Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture urbaine et périurbaine'
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Djibo, Hassoumi. "Agriculture urbaine et périurbaine : le maraîchage à Niamey/Niger." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0008.
Full textUrban and peri urban market gardening of the urban community of Niamey (CUN) is an activity practiced by various actors. These actors are distinguished from each other by belonging to a social or ethnic group, the land status, the size of the garden, the choice of productions the time devoted to gardening (full or part time) and in some cases, by a professional category. The production and commercialization of agricultural products gives birth to three distinct circuits : a short circuit wich corresponds to a direct, forwarding of the production to consumers ; a medium circuit wich integrates producers, retailers and consumers ; and finally a long circuit in wich not only producers but also wholesalers, facilitators, retailers and consumers take part. Vegetables are produced in three types of sites wich differ from one another in the texture of the soil, the supply in water, the size of the gardens and their location relatively to the urban center. They also differ in number of cultivators and the way they acquired the gardens. From a financial way, the gardening activity urban and peri-urban areas of Niamey, brings to large and medium producers regular and significant revenues that exceed even the salary than a primary teacher. Market gardening allows them to daily expenses for all of their families. It also helps the enrichment of economic actors, food security and the revival of the local economy. From a social point of view, some producers of the lower class are integrating themselves into social life thanks to the income they generate with the production or the commercialization of vegetables. The market-gardening becomes for them a way to guaranty their survival in a city where life is more and more costly. This agricultural activity guaranties them with ways to obtain social stability
Nguegang, Asaa Prosper. "L'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine à Youndé: analyse fonctionnelle d'une activité montante en économie de survie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210392.
Full textComme la plupart des villes africaines, Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, est confrontée aux phénomènes d’urbanisation croissante. Cette urbanisation rapide n’est pas accompagnée d’une croissance économique. En fait, le pouvoir d’achat extrêmement bas, le chômage, le sous-emploi, la pauvreté, voire la misère, ont amené une frange importante de la population à inventer de nouvelles solutions pour s’assurer un revenu. C’est alors qu’apparaît le phénomène d’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine. La caractérisation de cette agriculture a mis en évidence une interaction entre les catégories d’acteurs, les types d’espaces, les types de cultures, les produits obtenus et les revenus moyens générés. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que cette forme d’agriculture emploie près de 2000 personnes, pour la plupart des jeunes et, surtout, des femmes, dont la moyenne d’âge est de 35 ans. C’est une activité basée principalement dans les bas-fonds marécageux, le bas des pentes, les abords des routes avec une forte pression sur l’espace. Les cultures sont diversifiées et sont à dominance maraîchère, vivrière et floricole. Elles varient en fonction des trois espaces étudiés, à savoir l’auréole urbaine, la zone périurbaine et l’hinterland rural.
L’analyse du système de commercialisation a mis en évidence trois types de circuits à travers lesquels les produits transitent des producteurs aux consommateurs. Ce sont notamment les circuits longs, les circuits courts et les circuits directs. Dans ces circuits de commercialisation, la régulation du marché se réalise au niveau de tous les intervenants. Cela signifie que les prix des produits ne sont pas fixés d’avance, mais varient en fonction de la demande. En ce qui concerne la rentabilité, l’analyse sur les comptes d’exploitation des cultures de céleri, de ndolé et de morelle noire indique que cette agriculture est rentable avec un gain moyen journalier de près de trois euros pour les producteurs. C’est la raison pour laquelle certains maraîchers estiment qu’à la place d’un travail salarial de près de 75euros / mois, ils préfèrent rester dans leur jardin.
Cependant, aucun cadre juridique et réglementaire lié à l’exercice de cette activité n’est disponible. Aucun article de loi ne l’autorise. Nous avons noté également de nombreuses autres contraintes liées à l’organisation des producteurs, aux pratiques, à la structuration et la mise en marché des produits. Ces résultats ont alors d’importantes implications quant à la compréhension des interactions entre les agriculteurs en ville et le monde politique de Yaoundé. Les fonctions multiples de cette activité tel que l’emploi pour les jeunes, les revenus substantiels pour les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, la gestion des déchets urbains et la beauté du paysage étant autant d’attraits qui concourent à son encouragement.
Les stratégies qui visent à susciter l’implication des producteurs urbains dans le développement de la ville de Yaoundé ont été mises en œuvre à travers la CAUPA (Coalition pour la promotion de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine en Afrique). L’intégration de ces stratégies dans les schémas directeurs d’aménagements urbains, pourrait contribuer à concilier les défis d'une amélioration du bien-être des populations en quête de survie. Cette thèse met en évidence la nécessité d’une médiation entre les différentes catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine de qualité. Les résultats pourront permettre aux décideurs et administrateurs des villes de disposer d‘informations utiles sur l’importance de cette forme d’agriculture qui est, non seulement montante, mais aussi controversée.
SUMMARY:
As in most African cities, Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, is faced with the phenomenon of urbanization. This leads to socio-economic problems especially in food supply and acquisition of basic necessities. The extremely low purchasing power, unemployment, underemployment, poverty - say misery, brought a significant proportion of the population to invent new solutions to ensure basic income through urban and peri-urban agriculture. The characterization of this agricultural system highlights the interaction between various stakeholders, types of spaces and crops, productivity and average revenue generated. Results show that this agricultural system has generated employment for about 2000 people, mainly youths and especially women, with 35 years average age. The activity is based mainly in lowland floody zones, low slope, landscaping roads with increase land pressure. Vegetables, gardening and flowers are dominant diversified crops noticed in the area. These crops vary from urban, peri-urban and rural areas, three landscape which were studied.
The analysis of the marketing chain show three main types of distribution chains through which products pass from producers to consumers. These include long distribution, short distribution and direct channel. In these channels, the regulation of the market is achieved at the level of all stakeholders. This means that the prices of the products are therefore fixed in advance, and also are functions of demand. Regarding profitability, the analysis on the farmer’s accounts of Celery, Bitter leaf and Black nightshade indicates that this agriculture is profitable with an average daily gain of almost 3 euro per producers. That's why some gardeners believes that instead of a salary of almost 75 euro per month, they prefer to stay in their farm.
However, no legal and regulatory framework related to this activity is available in the case of Yaounde. Also, there are many other constraints related to the organization of producers, practices, structuring and implementation of products in the markets. These results have important implications to the understanding of the interaction between farmers and policy makers. The multiple functions of this activity such as youth employment, income for substantial segments of the most vulnerable populations, urban waste management and the beautification of the landscape is as much attraction that contribute to its promotion.
A strategy to encourage the implication of urban producers in the development of the city of Yaounde has been implemented through CAUPA. The integration of these strategies in urban planners, could help for the challenges of improving people’s welfare. Subsequently, this thesis brings forth the need for a mediation between different stakeholders and contributes to good quality of peri-urban agriculture. The results can therefore enable decision-makers and policy to provide useful information on the importance of this form of agriculture which is not only rising, but also controversial.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Sanz, Sanz María-Esther. "Planification urbaine et agriculture : méthodologie systémique de caractérisation de l'agriculture périurbaine à partir d'une recherche empirique en France et en Espagne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0115.
Full textSo far, agriculture has been addressed by urban planning through its landscape dimension, as a component of open-space areas. Today, collective issues linked with the multifunctionality of agriculture and raising urban concerns on food safety, legitimize the consideration of agriculture in territorial planning through its productive dimension. However, even if existing planning tools based on zoning can be used to protect the agricultural land, they hardly take into account the specificities of agriculture as an evolving economic activity within cities' sphere of influence. In addition, approaches to peri-urban agriculture often focus on the distance to the urban center, and this criterion on its own is not enough to reflect their diversity. In this context, we propose a systemic methodology for characterization of peri-urban agriculture, appropriate to the scale of public action and operational for the practice of planning. Combining geospatial analysis, field surveys and in-situ landscape analysis, we describe the diversity of peri-urban agricultural activities by the characterization of spatial units of peri-urban agriculture (USAPU) from criteria based on the structure, the functioning and the management of the landscape, referring to operational levers that can be used as an alternative or as a complement to zoning. The methodology used for the construction of USAPU is also transposable to other situations without the need for heavy field surveys. It has been validated by empirical use in two contrasting case studies (Avignon and Madrid). Finally, the method allows to discriminate productive areas that are potentially responsive to institutional incentives and thus to steer public action toward areas where it will be most efficient
Jaouachi, Tahar. "Les enjeux de l’olivier en situations urbaine et périurbaine : nouvelles constructions territoriales et prospectives : cas du cordon littoral Centre–Sud tunisien." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20010/document.
Full textWhen new uses of rural areas are developed through a combination of urban and tourist dynamics, the question of the impact of urbanization on the olive groves of the Tunisian coast is presents itself. The basic assumption is that the major economic and tourism development, coupled with an uncontrolled urbanization, and supported by inadequate policies, create a threat on the olives growing along the central and southern Tunisian coast, this is a strategic culture for the national economy. The aim of the thesis is to understand the places (spatial, economic, cultural, etc.) of the olive tree system, and to study the issues of olive trees in urban and suburban situations. In the first part is demonstrated the approach and methodology that allows understanding the issues of the urban and suburban agriculture and olive groves. The concept of the olive tree system is then placed in a coastal metasystem to understand the time frames, the interactions between the actors around the place and the functions of the olive sector. This concept is the base of a systemic analysis of olive groves. The results are, then, developed to study the factors of resistance and new values of the olive tree. It is first shown how the dynamic interactions between the demographic, the socio-economic and the political events led to transform the olive’s landscape coastline to a mixed area: agricultural, economic and tourism. However, the territorial transformations and the different dynamics, combined with the cultural developments can be observed in the emergence of new interactions, not only contradictory but also affective: environmental and patrimonial. The landscape and heritage resources notions have become a new subject of research to understand the potential and new values of olive tree
Vianey, Gisèle. "Agriculture-Urbanisation et documents d'urbanisme dans l'agglomération de Chambéry : (communes du syndicat intercommunal de l'agglomération chambérienne)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE19014.
Full textDauvergne, Sarah. "Les espaces urbains et péri-urbains à usage agricole dans les villes d' Afrique sub-saharienne (Yaoundé et Accra) : une approche de l'intermédiarité en géographie." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682525.
Full textHouimli, Ezzeddine. "Les facteurs de résistance et de fragilité de l'agriculture littorale face à l'urbanisation : le cas de la région de Sousse Nord en Tunisie." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004488.
Full textBa, Awa. "Les fonctions reconnues à l'agriculture intra et périurbaine (AIPU) dans le contexte dakarois : caratérisation, analyse et diagnostic de durabilité de cette agriculture en vue de son intégration dans le projet urbain de Dakar (Sénégal)." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/4646/01/These_Dr_Awa_BA.pdf.
Full textA l’instar de ce qui est constaté dans d’autres pays du Sud, la population urbaine de Dakar croît rapidement, tant par le croît naturel que l’immigration. Cela pose, entre autres, les questions de l’approvisionnement alimentaire, notamment en produits frais et de la gestion durable des espaces ouverts : les Niayes et les zones agricoles en périphérie de Rufisque. Aussi, deux programmes sont en cours à Dakar : le PASDUNE et les Microjardins, réactualisent la nécessité d’examiner la place d’une agriculture durable dans le fonctionnement de cette région capitale. La problématique présente les concepts d’ griculture urbaine, multifonctionnalité de l’agriculture et ville durable ainsi que le contexte. La méthodologie repose sur des enquêtes auprès de six catégories d’acteurs (agriculteurs, commerçants et bana-banas, consommateurs, élus, planificateurs et aménageurs et agents du conseil et de l’encadrement technique agricoles) pour tester les trois hypothèses suivantes : différentes fonctions sont reconnues aux Niayes et à l’agriculture ; les fonctions économiques prédominent ; cette reconnaissance fonctionnelle est importante pour maintenir une agriculture in situ. Nos résultats montrent que : - même si toutes les catégories d’acteurs sont conscientes du rôle alimentaire de proximité que joue l’agriculture intra et périurbaine à Dakar, les acteurs de la filière agricole – agriculteurs, intermédiaires (commerçants et bana-banas) et consommateurs – plébiscitent les fonctions économiques alors que les décideurs – élus, planificateurs et aménageurs et agents du conseil et de l’encadrement technique agricoles – mettent en avant les fonctions environnementales et paysagères (poumon vert) ; - à partir de la typologie fine que nous avons construite, il existe une grande diversité des types de systèmes de production et d’activité dans les quatre zones clé (avec ou sans Niayes, dans ou hors du tissu urbain dense) d’agriculture que nous avons identifiées. De plus, la durabilité intrinsèque et exogène des exploitations, au sens de Godard et Hubert (2002), est variable selon les types de systèmes de production et d’activité et les zones ; - les intermédiaires et les consommateurs accordent beaucoup d’importance à la fraîcheur et au prix bon marché des produits de Niayes mais certains évoquent la limite de l’utilisation des pesticides et des eaux usées urbaines sur certains sites et considèrent les produits micro-jardins comme plus sains. Enfin, la discussion confronte nos résultats avec la bibliographie et relève les limites de notre étude tout en soulignant les perspectives scientifiques et opérationnelles qu’elle offre. Notre travail montre la grande diversification de l’agriculture dakaroise et la nécessité d’instaurer une médiation entre les catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture durable, un cadre de vie meilleur et une ville durable
As it is generally noted in other developing countries, the urban population of Dakar is fast growing, due to natural growth and immigration. This situation raises, among others, the issues of food supply, particularly fresh produces and sustainable management of opened spaces: Niayes and agricultural areas in the surroundings of Rufisque. Moreover, two programs ongoing in Dakar: the PASDUNE (Program of actions for protection and urban development of the Niayes and green zones of Dakar) and the Microgardens are re-actualizing the necessity to examine the place of a sustainable agriculture in the working of this capital region. The problematic presents the concepts of urban agriculture, multifunctionality of agriculture and sustainable city and the context. The methodology is based on surveys of six categories of actors (farmers, retailers and bana-banas, consumers, elected people, planners and agents of the agricultural council and technical training) to test the three following hypotheses: different functions are recognized to Niayes and agriculture; economic functions predominate; this functional recognition is important to maintain agriculture in situ. Our results show that: - even if all categories of actors are aware of the food supply role of the intra and periurban agriculture in Dakar, the actors of the agricultural sector - farmers, middlemen (retailers and bana-banas) and consumers – place in a prominent position the economic functions while decision-makers - elected people, and agents of the agricultural council and technical training - put forward environmental and landscape (green lung) functions; - From the thorough typology we built, there is a great diversity of production and activity’s systems in the four key areas (with or without Niayes, near or far from the city) of agriculture we have identified. Moreover, intrinsic and exogenous sustainability of farms, in the meaning of Godard and Hubert (2002), is variable depending on the types of production and activity’s systems and the areas; - The middlemen and consumers give great importance to the freshness and the cheapness of Niayes produces but some of them have talked about the limit of using wastewater and pesticides in some sites and have considered that micro-gardens’ produces are more wholesome. At last, the discussion compares our results with the bibliography and notes the limits of our study while stressing the scientific and operational perspective it offers. Our work shows the great diversification of Dakar’s agriculture and the necessity to set up mediation between the different categories of actors in order to promote a sustainable agriculture, a better living environment and a sustainable city
Leloup, Héloïse. "Les agriculteurs de l'agglomération de Lima : des acteurs territoriaux au défi des attentes de la ville." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H080/document.
Full textThis thesis draws on fieldwork conducted in Greater Lima, Peru, to examine how the city’s farmers have responded to recent changes in the role ascribed to urban agriculture. Amidst a context of severe urban pressure, the metropolis has shown an ambivalent attitude towards agricultural activities, with a norm of indifference stirred to a certain degree of interest as new expectations arise. This investigation is based on an approach that stands at the crossroads of social geography, research into relationships between urban and rural frames of reference, and examination of the natural world’s place within the city environment, in order to characterize the strategies available to farmers – in line with their material resources and traditional or innovative practices – to meet the increasingly complex demands of the city, imposed by other stakeholders: both residents and international bodies now see urban agriculture as a means of responding to the growing significance of urban sustainability. Expectations for local agriculture transcend the function of food production, expanding to include urban planning issues and the creation of spaces for social interaction by and for the city’s inhabitants. These multifaceted objectives demand the transformation of farmland areas located around the outskirts, and the creation of new agricultural spaces within the fabric of the city. This study first addresses the current practices of Lima’s farmers and their weak linkages with the city, before going on to analyze how they have adapted to the expectations placed on them, and resultant effects on both the manner in which urban land is conceptualized and the ways in which unequal power balances can emerge. Municipal policies aspire to integrate the city’s agriculture with urban planning and residents’ quality of life, and must therefore be designed and assessed taking into account local stakeholders’ personal experiences and specific characteristics
A partir del caso de la ciudad de Lima, esta tesis se interesa en las repuestas de los productores agropecuarios de la ciudad frente a la reestructuración de funciones de la agricultura urbana: en un contexto de fuertes presiones de la ciudad, la capital peruana muestra una actitud ambivalente en lo que se refiere a la actividad agropecuaria, entre la indiferencia y la formulación de nuevas necesidades. Siguiendo una línea reflexiva que combina la geografía social, el estudio de las relaciones ciudad-campo y el rol de la naturaleza en la ciudad; la investigación se centra en identificar las capacidades de los productores – en términos de recursos disponibles y de prácticas – para cumplir demandas urbanas cada vez más complejas, que provienen de actores externos a la actividad (tanto de los habitantes como de organizaciones internacionales que ven en la agricultura urbana una repuesta a la exigencia de la sostenibilidad urbana). Las expectativas alrededor de una agricultura de proximidad van más allá de su función de producir alimentos al integrar las problemáticas relacionadas al ordenamiento del territorio urbano y a la creación de espacios de sociabilidad por y para los habitantes de la ciudad. Estas expectativas implican una transformación de los espacios agropecuarios ubicados en las periferias, y la creación de nuevos territorios agrícolas dentro de la mancha urbana. De un lado, analizamos las prácticas de los productores limeños y sus vínculos débiles con la ciudad; y de otro lado, estudiamos las apropiaciones de las demandas de los productores et las consecuencias en la construcción territorial metropolitana así como en la creación de relaciones de poderes desiguales. Las políticas públicas de la ciudad aspiran a una integración de la agricultura urbana con el ordenamiento territorial urbano y la calidad de vida de los habitantes, por lo que no pueden ser pensadas sin tomar en cuenta las historias y las particularidades de los actores locales
Bawa, Anissou. "Mutations des périphéries urbaines au sud du Togo : des espaces ruraux à l'épreuve du peuplement et de la marchandisation des terres." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT077/document.
Full textThis research focuses on the transformation of suburban areas in the southern part of the republic of Togo, and in particular on the transformation of rural areas around cities. It’s based on multidisciplinary approach that take into consideration all questions on demography, land occupation, land selling and the perceptions of different actors involve in those areas. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to collect demographic and satellite data, and to formulate a database on land market. Also, a series of interviews of key individuals involved in land use plan and a quantitative survey of a large sample of farmers have been conducted.The results show that the economic, social and spatial transformations of suburban area of the city of Lomé is part of a general movement of strong population growth under way since the second half of the twentieth century and which is manifested both by the rapidly settlement and population growth of the localities themselves. Nearly 15 new localities appear every year in this small area and the number of localities with more than 1,000 inhabitants arose from 80 to 168 between 1970 and 2010. This intensification of settlement is both a cause and a consequence of the rapid sale of land. Three-quarters of land transfers are now monetized in this region. But this dynamic land market is still largely informal and unregulated by the government. In fact the rapid decrease of agricultural land is the main concern. Land acquisitions are indeed intended mainly to urbanization (66 %). Every year, a large proportion of agricultural land is converted to shelter: 26 % in the suburbs near the city of Lomé and 7 % in more remote peripheries, especially beyond 25 km. The vast majority of buyers (93 %) reside in nearby urban centers and these are often urban administrative managers (24 %). The supply of land for housing limited by the high demand mainly comes from two streams: the customary informal sector (77.5%), and the formal private sector (22.5%). If the customary sector allows households with low or medium incomes to access to land, it does not guarantee security of tenure and prices remain high relative to the purchasing power of the population. The structuring of these supply chains will be important to urbanization and settlement processes in order to contribute to more inclusive economic growth and shared prosperity and not a missed opportunity for agriculture.However, this land market, allows women – long marginalized by customary land tenure – access to land. Unlike men, women perceive urban growth as an opportunity for their farms and their land strategies aimed at maintaining suburban agriculture. Women become undoubtedly important players for the maintenance of agricultural activities in the suburban areas around African cities
Chabert, Olivier. "Les campagnes périurbaines de Hà Nôi : espaces et société dans sa transition." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR30060.
Full textSince the late 80s, changes in rural areas, a periurbanization and metropolization process have been generated by agrarian reforms, economic transition policies, easier population movement, private business approval, new land use regulations and urbanization development. Hanoi's extension is characterized by the decline of land availability, enlargement of urban limits, and international investments. This "reformist" movement is the driving force of periurban farming that reflects new socio-economic and political issues. The return to household's economy enables a variety of production systems and an improvement of family income. Increase of the demand for consumer goods and new urban living standards are leading to a development of an agricultural belt. Low public investments, and vagueness of the regulatory framework set an open range for private networks. While the State calls for private economic sector participation in order to develop agro-industries and marketing channels, decollectivization and the restructuring of cooperatives haven't erased communal structures. Socio-economic differentiation leads to a greater awareness among farmers in terms of land speculation or commercial and employment opportunities trough strategies of multi-activities. Besides the land use problems, the competition between urban and agricultural activities also raises new issues related to environmental degradation and socio-economic reconversion of the rural population. Initiating by field surveys, we extricate the specificity of suburban spaces and their path within urban insertion through these strategies leading to the apparition of new landscapes
Ba, Awa. "Les Fonctions reconnues à l'agriculture intra et périurbaine (AIPU) dans le contexte dakarois ; caractérisation, analyse et diagnostic de durabilité de cette agriculture en vue de son intégration dans le projet urbain de Dakar (Sénégal)." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004646.
Full textRakmani, Ahmed. "Impact sur les paramètres agronomiques et physiologiques de l’ozone troposphérique sur le maïs en Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1157/document.
Full textFor the past 150 years, background tropospheric ozone concentrations have been increasing constantely to the point where they now affect grain yield in major cereals, such as maize. In 2000, it has been estimated that yield loss was between 2.2% and 5% in this crop. Such estimates have been established from a very low number of experiments, all carried out in open top ozone fumigation chambers. To verify the accuracy of these estimations, we cultivated maize plants and exposed them to various ozone concentrations in the field. During plant development, series of cob-leaf samples have been collected in order to analyze the impact of ozone-induced oxidative stress on various biochemical processes. Thus, we studied changes in leaf endoproteolytic activities (a parameter previously used as a dehydration stress indicator), using a fluorescence-based method newly adapted to plant tissues. Concurrently, changes in protein oxidation levels (carbonyl groups) were analyzed, along with lipid peroxidation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).Our results indicate that ozone induced increases in the global level of protein oxidation, endoproteolytic processes and lipid peroxidation, most likely as a result of an over-accumulation of ROS in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the impact of ozone is enhanced by aging. To some extent, these conclusions agree with those obtained from impact modeling that also show that maize is midly sensitive to ozone. However, because yield was not affected whatsoever in our experiment (1000 grain weight, biomass, starch accumulation), it is our opinion that the general consensus about the sensitivity of maize to ozone should be revised
Darly, Ségolène. "Faire coexister ville et agriculture au sein des territoires périurbains : antagonismes localisés et dynamiques régionales de la conflictualité : analyse du cas de l'Ile de France." Paris, EHESS, 2009. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01744762.
Full textWe analyse in this thesis the conflicts that influence the spatial coexistence of urban and agricultural activities within periurban territories. We study more precisely the spatial and territorial dimensions of these conflicts, in order to describe their regional dynamics. We base our conclusions on the observation of two sets of conflicts, located in the Ile-de-France region and gathered from the screening of daily press articles and administrative justice decisions. These indirect datas are also completed by several interviews and one local study of a small territory located in the Val-de-Marne (94). In the first part of the document, we point out the ways of action that are currently followed by actors during land use conflicts, and we propose a set of analysis tools designed to study their spatial and territorial dimensions. In the second part, we draw the regional tendances of conflictuality, using the datas extracted from the press and the justice decisions. At last, in the third part, we map the conflict spaces and identify conflict territories located in the commuter belt. From these results, we evaluate the influence of two sets of geographical factors (spatial and socioeconomical) on the emergence of conflicts
Huang, Jiao. "L'intégration des Services Écosystémiques et de la Multifonctionnalité pour la préservation des terres agricoles péri-urbaines : analyse multi-scalaire dans le cas de la région Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0091.
Full textPeri-urban agriculture is in great challenge because of the pressure from urban extension or the expansion of natural and recreational spaces. Multifunctional Agriculture (MFA) and Ecosystem Services (ES) are two strategies that recognize and manage multiple services and disservices from agriculture beyond food and material production. MFA and ES are closely related and highly complementary. Each has advantages and also shortcomings. However, the two communities have limited interaction and exchange.The objective of the dissertation is to contribute to integrated approaches of MFA and ES for peri-urban agricultural research. It (i) develops an integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture based upon a comparative review on agricultural research working on the two strategies and application in the Region of Ile-de-France, (ii) and also demonstrates how the integrated approach of MFA and ES works on concrete problems linked to peri-urban agriculture with two in-depth studies on management of abandoned farmlands and agricultural recycling of urban wastes in Ile-de-France Region, respectively. Multi-scale analyzes were carried out for the two in-depth studies.The integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture distinguishes four categories of ES/function combinations: (i) includes provisioning ES and related functions.(ii) landscape amenity and cultural ES and related functions. (iii) agricultural recycling of urban wastes and the underpinning ES of waste breaking down and fertilization. (iv) environmental functions, which characterize the contributions of farmers to the maintaining of multiple regulating and supporting ES in agroecosystem and surrounding semi-natural habitats.The in-depth study about management of abandoned farmlands identifies that land abandonment in urban area is especially linked to the New Towns and the pole of Airport Charles-de-Gaulle. In rural area, the reason is usually linked to poor agronomical conditions. Perceptions of local actors of ES and disservices of abandoned farmlands differ with the geographical area and scale. The actors prefer a MFA strategy for the reuse of abandoned farmlands.The second in-depth study finds out that the production of sewage sludge spatially mismatches with the distribution of agricultural lands. Land application of sewage sludge is withdrawing from the peri-urban area in the western part of Ile-de-France. Contrarily, green waste compost is becoming popular. A framework concludes the multiscale influences on the supply-demand relationship regarding urban wastes, followed by a classification of seven categories of farmers.The integrated framework of ES and MFA, and the multi-scale approach for in-depth studies will be interesting for application in other conditions. Comparison between different countries will help to understand the differences and common points in ranking the importance of different functions and formulate efficient instruments for the preservation of peri-urban agriculture
Petit, Timothée. "Du territoire aux agriculteurs, approche technique et sociologique du maintien des prairies dans un contexte d’élevage périurbain de plaine. Enquête auprès d’éleveurs de la partie nord de l’agglomération de Rennes." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0011.
Full textGrassland use and areas are facing a paradoxical situation In France. Their areas have decreased since the 1950’s due to agricultural revolution, mainly in regions where cattle farming is dominant. They have been replaced by maize forage or crop productions in spite of grasslands benefits for farms and territories and incentive and support measures developed at various scales (European, national and local). However in some local areas, a maintenance or increase of grassland areas has been observed for the last decade (2000- 2010). My aim was to study the reasons of grassland maintenance crossing animal sciences and sociology at territory and farm scale. My case study is based on three ‘cantons’, the smallest French administrative scale, in the suburban area of Rennes (Brittany). The work is organized in three parts using conceptual frameworks and methodologies led separately and discussed in a fourth part. It contributes to interdisciplinary studies using technical and social sciences studying evolutions of agricultural practices in the long term. The first part aims to understand: (i) the agro-ecological factors and historical and socioeconomic contexts that led to the upholding of grassland areas in this region since 1950; (ii) the farming systems involved in this upholding and the grasslands functions mobilized. The work is based on landscape observation and retired and actual farmers’ interviews. The study highlights a dairy specialization of the territory due to the early development of the dairy sector close to Rennes (in comparison to the rest of Brittany). Since the 1990’s, the dairy farms have evolved to diversified forms of forage management in relation to new society expectations and the development of innovative dairy chains. Finally, grassland maintenance seems due to a diversity of forage systems using grasslands. The second part is a long term and process modeling of 15 dairy farms trajectories based on the productive and the grassland use trajectories studied along the farmer career. This work shows that the forage system diversity comes from three types of trajectories increasing grassland use: (i) broken trajectories based on dairy specialization, (ii) step-bystep trajectories using grassland mainly for their zootechnical functions, (iii) stable trajectories using few grassland areas in the forage system. The third part is based on a sociological analysis of the way of thinking of the farmers of the same 15 dairy farms. This work shows that grassland is considered as useful forage in the diet of dairy animals. The historical dichotomy between maize and grassland built in the 1970s seems to be over. The professional networks are the key factors for the changing use of grassland. There is not direct link with social networks and farmers grassland uses in farms. However the suburban context impacts the farmers, strengthening or questioning their forage practices. By crossing the results of the three parts of my work, I show there are some types, some uses and some ways of thinking of farmers that are in favor of grassland maintenance and others are refractory. It makes possible to think about new ways for grassland development in territories. It implies for the stakeholders to be coordinated to develop actions at territory scale to use grasslands in agro-ecological transition
Angers, Sall Stéphanie. "Les disparités scolaires dans l'enseignement élémentaire à l'échelle urbaine, périurbaine et rurale au Sénégal." Le Mans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LEMA3010.
Full textDiouf, Djibril. "Partenariats Public-Privé au Sénégal : analyse institutionnelle, contractuelle et conflictuelle du contrôle public dans l’hydraulique urbaine et périurbaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1134.
Full textThrough this PhD thesis, our initial objective was to understand the control exercised by the government on their private partners in the Public-Private Partnerships. This was necessitated by the differences in objectives of the partner institutions and their different characteristics.This is why it has been the question for us to understand how the authorities through the institutional and contractual arrangements exercised this role of control over the private partner.On the basis of such an approach, it was subscribed to qualitative methods including case study to understand the control on the PPP.On the institutionalization, axis such as the inclusion of all the stakeholders, the differences in objectives, the roles and responsibilities, the lack of hierarchy were alternately analyzed. This allowing to make them prerequisites to PPPs.With respect to contracting, we had to look at the control models which were based on the need to correct the system and on those which create the conditions of accountability. To conclude this point, it will appear that contracts should be based on elements of performance.Finally, on the treatment of the differences between partners, the differences in goals, values and characteristics, the opportunism of partners especially the private ones, the need for an alliance and cooperation, the pragmatism of partners have been highlighted. In other words in the PPP, it is necessary to manage such differences
Troussier, Fabien. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des teneurs en composés organiques volatils en atmosphère urbaine et périurbaine et contribution de leurs sources." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Troussier.pdf.
Full textDiedhiou, Sécou Omar. "Agriculture et sécurité alimentaire urbaine à Ziguinchor (Sénégal)." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT2011.
Full textUrban agriculture is fundamental to the food security of both farmers and urban dwellers. Based on the triptych of territorial development, this thesis demonstrates this assertion by crossing the constructivist approach chosen to elaborate the triptych with a monographic approach, the city of Ziguinchor in Senegal. In the absence of official statistics, three methodological steps were taken to study the interrelationships between urban agriculture and food security. Quantitative, the first relied on the submission of questionnaires (538 submitted to farmers and 160 to vegetable merchants) when the second referred to 51 direct and semi-direct interviews. The last focused on the analysis of the evolution. By selecting the "accessibility" and "availability" aspects of food security, our results indicate that urban agriculture contributes in the first place to ensuring the food security of farmers themselves, through their direct production, but also indirectly through the sale on the local market, the income being often used to purchase commodities. The use of the territorial development triptych to demonstrate this is relevant. The input by the three poles "actor, space, resource" allows to combine the current processes by weighting them. Among these processes, the most questioning for the future refers to the increasing fragility of Ziguinchoroise agriculture in the absence of proactive local public policy
Rouget, Nicolas. "Les dynamiques agricoles dans les espaces urbains et périurbains : diversification et stratégies d'adaptation des agricultures : les cas des périphéries Sud-est de Lille et Nord de Lens." Paris 10, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00477267.
Full textThe question of the commitment of farming concerns into the process of “agricultural transition” through the way of the diversification of farming concerns, especially through the services, and in a view to fix itself into town territory, constituted the main reason for this study. The typology of trajectories and strategies of adaptation established according to the dynamics of income systems and to the importance of the links between agriculture and town, singles “occultation trajectories”, “specialization” ones, trajectories of “self-commitment in a logic of opening up to the urban demands”, of “conversion”. Agriculture territorialisation is not the only way chosen to adapt to general and local contexts. Diversification through services is not the only strategy of adaptation to town either. The typology of agricultural areas enhances the fact that the agricultural transition takes effect in a very unequally way from one town to another and even within the same urban periphery. On the one hand, towns in the north periphery of Lens and the considered Belgian cases are for the most important part characterized by a deterritorialisation of the income and production systems. On the other hand, the towns of Loos-en-G and those of the Lille periphery are characterized by their agricultural fixing to urban territories. The study underlines how difficult it is to make the representations of the territory concord, between the elected representatives and the farmers (as far as deterritorialised agricultures are concerned). However, the partnerships committed in Lille are a matter for a process of co-construction
Ciliberto, María Valeria. "La campagne dans la ville : croissance périurbaine et transformation de l'espace, Buenos Aires 1815-1870." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0081.
Full textThe forthcoming investigation deals with the network of relationships that linked the city of Buenos Aires to the surrounding countryside during the process of population growth and expansion of productivity which took place between the early 1800´s and the late 1860´s. Its specific objective is the study of the dynamics of demographic growth and of the spatial, productive and commercial integration of the rural areas surrounding the capital city, at a period in which a steady rise in population figures and important transformations as regards property regulations and political-institutional organization conjugate. The guiding lines for our research have been the conformation and growth of periurban population centers, spatial organization and the characteristics of processes as related to the production of supplies for the city, and the changes generated by the gradual transformation of these centers into small towns and military jurisdictions
Essers, Julien. "Approvisionnements et mobilités alimentaires des périurbains de l’Ouest francilien : étude d’une ruralité métropolitaine." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100013.
Full textAt the time of globalization and agriculture deterritorialization, the food issue remains a main item for consumers. It helps to create a certain social and spatial phenomena, the potential anchors for resident populations. It also makes it possible to understand the varied and relative links to the different forms of distribution, which are inherent to the complexity of a globalized society. In this particular context, exurban areas represent, by their immediate spatial proximity to dense urban centers and because they remain areas dominated by agriculture, new forms of space capable of questioning/asking the farmer-consumer link and the anchors relating to various forms of spatialization. Our thesis will be focused more specifically on the exurban area of western Paris, an old exurban area that offers major observations for the evolution of forms of ex-urbanization (peri-urbanization) in France. Through the question of food, this thesis aims to study the relationships of ex-urban eaters to their supply territories. These learnings help to understand agricultural connections, representations of rurality. This question of food mobilities is perceived as forms of spatial and social change in the context of the domestic eater’s food systems. Thanks to more than 40 semi-structured interviews and a hundred quizzes, this thesis sheds new light on the question of ex-urban rural areas and their different dimensions. It offers an in-depth look at the plural forms of anchoring and investments in the "local". This thesis allows us a better understanding of the inner ex-urban dynamics and a kind of grasp of the socio-spatial complexity in order to go beyond the "captive" and "closed" space which was the usual characteristics of ex-urban areas
Filippini, Rosalia. "Potentiel de production alimentaire de l'agriculture périurbaine : contribution des exploitations périurbaines aux systèmes alimentaires locaux." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0049/document.
Full textPeriurban agriculture (PA) is becoming a central topic in research, involving debates from different disciplines. Agriculture performed in periurban areas is conceived as a tool to have territorial development and to give farmers a chance to maintain their activity. In Italy, analysis on PA have been especially done for metropolitan areas, while few studies have assessed PA under the influence of medium-sized cities, which are the most affected by the recent urbanization. While the debate has started in valorizing the PA’s multifunctionality, the recent claims on food security have arisen reflections on its potential contribution in feeding urban consumers, even in developed countries. The connection between PA and local food system (LFS) has been mobilized by several organizations and researchers, highlighting the environmental, economical and social benefits of such “proximal” production. Nevertheless several authors have claimed for in-depth analysis about the effective participation of farmers in LFS. Moreover, few studies have been focused on the practices put in place at territorial level by periurban farmers, in order to assess how productive strategies are integrated with farmers’ local commercial strategies. For this reason an agronomic analysis at territorial level is required. The overall purpose of this research is to develop a methodology for the assessment of the food production provided by PA and how it is integrated to LFS. To do so, the research answers to three questions: What current food production is performed by PA? How do farmers produce for the LFS? Under which conditions PA can produce for the LFS? The analysis is based on the interaction of two approaches: the farming system and the food system approaches. The case study is the PA around the city of Pisa, a medium-sized city located in Tuscany (Italy). The periurban area’s border consists of six municipalities, characterized by a recent urban sprawl and representative of Mediterranean coastal farming systems evolution. The analysis is based on interviews to farmers and the local buyers of their productions. The analysis shows that PA is composed by an heterogeneous composition of farms in terms of intensity, quantity, and quality of food production. There’s a high degree of heterogeneity of intensity’s production which is linked to heterogeneity of commercial choices between local and global food chains. This choice seems to be characterized mainly by indicators on farm management and land use, more than indicators on social characters of farmer, as age or formation. Considering the quantity of food production, the difference among potential, effective and real food capacity outlines the difference in estimates based on statistical and territorial analysis; it also quantifies the lack between what is effectively produced and what is really available for the LFS. This lack reflects different farmers’ strategies in participating in alternative and local food chains; especially most of the farmers coordinate hybrid strategies between alternative/local and conventional/global food chains. The network analysis highlights that even in LFS, farmers hybrid different typologies of local food networks. The parallel analysis of other LFS’ actors (processors and final sellers) demonstrates the difficulty in approaching a PA involved in such hybrid commercial strategies. If local buyers principally asserts that not all the production produced in periurban area is available for LFS, farmers reply that the capacity of producing for LFS is affected by several constraints mainly linked to regulation and commercial networks. Periurban farmers are thus adapting to the new opportunities of the geographical proximity to urban area, but an effort in coordinate such individual initiatives is needed. This coordination should integrate the territorial dimension that affects periurban food production, in order to better address issues on territorial development of such areas
Nahmias, Paula. "L’habiter citadin interrogé par l’agriculture urbaine." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20012/document.
Full textWithin the framework of a research in social geography, this thesis is interested in the urban agricultures, particularly in those practiced or lived by the city-dwellers: the professional farming that makes the periurban landscapes, the farms involved in short food supply chains, hobby farming, family and community gardens, public places used as farming places. According to location, mutual features and metropolitan governance, we proposed a definition of the urban agriculture which joins in a constructive way intra- and peri-urban spaces, professional and hobby farms, private, public and auto-appropriate agricultural spaces.The study took place in the city of Rennes, in Brittany (France), on the basis of exploratory surveys, on the basis of participating observation and on the basis of twelve in-depth interviews with gardening citydwellers who live the town and country relationship in terms of productive activities but also in terms of sociability, food practices and agro-ecological initiatives. The main results of the thesis are among four. Firstly, the in-depth description of the modes of involvment in the gardens as a spatial issue which represents today the productive nature in the city. Secondly, thanks to a topological approach and to its associated mapping, the highlighting of lived spaces richness for the inhabitants-gardeners, spaces which exceed widely the only current gardening place. Thirdly, "polytopic networks" built by the agricultural experiences of the city-dwellers are sources of questioning not only on the modalities of farming but also on the food and on their contribution to the construction of the city. Fourthly, the agricultural production can be considered as an urban function reconnecting the inhabitant with his environment, thus renewing the inhabiting modes, itemized as three "gardening attitudes": "clever gardener", "rurban gardener" and "militant gardener"
Peres, Stéphanie. "La vigne et la ville : forme urbaine et usage des sols." Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40045.
Full textBecause exurban areas have outpaced urban and suburban areas in population growth for the last several decades, growth pressures are commonly observed at the rural-urban fringe, resulting in conversion of agricultural land for urban use. However the existence of a high quality vineyard questions traditional spatial structuring mechanisms. We must understand the role of vineyard on the morphological configuration of urbanization. The case of suburban Bordeaux vineyard, by its inclusion in both spaces at the heart of the Bordeaux metropolitan area, is ideal for the analysis of issues of interaction between urban growth and dynamic vineyard. The discret choice model associated with the duration model confirms the vineyard resistance, and also provides a means to inform the development of policies that aim at managing these pressures
Bui, Duy Duc. "Architecture et urb-agriculture dans le contexte du paysage de Hanoï." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20026.
Full textHanoi, like another Asian cities, have the consequences of rapid urbanization. To satisfy the growing needs of housing, employment, urban services, planning needs important financial sources, currently limited, or a change in the way of thinking and in the methods of urban design. The experiences of cities around the world show us that urban agriculture is an effective and sustainable solution for future cities. This phenomenon has given us a new way of thinking about the city that is not "non-agricultural" as the traditional definitions. The transformation of urban agriculture into “urb-agriculture” will be a new method of designing sustainable cities. This method of design must be based on human resources and knowledge of urban ecology. In Hanoi, the micro-urban-agricultural land settle spontaneously and function as self-food activities or as an economic complement for urban families. To develop sustainably agricultural areas in Hanoi City, we need to create complex and well connected systems of urban-agricultural land on several scales, highlighting the natural and human resources that are the strong points of the city. Then, in the planning of Hanoi in 2030, the vision until 2050, one of the most important issues is structure of the “ green corridor” and “green belt”, where the technological, historical, cultural and natural elements will be developed in a balanced way, towards Image of a “green city”. This is why we intend to exploit our resources and our strengths from an application of the urban agriculture design (urb-agriculture) for this green structure. Indeed, agriculture will contribute directly to the symbolic image of a “green city”. In these green cities, we will build a lasting relationship between humans and nature, an ecological, sustainable and intelligent living with environment. This method of design will become a reasonable and feasible solution for Hanoi and other Vietnamese cities
Clauzel, Céline. "Dynamiques de l'occupation du sol et mutations des usages dans les zones humides urbaines : étude comparée des hortillonnages d'Amiens (France) et des chinampas de Xochimilco (Mexique)." Paris 4, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351695.
Full textThis study proposes to identify, characterize and compare the recent changes in land using upon two urban wetlands : hortillonnages of Amiens (France) and chinampas of Xochimilco (Mexico). Established along the Middle Ages for agriculture, these areas were subjected to major changes in their functions and in their uses during the second half of the XXth century. Today, they are the support of numerous activities which are sometimes conflicting. Over the past decade, both sites, through their unique landscape, also became inherited common properties and tourist places. However surrounded by fast growing town, they are subjected to urban pressure which can jeopardize space and environment. These recent transformations can be evaluated by diachronic analysis of pictures and also with statistical and onsite datas. These are basics for a proposed guideline in order to answer every question regarding with spatial management keeping in mind that this proposed guideline has to be suitable with each expectation from the stakeholders
Levasseur, Daniela. "L'agriculture urbaine, un renforcement pour la sécurité alimentaire dans un contexte de changements climatiques : le cas du Québec et de l'Oregon." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5378.
Full textConsalès, Jean Noël. "Les jardins familiaux à Marseille, Gênes et Barcelone : laboratoires territoriaux de l'agriculture urbaine dans l'Arc Méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10089.
Full textGHAMLOUCHE, JANAL. "Amenagement de la region de nabatiye (liban-sud). Mutations spatio-economiques et option d'amenagement." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010588.
Full textAs a result of a long period of marginalisation of the agricultural land, the nabatiye region, as well as the whole of the southern lebanon, seems to undergo a particular mode of transformation of space. It is loosing its rural nature without acquiring activities of substantial urban character to replace it. The traces of a rural heritage, combined with the disarray of accelerated urbanisation, gives this region its particular dynamics. Agriculture becomes a secondary activity in the region; it is replaced by commercial activities as well as a number of trades related to construction and cars. The villages, who are originally modelled as a response to their agricultural needs, tend to adapt themselves, in both positive and negative manner, to their new life style and modes of production. People react and take different positions; some speak of decline even disappearing of a dying agricultural activity, others demand for the rebirth of the country sides, while a large number of people try, through commercial activities and crafts, to find a way out of agricultural "system". In a period where the country is rebuilding itself after 20 years of war and project are being prepared, the major question is : what option of land planning should be persued ? in others words, should one encourage an agricultural stronghold on the region or take advantage of the already started diversification of activities, enforce it, adopting the necessary measures to restructure these activities ?
Noubissié, Eric. "Spéciation des composés organométalliques (Hg, Sn, Pb) dans les sols des cultures maraîchères et dans trois espèces de plantes cultivées à Ngaoundéré (Cameroun)." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3006/document.
Full textUrban and suburban agriculture though widely practiced all over the world, sometimes faces difficulties due to the use of poor fertilizers. The objective of this thesis is to study the contamination risks of the soil-plant system by organometallic compounds (Pb, Hg and Sn), in a particular context of urban and suburban agriculture. To meet this goal, the species Lactuca sativa, Amaranthus hybridus and Corchorus olitorius were cultivated on soils amended with combustion debris (CD), like the farmers do in situ. The amended and non-amended soils are sampled and vegetables harvested at maturity on one hand, and at different stages of their growth on the other. The samples are treated, then the inorganic and organics forms of Pb, Hg and Sn are analyzed by ICP-MS and GC-ICP-MS respectively. The results obtained reveal the presence of mono methylmercury (MMeHg) in the soils and in the plants with concentrations respectively varying between nd to 171.567 ng/g and 7.83 ng/g to 34.72 ng/g. Tetra ethyl lead (TEtPb) is the most represented organo lead compounds (OLC) in the soils with concentrations ranging from 18.45 ng/g to 44611.959 ng/g respectively. Whereas in the plants, mono ethyl lead (MEtPb) is the most represented OLC with concentrations ranging from 0.78 ng/g to 56.90 ng/g. OTC were equally identified in the soils as well as in the plants with a predominance of dibutyl tin (DBT) in soil, and mono phenyltin (MPhT) in plants. Amongst the three plant species, C. olitorius turns out to be the species which accumulates MMeHg, OLC and OTC most. But in view of the of daily exposure doses (DED) to these toxic pollutants by ingestion of these vegetables, it is the consumption of L. sativa which presents the greatest danger. Moreover, consumption of this vegetable gives a DED of MPhT which is higher than its acceptable daily intake. The follow up of the accumulation of these organometallics by plants at different stages of their growth, revealed that the quantities of pollutants accumulated, decrease in the plant between first stage of growth and the maturity stage. The results of the absorption factors (Fa) have allowed to underline of phyto availability character of organometallics forms in soil, except for DBT. They have also revealed hyper accumulator abilities of A. hybridus and L. sativa for TBT. The combined results of Fa, translocation factor (Ft) and reports of mobility between the soil and the leaves (Rm (f/s)) have allowed to underline the facilitated translocation of ethylated (TEtPb), butylated (TBT) and phenylated (MPhT) forms, from the roots to the leaves
Douet, Mathieu. "Des Parcelles aux Quartiers : Potentialités et limites de la mise en œuvre d’une agriculture durable de proximité dans l’aire urbaine de Caen-Métropole. Approche socio-anthropologique." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1025.
Full textWe used a socio-anthropological approach to study the social and political dynamics of an ecological transition. We tried to evaluate the responsibility of the actors of intensive agriculture and of local authorities for the disappearance of peri-urban agricultures, and for the difficulties to implement a local sustainable agriculture. Local authorities are interested in such a development. Some of them consider the settlement of a market garden within city limits. Despite this, the idea of promoting another agricultural model is very recent, and remains hard to grasp for local authorities and for the actors of intensive agriculture. Both have a weak vision of sustainability, which focuses on economy and divides public policies into sectors. For instance, according to them, public policies on housing, mobility, economic development and urban planning have nothing to do with agriculture, nor with the rural world and the urban area food supply. The aim of this research is to demonstrate – using an approach that is not exclusively urban, nor technical – that the implementation of a local sustainable agriculture can become an important tool for city planning. It would increase urban areas’ sustainability, via agriculture and the food resilience it provides
Ondo, Jean Aubin. "Vulnérabilité des sols maraîchers du Gabon (région de Libreville) : acidification et mobilité des éléments métalliques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10097/document.
Full textUrbanization is growing rapidly worldwide, especially in Africa. Feed this urban population requires to double agricultural production before 2030. One of solution seems to be urban agriculture. Gabon, like other African countries, is experiencing a boom of urban agriculture, particularly in Libreville. But no concrete study of the impact of urban agriculture on the bio-physico-chemical properties and behavior of metals in soils has yet been carried out in the country. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the impact of urban gardening on soil properties, and the presence of metals in soils and crops.The urban gardening is practiced under cover or in open air and some factors hinder its development (instruction level of gardeners, land insecurity, fertilizers, limited access to water ...). Soils in Libreville are sandy-loam or clay-sandy-loam. The content of metals is generally low and the risk of contamination in the food is limited. Soils cultivated for less than 10 years and soils cultivated under cover do not undergo a significant impact of agricultural practices. In contrast, soils cultivated in open air for at least 10 years are acidified, their fertility parameters and metal content decreasing significantly. The pH is correlated with the chemical speciation of metals and there is a good mobility of Mn, Pb and Zn in soils. Metal content in vegetables grown in Libreville was below the limits allowed by the FAO. Amaranth and sorrel accumulated many metals, especially in the leaves that are consumed parts. The simulation of the liming of agricultural soils cultivated in open air for at least 10 years with the PHREEQC software shows that stabilization to pH 6-7 would improve soils fertility. Some experiments in situ and in laboratory are needed to confirm these results and other mineral and/or organics inputs tests
Vandenbroucke, Perrine. "Transformation de l'unité de production agricole : d'une exploitation sectorielle à une exploitation agricole territoriale. Exploitations agricoles, agriculteurs et territoires dans les Monts du Lyonnais et en Flandre intérieure de 1970 à 2010." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841572.
Full textTounkara, Sidy. "La valorisation des déchets organiques dans l'agriculture "péri-urbaine" à Dakar (Sénégal) : analyse d'une multifonctionnalité stratégique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20085/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze the double issue of integration or the gradual disappearance of agriculture in the city of Dakar and the agricultural use of urban organic waste. The first aspect raises immediately the question of territorial governance of local public action. The second aspect refers to the multifunctionality of agriculture in the context of greening of human activities to protect the environment. How do gardeners adapt to this double concern: to maintain agriculture in city and promote urban organic waste? How can agricultural multifunctionality contribute to maintain and strengthen gardening activity? These issues were tackled by adopting an interdisciplinary approach crossing especially sociology and geography. We suppose that this new environmental function of “peri-urban” agriculture is an opportunity for gardeners in Dakar to develop strategies for adaptation to the local context and to the project of greening of agriculture. A geographical approach of Niayes’ space (Dakar) showed that agricultural practices are largely determined by the characteristics of this environment under human transformation reinforced by urbanization. We show also that the agenda of agricultural development problems in the city Dakar is likely to display political than an actual entry in the urban project. Finally, it remains blocking factors to overcome for “environmentally intensify” the systems of production of agriculture. Some of these factors are based on the registration of agricultural practices in the local socio-cultural system and the relations that gardeners have with the scientific “world” and environmental issues
Ccorahua, balboa Flor. "Le processus de désagricolisation dans des espaces soumis à fortes pressions urbaines et hydriques. Le cas de la commune de Saragosse, en Espagne." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU1073.
Full textFaced with the dominant vision of the city, the process of de-gricolization, defined as the process of disappearance of agricultural spaces, was considered an immutable consequence of the expansion of the city. Few studies have shown interest in this phenomenon, and even more so in the investigation of its causes in the affected sector: the agricultural sector. In the era of sustainable development, the interest in the conservation of agricultural areas close to the city is reflected in their environmental value, both by the desire to integrate nature into the city and by the need for quality food. Although the change of perspective has theoretically benefited agriculture, agricultural areas are still vulnerable to the city’s presence, mainly in heavily populated cities, as in the case of Zaragoza in Spain. Although urban pressure was once considered to be one of the dominant aspects of the disappearance of agricultural areas, water pressure and agricultural factors now appear as important aspects to be analysed in the idea of conservation of agricultural areas located near the city. In our study of the process of desegregation, the rural approach was favoured in order to know and understand, from the agricultural world, the factors that contributed to the disappearance of these areas. In other words, what endogenous factors contribute to the disappearance of agricultural areas in the city of Zaragoza? For this purpose, the study was carried out in two stages. First, the analysis of the agricultural areas of the city of Zaragoza, and then the study of two vulnerable agricultural areas close to the residential fabric: the agricultural areas of Huerva and Las Fuentes
Frente a la visión dominante de la ciudad, el proceso de desagricolización, definido como proceso de desaparición de los espacios agrícolas, era considerado como una consecuencia inmutable de la expansión de la ciudad. Pocos estudios revelaban un interés en dicho fenómeno, y más aún, en la búsqueda de sus causas desde el sector afectado: lo agrícola. A partir de la era del desarrollo sostenible, el interés por la conservación de las zonas agrícolas a proximidad de la ciudad se refleja por su valor ambiental, tanto por el deseo de integrar la naturaleza en la ciudad, como por la necesidad de tener una alimentación de calidad a partir de la producción local. Aunque el cambio de perspectiva beneficiaba teóricamente a la agricultura, los espacios agrícolas a proximidad de la ciudad seguían siendo vulnerables frente a la presencia de la ciudad, principalmente en las ciudades fuertemente pobladas, como en el caso de la ciudad de Zaragoza. Si bien la presión urbana era considerada antiguamente como un aspecto dominante en la desaparición de las zonas agrícolas, la presión hídrica y los factores propios a la agricultura se revelaban ahora como aspectos importantes en la idea de conservación de los espacios agrícolas a proximidad de la ciudad. En nuestro estudio del proceso de desagricolización, el enfoque rural ha sido privilegiado con el fin de conocer y comprender, desde mundo agrícola, los factores que participaban en la desaparición de dichas zonas. Es decir, ¿qué factores endógenos contribuyen a la desaparición de los espacios agrícolas de la ciudad de Zaragoza? Para ello, el estudio se ha realizado en dos tiempos. Primeramente, el análisis de las zonas agrícolas de la ciudad de Zaragoza, y posteriormente, el estudio de dos zonas agrícolas vulnerables próximas al tejido residencial: las zonas agrícolas del Huerva y de Las Fuentes
Paddeu, Flaminia. "De la crise urbaine à la réappropriation du territoire : Mobilisations civiques pour la justice environnementale et alimentaire dans les quartiers défavorisés de Detroit et du Bronx à New York." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040186.
Full textAmerican cities are still affected by the urban crisis, patent through the existence of low-income inner city neighborhoods, concentrating the urban poor and ethnic minorities. The neighborhoods of Jefferson-Mack (Detroit) and Hunts Point (South Bronx, New York) are both considered icons of the urban crisis. Yet they witness substantial environmental and food justice activism. The purpose of this thesis is to understand how grassroots environmental and food practices can be used to improve living conditions for inner city communities. The first section analyzes how these two blighted neighborhoods are products of a structural urban crisis. By using a corpus of urban studies on urban decline, we demonstrate how the daily lives of residents reveal a “crisis of urban living” in which noxious uses and pollution as well as limited environmental and food access are key factors triggering grassroots activism. The second section is grounded in a corpus of studies on environmental and food justice, in order to explore the role of environmental and food justice activism in these neighborhoods. We defend that the hybridity between environmental, food, social and spatial issues reconfigured grassroots activism. The third section mobilizes a corpus of commons studies to analyze the challenges of reclaiming urban space. By studying the rise of urban agriculture and other environmental amenities occurring on vacant land, we explore the multiple benefits of community urban space reclamation. Beyond environmental and food benefits, and despitesome conflicting issues, reclaiming urban space allows transformative processes to noticeably yet incompletely improve living conditions
Grard, Baptiste. "Des Technosols construits à partir de produits résiduaires urbains : services écosystémiques fournis et évolution." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA043/document.
Full textCities are becoming denser at the expense of nature spaces that are correspondingly decreasing, as are the ecosystem services associated with them. Faced with this observation, the greening of buildings appears as a valuable alternative. Nowadays, green roofs have become a planning tool in urban planning. These roofs take different forms, adapting to urban constraints and challenges. In recent years, a new form of green roof has emerged: productive green roofs (i.e. of edible biomass). Despite a growing interest, rooftop farming is still poorly developed and known. Their design, their development and especially, the ecosystem services they could deliver are still poorly understood and need to be known. Keystone to green roofs, the soil in place directly and indirectly influences the provided ecosystem services. Despite, it’s key role, soil is still poorly studied. Furthermore, non-renewable products such as pozzolan or expanded clay or peat are today mostly used in their composition. In this work we have studied constructed soils, named Technosols, for productive roofs made only of urban wastes. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to achieve a quantitative assessment of delivered ecosystem services (ii) analyze the first stages of Technosol pedogenesis. In order to do so, three experimental devices were implemented on the “Bertrand Ney” rooftop of the technical University AgroParisTech in Paris. The experimental devices consist of multiple plots filled with different disposal of five urban wastes: green waste compost, shredded woods, crushed tiles and bricks, spent coffee grounds used to grow mushroom and a biowaste compost. The impact of the different Technosols on (i) ecosystem services, (ii) food production (quality and quantity), (iii) fertility) and (iv) temporal evolution, were assessed. Constructed Technosol are fertile and allow a consistent food production over one to five years. The level of food production was equivalent to that of a professional producer and food quality regarding trace metal element was below existing norms. The quantitative assessment of ecosystem services (food production, urban waste recycling, rainwater retention and overflow quality (C and N)), highlighted the multifunctional nature of productive green roofs. However, we identified an ecosystem disservice which is an alteration in the quality of the leachates due to carbon leaching and presumably other elements. A first phase of rapid and strong pedogenesis was observed marked by an intense biodegradation and lixiviation of the Technosols. Our works identified two trade-offs in the design of a productive Technosol: between (i) the biodegradation or organic materials (ensuring the supply of mineral nutrient to plants) and the maintenance of the structure and porosity of the Technosol (i.e. its physical fertility) and (ii) the supply of nutrients by biodegradation and leaching, resulting in a loss of these elements and an alteration of the quality of percolation waters on the other hand. Knowledge of the properties of the materials used to build Technosols and on their link with the expected ecosystem services already makes it possible to design multifunctional productive rooftop based on urban waste and manage them sustainably
Kedowide, Mevo Guezo Conchita Ghislaine. "SIG et analyse multicritère pour l’aide à la décision en agriculture urbaine dans les pays en développement, cas de Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso." Paris 8, 2011. http://octaviana.fr/document/163805911#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full text"Before 2030, the world population will increase by 3 billion individuals, among whom 95 % in developing countries, production of food will double, and that of waste and effluents will increase fourfold in cities. Three billion persons will lack infrastructure for sewage disposal. These patterns and their potential impact as well as the challenge its management, will beparticularly pronounced in regions in fast urbanizing regions amongst which sub‐Saharan Africa" (Mougeot et Moustier, 2004). This statement is vocal on the issue of integrating food security in urban environmental management in the cities of developing countries. One urban activity contributing to fighting poverty and promoting a clean environment is urban agriculture, in as much as it consists of “an industry that produces, processes, and markets food and fuel, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town” (UNDP, 1998). It is a source of income for the underprivileged for whom jobs are created, and it participates in the purification of cities by using recycled waste as fertilizers and treated waste water. Nevertheless, in spite of its vital functions in developing countries, the urban agriculture suffers from a lack of recognition and carries little economic weight. This is justified by its call on scarce resources and the health and environmental risks associated with its practice. . . This situation is evidenced in the specific case of Burkina Faso, which is the subject of our study. So, the characterization made from the field data indicates that agriculture is marginalized in this administrative entity and it disturbs because it tries to settle where the city develops. It claims lands subject to high financial speculations by the authorities and water, a scarce resource in the Burkina‘s sahelian context. This explains its precarious and informal character and a long time, the lack of consideration in the projects of urban planning. The present study elucidates its profile and spatial distribution. It was interested at first in its spatiotemporal dynamics since 1996, which corresponds to the period when Agrarian and land reform (RAF, on 1999) was adopted in Burkina; secondly, it canvasses agricultural potential zones, where efforts of accompaniment should focus in order to help in the decision‐making by the territorial administrators of the Municipality of Ouagadougou. .
Faye, Adji Astou. "L'espace économique et social de la femme dans une région du Sénégal : Kaolack." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100052.
Full textCoulibaly, Doubangolo. "Changements socio-techniques dans les systèmes de production laitière et commercialisation du lait en zone péri-urbaine de Sikasso, Mali." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005012.
Full textRobineau, Ophélie. "Vivre de l'agriculture dans la ville africaine : une géographie des arrangements entre acteurs à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917958.
Full textBiget, Jean-Louis. "Albi et l'albigeois, veme-xveme siecles." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20003.
Full textThe albigeois region provides a privileged field of observation for certain mediaeval structural phenomena. After the economic growth, having developed gradually and inconspicuously, which began during the viith century, the feudal system took hold in the region, between 980 and 1070, through a rapid and profound mutation. The gregorian reform seems to be one of the effects of this change. The town appears as an organic element of the feudal system, a complement to the countryside, and very dependent upon it for its economic vitality. A sign of this is the fact that the building of cathedrals in southern france was financed by rural lithes. The evolution of the feudal system brought with it social imbalance, accompanied by the rise of catharism, which however was limited to knights and to the urban elites. Neither popular nor national, it disappeared, largely due to the spiritual conquest carried out by the mendicant orders. The toulousan gothic style, of which albi cathedral is the finest example, constituted one of the ways of reacting against the heresy. The economic subordination of town to country, and the unstable and shrinking nature of the urban population from 1320 onwards, contributed to albi's association with the monarchie regime, the cultural models of which inspired the interior decoration of the cathedral
Franck, Alice. "Produire pour la ville, produire la ville : étude de l’intégration des activités agricoles et des agriculteurs dans l’agglomération du grand Khartoum (Soudan)." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100131.
Full textThe question of farmers and agriculture in African cities has already been largely studied. If the situation of agriculture in Khartoum presents similarities with other African cities, there are nevertheless interesting differences, one of which being the modes of starting and growing of these activities. By placing Khartoum’s case in a global context, this research presents the interest of an original African agglomeration, because located at the meeting point between north Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. This work takes into account a large panel of agricultural activities, in order to highlight the diversity of urban agriculture in Khartoum and to lead a comparative analysis. The spatial frame of this work is the entire territory of the Sudanese capital, in order to question the viability of an agricultural use of space, in the globality of the urban territory. This work will clarify the ambiguous relationship between the city and its farmers, in order to raise the question of the sustainability of agricultural activities in an urban area. The work will highlight the constraints on urban farming and describe the elements allowing the sustainability of these activities and their displacements following each extension of the city. If the future of urban agriculture depends mainly on governmental politics, it is also strongly related to the socio-economic integration of farmers. Finally, this study will consider the ambivalence of the relationship between the city and its farmers, which is exacerbated by the spatial and demographical growing of Greater Khartoum and by the Sudanese political and economical changes. This will lead to a debate upon the City itself and a broader approach of urban politics, land tenure pattern, along with insertion and adaptation modes of migrants
Normandin-Leclerc, Étienne. "La diversité taxonomique et des traits fonctionnels des abeilles sauvages dans deux villes canadiennes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27987.
Full textUrbanization is one of the most pervasive anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat losses and extirpation of numerous species. Wild bees are the most widespread pollinators, but little information is known on how their communities are affected by urbanization and which kinds of urban green spaces are contributing to their conservation in cities. In this study we evaluated the taxonomic and the functional trait diversity of wild bees in two canadian cities and in three urban habitats. Our results demonstrated that cities can sustain a highly diverse community of wild bees, but also impact their community structure and dynamics by harbouring abundant and exotic species. Results on functional trait diversity showed that urban agriculture could contribute substantially to the provision of functionally diverse bee communities and possibly to urban pollination services.
Xiong, Tiantian. "Biodisponibilité des métaux et métalloïdes de particules micro- et nanométriques en relation avec leur phytotoxicité." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0081/document.
Full textUltrafine particles including nanosized enriched with metal(loid)s (PM) are emitted into the atmosphere of industrial or urban areas, these PM can transfer into soil and water ecosystems and have consequences on plant quality and human health. In a global socio-scientific context that regulation on (eco)toxicity of chemicals and public space pressures are recently increased, studies of environmental and health impacts throughout the life cycle of PM are of crucial sanitary concern. The PhD aims first to study metal(loid)s present in the PM: their transfer kinetic and mechanism of phytoavailability, phytotoxicity, and human health risks-ingestion bioaccessibility. Then, through the case of vegetable gardens near an incinerator and a highway in China, a socio-scientific study was performed in order to give suggestions for sustainable environmental and health risk management for these sites. Vegetables can significantly accumulate metal(loid)s by foliar uptake when PM directly enter into leaves through stomata apertures. Ultrafine PbO and nano-CuO particles caused serious phytotoxicity (reduced biomass and gaseous exchange, and necrosis) after interaction with leaf surface. Phytotoxicity of metal(loid)s is not simply governed by their total concentration, but also depended on the potential bio-transformation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis clearly evidenced copper speciation change in leaf tissues. Moreover, a significant influence of the nature of metal, plant species and the exposure pathways (foliar/root) on gastro-bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s had been demonstrated. For a social-scientific study near waste incinerator and roadside, we found that atmosphere PM fallouts can induce significant metal foliar uptake in addition to soil-plant transfer. The relatively high human bioaccessibility of metal (60-79%) was measured, suggesting a potential health risk in the case of regular consumption of polluted vegetables. Vegetable gardens present a low (waste incinerator) or moderate (highway) health risk with respect to human consumption quantity of the investigated vegetables, but exposure to different organic pollutants in addition to metals is often possible. Our studies highlight the importance of taking atmosphere and soil quality into account for estimating the quality of consumed plants grown in anthropic areas (farms and kitchen gardens), and for sustainable management of urban agricultures
Robert-Boeuf, Camille. "Les jardins collectifs : entre urbanisation de la campagne et agrarisation de la ville : mise en regard de l'Ile-de-France et de Kazan." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100131.
Full textCollective gardens of Île-de-France and the Kazan region are examples of one of the oldest forms of urban gardening in Europe and they are at the interface between the city and the countryside. At the local level, despite their domestic and private roles, gardens also referring to a community structured around complex norms and tensions between different generations of gardeners. These communities are based on agricultural work, strong neighborhood relations which is why they can be analysed through the concept of idealized peasant community. At the metropolitan level, collective gardens affirm an agrarisation of the city because they build an agri-urban way of live, promoting a low urban density and new eating habits. Moreover, they make connections between urban and rural actors. Finally, tension between agrarization and urbanization highlights the role of gardens in the city’s construction, as they maintain agricultural land in a context of urban spreading and densification. In this approach, the franco-russian comparison particularly supports a reflection on the hybridization of agrarization and urbanization with the affirmation of a right to land in resonance with the right to the city
Коллективные сады из Иль-де-Франс и Казаны являются одной из древнейших форм городского садоводства в Европе, которая находятся между городским и сельским миром. На местном уровне, несмотря на их домашнюю и частную роль, сады строят сообщества, структурированные вокруг сложных норм и напряженности между разными поколениями садоводов. Эти сообщества - основаны на сельскохозяйственной работе и крепких соседских отношениях, поэтому их можно проанализировать с помощью концепции идеализированного крестьянского сообщества. На уровне метрополии, коллективные сады утверждают аграризацию города и создают сельско-городской образ жизни, способствуя созданию менее плотного городского пространства и новых привычек питания. Кроме того, они устанавливают связи между городскими и сельскими населением. Наконец, напряженность между аграризацией и урбанизацией подчеркивает роль садов в строительстве города, поскольку они сохраняют сельскохозяйственные земли в условиях распространения и уплотнения городов. При таком подходе, франко-российское сравнение особенно подчеркивает гибридизацию аграризации и урбанизации с подтверждением права на землю и права на город
Clauzel, Celine. "Dynamiques de l'occupation du sol et mutations des usages dans les zones humides urbaines. Étude comparée des hortillonnages d'Amiens (France) et des chinampas de Xochimilco (Mexique)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351695.
Full textPierart, Antoine. "Rôle des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules et des bioamendements dans le transfert et la bioaccessibilité de Cd, Pb et Sb vers les végétaux cultivés en milieu urbain." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30148/document.
Full textUrban agriculture (UA) and pollution are two worlds more inter-connected every day, creating one of the main challenges of sustainable cities as persistent metal(loid) contamination increases as much as the interest for urban agriculture. Biofertilizers and bioamendments used in UA (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, compost, and biochar) can influence the mobility of contaminants in soil. This study aims to better understand the fate of anthropic or geogenic, major (Cd, Pb) and emerging (Sb), inorganic contaminants in soil-plant-biofertilizer systems and their human bioaccessibility. While contaminant mobility in soil is affected by biofertilizers, their origin influences also their bioaccessibility. The fungal community seems crucial in this phenomenon but is impacted by compost addition. Hence, using these biofertilizers in contaminated soils has to be thought wisely because of the multiple interactions affecting contaminant's phytoavailability