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Journal articles on the topic 'Agriculture Traditional farming'
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1
Kirubanand, VB, V. Rohini, and V. Laxmankumar. "Internet of Things in Agriculture to Revolutionize Traditional Agricultural Industry." ITM Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20213701018.
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Agriculture is familiarly called “Farming”. Agriculture is the basic art to cultivate food which is a necessary need to every living individual. Agriculture needs the practice of science for cultivating the soil factors and growing crops. In traditional farming, it includes more labor work and less yield quantity. This demerit can be overcome by the modern farming techniques which makes use of the advanced technology and focuses on maximizing the yield and maintaining the quality. Earlier the farmers used to figure out the type of the soil based on their suspicion and they would never think of the humidity, temperature, climatic condition and especially the level of water. IoT is trying to overcome all these factors by helping to assemble the information. This paper focuses on the soil moisture and soil type which lets the farmer know about the type of crops to be grown.
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Bisht, Ishwari Singh, Jai Chand Rana, and Sudhir Pal Ahlawat. "The Future of Smallholder Farming in India: Some Sustainability Considerations." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093751.
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The biodiverse, predominantly crop-livestock mixed-farming in India is key to ensuring resilience to climate change and sustainability of smallholder farming agroecologies. Farmers traditionally grow diverse crops as polyculture, and agriculture is mainly organic/biodynamic with spirituality in food systems deeply ingrained. Job-driven out-migration of rural youths, the family labor force, and globalization of contemporary food choices under corporate industrial agriculture both adversely affect sustainability of traditional farming landscapes and compromise the nutrition and health of rural farming communities. Besides documenting information on general agri-food system policy inputs, our paper presents the results of an exploratory study of four crucial community-level initiatives conducted in four distinct agroecological landscapes of India, aimed at bringing sustainability to traditional farming and food systems. The driving force for fundamental change in agri-food system, and in society, is the question of sustainability. The organic and local food movements are but specific phases of the larger, more fundamental sustainable agri-food movement. While it is very critical to increase farmer livelihood, it is even more important to increase overall rural economy. It was found that four important interventions viz. linking organic agriculture to community-supported agriculture (CSA) initiatives; linking small-holder farming to school meal (MDM) programmes; enhanced market access and value chain development for local agricultural produce; and creation of employment opportunities at community level for rural youths and reducing over-dependence of rural population on agriculture as source of income can make traditional farming more profitable and sustainable. The transition to more sustainable methods of farming by selling the farm produce “locally” helps both consumers and farmers alike and is considered a future strength of smallholder Indian agriculture.
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Gill, Rana. "A Review on Various Techniques to Transform Traditional Farming to Precision Agriculture." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.690.
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The agricultural sector is of great importance to fulfill food resources need of the country. Precision Agriculture (PA) with Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Network is a transformation from traditional farming to smart farming. Wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things are considered as drivers to develop system which can change agriculture sector from manual to automatic. Advancement in the technology have pushed the growth of precision agriculture to very large extent despite of several challenges faced in this area. System for precision agriculture relies on hardware components mainly wireless sensors which act as a source for gathering of real time data. Depending upon the real time date retrieved by sensors automation in agriculture is done by adopting decision-based system. With Precision agriculture productivity is optimized by maintaining sustaniability as crop receives what is acutual requirement on the basis of new techniques and software platforms. This review article includes Inernet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensors, Wireless communication and challenges faced in this area.
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Bisht, Ishwari Singh, Jai Chand Rana, Rashmi Yadav, and Sudhir Pal Ahlawat. "Mainstreaming Agricultural Biodiversity in Traditional Production Landscapes for Sustainable Development: The Indian Scenario." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 10690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410690.
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Mainstreaming biodiversity in production landscapes ensures conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity, the key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the projects supported by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Global Environment Facility (GEF). Mainstreaming integrates biodiversity in existing or new programs and policies, both cross-sectoral and sector-specific. The conventional model of agricultural production with limited diversity in production systems and use of high chemical input has taught us a valuable lesson as it is adversely impacting the environment, the essential ecosystem services, the soil health and the long term sustainability of our food systems. Using a qualitative participant observation approach, our study investigated four distinct traditional Indian production landscapes to gage (i) the farming communities’ response to institutional policies, programs and agricultural biodiversity-related activities in traditional Indian production landscapes and (ii) opportunities and challenges for sustainable development in smallholder traditional Indian farming systems. Results indicate that the top-down decision-making regime is the least effective towards achieving sustainable development in traditional Indian farming landscapes and that farmers’ experiential knowledge on participatory biodiversity management, maintenance and use for sustainable development are of critical importance to India’s agriculture and economy. Reclaiming agriculture’s spiritual roots through organic farming and locally grown food emerged as key, including the need for designing and implementing a more sovereign food system. Revisiting traditional smallholder farming under the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons learned for repurposing India’s agricultural policy are also highlighted.
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Polushkina, Tatiana, Yulia Akimova, Elena Kovalenko, and Olga Yakimova. "Organic agriculture in the system of the sustainable use of natural resources." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700219.
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World experience indicates that the problems of ensuring sustainable development of agriculture have become an urgent need, therefore, the concepts of traditional technology for cultivating crops should be substantially revised not only from the standpoint of environmental management, but also to improve the economic situation in the industry. Greening of agriculture contributes to natural restoration of soil fertility, maintaining the balance of nature, on which agricultural economy largely depends. A growing quantity of farms in the USA, China, Russia, India, Japan and the EU countries conduct their farming in harmony with nature. The ultimate goals of their activities are ecologically balanced farming, animal husbandry and this agriculture industry technology acts as an alternative to traditional (industrial) farming. Development of organic agriculture involves the search and implementation of new technologies from a science-based position and due to the laws of optimal environmental management. In the article, the authors substantiate the need to enhance introduction of organic farming methods in order to ensure sustainable development and sustainable use of natural resources. Based on the study of foreign agriculture experience, the authors developed a number of key measures for the development of organic agriculture in Russian conditions.
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Coldwell, Ian. "New farming masculinities." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (March 2007): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783307073936.
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Studies have suggested that traditional gender identity constructions of farmers tend to accompany conventional methods of farming and so are implicated in stalling the transition to sustainable agriculture. This article attempts to build on this work by exploring how young male farmers construct their masculine identities and how those identity constructions shape and are shaped by their farming practices and the social conditions in which those farming practices are carried out. Reflexivity is a significant part of this process. This exploratory study is based on focus group discussions conducted in one locality in Northern Victoria, among young male dairy farmers. Analysis of the findings supports the existence of a traditional-modern dualism in rural masculine identities. What is also evident is that more open and flexible masculine identities are emerging among young farmers, suggesting that existing tensions in agriculture situated at the nexus of alternative farming practices and traditional agrarian ideology might be a catalyst for change toward more equitable gender relations and sustainable ways of farming.
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Burlakoti, Rishi R., Derek Lynch, Caroline Halde, Tom Beach, Sabitri Dahal, and Samir C. Debnath. "Organic agriculture project in Nepal: An international twinning partnership program initiative." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 6 (November 2012): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-198.
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Burlakoti, R. R., Lynch, D., Halde, C., Beach, T., Dahal, S. and Debnath, S. C. 2012. Organic agriculture project in Nepal: An international twinning partnership program initiative. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 997–1003. Agriculture is the major occupation in Nepal, contributing 32% of total gross domestic product (GDP) and 75% of the country's exports. The traditional way of farming using low inputs (inorganic fertilizers and pesticides) provides opportunities to adopt organic farming for diversified crops, with potential domestic markets and export markets in Japan and Europe. With a goal of improving the livelihood of rural ethnic marginalized farmers of the mid-western hill of Nepal, an international development project was started through a joint effort of the Agricultural Institute of Canada (AIC), Sustainable Agriculture Development Program (SADP) Nepal, the Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA) and the Canadian Society for Horticultural Science (CSHS). The project, entitled “Research and support to organic agriculture in Tanahu district of Nepal”, commenced in April 2010. Canadian team members visited Nepal in December 2009 and 2010. To date, the project has successfully strengthened the organizational capacity of the lead organization (SADP, Nepal), conducted a baseline assessment study in the project area, assessed the potential domestic market for organic product, promoted organic farming among the ethnic marginal farmer groups (Kumal and Darai), and identified and established a strong collaborative project link with the agricultural university and scientific societies of Nepal. A proposed further 5-yr (2011 to 2016) project aims to change the traditional subsistent farming to commercial organic farming in the target area and aims to improve the livelihood of the farmers through better income generation from organic farming. The project will include scientific research on organic farming led by the Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal, in collaboration with other scientific societies of Nepal. The CSA and CSHS will provide technical input, advice for the project, and monitor and supervise the project progress.
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Cho, So-Hyeon, Dong-Seok Kang, Min-Song Kang, Hyeon-Soo Kim, Jin-Woong Bae, Chung-Il Lee, Han-Byeol Ji, Yo-Han Won, Hyeon-Kyeong Hong, and Kyounggon Kim. "A Study on Threat Modeling in Smart Greenhouses." Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/kkjn1042.
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In the era of agriculture 4.0, cutting-edge technologies including Information and communication technology (ICT) is being introduced into traditional agriculture. As farm intelligence emerges as a key area of smart agriculture, the scope of agriculture has expanded from the seed industry to distribution and logistics, however the area that is still most directly connected to the physical agricultural environment is smart farming. Cybersecurity incidents or cybercrimes in smart farming can directly damage crops and harm human safety. Research on individual technical elements that constitute smart farming has been ongoing for a long time relatively, however it has not been long since the work of systematically identifying and classifying threats to smart agriculture as a whole. In this study, STRIDE threat modeling is used to identify cyber threats to greenhouse and make system design more robust. Through this work, we have derived 126 threats and have created 4 types of attack trees. It will be the basis to allow systematic threat classification more clearly in smart greenhouse.
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Špulerová, Jana, Monika Drábová, and Juraj Lieskovský. "Traditional agricultural landscape and their management in less favoured areas in Slovakia." Ekológia (Bratislava) 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0001.
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Abstract Traditional agricultural landscapes are a mosaic of small-scale arable fields and permanent agricultural cultivations such as grasslands, vineyards and high-trunk orchards. Most of them are threatened by abandonment as they are usually situated in marginal mountain regions with less favourable conditions for agriculture. Our aim was to analyse the distribution of traditional agricultural landscapes in less favoured areas and the effects of the supportive measures of the Common Agricultural Policy, which are oriented towards helping farmers from these areas in maintaining traditional agriculture. Except for traditional agricultural vineyard landscapes, almost all TAL plots are situated in less favoured areas. Most of them are located in mountain areas with less favourable conditions for agriculture. Abandonment of traditional agricultural landscape inside the less favoured areas is significantly higher than in locations elsewhere. The supportive measures of the Common Agricultural Policy do not effectively mitigate this abandonment. If we would like to maintain traditional agricultural landscape in less favoured areas, it is necessary to stop the existing negative trend of abandonment and search for new ways to motivate farmers to continue their traditional farming by adjusting the conditions of the common agricultural policy to benefit small farmers as well.
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Ghimire, Shree Ram. "Environmental Concern in Nepalese Agriculture." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 9 (August 2, 2009): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v9i0.2115.
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Semi traditional to early commercial agriculture system of Nepal has now its economic move in transition from agricultural to early industrial track of economic development. An attempt has been made to assess the relationship between the emerging modern agriculture practices and environmental depletion. Some of the developmental challenges of Nepal like small land holdings, weather dependent farming systems, low per capita income, underdeveloped physical infrastructures and inefficient bureaucratic procedures are associated with comparatively higher cost of agricultural production. Natural disasters and human induced environmental degradation are closely associated with improved farming systems. Nepal has preferential ways of producing niche agricultural products by exploiting its inherent diversified climate to cope with the global open market challenges. Competitive agribusinesses along with the adoption of environmental protection measures keeping the strategy of import substitution and export promotion are the ways for sustainable agriculture development in the country. Key Words: Competitive agri-business, development infrastructures, environmental depletion, open-global market, sustainable developmentThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 41-45
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Olasantan, F. O. "Vegetable Production in Traditional Farming Systems in Nigeria." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 2 (June 1992): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100207.
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Most increases in vegetable production come from areas under traditional agriculture, and small-scale farmers seldom adopt any intercropping technology that excludes vegetables in Nigeria, yet less attention has been paid to these crops in mixed cropping studies, compared with field crops. Vegetables are of good nutritional value, and have considerable potential as income-generating crops and as a supplement to diets consisting mainly of carbohydrates. To realize this potential, however, adequate information about the present system of production is essential, as well as improved cultivars and better crop management.
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DAS, ARAVIND V. RAMA, DIPAK KUMAR BOSE, and JAHANARA JAHANARA. "FACTORS INFLUENCING TRIBAL FARMERS TO SHIFT FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN AGRICULTURE IN WAYANAD DISTRICT OF KERALA." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i7.013.
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Agriculture has always been a way of life and culture for the traditional farmers. The major occupation of the tribal communities has always been agriculture. The pressure to meet the growing demands of the increasing population forced countries like India to adopt modern methods of farming. This gradually brought about changes in the ancient farming systems that existed in the Country. Kurichiya tribal community in Wayanad district of Kerala is the first agricultural community in the district and has an important role in the agricultural sector of the State. Today, changes have taken place in various aspects of the farming they follow, as a result of influence fro0m several factors. The study was conducted in Wayanad district of Kerala purposively for analyzing the socio-economic profile and the association of selected independent variables with factors influencing the Kurichiya tribal farmers to shift from traditional to modern agricultural system. The study was conducted using Descriptive research design. A total of 120 respondents were selected for the study. Pre-tested schedule was used for collection of data and statistical tools were used for analyzing. Karl Pearsons’s Co-efficient of Correlation test was used to find the association between independent variables and factors influencing the respondents. The important findings of the study were that the factors influencing had a highly significant and positive relationship with Education, Mass Media exposure and Progressiveness.
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Shelenok, A. V. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CROP PRODUCTION." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 749–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-5-749-763.
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The article examines intensive and organic technologies for growing agricultural crops, their impact on the environment, human health, indicates what are the advantages and disadvantages of organic agriculture. It is noted that with intensive technologies for growing agricultural crops, their yield increases, but if the doses of chemicals are not observed, soil fertility is disturbed, the environment is polluted. Devoid of the disadvantages inherent in intensive technologies, organic farming is significantly inferior in productivity to it, due to which it is not able to reach the same production volumes, to ensure a comparable level of domestic consumption, which is demonstrated by traditional farming. The article compares the effectiveness of traditional and organic agronomic farming systems. It is shown that in the case of comparability of yield indicators, traditional technologies at lower selling prices are more effective in terms of profit and profitability indicators. The reasons for the slow development of the organic segment in the agricultural production of Russia are revealed. In this regard, the topic of support for foreign and Russian agricultural producers, including organic products, as well as the underdevelopment of its domestic market is touched upon. It is noted that, in contrast to developed countries, Russia’s share in the world market for organic products is insignificant. Therefore, it is too early to talk about the prospects for the development of organic agriculture in Russia. In the world, organic farming is stimulated, it occupies its own niche, but in all respects it lags far behind the traditional method of growing agricultural products. Its share in the world food market ranges from 2.6 to 3%.
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Cherevko, Heorghiy. "ORGANIC FARMING IN UKRAINE – STATE, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 5 (October 18, 2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6676.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the main problems related to the development of organic farming in Ukraine. In the course of the research, the existing approaches to understanding the essence of organic agriculture, its advantages over traditional production as well as the current state of the industry are analyzed. The main tendencies of organic agriculture development in the country are revealed against the backdrop of global trends, the peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian organic agricultural products’ export and its domestic market are studied. The main factors affecting them are grounded and the prospects for the development of organic agriculture in the Ukraine and ways of achieving it are substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the necessity of the regulatory and supportive role of the government, especially in the conversion period. Also, the need for a wider understanding of organic products, its usefulness and benefits in production, by the population and producers, are addressed.
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Parajuli, Sovit, Jiban Shrestha, and Sabita Ghimire. "Organic farming in Nepal: A viable option for food security and agricultural sustainability." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0502021.
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Increasing use of agrochemicals, higher production cost and deterioration of ecosystem health have advocated the need to change the traditional and external input using agriculture towards safe and sustainable organic production. The article reviewed on general overview of organic agriculture in Nepal. The article aims to put light on the current scenario of the dawdling-paced organic agriculture and the options to revive the pesticide dominated conventional agriculture. Promotion of organic agriculture was first appeared as a priority in the10th Five Year Plan of the Government of Nepal. Now it has been embedded in the national agricultural policy. Organic agriculture provides benefits in terms of environmental protection, conservation of nonrenewable resources, improved food quality, improve health status and the reorientation of agriculture towards areas of market demand. Various institutions, individuals and farmers are engaging in organic farming. Nepal is exporting organic products to international markets. The adoption of organic agriculture increases agricultural production and improves soil health and consumer health and seems a better option in countries like ours where fortunately integrated crop-livestock system is still prevalent. It is found to be viable option for better livelihood in the context of Nepal. Because the haphazard pesticide use has marred the conventional agriculture, all these contexts gesture this system to be scrutinize thoroughly and supplanted by organic farming system as a viable option towards food security and agricultural sustainability.
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MEERBURG, B. G., H. KOREVAAR, D. K. HAUBENHOFER, M. BLOM-ZANDSTRA, and H. VAN KEULEN. "The changing role of agriculture in Dutch society." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 5 (June 1, 2009): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609990049.
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SUMMARYDutch agriculture has undergone significant changes in the past century, similar to many countries in the European Union. Due to economies of scale and in order to remain economically profitable, it became necessary for farmers to increase farm size, efficiency and external inputs, while minimizing labour use per hectare. The latter has resulted in fewer people working in the agricultural sector. Consequently, Dutch society gradually lost its connection to agricultural production. This divergence resulted in a poor image for the agricultural sector, because of environmental pollution, homogenization of the landscape, outbreaks of contagious animal diseases and reduced animal welfare. Although the general attitude towards agriculture seems to have improved slightly in recent years, there is still a long way to go in regaining this trust.In order to keep the Dutch countryside viable, farmers are considered indispensable. However, their methods of production should match the demands of society in terms of sustainability. This applies both to farming systems that are used in a monofunctional way (production only) and to multifunctional farming systems. For researchers involved in development of these farming systems, this requires new capabilities; contrary to the situation in the past, citizens and stakeholder groups now demand involvement in the design of farming systems. In the current paper, it is suggested that, besides traditional mainstream agriculture, other alternative farming systems should be developed and implemented. Hence, Dutch agricultural research should remain focused on the cutting edge of economy and society. Despite all efforts, not all of these newly developed systems will acquire a position within the agricultural spectrum. However, some of the successful ones may prove extremely valuable.
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Bahagia, Bahagia, Rimun Wibowo, Fachruddin Majeri Mangunjaya, and M. Azar Al-Wahid. "Resilience of Farming Labours Based on Bawon System Tradition and Ani-Ani Traditional Appliance In Indigenous Community of Urug Societies In Bogor, West Java." Jurnal Kawistara 10, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.58665.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate bawon system tradition and traditional appliance in the traditional community to empower farming labours toward community resilience. The research method used is an ethnographic qualitative approach. This method is applied because the research is related to cultural, ritual, traditional, and social phenomena. The data are collected through in-depth interview, observation, and documentation. The selection of informants as samples uses purposive sampling technique. The result is probed meticulously through technique triangulation and source triangulation. The result shows that bawon system is a tradition in agriculture to assist landless people for cultivating. It leads to create agriculture worker resilience because the landless people can fulfil their basic needs from this mechanism, and they will not be unemployed amid the implementation of modern agricultural technology. Another result is the use of a traditional tool like ani-ani which can empower women resilience because women will not lose their vanity in farming activity. Besides, it can attain traditional and cultural resilience because ani-ani and bawon system can be categorized as traditional culture.
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Martin, Jennifer, Fatih Bozdemir, and Ahaduzzaman Sheikh. "An Eco-systems Approach to Climate Impacts on Farmer Wellbeing in Konya Closed Basin." International Journal of Community and Social Development 2, no. 4 (December 2020): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516602620983715.
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The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of climate change on the wellbeing of farmers in Konya, Turkey. An ecosystems approach was adopted to take a holistic view of the range of inter-related ecological factors. A focus was on psychological and social impacts with a comparison of impacts on farmers engaged in traditional agriculture and those who had adopted conservation agriculture farming practices. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with farmers and agricultural workers to gain an increased understanding of the impact of climate change on their wellbeing. The study found that all farmers were under considerable psychological stress and that the introduction of new farming practices such as conservation agriculture led to increased stress in the early stages of adoption. Implications for the psychological and social support of farmers, particularly in the early stages of adoption of new farming practices are highlighted.
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Maretskaya, V. N. "ORGANIC AGRICULTURE —NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FORDEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTHERN REGION (THE CASE OF THE MURMANSK REGION)." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 69, no. 3/2020 (November 27, 2020): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2020.69.007.
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The relevance of considering the development of organic agriculture in the Russian North is due to the fact that this segment of agriculture has been functioning steadily in many countries for several decades in parallel with traditional agriculture, having a positive impact on many aspects of the society's development. Organic farming contributes to a number of important tasks, being a form of farming that emphasizes the elimination of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming reduced the negative impact on the environment and preserved soil fertility. The production of organic products directly affects the improvement of people’s health, providing the population with high-quality, safe, and healthy food. Organic agriculture provides a wider opportunity to develop small and medium-sized enterprises in the industry, which in modern conditions are not able to compete with the price of large agricultural producers. The opportunities for Russian producers in this area are expanding, and the prospects for our country's entry into the world market of ecologically friendly products appear with the adoption of the law on organic products in Russia in2020. The development of organic agriculture for the regions of the Russian North is an opportunity to generate additional income from the production of ecological, low-transportable products by small and medium-sized businesses, increase employment of the rural population, attract investment in the developing and growing popularity of rural tourism, and preserve and expand activities of the traditional sectors of the indigenous population.The article examines the opportunities and prospects for the development of organic agriculture in one of the regions of the North of Russia —the Murmansk region, based on the analysis of international experience in the organic farming development, the experience of Russian agricultural producers, taking into account the separate legislative regulation that arises in connection with the specifics of relations in the process of allocating organic agriculture as a special direction of agricultural production. It is concluded thatorganic agriculture is one of the most promising areas of diversification of regional and local economies for the Murmansk region, creating potential growth points, especially for remote rural settlements.
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Bignal, E. M., and D. I. McCracken. "The nature conservation value of European traditional farming systems." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-009.
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The European landscape reflects many centuries of dynamic interaction between people and their natural environments. Indeed, much of the current biological and aesthetic value of the wide variety of "cultural" landscapes has been created and is now maintained by long-established farming systems. Such traditional systems (many of which are pastoral based) are generally well integrated with the environment and involve management practices that do not over-exploit the natural carrying capacity of the land. However, the rapid modernisation of agriculture that occurred after the 1939-1945 war resulted in an intensification of many European farming systems and has had severe negative effects on the environment. This modernisation initially occurred primarily in northwest Europe fuelled by the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), but with the expansion of the EU it is continuing and is certain to increase in southern, central, and eastern Europe. The response of the EU to this fundamental imbalance between farming and the environment has included the introduction of compulsory regulations to ensure the implementation of minimum environmental standards in the production processes and the promotion of agri-environment programmes to encourage farmers to undertake positive environmental management on their farmland. The ongoing reforms of the CAP will undoubtedly place greater emphasis on agri-environment programmes and increasingly on the concept of "integrated rural development." There is, however, still a pressing need for detailed information to justify to the EU and world markets why certain types of farming system should be central to future European rural development policies.Key words: biodiversity, wildlife value, farming systems, European policy, agri-environment.
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Oka Prasiasa, Dewa Putu, and Dewa Ayu Diyah Sri Widari. "Traditional Agricultural System as Tourism Icon in Jatiluwih Tourism Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province." Journal of Asian Development 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v5i2.14585.
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Traditional farming systems based on local wisdom was applied on a rice field in Jatiluwih Tourism Village is a very attractive tourism icon for tourists. Icons of tourism have been more interesting after Jatiluwih Subak was decreed as part of World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO on July 2012. This research was used qualitative method, aims to know the influence of traditional agricultural systems in Jatiluwih Tourism Village as a tourism icon, to know the attractiveness of traditional agricultural systems in Jatiluwih Tourism Village, and to know the influence of traditional agricultural systems on the tourism development of Jatiluwih Tourism Village. The results show that a fixed traditional farming systems applied by the member of Jatiluwih Subak, namely as pula pali metandur padi bali ring carik most of the farmers in Jatiluwih Tourism Village. Tourist attraction related traditional farming system that was applied in Jatiluwih Tourism Village is the aspect of the activity of each stage in the system of traditional agriculture and its accompanying ceremonies. The influence of traditional agricultural systems against tourism in the Jatiluwih Tourism Village can be seen from the increasingly community involvement in tourism (direct, indirect, and induced), revenue of the operation management of Jatiluwih Tourism Village was increased, as well as the number of tourists visit (foreign and domestic) was increased.
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Ahmed, Osama, and Walid Sallam. "Assessing the Potential of Improving Livelihoods and Creating Sustainable Socio-Economic Circumstances for Rural Communities in Upper Egypt." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166307.
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Agriculture in Upper Egypt is characterized by unsustainable farming practices and a lack of the use of market intelligence. Improving agriculture in Upper Egypt is necessary, as farmers in this region need to meet the quality standards required by international markets if they are to increase export volumes. For this reason, agricultural interventions are required to transition from the current traditional farming systems and marketing practices to sustainable conservation farming practices and the use of market intelligence and logistics. The main aim of this research study is to assess the potential for improving the livelihoods of rural communities by conducting a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and conducting a risk analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation method for the proposed agricultural interventions. Our results imply that the analyzed interventions are viable from both a financial and socio-economic point of view. The impacts of the interventions reveal real incremental employment opportunities at the farming level. In addition, the interventions have a very low probability of negative returns and become almost zero when we add the economic benefit to society.
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Madanayake, Nadun H., Akbar Hossain, and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya. "Nanobiotechnology for agricultural sustainability, and food and environmental safety." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v13i1.838.
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Agricultural development has become a requisite to meet the food security of an increasing world population under changing climate for eliminating poverty and hunger. Recently, scientists recognized that human wellness and healthy life are going to face challenges in the near future because of the vulnerability of agriculture and nat-ural resources. It is due to imbalance and unnecessary use of synthetic agricultural inputs in traditional farming systems. Therefore, improved agricultural technology has to ensure, in traditional farming, safe agricultural produce and bringing down of environmental pollution. Recently, nanotechnology (NT) has been recognized as a promising next-generation technology in the field of agriculture. As an environment-friendly and economically viable tool, the potentiality of nanomaterials (NMs), such as nanosensors, nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, nanocarriers, nanochips, and nano-packaging, has shown great prospect in improving safe agricultural productivity and upholding of environmental safety. Because the use of NMs decreases imbalance and unconscious utilization of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, this minimizes the loss of nutrients and lead to improved agricultural productivity thru the smooth distribution of fertilizers and pesticides, and also improving water and nutrient effi-ciency. The current review concentrates on the utilization of NT for agricultural sustainability and environmental safety.
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Senesi, S. I., H. Palau, F. R. Chaddad, and M. Daziano. "The evolution of farming networks in a fragile institutional environment: the case of Argentina." Journal on Chain and Network Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2013.x219.
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In Argentina, farming traditionally took place in small and medium-sized family farms, mostly by means of their own land, labour, capital (financial, machinery, etc.) and entrepreneurship. Farmers owned enough equipment to cope with all the activities required for the production cycle. This traditional family farm model is the dominant organisational form in agriculture in almost every country. However, the way of managing, contracting and organising agriculture in Argentina has changed since the 1990s as a result of several institutional innovations. Even though the 2002 economic crisis created a highly uncertain scenario, farm production continued to expand and new organisational forms appeared. Since 2007, institutional changes (more related to Government intervention) had a negative impact on production and organisational forms. These different periods and scenarios enable us to explore the dynamics and interrelationships of the different institutional, organisational and technological environments. The paper discusses organisational adaptation in the agriculture sector as a response to radical changes in the technological and institutional environments, in a context of increased international demand for agricultural commodities.
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Khan, Waseem Hassan, Aamir Jamal, and Ashiq Hussain Shah. "Sustainable Agricultural Development in India with Special Reference to Jammu and Kashmir: A Macro Analysis." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 7, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2018.7.3.1345.
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The new agenda in Indian agriculture should have a goal that explicitly focuses on improving agricultural systems and addresses rural development in an integrated manner. While Indian agriculture has crossed the threshold of traditional farming to modern agri-business, the objective of ensuring equity and sustainability becomes all the more important. Agriculture must change to meet the rising demand, to contribute more effectively to the reduction of poverty and malnutrition, and to become ecologically more sustainable. The challenge is daunting but feasible. This paper will analyze the issues and achievements related to sustainable agriculture development especially in the state of J&K.
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Ghosh, Madhusudan. "Climate-smart Agriculture, Productivity and Food Security in India." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 4, no. 2 (July 2019): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133319862404.
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This article evaluates the importance of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ensuring food security and mitigating the negative impacts of climatic changes on agricultural productivity in India. A range of CSA technologies, practices and services have been initiated in climate-smart villages as adaptation strategies for coping with climate risks to ensure stability and sustainability in agricultural production. The farmers using CSA adaptation strategies were found to have achieved higher output, yield and return compared to those who did not. There are exciting opportunities for scaling out and immense potentials of these strategies for enhancing crop yields and farm incomes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Strengthening agricultural extension service and agricultural finance to achieve smart farming practices/technologies by linking climate finance to traditional agricultural finance could play a significant role in scaling out the CSA practices and technologies to make agriculture more sustainable and climate-resilient and a viable source of livelihood and food security for millions of farmers in the country. Zero budget natural farming as a climate-resilient farming system can enhance food and nutritional security, enabling farmers to improve soil fertility and yields through lower costs, risk and irrigation requirements, thus protecting the ecosystem by improving soil organic matter, water retention and biodiversity and reducing air and water pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions.
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Wuest, S. B., D. K. McCool, B. C. Miller, and R. J. Veseth. "Development of more effective conservation farming systems through participatory on-farm research." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 3 (September 1999): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008195.
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AbstractResearch aimed at advancing conservation farming practices is typically performed using traditional scientific approaches, which have been highly successful in increasing agricultural output and efficiency. With the current emphasis on environmental and economic sustainability of agriculture, there is a need for a more integrated approach to applied agricultural research. Participatory research helps to bring scientific methods and the integrated production needs of farmers together to develop practical, effective, and carefully tested farming methods. The strength of participatory research is in the synergism of scientists and farmers working together to design, implement, and evaluate research. The development of new technologies for farming systems large or small, conventional or organic, can be greatly enhanced through more extensive use of participatory research.
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Schnitman, Tarita. "MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF AGRICULTURE: A BRAZILIAN PERSPECTIVE/ Multifuncionalidade da agricultura: uma perspectiva brasileira/ Multifuncionalidad de la agricultura: una perspectiva brasileña." REVISTA NERA, no. 51 (January 13, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47946/rnera.v0i51.6654.
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Earlier international studies on multifunctional agriculture question rural development and show a new direction to rural areas. This approach is conceptualised as a counter to larger industrial agriculture and integrates social, economic, environmental preservation, productive and cultural values to sustain farming communities among traditional farmers. Brazilian researchers have previously argued for a four-pillar model of rural development to be incorporated to the concept of multifunctional agriculture. This paper presents a framework to investigate this theoretical approach. It presents a Brazilian case study among the Quilombola community of Mandira-Brazil and how it fulfils the four-pillar model. Results show exemplary protection of their cultural and biophysical territory and recognition of their traditional ways by the State, the ability to sustain livelihoods over time, but keeping the youth engaged is a challenge. The case study reveals unique Brazilian lenses towards the approach.
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Reyes, Sheryl Rose C., Aya Miyazaki, Evonne Yiu, and Osamu Saito. "Enhancing Sustainability in Traditional Agriculture: Indicators for Monitoring the Conservation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145656.
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The advent of modern technology in agriculture has increased the efficiency of our food production but also poses pressures on the sustainability of our planet. The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been developed to safeguard traditional agricultural systems of global importance, which harnesses the harmonious relationship between people and nature. First launched in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 to address the sustainable development of family agriculture and traditional farming practices for developing countries, it now has 59 sites located in 22 different countries as of March 2020. Despite almost two decades of its implementation, FAO has not set any requirements nor given guidance on monitoring of the conservation of GIAHS, but leaves it to the discretion of each GIAHS site to conduct voluntary self-evaluation. This study is a comprehensive review of all 11 GIAHS application proposals in Japan, which aims to (1) conduct characteristic analysis to identify elements and perspectives related to the GIAHS selection criteria, (2) understand the motivations and socioeconomic conditions, including challenges and opportunities related to the GIAHS application, so as to (3) propose a set of indicators and perspectives to address these challenges and opportunities for improving the application, monitoring, and management of the GIAHS. The study finds that motivations for applying to GIAHS designation are primarily driven by push factors of abandonment of traditional farming practices and farmlands and underuse of farming resources resulting from Japan’s decreasing and aging rural population, as well as the pull factor of biodiversity conservation. The importance of continuing traditional farming practices, cultural heritage, and involvement of various stakeholders are emphasized against the background of an aging farming population, rural-urban migration, youth exodus, poor maintenance of farmlands, and transferring traditional and local knowledge. By identifying the drivers of change and understanding the current socioeconomic conditions of the agricultural heritage systems in Japan as portrayed in the GIAHS application proposals, the study has clarified the strengths and challenges of the sustainability of these systems. Based on the analysis, the study proposes a comprehensive set of indicators to be considered when developing the GIAHS proposals and for updating the action plan for monitoring and managing the GIAHS sites. It is expected that the findings and recommended indicators will contribute not only in the improvement of the information integrity of future GIAHS proposals, but also as reference for the development and monitoring of GIAHS conservation action plans.
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Kenenbayev, S., Djura Karagic, and G. Yessenbayeva. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS IN AGRICULTURE." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.15.
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The effect of global climate warming on agriculture, as the most threatened sector of the economy, in the form of reduced crop yields and more frequent manifestations of extreme weather events, is one of the urgent problems that need to be paid close attention. Adaptation of agriculture to climate change is becoming one of the key priorities that need to be developed through the creation of new models of farming systems that would combine the effectiveness of traditional and alternative farming systems while being environmentally friendly and cost-effective. This article considers research issues in agriculture, including the creation of stress-resistant varieties, soil and water and resource-saving technologies, adapted to climate changes, adaptive-landscape, accurate and biological farming systems.
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Heckman, J. "A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, no. 3 (September 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005126.
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The organic farming concept developed in the period prior to 1940 and was pioneered by Sir Albert Howard (1873–1947). Howard, born and educated in England, directed agricultural research centers in India (1905–1931) before permanently returning to England. His years of agricultural research experiences and observations gradually evolved into a philosophy and concept of organic farming that he espoused in several books. Howard's thinking on soil fertility and the need to effectively recycle waste materials, including sewage sludge, onto farmland was reinforced by F.H. King's book,Farmers of Forty Centuries. Howard developed a system of composting that became widely adopted. Howard's concept of soil fertility centered on building soil humus with an emphasis on how soil life was connected to the health of crops, livestock, and mankind. Howard argued that crop and animal health was a birthright and that the correct method of dealing with a pathogen was not to destroy the pathogen but to see what could be learned from it or to ‘make use of it for tuning up agricultural practice’. The system of agriculture advocated by Howard was coined ‘organic’ by Walter Northbourne to refer to a system ‘having a complex but necessary interrelationship of parts, similar to that in living things’. Lady Eve Balfour compared organic and non-organic farming and helped to popularize organic farming with the publication ofThe Living Soil. Jerome Rodale, a publisher and an early convert to organic farming, was instrumental in the diffusion and popularization of organic concepts in the US. Both Howard and Rodale saw organic and non-organic agriculture as a conflict between two different visions of what agriculture should become as they engaged in a war of words with the agricultural establishment. A productive dialogue failed to occur between the organic community and traditional agricultural scientists for several decades. Organic agriculture gained significant recognition and attention in 1980, marked by the USDA publicationReport and Recommendations on Organic Farming. The passage of the Federal Organic Foods Production Act in 1990 began the era of accommodation for organic farming in the USA, followed by another milestone with official labeling as USDA Certified Organic in 2002. Organic agriculture will likely continue to evolve in response to ongoing social, environmental, and philosophical concerns of the organic movement.
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Ba, Qing-Xiong, Dau-Jye Lu, Warren Kuo, and Po-Hsin Lai. "Traditional Farming and Sustainable Development of an Indigenous Community in the Mountain Area—A Case Study of Wutai Village in Taiwan." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103370.
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The present study aimed to explore traditional farming and its role in sustainable development of the mountainous area based on the indigenous community of Wutai in Taiwan as a case study. It adopted qualitative methods with an ethnographic orientation, to conduct in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus groups as an integral component of public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and aerial photo analysis to collect and analyze field data, mainly in 2013 and 2017. The results revealed the continuation of traditional farming practices guided by the traditional farming calendar and characterized by mixed cropping, inter cropping, and rotation, which optimized the use of limited arable lands in the area. These practices also contributed to maximizing and securing local food supply, and maintaining endemic crop varieties. The results suggested that traditional farming offered a way to overcome the limitation of modern agriculture and support ecotourism as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, by preserving crop diversity, social institutions and cultural traditions, and stabilizing the local environment. Furthermore, our findings showed that traditional farming, in keeping with local capacity, was adaptable to the impacts of climate change. In the last two decades, a returning tide of young residents and retired people involved in traditional farming might play a key role in the slowing down of the loss of agricultural lands in Wutai, influenced by the fashion of healthy foods and environments, as well as development of local ecotourism industry. Learned from this study, while there would be some opportunity for traditional farming to be recognized as one of the key components to promote the sustainable development of indigenous villages in mountain areas, more policy incentives might be considered.
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Degodyuk, S. E. "Ecologically recoverable models of farming biology in Ukraine." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 2, no. 93 (December 22, 2018): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.93.76-78.
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The article presents the modern vision of the development of biologization of agriculture by restoring natural landscapes and agrocenoses in the basins of small rivers of Ukraine with carrying out works on the restoration of the channels, floodplains and watershed basins with the implementation of agro-, chemo-, bio- and phytomelioration. The prospects of implementation of energy-saving and nature-compatible agricultural systems on the restored landscapes, ensuring the cultivation of toxicological products of plant growing, are determined. The universal application of organo-mineral bioactive fertilizers as natural complexes that meet the needs of mineral nutrition of plants for both traditional and organic farming systems is determined.
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Dominguez, Steven, and Kenneth E. Kolm. "Beyond Water Harvesting: A Soil Hydrology Perspective on Traditional Southwestern Agricultural Technology." American Antiquity 70, no. 4 (October 2005): 732–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035872.
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This article presents a hypothetical, general model that describes the processes involved in one aspect of traditional Southwestern agriculture: the interactions between soil hydrology and farming technology. In conjunction with extensive participation in hand cultivation with Hopi farmers, studies of soil hydrologic processes in Hopi maize fields have identified hydrological processes directly linked to Hopi field location criteria and farming practices. Field location criteria select for locations where soil textures and soil profile heterogeneity control rates of moisture infiltration, as well as loss to runoff, bare soil evaporation, and drainage. Farming practices, including clearing, maintenance, plant spacing, seed depth, and planting pit morphology, operate in conjunction with soil profile attributes to increase the amount of moisture available to plants and the mobility of that moisture. Effects of both soil profile attributes and farming practices are integrated into the discrete soil volume model of hydrologic processes occurring in the basic unit of Hopi farming, the individual plant clump. This information provides basic insights on ways archaeologists might evaluate the productive potentials of soils, the extent of farmable land around prehistoric communities, and the ranges of climate conditions that permit crop growth on that land.
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Zapico, Florence, Jose Hernandez, Teresita Borromeo, Kenneth McNally, Josefina Dizon, and Edwino Fernando. "Traditional agro-ecosystems in Southern Philippines." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-06-2019-0036.
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Purpose Sarangani, a province in Southern Philippines, is inhabited predominantly by tribal groups who depend on traditional rice farming for subsistence and livelihood. The purpose of this study is to identify current pressures to these upland communities and the interventions instituted to address them or mitigate their effects. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploratory and cross-sectional research using the emic approach. Rapid rural appraisal techniques (i.e. focus group discussion, key informant interviews, community immersion and field observation) were concurrently undertaken in 15 farming villages in the Sarangani uplands. Findings Results revealed that many upland families inhabited disaster-prone areas under conditions of hardship and abject poverty. Prevalent problems in these areas have largely arisen from the encroachment of modern agriculture, environmental degradation and changes in the socio-political and economic spheres. Consequently, food insecurity, cultural and genetic erosion and biodiversity losses have resulted in lowered Sarangani agro-ecosystem resilience. While policies and programs had been instituted to address these problems, positive results still remain to be realized. Social implications Weak social networks in the Sarangani upland communities are attributable to their isolation and the disruptive influences of modernization. Agricultural modernization, in particular, caused the disintegration of community social structures and undermined overall well-being of the farmers. Sustainable strategies which harmonize modern and traditional systems of food production and environmental management are warranted to attain food security, environmental preservation and bio-cultural preservation. Originality/value This study contributes to the present body of knowledge about threats to vulnerable agro-ecosystems inhabited mainly by indigenous tribes. And while only 15 farming villages were covered by the study, these results can serve as a microcosm of what is happening in traditional agro-ecosystems worldwide. The study is also expected to provide inputs to policymakers, which they can use in crafting policies to address problems in the Sarangani uplands.
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ABOUZIENA, H. F., and W. M. HAGGAG. "Weed Control in Clean Agriculture: A Review1." Planta Daninha 34, no. 2 (June 2016): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582016340200019.
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ABSTRACT Weed control is consider the major obstacle for the growers in the organic farming. Lower plant productivity in organic farming mainly related to the poor weed control. It is widely known, in most cases, that losses caused by weeds exceeded the losses from any category of agricultural pests. Under water-stress condition, weeds can reduce crop yields more than 50% through moisture competition alone. In the light of the environmental and toxicological problems created by herbicides, it has become necessary to develop the safety methods for controlling weeds. Soil Solarization, Mulching, Biodegradable Mulch, Natural Herbicides, Hot Water, and Agronomic Practices have been successfully adopted in many countries as safe methods for controlling weeds in the organic farming. In addition, there are some promising new and non-traditional measures such as Fresnel Lens, Electrical Weed Control, Lasers, etc which could be employed for controlling the weeds in organic farming. Also the agronomic practices such as choice of competitive varieties, stale seedbeds had a significant impact on weeds. The growers in organic farming should keep these three points in mind: 1) start clean stay clean successful, 2) Prevention is always better than treatment and, 3) One year's seeds will lead to seven year's weed infestation. Successful and sustainable weed management systems are those that employ combinations of techniques rather than relying on one method. The objectives of this paper are to review some safe weed control methods in the clean agricultural.
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Loi, A., J. G. Howieson, B. J. Nutt, and S. J. Carr. "A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03134.
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A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their root-nodule bacteria has been released to agriculture in Mediterranean-type environments. These new species emanate from selection activity focussed upon ‘alternative legumes’. In 1992, in response to changing constraints upon production, a program was initiated which sought species with different ideotypic traits to the traditional annual medics and clovers used in agriculture in southern Australia. Traits sought in the new species were deeper root systems, improved persistence from higher hardseed levels, acid tolerant symbioses, tolerance to pests and diseases and ease of harvesting with conventional cereal harvesters. Several cultivars of species new to Australian agriculture such as biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus), French serradella (Ornithopus sativus), gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) and improved varieties of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were developed and have had rapid adoption and impact in southern Australian ley- and phase-farming systems. This paper reviews the importance of ley farming for Australian agriculture, the shortcomings of the traditional medics and clovers and the imperatives for a second generation of annual pasture legume species to be developed. In addition to enhancing ley farming, the commercial availability of a second generation of annual pasture legume species has provided a much needed impetus for the development of more flexible and sustainable farming systems.
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Jabeen, Nadia, and Sandra Heaney-Mustafa. "Perspective of Smallholder Farmers on Smart Farming Gadgets in Pakistan." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036219.
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Abstract: In spite of its importance as a backbone for Pakistani economy, agriculture sector is technologically backward. The sustainability of agriculture depends upon promotion and adoption of new agricultural tools among farmers. As technology adoption is a complicated process because of production and technical factors. The increasing need and use of smart technology in the field of agriculture invites us to make an assessment of the behaviour of farming community about trusting on gadgets or protecting their own traditional knowledge. Participatory action research is appreciated method of promoting new gadgets among farmers as compare to linear model but factors like age, literacy level, shortage of money, family size could hinder the process of engagement of smallholder farmers. Simple random sampling will be used to choose farmers out of one forty-two farming families who are active users of agricultural tools in six districts of three provinces of Pakistan under a project related to enhancement of water management skills of farmers. A mix methodology including surveys and interviews will be used to collect data from the smallholder farmers involved in project activities. The data will be analysed in narrative and tabular form. This research will indicate the trends in adopting smart farming gadgets among smallholder farmers. It will catch the insights from farmers and methods to improve the existing system and ways to deal with challenges to get smart technology gadgets into the hands of farmers. It will provide suggestions for the practitioners of participatory action research.
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Zabawa, Robert. "Government Programs, Small Farm Research, and Assistance for Limited Resource Black Farmers in Alabama." Human Organization 48, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.48.1.q2970314j0802510.
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Black farmers have witnessed their numbers and land disappear at an alarming rate. Including the most recent downturn in agriculture experienced by farmers in the United States, Black farmers have been in an agricultural "depression" for decades, where farm programs have not reached them via research, teaching, and extension from the federal to the local levels. This paper examines a federally funded small farm research and extension project at Tuskegee University. Though not a traditional Farming Systems Research project, the program at Tuskegee utilized a multidisciplinary approach to help target assistance, both technical and social, at a farming clientele.
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Deryugina, I. V. "THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-240-254.
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The paper explores the evolution of agriculture in Kazakhstan during its accession to the Russian Empire. At this time, two independent sectors were established in the uniform agricultural mechanism of Kazakhstan: The arable farming, which developed due to the colonization policy of the Russian government, and the livestock sector, based on the traditional cattle breeding, originating in Kazakh steppe. The focus of the research is specifically determined by the fact that the agrarian reforms in Kazakhstan in the 21st century are based on the coexistence of these two independent sectors in agriculture. The article thus looks at three main issues. Firstly, according to the sources of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the migration policy of the Russian government, initiating a vast territorial expansion of the Russian speaking population, and economic transformations in agriculture on Kazakhstan territory. Secondly, the transformation of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan is analyzed in historical retrospect. The author argues that the classic type of nomadic cattle breeding began to change from the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, but the most noticeable changes in the composition of the herd and the type of nomadism were observed from the beginning of the 20th century. Thirdly, the formation of the arable farming, the impetus for the development of which was given by Russian colonization, is studied. The beginning of arable farming among nomads in the Kazakh steppe dates to the beginning of the 19th century, but it was fully developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries due to the allotment of lands to peasants from Central Russia. Arable farming is most widespread in Akmola, Turgay, Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions. Thus, the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, considered in the paper, proved to be the beginning of the Kazakhstan agricultural split into two independent sectors: Arable farming and livestock farming. Simultaneously the ethnic factor came to the fore, manifested in the division of the spheres of activity, where autochthon population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and Russian immigrants were mostly engaged in seminatural agriculture.
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Kadir, Hatib Abdul, and Gilang Mahadika. "Economic Practices of ‘Mama-Mama Papua’ using Shifting Cultivation System: Study Case in Sorong and Maybrat Regencies - Western Papua." Jurnal Perempuan 24, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i4.371.
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<p>This research examines women’s role and their decision-making related to swidden farming. This research was conducted in two different regions, Sorong (lowland) and Maybrat (highland) in West Papua. Key informants in this research were indigenous Papuan women, their husbands, and relatives. The aim of the research is to demonstrate that in the realm of traditional agriculture, women play important roles, starting from production, plant nursery, to the crop distribution to market. Nonetheless, the role of women tends to disappear, when the system of agriculture changes to sedentary farming by using chemical substances and other modern and farming technologies.</p>
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Smith, Jo, Bruce D. Pearce, and Martin S. Wolfe. "A European perspective for developing modern multifunctional agroforestry systems for sustainable intensification." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27, no. 4 (January 31, 2012): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000597.
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AbstractOne of the key questions of primary importance to global agriculture and food security is how to optimize sustainable intensification to balance competing demands on land for food and energy production, while ensuring the provision of ecosystem services and maintaining or increasing yields. Integrating trees and agriculture through agroforestry has been attracting increasing interest as an agroecological approach to sustainable intensification. Trees have traditionally been important elements of temperate agricultural systems around the world, but there has been increasing separation of agriculture, forestry and nature over the past few decades. This paper discusses what we can learn from traditional agroforestry systems to help develop modern systems that integrate ecological farming and agroecological advances to achieve sustainable intensification. We also discuss the existing barriers to wider adoption of agroforestry, and identify how these barriers can be overcome to promote agroforestry as a mainstream land-use system.
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ABIDOYE, BABATUNDE O., PRADEEP KURUKULASURIYA, BRIAN REED, and ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "STRUCTURAL RICARDIAN ANALYSIS OF SOUTH-EAST ASIAN AGRICULTURE." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 03 (August 2017): 1740005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000781740005x.
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This paper examines the impact of climate change on the net revenue (NR) of farmers from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Two Ricardian models are estimated: (1) a traditional Ricardian model of the impact of climate change on annual farm NR and (2) a structural Ricardian model that first estimates the number of growing seasons and then the net revenue per season. The traditional model reveals annual NR is sensitive to autumn and summer climate variables. The seasonal effects offset each other so that uniform marginal effects are insignificant. Future climate scenarios likely harm Sri Lanka but could either benefit or harm Indonesia depending on the climate scenario. The structural Ricardian model suggests climate change will reduce the net revenue of three-season farms and increase the revenue of one-season farms causing farmers to switch from three-season farming to one-season farming. Expected losses by 2100 for the region range from [Formula: see text]10% to [Formula: see text]18%. Impacts in Indonesia may be higher ranging from [Formula: see text]20% to [Formula: see text]28%.
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Zerssa, Gebeyanesh, Debela Feyssa, Dong-Gill Kim, and Bettina Eichler-Löbermann. "Challenges of Smallholder Farming in Ethiopia and Opportunities by Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030192.
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Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather events) exacerbate these problems. Applying appropriate technologies like climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can help to resolve the constraints of smallholder farming systems. This paper provides a comprehensive overview regarding opportunities and challenges of traditional and newly developed CSA practices in Ethiopia, such as integrated soil fertility management, water harvesting, and agroforestry. These practices are commonly related to drought resilience, stability of crop yields, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas mitigation, and higher household income. However, the adoption of the practices by smallholder farmers is often limited, mainly due to shortage of cropland, land tenure issues, lack of adequate knowledge about CSA, slow return on investments, and insufficient policy and implementation schemes. It is suggested that additional measures be developed and made available to help CSA practices become more prevalent in smallholder farming systems. The measures should include the utilization of degraded and marginal lands, improvement of the soil organic matter management, provision of capacity-building opportunities and financial support, as well as the development of specific policies for smallholder farming.
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Arcand, Melissa M., Lori Bradford, Dale F. Worme, Graham E. H. Strickert, Ken Bear, Anthony Blair Dreaver Johnston, Sheldon M. Wuttunee, Alfred Gamble, and Debra Shewfelt. "Sowing a way towards revitalizing Indigenous agriculture: creating meaning from a forum discussion in Saskatchewan, Canada." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0004.
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Agriculture is practiced on 3–4 million acres of First Nations reserve lands in the Saskatchewan Prairies—predominantly by non-Indigenous farmers. A confluence of factors including an increase in agricultural land holdings on reserve and greater autonomy in land management have renewed conversations on how First Nations can realize the full economic benefits and exert greater control over agricultural activities that affect the reserve land base. We hosted a Forum on Indigenous Agriculture to share current knowledge on the contemporary status of Indigenous agriculture and to co-formulate research, capacity building, and policy priorities. First Nations’ roles in agriculture are diverse and were categorized in three broad contexts: as farmers, relying on traditional Indigenous or western practice, or a synergy of both; as landlords negotiating lease agreements; and as agribusiness entrepreneurs. Five themes emerged from the forum: centring Indigenous knowledge and traditional relationships to the land, capacity building, building respectful partnerships and relationships, financing farming and equitable economies, and translating research to policy and legislation. The forum provided foundational data to inform research and capacity building to meet community-defined goals in agriculture on reserve lands and by First Nations people.
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Zapico, Florence L., Josefina T. Dizon, Teresita H. Borromeo, Kenneth L. McNally, Edwino S. Fernando, and Jose E. Hernandez. "Genetic erosion in traditional rice agro-ecosystems in Southern Philippines: drivers and consequences." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000406.
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AbstractThis paper examines genetic erosion in rice landraces thriving in traditional smallholder agricultural systems in the Sarangani uplands, Philippines. In these marginal areas, the crop is closely interwoven with tribal culture and is vital in ensuring food security among upland households. Field visits unveiled high varietal diversity for upland rice and a rich tapestry of indigenous knowledge associated with its cultivation and use. Study results, however, revealed the tapering of the crop's genetic base due to farmers' changing priorities, pest infestation, weakening seed supply systems, shift to cash crops, natural calamities, environmental degradation, government programmes and peace and order problems. Consequently, these pressures undermined traditional agricultural systems in Sarangani upland communities causing food and water scarcity, hunger and suffering on a catastrophic scale. Interdisciplinary strategies aimed at simultaneously averting further varietal losses and environmental degradation while improving human well-being are therefore warranted. Furthermore, making traditional rice farming a lucrative endeavour will induce the younger generation to remain in the uplands and choose farming as a profession. This way, biocultural restoration of agriculture will be attained and the continued presence of the tribal groups in the Sarangani uplands will be ensured for a very long time.
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Kumari, Akanksha, and Prabhat Kumar Sahu. "Internet of Things-Based Smart Drip Irrigation Using Arduino." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9286.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture is one of the primary sectors in the Indian economy. Over the past several years, agricultural scientific techniques and agricultural implements have developed in the region, replacing the traditional method of farming. By which the economic condition of the farmers has improved. In addition, there are still some small farmers in India who use the old traditional methods of farming of agriculture because they do not have the resources to use modern methods. Besides, it is the only region that has contributed not only to the development of itself but also to other areas of the country. Agriculture has a major contribution to the country’s GDP and national income. In addition, it requires a huge manpower and labour which constitutes about 80% of the total workforce. Employees work not only directly but indirectly in the agricultural sector. Irrigation is the use of controlled amounts of water at the required intervals to the plants. Effective irrigation will affect seed development, germination, root growth, utilization of nutrients, plant growth and revival, yield and quality of the entire development process. The farmer knows how much water he has to give to the crop and when crop is to be planted, but the best system of irrigation it is necessary to have the information about use of equipment, plant species, soil structure, soil preparation and It is also important to be aware of all these that at what stage to watering the plant. The aim of this research paper is to describe how the Internet of Things (IoT) framework plays an important role in the field of agriculture. Here to show the importance of IoT in agriculture, we choose “Smart Drip Irrigation System.”
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Heckman, Joseph R. "Securing fresh food from fertile soil, challenges to the organic and raw milk movements." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000618.
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AbstractIn recent decades, a diverse community of dairy farmers, consumers and nutrition advocates has campaigned amidst considerable government opposition, to secure and expand the right of individuals to produce, sell and consume fresh unprocessed milk, commonly referred to as ‘raw milk’. This advocacy shares important parallels with battles fought in the organic food movement over the past century. Both the raw milk and organic food movements originated with farmers and consumers who sought to replace industrialized food production and processing practices with more traditional ones. Both movements equate the preservation of natural integrity in farming and food handling with more wholesome, nutritious food and environmental conservation. Both movements have had to work diligently to overcome a false perception that their practices are anachronistic, notably with regard to productive output of organic agriculture and the safety of fresh unprocessed milk. There is also the failure of opponents to acknowledge a growing body of scientific evidence for health benefits associated with drinking of fresh unprocessed milk. The raw milk movement has the potential to economically benefit family farmers, much as organic agriculture has done. Building soil fertility, a foundational principle of organic farming, would benefit from having numerous small pasture-based dairies spread across the land providing fresh unprocessed milk. Agricultural universities and the Cooperative Extension System could seize a real leadership opportunity by promoting and participating in this reinvention of dairy farming, and restoring the ecology of this traditional food and farming system.
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Sahu, Usharani. "A Case Study on Scientific Attempt to Turn Agriculture Scetor Sustainable, Profitable and Attractive Through Innovative Aquaphonic Farming Methods in Cuttack and Khordha Districts of Odisha, India." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 9, 2020): 1264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug594.
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Decreasing availability of land for farming due to Urbanization and Industrialization has further complicated Wide spread difference between cost of Agricultural Production-Minimum Support Price (MSP). To resolve the issues of viability in terms of economic & financial return and to find out alternative methods have to be applied in farming sector.Use of innovative technology ,the less numners of persons have been employed which obtained better results,less area under innovative farming has resulted in higher yield..As per suitability non-traditional methods to be implemented at large scale by the assistance of Government mechanism for the betterment of society. Agriculture has to be climate smart, technology driven, profit generating and sustainable to meet the need of food security of the country
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Durán-Lara, Esteban F., Aly Valderrama, and Adolfo Marican. "Natural Organic Compounds for Application in Organic Farming." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020041.
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Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields. Most of the compounds used are synthetic, and their overuse causes environmental pollution and human health problems. Currently, several countries are working to reduce the use of agrochemicals. Organic agriculture is now emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture using environmentally friendly strategies such as the application of organic fertilizers from plant and animal waste and pesticides based on plant extracts and microbials. However, the availability of commercial biopesticides and organic fertilizers is very limited because there are certain barriers to the commercialization of biological products. These barriers include small available quantities of raw materials and strict registration laws requiring toxicological tests and other studies that are expensive and time consuming. The objective of this review is to provide details about the various organic fertilizers and pesticides that do not have the same disadvantages as synthetic compounds in terms of persistence and toxicity.