paper provides a detailed description of what has happened, and at the same time, offers a different view on the relationship between forests and people than the ideas put forward by James Fairhead and Melissa LeachIf we are going to progress the debate about forests in West Africa, up-to-date information and the involvement of all stakeholders are needed to contribute to the debate on what to measure. Otherwise, the decades-old assumption that the area of forest in Sierra Leone lies between less than 5% and more than 75%, provides an error margin that is not useful. This, therefore, necessitates a new forest inventory.

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Cartier, Laurent E., and Michael Bürge. "AGRICULTURE AND ARTISANAL GOLD MINING IN SIERRA LEONE: ALTERNATIVES OR COMPLEMENTS?" Journal of International Development 23, no. 8 (October 24, 2011): 1080–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1833.

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Bolten, Catherine. "The agricultural impasse: creating "normal" post-war development in Northern Sierra Leone." Journal of Political Ecology 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2009): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v16i1.21692.

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This article analyzes the notion of "normal" post-war development in Makeni, northern Sierra Leone in light of the fact that local people, the national government, and NGOs appear to be at an impasse concerning agricultural practices. I argue that fundamentally different perspectives on what construes desirable post-war development are causing this deadlock. The government adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to make the country more attractive donors (and more resistant to donor fatigue), thus making primary education compulsory and removing important child labor from farms. NGOs, believing that the government's adoption of the CRC meant that Sierra Leoneans agreed with universal education, design and fund agricultural programs from which child labor is excluded. Local people are torn between wanting their children—whom they dutifully send to school—to have a better future outside of agriculture, and needing their assistance to ensure operating farms in the present. These children, once they either finish or drop out of school, rarely return to the villages. Lacking any other means to recruit labor, farmers argue passionately that they need mechanization in order to ensure future food security, and are usually rebuffed by NGOs who call them lazy. Local people yearn for a life where they can have educated children and productive farms, and resist efforts by their government and aid organizations to "develop" their children without replacing their labor. This labor has been diminishing since diamond mining and education created alternatives to farming beginning in the 1930s. Where the international community assumes that the labor-poor, low-level subsistence farming that existed before the war is the norm that should be recreated in the aftermath, local people resist these initiatives that will only recreate the end-state of years of agricultural deterioration. Their idea of a "normal" world is one where large farms can provide farmers with the cash and surpluses they need to live in dignity.Keywords: agriculture, education, child labor, mechanization, NGOs, Sierra Leone, Africa

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Maconachie, Roy, and Elizabeth Fortin. "‘New agriculture’ for sustainable development? Biofuels and agrarian change in post-war Sierra Leone." Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 249–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x13000189.

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ABSTRACTIn sub-Saharan Africa, commercial bioenergy production has been hailed as a new form of ‘green capitalism’ that will deliver ‘win-win’ outcomes and ‘pro poor’ development. Yet in an era of global economic recession and soaring food prices, biofuel ‘sustainability’ has been at the centre of controversy. This paper focuses on the case of post-war Sierra Leone, a country that has over the last decade been consistently ranked as one of the poorest in the world, facing food insecurity, high unemployment and entrenched poverty. Following a recent government strategy to secure foreign direct investment in biofuels production in agriculturally rich regions of the country, the largest foreign investment in Sierra Leone since the end of its civil war has been secured: a Swiss company is to invest US$368 million into a large-scale biofuels project over the course of 3 years, and promises to simultaneously stimulate an enabling environment for investment, provide job opportunities for youth and increase food production. For multiple actors involved in the project, the concept of ‘sustainability’ is crucial but accordingly there are varying interpretations of its meaning. Such differences in interpretation and the complex contradictions within discourses of sustainability are in turn framed by the various scales within which these actors are situated. While attempts have been made to manage these contradictions through global sustainability standards, the unequal power relations between different actors will ultimately determine the ways in which they are likely to be resolved. The paper concludes by reflecting on how these processes may be contributing to a changing governance landscape and wider global political economy within which bioenergy is being produced, processed and consumed.

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Binns, Tony, and Roy Maconachie. "Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Sustainable Development: Diamonds, Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods in Sierra Leone." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 2, no. 3 (2006): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v02i03/54196.

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Garriga, Rosa M., Ignasi Marco, Encarna Casas-Díaz, Bala Amarasekaran, and Tatyana Humle. "Perceptions of challenges to subsistence agriculture, and crop foraging by wildlife and chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus in unprotected areas in Sierra Leone." Oryx 52, no. 4 (April 6, 2017): 761–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001319.

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AbstractThe 2009–2010 Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project estimated there was a population of 5,580 chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus distributed across the country, with > 50% occurring outside protected areas. The census also highlighted the significance of competition between people and chimpanzees for resources in areas dominated by farming activities where wild chimpanzees forage on crops. We selected four study areas in two districts in Sierra Leone with high chimpanzee density in habitats dominated by agriculture, far from any protected areas. Our objectives were to assess farmers’ perceptions of the main challenges to their agricultural yields, and the wildlife involved in crop foraging, and their perceptions of chimpanzees in particular, as well as the main crop protection measures used. We conducted 257 semi-structured interviews with local farmers across the four study areas. We found that (1) farmers reported wild animals as the main challenge to their agricultural practices; (2) most complaints concerned cane rats Thryonomys swinderianus, which targeted almost all crop types, especially rice and cassava; (3) chimpanzees reportedly targeted 21 of the 23 crop types cultivated, but did so less often than cane rats, focusing particularly on oil palm, cassava and domestic fruits; (4) overall, chimpanzees were not among the top three most destructive animals reported; (5) chimpanzees were generally perceived as being more destructive than dangerous and as having declined since before the civil war; and (6) the main crop protection measure employed was fencing interspersed with traps. Our findings show the importance of investigating farmers’ perceptions to inform the development of appropriate conservation strategies aimed at promoting coexistence of people and wildlife in degraded landscapes.

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Lynch, Kenneth, Roy Maconachie, Tony Binns, Paul Tengbe, and Kabba Bangura. "Meeting the urban challenge? Urban agriculture and food security in post-conflict Freetown, Sierra Leone." Applied Geography 36 (January 2013): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.007.

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Turay, Abu Bakarr. "The nexus between poverty and socio-economic characteristics of the household and household head: Evidence from Sierra Leone." Net Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/njss.93.21.016.

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Household poverty is widespread in Sierra Leone, affecting about 6 out of every 10 persons, which calls for urgent policy action. This study used the 2018 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey (2018 SLIHS) and a logistic model to analyze the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the household and household head on poverty. The analysis has shown that living in rural areas, having no formal education, or being unemployed, significantly increases the probability of a household being in extreme poverty. Other factors contributing to household extreme poverty status were: have a large household size with many children below 10 years, being separated from a spouse (widowed or divorced), being disabled, and working in the agriculture sector. On the other hand, the characteristics that decrease the probability of a household being poor include being a female household head, having at least secondary school education (notably tertiary education), residing in urban areas or cities, working in the services sector, and being single or married. Therefore, enhancing service delivery through a viable decentralization process, and supporting easily accessible quality education programmes, especially tertiary education, are critical for meaningful poverty reduction across all sections of the population. Keywords: Poverty, household, socio-economic characteristics, logistics model.

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Safilios-Rothschild, Constantina. "The Persistence of Women's Invisibility in Agriculture: Theoretical and Policy Lessons from Lesotho and Sierra Leone." Economic Development and Cultural Change 33, no. 2 (January 1985): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451462.

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Saravia-Matus, Silvia, and Sergio Gomez Y Paloma. "Challenges in implementing the National Sustainable Agriculture Development Plan (NSADP) for subsistence and semisubsistence farmers in Sierra Leone." Cahiers Agricultures 24, no. 4 (July 2015): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2015.0757.

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Binns, Tony, and Roy Maconachie. "‘Going Home’ in Post-conflict Sierra Leone: Diamonds, agriculture and re-building rural livelihoods in the Eastern Province." Geography 90, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2005.12094118.

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Maconachie, Roy. "New agricultural frontiers in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Exploring institutional challenges for wetland management in the Eastern Province." Journal of Modern African Studies 46, no. 2 (May 14, 2008): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003212.

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ABSTRACTSierra Leone has recently emerged from a long period of political instability and civil war, and is ranked among the world's poorest countries. Thousands of displaced people are in the process of returning to their villages to rebuild their mainly farming-based livelihoods, and many are growing food crops for the first time in a decade. With pressure on food production increasing in rural areas, the inland valley swamps have been identified by the government as a vital resource for sustaining rural livelihoods and achieving food security through the production of rice and other commodities. However, previous government policies directed at enhanced wetland production have largely failed to achieve their goals, and have been criticised for neglecting the institutional challenges of development. Drawing on recent fieldwork carried out in two rural communities in the Eastern Province, this paper considers how institutional arrangements function in Sierra Leone's swamp wetlands, and explores how stresses associated with a post-conflict environment are shaping land-use decisions and mediating access to resources in new ways. The findings of the enquiry have implications for Sierra Leone's recently adopted commitment to decentralisation, a move that has, in theory, seen the state strengthen its position at the local level, and will allegedly create new spaces for increased interaction between state agencies, traditional leaders and communities. Two institutional challenges are examined – access to land and access to labour – that must be addressed if decentralised reforms to resource management are to be effective for wetland rice production. The analysis concludes by considering one recent initiative at the forefront of efforts to decentralise the Ministry of Agriculture, the ‘Agricultural Business Unit’ (ABU) initiative, to elucidate some of the challenges faced in post-conflict wetland rehabilitation.

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Lindsell, Jeremy A., Erik Klop, and Alhaji M. Siaka. "The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone." Oryx 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000347.

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AbstractHuman conflicts may sometimes benefit wildlife by depopulating wilderness areas but there is evidence from Africa that the impacts tend to be negative. The forested states of West Africa have experienced much recent human conflict but there have been no assessments of impacts on the wildlife. We conducted surveys of mammals in the 710-km2 Gola Forest reserves to assess the impact of the 1991–2001 civil war in Sierra Leone. Gola is the most important remaining tract of lowland forest in the country and a key site for the conservation of the highly threatened forests of the Upper Guinea region. We found that Gola has survived well despite being in the heart of the area occupied by the rebels. We recorded 44 species of larger mammal, including 18 threatened, near-threatened and endemic species, accounting for all species recorded in pre-war surveys and adding several more (African buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus and water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus). Populations of primates were healthy with little evidence of decline. Duiker detection rates were low and further work is required to confirm their numbers as they include five species endemic (or near endemic) to the Upper Guinea region, three of which are threatened. However, the population of African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis has collapsed, with only a few individuals remaining from c. 110 in the mid 1980s. We conclude that peacetime pressures from the bushmeat trade, clearance for agriculture, logging and mining are likely to be far greater for Gola than the pressures from the civil war.

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Nabay, Osman, Abdul R. Conteh, Alusaine E. Samura, Emmanuel S. Hinckley, and Mohamed S. Kamara. "Farmers’ Perspective on Sociological and Environmental Issues of Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture: A Case Study from Western and Southern Regions of Sierra Leone." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 7 (June 7, 2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p186.

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The paper examined and brought to the fore the typical characteristic of urban and peri-urban farmers in Freetown and Bo communities which serves as major source of supply of agricultural products into the cities’ markets. The social and environmental aspect and perception of producers involved in urban and peri-urban agriculture was examined. Descriptive statistics and pictograms were used to analyze and present the data. Results indicate that 56.34% never went to formal school and mostly dominated by women, showing that farming became the alternative means of livelihood support for those groups. Crops grown are purely influenced by market orientation—demand and cost, as is evident in Gloucester (lettuce, cabbage and spring onions). Potato leaves were commonly grown in almost all communities, reason being that it serves as common/major sauce/vegetable cooked in every household in Sierra Leone. Maize and rice were featured in Ogoo farm—government supervised land set aside purposely for growing crops to supply the city. Findings also revealed that majority of the farmers are resource poor, judging from calculation about their monthly income earning and available household assets and amenities. About 70.4% of the lands the farmers grow their crops on is leased for production. Except for Gloucester community, when costs of production will be summed, minimal benefit seem to be realized from the farming activities. Even though some of these farmers are engaged in organization, many have limited access to micro financial organization that would probably loan them money to upscale production.

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Tzouvala, Ntina. "A false promise? Regulating land-grabbing and the post-colonial state." Leiden Journal of International Law 32, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156519000128.

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AbstractSince 2008, a global ‘land rush’ has been unfolding and so have efforts by international, national and regional actors to position themselves as the principal authorities in the determination of appropriate usages of land. This article examines three of the most influential ‘soft law’ instruments: the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment; the Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems and; the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure. Despite their substantive differences, all three documents share a specific form of state-centrism. They imagine the host state of such large-scale investments as internally unitary and externally independent and entrust it with the bulk of responsibilities regarding the management of land investments. However, I argue that this particular form of state-centrism obscures the legal and administrative realities of the post-colonial state that is often legally bifurcated and subject to pervasive forms of international authority. Rather, an appreciation of the multitude of actors who claim jurisdiction over the lands of the South enables a better understanding of the legal mechanics of land-grabbing. Sierra Leone, which has been positioned as a ‘poster child’ for the implementation of such ‘soft law’ instruments, serves as the focal point of this jurisdictional approach to land-grabbing. In this context, the promise of ‘soft law’ instruments to make the post-colonial state the guarantor of universally beneficial large-scale land acquisitions is shown to be a false one.

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Forkuor, Gerald, and Olufunke Cofie. "Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in Freetown, Sierra Leone and its effects on urban and peri-urban agriculture – a remote sensing approach." International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, no. 4 (February 24, 2011): 1017–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160903505302.

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Busby, Joshua W., Todd G. Smith, Kaiba L. White, and Shawn M. Strange. "Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa." International Security 37, no. 4 (April 2013): 132–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00116.

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Many experts argue that climate change will exacerbate the severity and number of extreme weather events. Such climate-related hazards will be important security concerns and sources of vulnerability in the future regardless of whether they contribute to conflict. This will be particularly true where these hazards put large numbers of people at risk of death, requiring the diversion of either domestic or foreign military assets to provide humanitarian relief. Vulnerability to extreme weather, however, is only partially a function of physical exposure. Poor, marginalized communities that lack access to infrastructure and services, that have minimal education and poor health care, and that exist in countries with poor governance are likely to be among the most vulnerable. Given its dependence on rainfed agriculture and its low adaptive capacity, Africa is thought to be among the most vulnerable continents to climate change. That vulnerability, however, is not uniformly distributed. Indicators of vulnerability within Africa include the historic incidence of climate-related hazards, population density, household and community resilience, and governance and political violence. Among the places in Africa most vulnerable to the security consequences of climate change are parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and South Sudan.

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Frank, Barbara. "Gendered Ritual Dualism in a Patrilineal Society: Opposition and Complementarity in Kulere Fertility Cults." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.217.

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AbstractAlthough a favourable position for women is usually anticipated where they occupy important economic roles in the context of matrilineal descent, such a position may well exist in a patrilineal society, especially if women organise as in West Africa. Here there exist well-organised women's cult associations which are well known from Liberia and Sierra Leone and occur also in western Cameroon and south-eastern Nigeria. The present article demonstrates the existence of a comparable women's association in middle-belt Nigeria among the Kulere. The article focuses mainly on the manner in which through the cooperation of certain men's and women's associations ‘gender symmetry’ was ritually expressed in the sphere of agriculture and fertility. The practical foundation of this symmetry in fertility cults was a relatively even division of labour between the sexes and a favourable position for women in marriage, since they could decide independently whether to stay with a husband or leave him. Cult associations were predominant in public life. Women were strictly excluded from men's associations which held political–ritual offices and channelled advantages in ritual consumption to men. Notwithstanding this exclusion, women had their own association in which they could regulate their own affairs as well as pass decisions for the whole community including the men. The women's organisation held major responsibilities for the protection and the fertility of the fields, both practically as well as ritually. In this responsibility the women's association cooperated with a men's association which otherwise intimidated women. This association of males protected the fields through the presence of supernatural guardians which was sometimes staged in masquerades. The corresponding duties and cooperation of both associations were enacted ritually through the use of common shrines and when the women contacted water spirits to increase the harvest under the protection of male masqueraders. The Kulere case shows a patrilineal society where women had a relatively independent position which was publicly acknowledged through gender dualism in the ritual organisation of agriculture in which their special capabilities with respect to fertility and sustainability were recognised.

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Ngegba, Mohamed P., Patrick Moriba, Joseph B. A. Kandeh, Juana P. Moiwo, and Saffa B. Massaquoi. "Assessing efficiency of action aid Sierra Leone (AASL) extension services in Sierra Lione." International Journal of Agricultural Extension 6, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/ijae.006.02.2559.

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This paper investigated the participation of the beneficiaries of agricultural extension services run by Action Aid Sierra Leone (AASL) — A British-based non-profit and non-governmental organization. The study was conducted in Wonde Chiefdom (which is in Bo District, Sierra Leone) where all the 10 rural communities with AASL extension services were targeted. Out of the total 8291 of beneficiary household in the 10 communities, 250 were randomly covered in the survey, involving both quantitative and qualitative data. The study showed that AASL uses an integrated holistic approach to community development. Most of AASL extension services rendered were on child sponsorship (90.0%), women’s rights advocacy (78.8%), gender awareness creation (69.6%) and adult literacy (67.6%) programs. Beneficiary participation was high (96.0%) in the provided services and facilities. It was concluded that AASL should involve multi-stakeholders and encourage similar partnerships in the introduction of agricultural extension services and the associated facilities in the investigated Chiefdom.

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Airey, A., J. A. Binns, and P. K. Mitchell. "To Integrate or…? Agricultural Development in Sierra Leone." IDS Bulletin 10, no. 4 (May 22, 2009): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1979.mp10004005.x.

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Aguayo, Victor M., Sylvetta Scott, and Jay Ross. "Sierra Leone – investing in nutrition to reduce poverty: a call for action." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 7 (October 2003): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003484.

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AbstractBackground:Malnutrition rates in Sierra Leone are among the highest in the world. However, policy-makers do not always recognise the fight against malnutrition as a policy priority to ensure the healthy human capital needed to fight poverty and achieve sustained positive economic growth.Objective:The analysis presented here was conducted by an intersectoral and inter-agency group of Sierra Leonean senior policy advisors to quantify some of the potential human and economic benefits of improved policies and programmes to reduce malnutrition.Findings:The analysis revealed that 46% of child deaths in Sierra Leone are attributable to malnutrition, the single greatest cause of child mortality in the country. In the absence of adequate policy and programme action, malnutrition will be the underlying cause of an estimated 74000 child deaths over the next five years. The analysis also revealed that if current levels of iodine deficiency remain unchanged over the next five years, 252000 children could be born with varying degrees of mental retardation as a result of intrauterine iodine deficiency. Finally, the analysis showed that, in the absence of adequate policy and programme action to reduce the unacceptable rates of anaemia in women, the monetary value of agricultural productivity losses associated with anaemia in the female labour force over the next five years will exceed $94.5 million.Conclusion:Sustained investment in nutrition in Sierra Leone could bring about enormous human and economic benefits to develop the social sector, revitalise the economy, and attain the poverty reduction goals that Sierra Leone has set forth.

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Bassett, Thomas J. "Breaking up the bottlenecks in food-crop and cotton cultivation in northern Côte d'Ivoire." Africa 58, no. 2 (April 1988): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160659.

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IntroductionIt is widely recognised that seasonal labour bottlenecks present major obstacles to peasant farmers seeking to expand agricultural output in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from Nigeria and Sierra Leone, for example, reveals that labour shortages and limited income to hire off-farm labour have historically constrained rural producers from intensifying and enlarging their agricultural operations (Norman et al., 1979: 42–7; Watts, 1983: 202–3; Richards, 1985: 96). Many attempts by colonial and contemporary African States to promote food crop and export crop production failed, in part, because of peasant resistance to the threat of subsistence insecurity associated with labour conflicts in the agricultural calendar. Richards's (1986) study of the failure of a series of labour-intensive wet rice cultivation projects in central Sierra Leone illustrates the degree to which peasant agricultural practices represent adjustments to labour-supply problems. Given the pervasiveness and importance of seasonal labour constraints in African agricultural systems, it is surprising that ‘few studies have provided insights into the adjustment in labor use resulting from the introduction of cash crops and new technologies’ (Eicher and Baker, 1982: 99).

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Richards, Paul, Gelejimah Alfred Mokuwa, Ahmed Vandi, and Susannah Harding Mayhew. "Re-analysing Ebola spread in Sierra Leone: The importance of local social dynamics." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0234823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234823.

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Background The 2013–15 Ebola epidemic in West Africa was the largest so far recorded, and mainly affected three adjacent countries, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The worst affected country (in terms of confirmed cases) was Sierra Leone. The present paper looks at the epidemic in Sierra Leone. The epidemic in this country was a concatenation of local outbreaks. These local outbreaks are not well characterized through analysis using standard numerical techniques. In part, this reflects difficulties in record collection at the height of the epidemic. This paper offers a different approach, based on application of field-based techniques of social investigation that provide a richer understanding of the epidemic. Methods In a post-epidemic study (2016–18) of two districts (Bo and Moyamba) we use ethnographic data to reconstruct local infection pathways from evidence provided by affected communities, cross-referenced to records of the epidemic retained by the National Ebola Response Commission, now lodged in the Ebola Museum and Archive at Njala University. Our study documents and discusses local social and contextual factors largely missing from previously published studies. Results Our major finding is that the epidemic in Sierra Leone was a series of local outbreaks, some of which were better contained than others. In those that were not well contained, a number of contingent factors helps explain loss of control. Several numerical studies have drawn attention to the importance of local heterogeneities in the Sierra Leone Ebola epidemic. Our qualitative study throws specific light on a number of elements that explain these heterogeneities: the role of externalities, health system deficiencies, cultural considerations and local coping capacities. Conclusions Social issues and local contingencies explain the spread of Ebola in Sierra Leone and are key to understanding heterogeneities in epidemiological data. Integrating ethnographic research into epidemic-response is critical to properly understand the patterns of spread and the opportunities to intervene. This conclusion has significant implications for future interdisciplinary research and interpretation of standard numerical data, and consequently for control of epidemic outbreaks.

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Biot, Y., M. Sessay, and M. Stocking. "Assessing the sustainability of agricultural land in Botswana and Sierra Leone." Land Degradation & Development 1, no. 4 (December 1989): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400010403.

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Wadsworth, Richard, Amie Jalloh, and Aiah Lebbie. "Changes in Rainfall in Sierra Leone: 1981–2018." Climate 7, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7120144.

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Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa has a monsoon-type climate. Reports by politically influential donors regularly state that Sierra Leone is extremely vulnerable to climate change, but the objective evidence backing these statements is often unreported. Predicting the future climate depends on modelling the West African monsoon; unfortunately, current models give conflicting results. Instead, changes in rainfall over the last four decades are examined to see if there are already significant changes. Rainfall records are extremely limited, so the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station daily data at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees was used. In addition to total annual rainfall, the characteristics of the early rainy season (critical for farmers), the length of the rainy season and growing season, and the frequency of extreme events were calculated. There is evidence for a significant reduction in annual rainfall in the northwest. There is only limited support for the widely held belief that the start of the rainy season is becoming more erratic and that extreme events are becoming more common. El-Niño was significant in the southeast. If these trends continue, they will exacerbate the consequences of temperature increases (predicted to be between 1 and 2.6 °C by 2060) and negatively affect the livelihoods and agricultural practices of the rural poor.

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Dossou-Yovo, Elliott Ronald, Idriss Baggie, Justin Fagnombo Djagba, and Sander Jaap Zwart. "Diversity of inland valleys and opportunities for agricultural development in Sierra Leone." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 29, 2017): e0180059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180059.

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Archibald, Steve, and Paul Richards. "Seeds and Rights: New Approaches to Post-war Agricultural Rehabilitation in Sierra Leone." Disasters 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00212.

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Gboku, Matthew L. S., and Jenneh F. Bebeley. "Training for innovation: capacity-building in agricultural research in post-war Sierra Leone." International Journal of Training and Development 20, no. 2 (May 12, 2016): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12075.

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Smith, Collin, and Laura Torrente-Murciano. "The potential of green ammonia for agricultural and economic development in Sierra Leone." One Earth 4, no. 1 (January 2021): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.015.

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Cusworth, John. "Integrated agricultural development projects in Sierra Leone—Some implications for the future administration of agricultural development." Agricultural Administration 18, no. 2 (January 1985): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(85)90068-8.

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Chenoune, Roza, Thomas Allen, Adam M. Komarek, Sergio Gomez y. Paloma, Guillermo Flichman, Alain Capillon, and Hatem Belhouchette. "Assessing consumption-production-resources nexus decisions for rice-focused agricultural households in Sierra Leone." Land Use Policy 67 (September 2017): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.06.014.

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35

Wiggins, Steve. "Against the Odds: Managing Agricultural Projects in Africa. Evidence from Sierra Leone and Zambia." International Review of Administrative Sciences 58, no. 1 (March 1992): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002085239205800106.

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Coleman, D., and R. Blackburn. "Eighteenth-century West African insects in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney." Archives of Natural History 44, no. 2 (October 2017): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2017.0455.

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Henry Smeathman (1742–1786), best known for his essay on the west African termites, travelled to Sierra Leone in 1771 to collect naturalia for a group of wealthy sponsors. One of these sponsors, Dru Drury (1724–1803), was keen on African insects. Drury later described and illustrated many of these in the third volume of his Illustrations of natural history (1782). Two years after Drury died, his collection was auctioned in London. A key purchaser at this sale was Alexander Macleay (1767–1848), later appointed Colonial Secretary to New South Wales. His insects travelled with him to Sydney and are now in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. A number of these insects, collected by Smeathman and despatched from Sierra Leone, appear to be extant in the Macleay Museum. Chief of our discoveries is the type specimen for Goliathus drurii originally figured by Drury in Illustrations of natural history, volume 3, plate XL (1782). By matching other extant insects to the text and illustrations in the same volume we believe we have found type specimens for Scarabaeus torquata Drury, 1782 , and Papilio antimachus Drury, 1782 .

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Sesay, A., and A. Yarmah. "Growth, yield performance and market quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as affected by cropping season in southern Sierra Leone." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 2 (September 1996): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077984.

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SUMMARYTraditionally, only one groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) crop is grown in the uplands during the rainy season (May-October) in Sierra Leone, with sowing starting at the beginning of the rains. However, a recent trend among groundnut farmers is to sow a second crop in September after harvesting the first crop. Thus a system comprising a first (major) and a second (minor) cropping season is being adopted, with the second season crop having to depend largely on moisture stored in the soil. Experiments were conducted in 1993 at the Institute of Agricultural Research Experimental Farm, Njala, to assess the agronomic potential of growing two crops a year. Crop phenology, growth and productivity were strongly influenced by cropping season. Pod yield ranged from 1·63 to 2·58 and from 1·16 to 1·95 t ha-1 in the major season, declining to 0·72–1·29 and 0·57—1·07 t ha-1 in the minor season. Haulm yield, number of mature pods, crop growth rate and partitioning were lower in the minor season by 58, 57, 40 and 13%, respectively. However, kernel quality was higher in the minor season. The results suggest that the growing of two groundnut crops in the uplands is a potentially viable management option in Sierra Leone, and could represent a more efficient utilization of the growing period.

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Mallow, Michaela, Lee Gary, Timmy Jeng, Bob Bongomin, Miriam Tamar Aschkenasy, Peter Wallis, Hilarie H. Cranmer, Estifanos Debasu, and Adam C. Levine. "WASH activities at two Ebola treatment units in Sierra Leone." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): e0198235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198235.

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ROY, PARIMITA, and RANJIT KUMAR UPADHYAY. "SPATIOTEMPORAL TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF RECENT EBOLA OUTBREAK IN SIERRA LEONE, WEST AFRICA: IMPACT OF CONTROL MEASURES." Journal of Biological Systems 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339017500176.

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In this paper, we have formulated a compartmental epidemic model with exponentially decaying transmission rates to understand the Ebola transmission dynamics and study the impact of control measures to basic public health. The epidemic model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free and unique endemic equilibria. We have calculated the basic reproduction number through next generation matrix and investigated the spatial spread of the epidemic via reaction–diffusion modeling. Instead of fitting the model to the observed pattern of spread, we have used previously estimated parameter values and examined the efficacy of predictions of the designed model vis-à-vis the pattern of spread observed in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Further, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine the extent to which improvement in predictions is achievable through better parameterization.We performed numerical simulations with and without control measure for the designed model system. A significant reduction in infection and death cases were observed when proper control measures are incorporated in the model system. Two-dimensional simulation experiments show that infectious population and the number of deaths will increase up to one and a half years without control, but it will decline after two years. We have reported the numerical results, and it closely matches with the real situation in Sierra Leone.

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Kassa, Getachew, Gillian Dougherty, Caitlin Madevu-Matson, Ginika Egesimba, Kenneh Sartie, Adewale Akinjeji, Francis Tamba, Brigette Gleason, Mame Toure, and Miriam Rabkin. "Improving inpatient provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in Sierra Leone." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): e0236358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236358.

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Olufemi, J. Olapade, and F. Sesay Daniella. "Women involvement in the fishery activities of two coastal communities in Sierra Leone." African Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 5 (January 31, 2019): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2018.13574.

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Abdul-Rahman, Tarawali, and David Quee Daniel. "Performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) varieties in two agro-ecologies in Sierra Leone." African Journal of Agricultural Research 9, no. 19 (May 8, 2014): 1442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2014.8660.

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Getz, Wayne M., Richard Salter, and Whitney Mgbara. "Adequacy of SEIR models when epidemics have spatial structure: Ebola in Sierra Leone." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1775 (May 6, 2019): 20180282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0282.

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Dynamic SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Removed) compartmental models provide a tool for predicting the size and duration of both unfettered and managed outbreaks—the latter in the context of interventions such as case detection, patient isolation, vaccination and treatment. The reliability of this tool depends on the validity of key assumptions that include homogeneity of individuals and spatio-temporal homogeneity. Although the SEIR compartmental framework can easily be extended to include demographic (e.g. age) and additional disease (e.g. healthcare workers) classes, dependence of transmission rates on time, and metapopulation structure, fitting such extended models is hampered by both a proliferation of free parameters and insufficient or inappropriate data. This raises the question of how effective a tool the basic SEIR framework may actually be. We go some way here to answering this question in the context of the 2014–2015 outbreak of Ebola in West Africa by comparing fits of an SEIR time-dependent transmission model to both country- and district-level weekly incidence data. Our novel approach in estimating the effective-size-of-the-populations-at-risk ( N eff ) and initial number of exposed individuals ( E 0 ) at both district and country levels, as well as the transmission function parameters, including a time-to-halving-the-force-of-infection ( t f/2 ) parameter, provides new insights into this Ebola outbreak. It reveals that the estimate R 0 ≈ 1.7 from country-level data appears to seriously underestimate R 0 ≈ 3.3 − 4.3 obtained from more spatially homogeneous district-level data. Country-level data also overestimate t f/2 ≈ 22 weeks, compared with 8–10 weeks from district-level data. Additionally, estimates for the duration of individual infectiousness is around two weeks from spatially inhomogeneous country-level data compared with 2.4–4.5 weeks from spatially more homogeneous district-level data, which estimates are rather high compared with most values reported in the literature. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

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Li, Alexa L., Donald Grant, Michael Gbakie, Lansana Kanneh, Ibrahim Mustafa, Nell Bond, Emily Engel, et al. "Ophthalmic manifestations and vision impairment in Lassa fever survivors." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0243766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243766.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the ocular findings, structural ocular complications, and vision impairment in a cohort of Lassa fever survivors in Kenema, Sierra Leone. A retrospective, uncontrolled, cross-sectional study of 31 Lassa fever survivors (62 eyes) who underwent an ophthalmic evaluation in January 2018 at the Kenema Government Hospital in Kenema, Sierra Leone was performed. Data collection included demographic information, ocular/systemic symptoms, visual acuity (VA), and ophthalmic examination findings. Main outcome measures included anterior and posterior segment ophthalmic manifestations and level of VA impairment in Lassa fever survivors. Anterior segment findings included cataract (18%) and pterygium (2%), while posterior segment manifestations consisted of glaucoma (6%), preretinal hemorrhage (2%), and lattice degeneration (2%). Findings suggestive of prior sequelae of uveitis included chorioretinal scarring (5%), retinal fibrosis (3%), and vitreous opacity (2%). Visual acuity was normal/mildly impaired in 53 eyes (85%), moderately impaired in 6 eyes (10%), and 3 eyes (5%) were considered blind by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Median VA was worse in Lassa fever survivors with ophthalmic disease findings (p<0.0001) for both anterior segment (p<0.0001) and posterior segment disease (p<0.013). Untreated cataract was a significant cause of visual acuity impairment (p<0.0001). Lassa fever survivors in this cohort were found to have cataract and posterior segment findings that potentially represent sequelae of uveitis associated with visual impairment. Future studies are warranted to improve our understanding of the spectrum of ocular disease in this emerging infectious disease of public health consequence.

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Palliere, Augustin, and Hubert Cochet. "Large private agricultural projects and job creation: From discourse to reality. Case study in Sella Limba, Sierra Leone." Land Use Policy 76 (July 2018): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.017.

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Richards, Paul, Esther Mokuwa, Pleun Welmers, Harro Maat, and Ulrike Beisel. "Trust, and distrust, of Ebola Treatment Centers: A case-study from Sierra Leone." PLOS ONE 14, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): e0224511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511.

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Syachbudy, Qiki Qilang, Muhammad Firdaus, and Heny Kuswanti Suwarsinah Daryanto. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR EKSPOR PRODUK PERTANIAN INDONESIA KE NEGARA KURANG BERKEMBANG." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2017.5.1.57-74.

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<em>This study aims to analyze the potential of new export markets for Indonesian agricultural products and analyze the factors that affect the export of agricultural products LDCs. The method used was Export Product Dynamics (EPD) and Gravity Model. The study focused on Indonesian agricultural exports to 36 countries which have a GDP per capita below US$ 3.500. The study found that Indonesia has relationships that is different among commodities. For tea, Indonesia has trade relation with Cambodia, Kenya, and Pakistan. For palm oil, Indonesia has trade relation with Bangladesh, Togo, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Benin, Mozambique, Tanzania, Nigeria, Yemen, Cameroon, Senegal, Pakistan, and Ghana. For coconut, Indonesia has good trade relation with Bangladesh, Tanzania, and Pakistan. For Sugar, Indonesia has trade relation to Madagascar, Kenya, Yemen, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Ghana, and Pakistan. Factors affecting the demand of tea are gross domestic product of importer countries and economics distance. Furthermore, factor influencing the trading of palm oil are world price, gross domestic product of importer countries and economics distance. While, coconut and sugar trading is affected by world price and economics distance. Thus, it can be said that the potential for new export markets for Indonesian agricultural products in the context of South-South Cooperation has a good chances.</em>

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Senga, Mikiko, Alpha Koi, Lina Moses, Nadia Wauquier, Philippe Barboza, Maria Dolores Fernandez-Garcia, Etsub Engedashet, et al. "Contact tracing performance during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Kenema district, Sierra Leone." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0300.

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Contact tracing in an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the process of identifying individuals who may have been exposed to infected persons with the virus, followed by monitoring for 21 days (the maximum incubation period) from the date of the most recent exposure. The goal is to achieve early detection and isolation of any new cases in order to prevent further transmission. We performed a retrospective data analysis of 261 probable and confirmed EVD cases in the national EVD database and 2525 contacts in the Contact Line Lists in Kenema district, Sierra Leone between 27 April and 4 September 2014 to assess the performance of contact tracing during the initial stage of the outbreak. The completion rate of the 21-day monitoring period was 89% among the 2525 contacts. However, only 44% of the EVD cases had contacts registered in the Contact Line List and 6% of probable or confirmed cases had previously been identified as contacts. Touching the body fluids of the case and having direct physical contact with the body of the case conferred a 9- and 20-fold increased risk of EVD status, respectively. Our findings indicate that incompleteness of contact tracing led to considerable unmonitored transmission in the early months of the epidemic. To improve the performance of early outbreak contact tracing in resource poor settings, our results suggest the need for prioritized contact tracing after careful risk assessment and better alignment of Contact Line Listing with case ascertainment and investigation. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

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Wilebore, Beccy, Maarten Voors, Erwin H. Bulte, David Coomes, and Andreas Kontoleon. "Unconditional Transfers and Tropical Forest Conservation: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Sierra Leone." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 101, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 894–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay105.

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Kamara, Foday Mamoud, Esther Yei Mokuwa, and Paul Richards. "How villagers in central Sierra Leone understand infection risks under threat of Covid-19." PLOS ONE 15, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): e0235108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235108.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture – Sierra Leone'

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