To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Agrochemical application technology.
Journal articles on the topic 'Agrochemical application technology'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Agrochemical application technology.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mustafa, Isshadiba Faikah, and Mohd Zobir Hussein. "Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081608.
Full textAbstract:
Declines in crop yield due to pests and diseases require the development of safe, green and eco-friendly pesticide formulations. A major problem faced by the agricultural industry is the use of conventional agrochemicals that contribute broad-spectrum effects towards the environment and organisms. As a result of this issue, researchers are currently developing various pesticide formulations using different nanotechnology approaches. The progress and opportunities in developing nanoemulsions as carriers for plant protection or nanodelivery systems for agrochemicals in agricultural practice have been the subject of intense research. New unique chemical and biologic properties have resulted in a promising pesticide nanoformulations for crop protection. These innovations—particularly the nanoemulsion-based agrochemicals—are capable of enhancing the solubility of active ingredients, improving agrochemical bioavailability, and improving stability and wettability properties during the application, thus resulting in better efficacy for pest control and treatment. All of these—together with various preparation methods towards a greener and environmentally friendly agrochemicals—are also discussed and summarized in this review.
2
Monteiro, Emiliano Soares, Rodrigo da Rosa Righi, Jorge Luis Victória Barbosa, and Antônio Marcos Alberti. "APTM: A Model for Pervasive Traceability of Agrochemicals." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 8149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178149.
Full textAbstract:
As the world population increases and the need for food monoculture farms are using more and more agrochemicals, there is also an increase in the possibility of theft, misuse, environmental damage, piracy of products, and health problems. This article addresses these issues by introducing the agrochemical pervasive traceability model (APTM), which integrates machine learning, sensors, microcontrollers, gamification, and two blockchains. It contributes in two dimensions: (I) the study of the environmental, product piracy and regulatory of agrochemical control; (II) the technological dimension: application of an adequate set of sensors collecting multiple data; modeling and implementation of a system via machine learning for analyzing and predicting the behavior and use of agrochemicals; development of a scoring system via gamification for reverse use of agrochemicals; and presenting a record of transactions in a consortium of two blockchains, simultaneously. Its main advantage is to be a flexible, adaptable, and expansive model. Results indicated that the model has positive aspects, from detecting the agrochemical, its handling, and disposal, recording of transactions, and data visualization along the reverse supply chain. This study obtained a round trip time of 0.510 ms on average; data transfers between layer one and its persistence in the database were between 4 to 5 s. Thus, blockchain nodes consumed only 34 to 38% of CPU and recorded transactions between 2 to 4 s. These results point to a horizon of applicability in real situations within agricultural farms.
3
Esau, T., Q. Zaman, D. Groulx, Y. Chang, A. Schumann, and P. Havard. "Machine vision for spot-application of agrochemical in wild blueberry fields." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000620.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of the project was to supply growers with knowledge on how incorporation of machine vision technology can affect the wild blueberry crop, disease pressures, and the overall savings of select agrochemical inputs. A machine vision system was developed and mounted on a rear sprayer boom in front of the sprayer nozzles capable of targeting the agrochemical application on an as-needed basis. Results showed that plants that received the proper fungicide application were less prone to premature leaf drop resulting in larger stem diameters and higher bud counts and harvestable fruit yield. Fungicide application savings using the smart sprayer for spot-application was 12% as compared to a uniform application.
4
C.O., Rosiji, and Olukayode O.O. "Assessment of Farmers Awareness on the Environmental Effect and Safety Implications of Agro-Chemicals: A Study of Rice Farmers in Abeokuta." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-y1xruw8c.
Full textAbstract:
This study assessed farmer’s awareness of the environmental effect and safety implications of agrochemicals (A study of rice farmers in Abeokuta, Ogun State. Agrochemicals are pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers used for the management of ecosystems in agricultural sectors. Rudimentary variations on agrochemicals have been used for millennia to improve crop yields and control the populations of agricultural pests. The study is a descriptive survey; in which 15 questionnaires were formulated and distributed to the farmers in Abeokuta, Ogun using stratified sampling techniques. The result of the study showed that 73% of the respondents know that Agrochemicals are chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) used to boost agricultural production while 27% did not. Also, 87% are aware of the environmental effect of agro-chemical used in the farm while 13% are not. 67% know that Agrochemical mishandling constitutes one of the most severe farm operation hazards confronting farmers, their produce, and the environment while 33% did not. And 93% has ever attended any seminar/workshop on how to use agrochemicals on crops and rice productions while 7% stated otherwise. Also, 16% of the respondents stated that they have ever encountered any problem in the last two years while 84% stated otherwise. Moreover, 9 of them are properly informed of the risks and precautions involved in the application of toxic chemicals on the rice Productions while 6 disagreed with that. Furthermore, 47% of the respondents are exposed to agrochemicals during applications while 53% disagreed with that and lastly, 80% usually wear protective materials whenever they’re on the farm while 20% stated otherwise. However, pesticides continue to be a significant and growing component of modern rice technology. The relative importance of pesticides has increased despite the availability of alternatives to exclusive chemical pest control such as varietal resistance and integrated pest management (IPM). Despite the benefits involved in the use of agrochemicals, there are also health and environmental problems associated with its use. However, the farmers’ knowledge of the use of agrochemicals in Nigeria has been fraught with problems. Therefore, the protection of our crop through the control of pest and disease agents can make a major contribution towards increased agricultural productivity, the standard of living of rural community dwellers and national development.
5
Tsytsiura, Yaroslav. "ASSESSMENT OF SOILS OF THE VINNYTSIA REGION FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION APPLICATION." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-1-2.
Full textAbstract:
The article reflects the results of a study of the development of organic technologies for agricultural production in the Vinnytsia region. A statistical generalization of the indicators of the development of organic technologies in the region was carried out and conclusions on the relevance of this strategic technological direction for the region were drawn. An assessment of the potential of Vinnytsia region for the introduction of technologies of organic farming and crop production in view of the national strategy of transition to alternative organic technologies are conducted. The peculiarities of the soil cover of the region from the standpoint of certain areas for the cultivation of organic products are analyzed. The results of cartographic assessment of the suitability of the soil cover of the region for the introduction of a staged transition to organic farming systems and the possibility of such a transition in different years of technology introduction are presented. The features of the soil cover of the region from the position of certain zones for the cultivation of organic products are analyzed. The basic regulatory criteria for assessing the suitability for classic organic production by the basic properties and groups of qualities defined by the orders of the Government of Ukraine are determined. The average agrochemical properties of soils in the Vinnytsia region in terms of humus content, mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and acidity of the soil solution are grouped and determined. The indicators of the content of mobile forms of trace elements, heavy metals and pesticide residues are separately grouped within the districts of the region. Based on a comparison of the normative values of soil parameters and the actual values of indicators within the regions, the integral coefficient of suitability of the soils of the region for the introduction of organic agricultural production technologies is determined. This made it possible to rank the districts of the region and identify favorable and unfavorable regions for the transition to organic technologies of agricultural production. Key words: organic technologies, suitability, standards, agrochemical assessment of soils, organic products.
6
İnam, Recai, Tuba Sarİgül, Ebru Zeynep Gülerman, and NazlI Uncu. "Polarographic determination of herbicide thifensulfuron methyl/application to agrochemical pesticide, soil, and fruit juice." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 15 (December 20, 2006): 1135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310600797606.
Full text
7
Ha, S. R., P. A. Dung, and B. H. Lee. "Impacts of agrochemical fertilizer on the aquatic environment of paddy fields in Vietnam." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0284.
Full textAbstract:
To evaluate the impacts of agrochemical fertilizer application on the aquatic environment of paddy fields in tropical regions, 7.04 ha of paddy field situated in northern Vietnam were selected as a study area. The fate of nutrient constituents was surveyed through a questionnaire as well as analytical observation. Taking the major environmental components of the paddy field into account, a mass-balance flow regarding fertilizing constituents such as nitrogen and phosphate was built up and used to estimate the contribution of fertilizer to paddy field water pollution. In the mass-flow analysis, the randomness of fertilizer used by local farmers is incorporated within the conventional input-output model. For the control volume of soil in 0–40 cm below paddy plot surface, the estimated average concentrations in soil were 1.8 ppm for inorganic nitrogen and 1.3 ppm for inorganic phosphate on the assumption of 50% non-excessive probability. From the reasonable consistency of the deduced concentrations of nutrients with observed ones, not only the mass balance of fertilizing substances but also the impacts of fertilizer on the paddy field aquatic environment in Vietnam could be understood. On the results from nutrient mass-balance analysis, it was found that 11.3–13.3 kg N/ha would percolate into the underground aquifer that is linked to surface channel flow in the vicinity of the paddy plots and affect the irrigation water quality. The nutrient portion in the materials harvested as grain and straw occupied 58% of total dosed nitrogen and 75.6% of total supplied phosphorus.
8
Vong, Chin Nee, and Peter Ako Larbi. "Development and Prototype Testing of an Agricultural Nozzle Clog Detection Device." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13519.
Full textAbstract:
HighlightsPrototypes of an agricultural nozzle clog detection system (for 18 nozzles) have been successfully developed.Spray quality characteristics (droplet size, pattern, and coverage) were not significantly affected when testing the device with extended-range nozzles (TeeJet XR8004).Most of the spray quality characteristics were significantly affected when testing the device with ultra low-drift nozzles (John Deere PSULDQ2004).Abstract. Agricultural nozzles are the main components that perform the spraying of agrochemicals, and their proper functionality is a key element for uniform spray application on crops. Because nozzles have small orifices, they can become clogged when there is debris from the agrochemical in the tank. Nozzle clogging during spray application results in poor pest and weed management and increased cost for re-spraying the affected crop row. Measures used to prevent nozzles from clogging include using screens or strainers to filter out debris before it reaches the nozzle tip, as well as performing regular checks on the nozzles. However, nozzle clogging still occurs during spraying despite the precautions taken. Thus, a device that can detect nozzle clogging during spraying is necessary to enable a quicker response that will ensure uniform application across each row of the crop. A novel, patented device for detecting clogged nozzles that is externally attachable to each nozzle on a sprayer boom was developed in the Precision Application Technology Lab at Arkansas State University. The main objective of this article is to present a general description of this prototype nozzle clog detection device and the nozzle clog detection system. Spray droplet size and pattern tests under controlled conditions and spray coverage tests under field conditions were conducted with and without the device to determine if there were significant differences in droplet size, spray pattern, or spray coverage between using and not using the device. The tests demonstrated that this new technology has potential for detecting clogged nozzles without significantly influencing spray quality for extended-range nozzles but not for ultra low-drift nozzles. To increase the reliability of the performance of this new technology, further improvements in the design need to be considered. Keywords: Clogged nozzle, Detection, Droplet size, Prototype device, Spray coverage, Spray pattern.
9
JIPA, ADINA PETRUȚA, and DANELA MURARIU. "AGROCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CHERNOZEMIC SOIL IN THE SUPERFICIAL HORIZON BY DIFFERENTIATED NITROGEN FERTILIZATION." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 53, no. 2 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46909/cerce-2020-011.
Full textAbstract:
Soil fertility, upon which plant growth and hence crop yield and quality depend, embraces its content of plant food (nutrients), its organic matter content, its structure, its ability to supply water and its depth. Excessive use of fertilizers with nitrogen products of ion nitric accumulation in the soil (temporary) and in plants, which disturbs the balance of photosynthesis, causes the appearance of necrosis and burns on leaves, severe intoxication and even death by asphyxiation phenomena and cyanosis at ruminants, children and old people. One of the ways of soil pollution through agricultural technology is over-fertilization and, in particular, the administration of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Excess of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as their empirical application, have negative effects on harvest quality. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of five nitrogen levels and different type of fertilizers on the agrochemical evolution of the chernozemic soil in the superficial horizon. Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Suceava, Romania, in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018) with five nitrogen levels (80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 160 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and two type of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and urea).
10
Artemjev, A. A., and A. M. Guryanov. "Changes in agrochemical parameters of leached chernozem under the influence of differentiated use of minerals." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.2.144-152.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents the results of studies conducted in 2004-2010 at the experimental plot in the forest-steppe Volga region. The research investigated the impact of traditional (average) and differentiated use of mineral fertilizers in the field crop rotation (winter wheat (reconnaissance sowing) – spring wheat ‒ annual grass – spring barley – bare fallow– winter wheat – spring wheat) on the change of agrochemical properties of leached chernozem. It was established that the six-year use of fertilizers contributed to the improvement of the main indicators of top soil fertility regardless of application technology. On average, in 15 sectors (plots) of each variant, the content of mobile phosphorus per rotation of crop rotation increased with differentiated fertilization by 15.9%, potassium – by 15%, and in the traditional one – by 4.8 and 16.7% respectively, (control of 100.8 and 116.2 mg/kg of soil, respectively). In sectors where no fertilizer was applied, the content of mobile elements decreased by 2-7%. The nitrogen content in the soil directly depended on the timing of sampling and the amount of moisture in the soil, so it was difficult to track its change. The difference in the accumulation of mineral nitrogen between the technologies of fertilizer application was not observed. For organic matter in all variants of the experience over the years of research there was a decrease in the indicator. This was more noticeable in the control, where the value decreased by 2.7%. Here, the value of soil acidity increased by 0.12 units and became 4.7. In variants with fertilizers soil acidity remained the same (4.6-4.7). In general, the differentiated use of mineral fertilizers did not have a negative influence on the agrochemical composition of leached chernozem. There was a gradual equalization of soil fertility due to the residual amounts of phosphorus and potassium on low-fertile plots and some reduction of mobile elements in zones with high content.
11
Ma, Shujie, Zhibo Luo, Shanying Hu, and Dingjiang Chen. "Promoting information technology for the sustainable development of the phosphate fertilizer industry: a case study of Guizhou Province, China." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181160.
Full textAbstract:
The information technology revolution has brought unprecedented opportunities to the sustainable development of the traditional phosphate fertilizer industry. In this paper, the changes in characteristic indexes during this technological progress and business innovation are investigated at the industrial level and for different stakeholders using scenario simulation analysis based on system dynamics. The results show that information technology will have a significant impact on the traditional fertilizer industry. The popularity of information technology represents a win–win situation for industries, farmers, enterprises and governments. The sustainable development of the phosphate fertilizer industry promoted by information technology means that agrochemical services are a new growth point for the industry, and farmers will be the largest beneficiaries. Enterprises will adjust their product structures to achieve the relevant phosphate reduction goals before 2020. At the government level, the indirect benefits from energy savings, water conservation and reductions in non-point source pollution control treatment also increase significantly. In the new production and sales model, the development of the phosphate fertilizer industry is completely decoupled from resource consumption. In the future, this technological progress will eventually form a sustainable network of industrial innovation patterns. Our finding suggests that the application of information technology in the phosphate fertilizer industry can stimulate the vitality of each entity in the industry and achieve a win–win situation.
12
Saakian, Alexander. "Application of fertilizer doses in agrocenoses of spring rape." АгроЭкоИнфо 1, no. 43 (February 28, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20211119.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses research on improving the elements of the technology of cultivation of spring rape in the Ryazan region. The experiments were carried out on the territory of the experimental agrotechnological station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Russian State Aviation Technical University, Ryazan Region, on dark gray forest heavy loamy soils. In the experiment, with an agroecological test against the background of the action of the levels of mineral nutrition, on average, a higher yield according to the experience was recorded on the variants with the action of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers N90-180, and the complex action of the elements N180P120K60. On average, the maximum yield was recorded on variants with Cebra KL hybrids - N180 (28.2 c/ha), N180P120K60 (27.3 c/ha). In the experiment, with registration tests of the agrochemical NPS 11-37-5 in different doses on spring rape, it was found that the use of different doses of fertilizer led to an extension of the interfacial period of flowering - seed formation up to 4-5 days in comparison with the control, with a long duration of this period was observed with increasing fertilizer dosage. The use of NPS 11-37-5 fertilizer contributed to an increase in comparison with control of plant height by 0.4-18.9%, leaf area by 2.5-29.4%, the number of pods per plant by 3.2-29, 1%, respectively, with an increase in the fertilizer dose. On average, the highest yield of spring rape was observed in the variant with the use of an increased dose of the preparation von NPK + NPS 11-37-5, 350.0 kg / ha (21.7 c/ha). Keywords: SPRING RAPE, GRAY FOREST SOIL, FERTILIZERS, DOSES, YIELD, OIL
13
Dudkin, D. V., I. M. Fedyaeva, and A. A. Pimenova. "RECLAMATION ROLE OF LIQUID HUMIC FERTILIZERS ON DRY GRASSLANDS OF THE MIDDLE TAIGA OF WESTERN SIBERIA." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2020-27-1-55-65.
Full textAbstract:
An evaluation of the effectiveness of application of liquid humic fertilizer of new generation Gumovit, Lignovit, Gumovit-NPK and Lignovit-KP, on a natural upland grassland site. Fertilizers are distinguished from their analogues by the waste-free technology of their production from wood waste and top peat by an energy-efficient mechanochemical method. The influence of fertilizers on the floral diversity of meadow vegetation, productivity of grassland, as well as on changes in the agrochemical composition of soil horizons under meadow vegetation was evaluated. The research was conducted on a pilot site located on the upper terrace of the middle taiga of Western Siberia in the vicinity of Khanty-Mansiysk, with a podzolic type of soil cover on sedge-grass meadow vegetation. It is shown that a five-fold annual data entry of humic fertilizers on vegetative phytomass with a treatment interval of 10 days c working solution concentration of fertilizer in the working solution 50 ml/l and a consumption of 2l/m2 provided increase of productivity of terrestrial phytomass of hay at 1.5–2.0 times. At the same time, the feed value of meadow phytomass is significantly improved. Changes in the quality characteristics of herbage are expressed in an increase in the share of legumes and cereals against the background of a decrease in sedge species. There is a change in the agrochemical characteristics of the natural meadow, which is expressed in the deoxidation of root-fed soil horizons, their accumulation of a noticeable amount of soil organic matter and nutrients. The positive reclamation effect affects all soil horizons, including the podzolic subhorizon. The most effective should be the use of sophisticated and integrated liquid humic fertilizer Gumovit-NPK and Lignovit-KP.
14
Kondo, Kei, Julien Boulange, Kazuaki Hiramatsu, Phong K. Thai, Tsuyoshi Inoue, and Hirozumi Watanabe. "Development and application of a dynamic in-river agrochemical fate and transport model for simulating behavior of rice herbicide in urbanizing catchment." Agricultural Water Management 193 (November 2017): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.006.
Full text
15
Goryanin, Oleg I., Sergey N. Zudilin, Ivan F. Medvedev, Baurzhan Zh Dzhangabaev, Elena V. Shcherbinina, and Lilia V. Pronovich. "Agrotechnological Fundamentals of Direct Sowing of Grain Crops in Russia’s ARID Conditions." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1654.
Full textAbstract:
The authors presented the multiyear results of the research on testing the technological complexes of growing the grain crops with direct sowing in the black earth steppe of Russia’s European part. In the zonal crop rotations, in comparison with a traditional technology, it did not lead to worsening of the agrophysical, agrochemical, water and biological soil features, increased the humus content by 0.55% (NSR05- 0.42 %). In spring, during the crops sprouting, the Р2О5 and K2O quantity corresponded to 192 and 189 mg/kg of soil, which is 29 mg (17.8%) and 35 mg (22,7%) more than control. The established least production costs – 2975.1 rub/hectare on an option with direct sowing of the spring grain crops, which are 499.9 rub/hectare -16.8 % lower than the traditional technology figures, favored the acquisition of the highest contingent net income of 1220.1 rub./hectare and the profitability level of 41.0%. During the direct sowing of the spring hard wheat, the highest contingent net income is gained on options with the use of integrated plant protection and the fertilizer application – 9507.9-9753.9 rub/hectare, which is 3667.6-3913.6 rub/hectare (62.8-67.0 %) more than the control, and 825.8-3626.9 rub/hectare (9.5-59.2 %) higher than figures on other options. On the basis of the research conducted, the authors offer a new generation of technologies of growing the winter and spring wheat and the spring barley, which are built on the system basis.
16
Chen, Chengcheng, Xianchang Wang, Huiling Chen, Chengwen Wu, Majdi Mafarja, and Hamza Turabieh. "Towards Precision Fertilization: Multi-Strategy Grey Wolf Optimizer Based Model Evaluation and Yield Estimation." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182183.
Full textAbstract:
Precision fertilization is a major constraint in consistently balancing the contradiction between land resources, ecological environment, and population increase. Even more, it is a popular technology used to maintain sustainable development. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are the main sources of nutrient income on farmland. The traditional fertilizer effect function cannot meet the conditional agrochemical theory’s conditional extremes because the soil is influenced by various factors and statistical errors in harvest and yield. In order to find more accurate scientific ratios, it has been proposed a multi-strategy-based grey wolf optimization algorithm (SLEGWO) to solve the fertilizer effect function in this paper, using the “3414” experimental field design scheme, taking the experimental field in Nongan County, Jilin Province as the experimental site to obtain experimental data, and using the residuals of the ternary fertilizer effect function of Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the target function. The experimental results showed that the SLEGWO algorithm could improve the fitting degree of the fertilizer effect equation and then reasonably predict the accurate fertilizer application ratio and improve the yield. It is a more accurate precision fertilization modeling method. It provides a new means to solve the problem of precision fertilizer and soil testing and fertilization.
17
Melnychuk, F. S., О. A. Marchenko, A. P. Shatkovskyi, L. M. Melnychuk, М. S. Retman, and О. M. Nichiporuk. "STATUS AND ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PESTICIDES INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-188.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance of research. Ukraine's agriculture is one of the world leaders in production and export. The assortment of chemical plant protection products by status on 2019 which used in agriculture has more than two thousand preparations based on hundreds of active substances. In today's difficult climatic conditions, crop growing requires the use of a scientific approach, innovative technology and the introduction of new technologies. One of these is pestigation (irrigation pesticide application), which allows a uniform distribution and precise placement of chemicals independently of weather or field conditions. The selection of a modern assortment of chemicals that can be effectively used in pest control against certain harmful organisms is one of the actual directions of irrigation and requires research in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pesticides application in integrated protection systems and the environmental safety of their use on the example of non-target objects.
Materials and methods of research. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, generalization of the results of field and laboratory analyzes were used in the study, which included:
- phyto-expertise of seed and plant material;
- rapid analyzes during the growing season of crops;
- agrochemical analysis of soils;
- detailed soil analysis;
- study of environmental hazards of chemicals for aquatic, soil and terrestrial ecosystems:
- detailed analysis of water.
The application of plant protection products makes it possible to improve the ecological condition of agrocenosis, the conditions of the working area, while increasing crop productivity. Application methods of plant protection reagents with irrigation water and combined protection schemes for row crops, which are used in integrated crop protection systems, are presented. It has been established that one of the significant disadvantage of application plant protection reagents with irrigation water is the limitation of the pesticide treatment time. The developed combined scheme for the row crops protection provides for the prophylactic treatment of pesticide in a short time by the traditional way, depending on the phytosanitary condition of the crops, which provides a significant increase of yield compared to other methods of application. It has also been proven that effectiveness of plant protection reagents is not the same against certain targets upon application different methods of pesticides treatment . Therefore, it is noted that for developing technological schemes for protecting crops against harmful organisms, it is necessary to thoroughly study the phytosanitary situation in the area where crops are located and to determine the targets for which pesticides are applied.
The directions of research on the influence of pesticides on ecosystems are given, namely, the environmental safety of pesticides for the soil ecosystem (toxic effects on groundworms and microorganisms), the aquatic ecosystem (toxic effects on fish, daphnia, and algae) and the terrestrial ecosystem (toxic effects on birds and bees). It is noted that one of the methods to prevent the harmful effects of toxic substances on non-target objects of ecosystems is hygienic regulation of their use. Ecological and toxicological assessment of pesticides was carried out by determining their toxicity after a single injection in a sharp experiment, which allows determining the species susceptibility of a living organism to a chemical reagent. Probit’ analysis method was used to calculate the toxicity in the analysis of the various drugs effects which is the most exact at the present time. The influence of agrochemicals on the structural and functional changes in the microbial cenosis of the soil was determined by a quantitative analysis of agronomical valuable ecological and trophic and taxonomic groups of microorganisms, by assessing the rate of respiration of the soil by the amount of carbon dioxide released.
The tendencies of search and fundamental research in the water management field and land reclamation were analyzed in order to improve modern approaches to plant growing.
18
Syrchina, Nadezhda V., Tamara Ya Ashikhmina, Nadezhda N. Bogatyreva, and Grigory Ya Kantor. "The optimization of the composition of fertilizers based on milled phosphorites." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-133.
Full textAbstract:
The phosphorites of many domestic deposits can be used as cheap natural phosphorus fertilizers of regional importance. The limitation of their use is due to the low solubility and, consequently, low agrochemical effectiveness. To increase the solubility of phosphorites (activation), it is proposed to use the method of granulation of phosphorite flour (PF) with an organomineral additive containing milled sulfur, glauconite and highly decomposed peat, dispersed by hydrodynamic cavitation. Phosphate activation is ensured by acids formed in the process of microbiological oxidation of sulfur in soils (convert insoluble phosphates to more soluble hydrophosphates), glauconite (promotes adsorption and ion exchange binding of cations that form insoluble phosphates, activates soil microbiota) and humic acid peat (oxides into stable complexes, stimulate the activity of soil microorganisms). In laboratory conditions, samples of the corresponding organic-mineral fertilizer were obtained. As phosphate raw materials, the PF of the Vyatka-Kama deposit (Russia) and the Khneifis deposit (Syria) were used. The study of the effect of fertilizer on the chemical composition of soils was carried out in a laboratory experiment. As a comparison object, simple superphosphate was used. Fertilizers were applied to the soil in an amount of 0.1 g per 1 kg of air-dried soil. It was revealed that already 7 days after fertilizing, the mobility of phosphorus increases by 31-45%, while the pH of the soil solution does not change. The sulfate content in soils increased by an average of 33%. In all variants of the experiment, the application of activated PF in the soil led to the same result as the application of simple superphosphate. Based on PF and an activating organomineral additive, a granular form of phosphorus fertilizer with sulfur and humic substances can be obtained that is not inferior in effectiveness to simple superphosphate. The production of appropriate fertilizer can be arranged at small enterprises and directly at phosphate mines, which will create new jobs and provide regional crop production with relatively cheap and fairly effective forms of phosphate fertilizers that comply with the principles of green chemistry. The composition and technology of fertilizer production make it possible to position it as a natural organic-mineral fertilizer for organic farming.
19
Silva, Pablo Teixeira da, Leadir Lucy Martins Fries, Cristiano Ragagnin de Menezes, Augusto Tasch Holkem, Carla Luisa Schwan, Évelin Francine Wigmann, Juliana de Oliveira Bastos, and Cristiane de Bona da Silva. "Microencapsulation: concepts, mechanisms, methods and some applications in food technology." Ciência Rural 44, no. 7 (July 2014): 1304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130971.
Full textAbstract:
Microencapsulation is a process in which active substances are coated by extremely small capsules. It is a new technology that has been used in the cosmetics industry as well as in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food industries, being used in flavors, acids, oils, vitamins, microorganisms, among others. The success of this technology is due to the correct choice of the wall material, the core release form and the encapsulation method. Therefore, in this review, some relevant microencapsulation aspects, such as the capsule, wall material, core release forms, encapsulation methods and their use in food technology will be briefly discussed.
20
Saakian, Alexander. "Positive result from the use of bacterial preparations and mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of safflower in the conditions of the north-eastern zone of the Rostov region." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (September 22, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215502.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments to study the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers and biological products with strains of associative nitrogen fixers were conducted in 2016-2018 on dark brown soil in LLC "Zarya" of the Oblivsky district, which is located in the north-eastern zone of the Rostov region. The objects of research were: the variety of safflower Zavolzhsky 1, bacterial preparations Mizorin, Flavobacterin, KL-10, made at the All-Russian Institute of Agricul-tural Microbiology in St. Petersburg. They were mixed immediately before sowing with seeds at a rate of 300 g/ha. Mineral fertilizers were represented by ammonium nitrate (34.4%), ammophos (12:52) and potassium chloride (65%). Safflower was cultivated according to traditional technology. The sowing of safflower was carried out with the SZ-3,6 seeder. The predecessor of safflower is winter wheat. The application of mineral fertilizers was carried out simulta-neously with sowing, as well as manually spreading for pre-sowing cultivation. The yield of safflower seeds in the control variant (without the use of agro-chemicals) was the highest in 2017, which was favorable for moisture-1.11 t / ha, and almost the same in 2016 and 2018 – 0.92-0.94 t/ha, respectively. Av-erage for 2018-2020 the yield of safflower seeds in the control variant was 0.99 t / ha. The highest yield of oilseeds was obtained on the variant with a dose of mineral fertilizers N48P52 1. 22 t / ha, but on the variant with the use of the biological product Flavobacterin, the yield was only 0.05 t / ha less. The oil content in safflower seeds on average for 3 years of research on all variants of the experiment differed slightly. Its content varied from 35.7–36.3% and did not depend on the studied agrochemical techniques. The most optimal indica-tors of economic efficiency in the experiment were obtained from the use of a strain of the associative biological product Flavobacterin on a natural back-ground of fertility. The level of profitability is higher than in the control ver-sion by 28%, with a reduction in the cost of 1.42 rubles/kg. Keywords: SAFFLOWER, MINERAL FERTILIZERS, BACTERIAL PREP-ARATIONS, YIELD
21
Madanayake, Nadun H., and Nadeesh M. Adassooriya. "Phytotoxicity of Nanomaterials in Agriculture." Open Biotechnology Journal 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702115010109.
Full textAbstract:
Science and technology have advanced rapidly in every aspect; thus, nanotechnology is one of the highly promising interdisciplinary approaches which has swiftly emerged in the world. The inherent properties of nanomaterials (NMs) made them widely accepted to use in many fields, including agriculture. Because of this, NMs have attracted novel agrochemical formulations to enhance crop productivity. However, deliberate and accidental release of nanoparticulate based agrochemical formulations and engineered NMs have raised concerns on the possible effects on agricultural crops. Therefore, the interaction of NMs leading to phytotoxicity is the biggest concern that is required to be assessed prior to their applications. Hence, this review discusses whether NMs can be used as a feasible stand-in candidate for agriculture.
22
Arias, Marina, Ana Scalise, Marina Solis, Ariel Paracampo, Mercedes Indaco, Silvia Fanelli, Hernán Mugni, and Carlos Bonetto. "Horticulture affects macroinvertebrate assemblages in adjacent streams (Buenos Aires, Argentina)." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 421 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2019048.
Full textAbstract:
The agrochemicals used on crops can reach watercourses, affecting water quality and biologic communities. The aim of this research was to study the effects of horticulture on the water quality and invertebrate assemblages of adjacent streams in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Four streams draining horticultural basins were compared with another four considered less disturbed: two of the latter located in a Biosphere Reserve and the other two in extensive livestock-raising basins. Pesticides were detected in the horticulture-related streams, while nutrient concentrations were significantly higher than in the less-disturbed streams. The macroinvertebrate assemblages differed: the less-disturbed streams exhibited a significantly higher taxa richness and density. Hyalella sp. and Simocephalus vetulus were dominant, whereas Entomobryoidea, Dugessidae, and Glossiphoniidae were dominant in the horticulture-associated streams. Ephemeroptera (Caenis and Baetidae) were well represented in the less-disturbed streams and rare or absent in the horticulture-adjacent streams. Multivariate analysis indicated that the horticulture-impacted sites contained high nutrient concentrations and tolerant taxa, while the less-disturbed sites corresponded to lower nutrient concentrations and sensitive taxa. We propose Hyalella sp. and S. vetulus as water-quality indicators in pampean streams and conclude that intensive agrochemical applications in horticulture increase nutrient and pesticide loads affecting the macroinvertebrate assemblages of adjacent streams.
23
Spiridonov, Artyom. "Application of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Crop Production as an Aspect of Digitalization of the Agro-Industrial Complex." SHS Web of Conferences 93 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219301013.
Full textAbstract:
In this article the authors provide an economic assessment of the technology of using unmanned aircraft systems in digital agriculture and justify the optimal requirements for its main technological parameters. As a measure of comparative evaluation of various options for implementing the system, an estimate of the cost of performing the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals in conditional price units is proposed. A multi-factor experiment was carried out and variants of a mathematical model describing the relationship between agrotechnological factors and the final resultant, expressed in the conditional cost of processing 1 Ha of agricultural land, were obtained. The optimal values of the parameters are obtained for various variants of fixing factors at the specified levels. The influence of the most significant agrotechnological factors on the cost of the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals is shown. The values of factors that should be used in the development of new types of unmanned aerial vehicles to ensure their maximum demand in agriculture and economic efficiency are proposed.
24
Khodakivska, Olha, Roman Hladunenko, Svitlana Korchynska, and Larysa Tkachuk. "Chemical reclamation of acid soils: organizational and economic measures and modern technological solutions." Ekonomika APK 318, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202104040.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is to reveal the current state of acid soils in Ukraine and to offer organizational and economic measures and modern effective technological solutions for their chemical reclamation. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic research methods, scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on issues related to expanded reproduction of soil fertility and their chemical reclamation. Analytical and statistical tools and empirical approach allowed to determine the benefits of acid soils liming and calculate the economic effect of organizational and economic measures and technological solutions. The abstract-logical approach allowed to develop recommendations on reclamation ways for acid soils with the usage of modern technologies and organisational measures, as well as to formulate appropriate proposals and conclusions. Research results. It has been proved that one of the important directions for increasing the fertility of acid soils is liming. Economic evaluation of the efficiency of soil liming shows that the costs of its implementation are recouped by yield increases and contribute to improving the quality of agricultural products. Despite the high environmental efficiency of liming, the volume and quality of these works in recent years do not meet actual needs of agriculture. Thus, in 2019, the area of limed soils decreased by 10.5 times in comparison to 1990. In turn, the reduction of chemical land reclamation leads to negative environmental and economic consequences. Thus, the annual shortage of crop products due to excessive soil acidity in terms of grain is more than 2 million tons, which is estimated at UAH 10-12 billion. At the same time, the results of agrochemical surveys of soils show that there is a tendency for increase of acid soils areas. Scientific novelty. The use of granular limestone has been proposed as one of the modern and highly effective measures for reclamation of acid soils, which ensures their rapid deoxidation and helps to increase crop yields by up to 30%, ensuring the payback of measures for reclamation of acid soils in the first year. It has been also established that the usage of granular forms of ameliorants eliminates technological difficulties during the use of limestone materials and reduces the cost of their application, which greatly simplifies the technology of their application both separately and in combination with other fertilizers using standard spreaders. In addition, it is possible to transport lime fertilizers over long distances, which makes them more accessible to Ukrainian farmers countrywide. Practical significance. The following directions to increase efficiency of works on chemical reclamation of acid soils were offered: provision of scientifically substantiated cycle of chemical reclamation of soils and achievement of positive balance of calcium in soils by carrying out annual liming on the area of 1,400 thousand hectares; financing of works on chemical reclamation of soils at the expense of means of the state and local budgets which sharp reduction led to actual suspension of these works; extensive use of local carbonate deposits and stimulating development of the domestic industry for the production of granular limestone fertilizers, the profitability of which is 2-2.5 times higher than traditional limestone materials. Tabl.: 8. Refs.: 17.
25
Critter, Silvana A. M., and Claudio Airoldi. "Application of Calorimetry to Microbial Biodegradation Studies of Agrochemicals in Oxisols." Journal of Environmental Quality 30, no. 3 (May 2001): 954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.303954x.
Full text
26
Saakian, Alexander. "Efficiency of application of agrochemicals when growing soybeans no-till technology in conditions of central black earth region of Russia." АгроЭкоИнфо 1, no. 43 (February 25, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20211109.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments to study the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers, a fungicidal seed disinfectant and an inoculant on soy were conducted in 2018-2020 on a typical heavy-loamy chernozem of the production farm "Levoberezhnoye" LLC "EkoNivaAgro", which is in the central part of the Voronezh region. The objects of research were soybean variety OAK Prudence (originator of the University of Guelph, Canada), inoculant Nitragin Zh (Fragaria, Argentina), fungicidal seed disinfectant Delit Pro, CS, pyraclostrobin 200 g/l (BASF, Germany). Mineral fertilizers were represented by ammonium nitrate (34.4%), ammophos (12:52) and diammophos (10:26:26). Soybeans were cultivated using the No-Till direct seeding technology. The sowing of soybeans was carried out with an Amity Single Disc Drill equipped with single-disc coulters with a row spacing of 38 cm. The forecrop of soy was corn for grain. The application of mineral fertilizers was carried out simultaneously with sowing in the row spacing. The yield of soybean grain in the control variant (without the use of agrochemicals) was the highest in the favorable moisture content of 2018, 1.50 t / ha, and almost the same in 2019 and 2020 – 1.24 and 1.23 t/ha, respectively. Average for 2018-2020 the yield of soybean grain in the control variant was 1.32 t / ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained on the variant with the combined use of the inoculant Nitragin Zh and ammonium nitrate at a dose of 200 kg / ha – 2.08 t / ha. The increase compared to the control variant was 0.76 t/ha or 57.0%. The greatest influence on the technological parameters of soybean seeds was exerted by pre-sowing inoculation of seeds and post-sowing application of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of N70. Inoculation provided an increase in the protein content in soy seeds by 4.1%, and the application of N70 by 4.3% in absolute terms compared to the control. Keywords: SOY, MINERAL FERTILIZERS, FUNGICIDE, INOCULANT, YIELD, NO-TILL TECHNOLOGY
27
Benzaquén, T. B., M. T. Benzzo, M. A. Isla, and O. M. Alfano. "Impact of some herbicides on the biomass activity in biological treatment plants and biodegradability enhancement by a photo-Fenton process." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.556.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the use of agrochemicals has increased because they are essential for profitable agricultural production. Herbicides are heavily demanded compounds and among these, the most marketed are 2,4-D, atrazine and acetochlor. They have characteristics that can cause problems to humans and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to design systems that can reduce these compounds to harmless molecules. This work aims at evaluating the possibility of incorporating these herbicides into degradable effluents in a biological treatment system, without reducing its efficiency. For this purpose, studies of organic matter degradability in the presence of these agrochemicals were performed. A synthetic effluent based on glucose and mineral salts was inoculated with microorganisms. Glucose consumption and biomass concentration were assessed. Subsequently, preliminary studies were performed to test the viability of degradation of the most harmful compound with an advanced oxidation process (AOP). The results showed that the incorporation of these herbicides into degradable effluents in a biological treatment system has a negative impact on microorganisms. Therefore, the application of an AOP, such as the Fenton or photo-Fenton processes, prior to a biological treatment was found to degrade these substances to simpler and less toxic molecules.
28
Sivagnanasundaram, Janagan, Jeevani Goonetillake, Rifana Buhary, Thushara Dharmawardhana, Renuka Weerakkody, Rukmali Gunapala, and Athula Ginige. "Digitally-Enabled Crop Disorder Management Process Based on Farmer Empowerment for Improved Outcomes: A Case Study from Sri Lanka." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147823.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a system facilitated by a mobile artefact to effectively identify crop disorder incidents and manage them using recommended control measures. This work overcomes the limitations of the existing attempts by using digital technology to empower farmers to identify crop disorders rather than replace them with automated techniques. Our approach empowers farmers by providing the information in context for them to identify crop disorders. The developed solution can identify most of the crop disorders instantaneously, irrespective of the crop or other factors that make crop disorder identification complicated. For the rest, it provides a mechanism to carry out a manual identification with the help of subject experts. The solution was deployed among paddy farmers in Sri Lanka to understand how well this could assist them in identifying and managing crop disorders. The system was able to identify 70.8% of the crop disorder incidents reported by the farmers and provided them with the relevant control measures. Farmers’ perceptions of various usability aspects of the solution revealed that the application of agrochemicals and expenses associated with agrochemicals were significantly reduced. It was also observed that the yield quality and quantity and overall revenue have increased compared to the previous seasons.
29
Useynov, D. R., E. F. Chelebiev, and О. A. Denisova. "INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NOVATEK SOLUB K-MAX FERTILIZER ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER QUALITIES OF APPLE FRUITS." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 64 (March 30, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2021-64-54-60.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents data on the study of the effect of foliar water-soluble mineral fertilizer NOVATEK Solub K-Max 10-5-30 on the biochemical composition and commercial quality of apple fruits. A rise in vitamin C from the introduction of NOVATEK at a rate of 2.5 kg/ha indicates the effectiveness of this drug for optimizing the content of ascorbic acid in fruits. An increase in the content of monosaccharides and a decrease in disaccharides were found for all the studied rates of consumption of agrochemicals. The use of mineral fertilizer “Novatek Solub K-Max” contributed to increase the dry weight of fruits. The application of this mineral fertilizer is recommended for inclusion in the industry regulations for Apple cultivation as one of the elements of the technology.
30
Orozco-Mosqueda, Ma del Carmen, Aurora Flores, Blanca Rojas-Sánchez, Carlos A. Urtis-Flores, Luzmaria R. Morales-Cedeño, María F. Valencia-Marin, Salvador Chávez-Avila, Daniel Rojas-Solis, and Gustavo Santoyo. "Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as Bioinoculants: Attributes and Challenges for Sustainable Crop Improvement." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061167.
Full textAbstract:
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are excellent biocontrol agents and stimulators of plant growth, nutrition, and production. Therefore, these plant-associated bacteria are considered an excellent alternative to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic agrochemicals. In this work, we review the current state of the beneficial mechanisms (direct and indirect), including the production of antibiotic compounds and enzymes, facilitation of resource acquisition, or production of stimulating phytohormones/metabolites. Some aspects of the formulation technology and bioinoculant efficiency of diverse PGPBs (e.g., rhizobacteria, phyllobacteria and endophytic bacteria) in the field are also discussed. However, the commercialization and application of these biological agents in agriculture occur mainly in developed countries, limiting their success in developing regions. The possible causes of the delay in the application of bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and the plausible solutions are also discussed in this study. Finally, the use of PGPBs is currently a priority for sustainable production in agriculture.
31
Hennessy, Patrick J., Travis J. Esau, Aitazaz A. Farooque, Arnold W. Schumann, Qamar U. Zaman, and Kenny W. Corscadden. "Hair Fescue and Sheep Sorrel Identification Using Deep Learning in Wild Blueberry Production." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050943.
Full textAbstract:
Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are an emerging technology that provide an opportunity to increase agricultural efficiency through remote sensing and automatic inferencing of field conditions. This paper examined the novel use of CNNs to identify two weeds, hair fescue and sheep sorrel, in images of wild blueberry fields. Commercial herbicide sprayers provide a uniform application of agrochemicals to manage patches of these weeds. Three object-detection and three image-classification CNNs were trained to identify hair fescue and sheep sorrel using images from 58 wild blueberry fields. The CNNs were trained using 1280x720 images and were tested at four different internal resolutions. The CNNs were retrained with progressively smaller training datasets ranging from 3780 to 472 images to determine the effect of dataset size on accuracy. YOLOv3-Tiny was the best object-detection CNN, detecting at least one target weed per image with F1-scores of 0.97 for hair fescue and 0.90 for sheep sorrel at 1280 × 736 resolution. Darknet Reference was the most accurate image-classification CNN, classifying images containing hair fescue and sheep sorrel with F1-scores of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively at 1280 × 736. MobileNetV2 achieved comparable results at the lowest resolution, 864 × 480, with F1-scores of 0.95 for both weeds. Training dataset size had minimal effect on accuracy for all CNNs except Darknet Reference. This technology can be used in a smart sprayer to control target specific spray applications, reducing herbicide use. Future work will involve testing the CNNs for use on a smart sprayer and the development of an application to provide growers with field-specific information. Using CNNs to improve agricultural efficiency will create major cost-savings for wild blueberry producers.
32
Marchenko, Leonid, Igor’ Smirnov, and Artem Spiridonov. "Regulation of pesticide and fertilizer rates with applied by unmanned aerial vehicle." E3S Web of Conferences 217 (2020): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021710002.
Full textAbstract:
The technology of application of pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the precision farming system provides for differentiated treatment of agricultural fields with variable standards of pesticides and differentiated application of fertilizers. Existing UAVs do not provide differentiated fertilization of plants with fertilizers and differentiated treatment of plants with pesticides due to imperfect flow control systems and working fluid application rates. Substantiation of methods for regulating the flow rate and norms of working fluids of pesticides and fertilizers is based on the flow continuity equations, Bernoulli and the equation that determines the rate and dose of pesticides and fertilizers depending on the operational and technological parameters of the UAV. The paper shows that to differentiate the norms for applying the working fluid of pesticides and fertilizers, it is advisable to use methods for regulating the norms by changing the area of the outlet openings of sprayers and the step of their placement, while differentiating the norms can be carried out both by a combination of these methods and by including one or several standard sizes in the work of sprayers simultaneously.
33
Xi, Wei, Yuanye Ping, and Masoome Agha Alikhani. "A Review on Biosurfactant Applications in the Petroleum Industry." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5477185.
Full textAbstract:
The inadequacy of worldwide fossil fuel resources, combined with increasing energy demands, encourages global attention to either using alternative energy resources or improving the recovery factor and produce larger quantities from present reservoirs. Among all enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, surfactant injection is a well-known technique that reduces the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water and increases oil production. Despite numerous advantages of using surfactants, there are also a few obstacles like environmental impacts, high cost, effect on humans and other organisms due to toxicological potential, and availability from nonrenewable resources. Biosurfactants are microbial surface-active agents that decrease the surface tension (ST) of a liquid phase and the IFT of two diverse phases. They are biotechnological products of high value owing to their widespread applications, low toxicity, relatively easy preparation, and specific performance, applied in different industries like organic chemicals and fertilizers, agrochemicals, metallurgy and mining, cosmetics, foods, medical and pharmaceuticals, beverages, environmental management, and petroleum and petrochemical applications in emulsifying and demulsifying wetting agents, detergent spreading and foaming agents, and functional food ingredients. Biosurfactants are synthesized by microbes; therefore, various genetic diversities of microorganisms provide the considerable capability to produce new types of biosurfactants, which can develop EOR technology. Biosurfactants are classified into ex situ and in situ MEOR processes. The genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, and Actinobacteria are the foremost biosurfactant-producing bacteria. This paper reviews relevant reports and results from various presented papers by researchers and companies on applications of microorganisms and biosurfactant technology with specific emphasis on EOR and MEOR processes, based on recently published articles since 2010 until now.
34
Selivanova, M. V., E. S. Romanenko, T. S. Aysanov, E. A. Mironova, N. A. Esaulko, and M. S. German. "Efficiency of application of silicon-containing fertilizers in low-volume cucumber growing technology Cyborg F1." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 26, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2020-6-25-30.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. Cucumber in the Russian Federation in protected ground in terms of growing areas and production volume is the first, its share in the total production of greenhouse products in recent years accounts for about 50-55%. Scientific research confirms the positive effect of silicon-containing agrochemicals on the intensity of metabolic processes in the plant body, which is manifested in increasing the yield of commercial products, resistance to adverse environmental factors, and the realization of the biological potential of crops. Methods. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect of silicon – containing fertilizers on the productivity of Cyborg F1 cucumber in low-volume cultivation technology. The research was conducted in the winter-spring period of 2020 in the conditions of a winter glazed greenhouse of the greenhouse complex of the Stavropol state agrarian university. The objects of research were cucumber Cyborg F1, fertilizers Kelik Potassium Silicon, Siliplant, Forris, Bio Silicium. Fertilizers were applied to foliar top dressing three times during the cucumber growing season. All microclimate conditions in the greenhouse were regulated automatically using the Sercom climate program. Mineral wool was used as a substrate. Results. Fertilizing with silicon – containing fertilizers increased the degree of assimilation of nutrients by plants of cucumber Cyborg F1: the nitrogen content in the drainage solution decreased by 6-26 mg/l, phosphorus – by 4-8 mg/l, and potassium-by 18-34 mg/l. The use of silicon-containing fertilizers contributed to an increase in the area of cucumber leaves compared to the control by 1.6-3.1%, the yield of standard products-by 3.7-8.1%, yield-by 0.9-2.5 kg/m2, and a decrease in the degree of ovary death – by 2.0-3.5%. When using silicon-containing fertilizers, the quality of cucumber products improved. Thus, in the conditions of the sixth light zone, to increase the yield of Cyborg F1 cucumber in low-volume cultivation technology, it is recommended to use silicon-containing fertilizers Siliplant and Forris, which provides an increase relative to the control of 7.4 and 9.2%, respectively.
35
Crumpton, W. G. "Using wetlands for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds; the importance of a watershed scale approach." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0880.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural applications of fertilizers and pesticides have increased dramatically since the middle 1960s, and agrochemical contamination of surface and groundwater has become a serious environmental concern. Since the mid-1980s, a variety of state and federal programs have been used to promote wetland restoration, and these continuing efforts provide a unique opportunity for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds. However, wetland restorations have been motivated primarily by concern over waterfowl habitat loss, and model simulations suggest that commonly used site selection criteria for wetland restorations may be inadequate for water quality purposes. This does not lessen the promise of wetlands for water quality improvement in agricultural watersheds, but rather emphasizes the need for watershed scale approaches to wetland siting and design. Water quality is best viewed from a watershed perspective, and watershed scale endpoints should be explicitly considered in site selection for wetland restoration.
36
Cesco, Stefano, Youry Pii, Luigimaria Borruso, Guido Orzes, Paolo Lugli, Fabrizio Mazzetto, Giulio Genova, et al. "A Smart and Sustainable Future for Viticulture Is Rooted in Soil: How to Face Cu Toxicity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030907.
Full textAbstract:
In recent decades, agriculture has faced the fundamental challenge of needing to increase food production and quality in order to meet the requirements of a growing global population. Similarly, viticulture has also been undergoing change. Several countries are reducing their vineyard areas, and several others are increasing them. In addition, viticulture is moving towards higher altitudes and latitudes due to climate change. Furthermore, global warming is also exacerbating the incidence of fungal diseases in vineyards, forcing farmers to apply agrochemicals to preserve production yields and quality. The repeated application of copper (Cu)-based fungicides in conventional and organic farming has caused a stepwise accumulation of Cu in vineyard soils, posing environmental and toxicological threats. High Cu concentrations in soils can have multiple impacts on agricultural systems. In fact, it can (i) alter the chemical-physical properties of soils, thus compromising their fertility; (ii) induce toxicity phenomena in plants, producing detrimental effects on growth and productivity; and (iii) affect the microbial biodiversity of soils, thereby influencing some microbial-driven soil processes. However, several indirect (e.g., management of rhizosphere processes through intercropping and/or fertilization strategies) and direct (e.g., exploitation of vine resistant genotypes) strategies have been proposed to restrain Cu accumulation in soils. Furthermore, the application of precision and smart viticulture paradigms and their related technologies could allow a timely, localized and balanced distribution of agrochemicals to achieve the required goals. The present review highlights the necessity of applying multidisciplinary approaches to meet the requisites of sustainability demanded of modern viticulture.
37
Esposito, Biagio, Francesco Riminucci, Stefano Di Marco, Elisa Giorgia Metruccio, Fabio Osti, Stefano Sangiorgi, and Elida Nora Ferri. "A Simple Device for the On-Site Photodegradation of Pesticide Mixes Remnants to Avoid Environmental Point Pollution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083593.
Full textAbstract:
The worldwide increase in the number and use of agrochemicals impacts nearby soil and freshwater ecosystems. Beyond the excess in applications and dosages, the inadequate management of remnants and the rinsing water of containers and application equipment worsen this problem, creating point sources of pollution. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photocatalytic and photo-oxidation processes have been successfully applied in degrading organic pollutants. We developed a simple prototype to be used at farms for quickly degrading pesticides in water solutions by exploiting a UV–H2O2-mediated AOP. As representative compounds, we selected the insecticide imidacloprid, the herbicide terbuthylazine, and the fungicide azoxystrobin, all in their commercial formulation. The device efficiency was investigated through the disappearance of the parent molecule and the degree of mineralization. The toxicity of the pesticide solutions, before and during the treatment, was assessed by Vibrio fischeri and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata inhibition assays. The results obtained have demonstrated a cost-effective, viable alternative for detoxifying the pesticide solutions before their disposal into the environment, even though the compounds, or their photoproducts, showed different sensitivities to physicochemical degradation. The bioassays revealed changes in the inhibitory effects on the organisms in agreement with the analytical data.
38
Sudak, V. M., А. І. Horbatenko, V. L. Matiukha, and А. О. Kulyk. "The effectiveness of applying herbicides incorn growing technology." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0145.
Full textAbstract:
Studies conducted on the chernozems of the steppe zone of Ukraine have revealed a direct relationship between thephytosanitary condition of an agricultural ecosystem and the amount of productive moisture used by corn plants from the 0 to 150 cmsoil layer during the period from sowing to harvest. In absolutely cleancrops, corn plants used soil water to the 156 mm depth, while in the plotsfrom which the weeds were not removedsoil water was used to 203 mm and on theherbicide-treated soilto 168–171 mm depth. Full or partial control of weediness of crops makes it possible to save 320–470 m3/ha moisture reserves, which is equal to the average monthly precipitation that fell during the growing season (2018–2019). Effectiveness of the tested crop chemical protection systems was to a large extend determined by the hydrothermal conditions in April - May. High air temperature, lack of agronomically useful rains and dry winds caused drying out of the upper soil layer and decreasedphytotoxicity of pre-emergence herbicides. In this case (2018), the largest percentage of the first wave weeds (89.1 %) was destroyed by a tank mixture of crop protectionagents contained in Frontier Optima (0.8 l/ha + Stellar (0.8 l/ha) + Metolat (0.8 l/ha). In favorable weather, to ensure manifestation of toxicological properties of soil herbicides (2019), the following combined technological schemes for harmful species control in the first stages of corn organogenesis had an advantage: Dual Gold (1.5 l/ha) (before sowing), Stellar (1.25 l/ha) + Metolat (1.25 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings) and Acris(3 l/ha) (before sowing), Kelvin Plus (0.35 kg/ha) + Hasten (1 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings). The technical efficiency of the herbicide application reached 98–100 %. In 2018, the highest yield of corn grain (7.85 t/ha) in the protected plots was obtained after application (in the phase of development of 3–5 corn leaves) of the following tank mixture: Frontier Optima (0.8 l/ha) + Stellar (0.8 l/ha) + Metolat (0.8 l/ha). This combination turned out to be the most effective in terms of cost effectiveness of grain production, providing a profitability of 213 %. In 2019, we managed to increase the yields by combining soil and crop protection herbicides. Given the cost and consumption rate of the herbicides used per 1 ha, a combination of synthetic agrochemicals Avatar (2.5 l/ha) (before sowing) + Prima (0.5 l/ha) (after emergence of seedlings) was the best in terms of the main product cost (1579 UAH/t) and profitability (134 %). Key words: weeds, herbicidal system, technical efficiency, productivity, profitability of production.
39
Sumarno, NFN. "Green Agriculture dan Green Food sebagai Strategi Branding dalam Usaha Pertanian." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 2 (August 11, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v28n2.2010.81-90.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>English</strong><br />Technology application during the Green Revolution had been successfully worked to overcome the national food production deficit. However, due to the policy to maintain low food prices, the increase of production failed to improve the actual farmer’s income. The strategy to differentiate agricultural products with premium prices is set through a logo or brand seal on the products, means that the products are explicitly embedded with environment friendly images, safe and sustainable. The suggested logo is “Green Food” indicated that the products come from “green Agriculture”. The Green Agriculture is a modern agricultural practice using a balanced and controlled agrochemical according to certain protocol to guarantee an environment friendly production process and safety consume of the products. Green Agriculture and the Green Food easier to apply compared to that of Good Agriculture Practices. If Indonesia to adopt Green Agriculture and Green Food, a new regulation called “Indonesian Green Agriculture and Green Food Protocol” need to be formulated. For operational reason, the need to adopt Green Agriculture and Green Food should come from the incumbent and influenced government officials. Green Agriculture and Green Food is a branding strategy to increase the bargaining position and the competitive level of Indonesian agricultural products at both domestic and international markets. China has applied Green Agriculture and Green Food since 1990 and in 2008, 6 million of China’s farmers have adopted the practices along with 816 post-harvest processors with annual Green Food total volume amounted to 42 million ton and US$ 2.32 billion of export value. In Indonesia, Green Food has a high opportunity to get market segment due to the increase awareness on environment quality in addition to higher prices the farmers could enjoy compared to the price of conventional products. Through Green Agriculture and Green Food, the maintenance of environment quality and safety of food consumption will be a collective responsibility of the farmers, processors, traders, and consumers. Green Agriculture and Green Food is the “eco-farming with modern techniques and modern management by modern farmers for modern societies and modern world”.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Penerapan teknologi Green Revolution telah berhasil mengatasi kekurangan produksi pangan nasional, namun karena kebijakan pemerintah untuk menjaga harga pangan murah, maka kenaikan produksi tidak meningkatkan pendapatan petani secara nyata. Strategi diferensiasi produk pertanian untuk memperoleh harga premium adalah dengan memberi logo atau brand pada produk, yang secara eksplisit mencitrakan sebagai produk yang ramah lingkungan, aman konsumsi dan berkelanjutan. Logo yang disarankan adalah Green Food yang produknya berasal dari Green Agriculture. Green Agriculture merupakan praktek pertanian modern dengan penggunaan sarana agrokimia secara terkendali oleh ketentuan protokol, sehingga menjamin proses produksi ramah lingkungan dan produk panennya aman konsumsi. Ketentuan Green Agriculture dan Green Food lebih mudah dioperasionalkan dibandingkan dengan ketentuan Good Agriculture Practices. Apabila Indonesia akan mengadopsi Green Agriculture dan Green Food, perlu disusun ketentuan yang dapat disebut Indonesian Green Agriculture and Green Food Protocol. Keinginan untuk mengadopsi Green Agriculture dan Green Food harus datang dari pejabat berwenang sehingga operasionalisasinya dapat dilaksanakan. Green Agriculture dan Green Food merupakan strategi branding untuk meningkatkan posisi tawar dan daya saing produk pertanian Indonesia di dalam negeri dan di pasar internasional. China telah menerapkan Green Agriculture dan Green Food sejak tahun 1990 dan pada tahun 2008 diikuti oleh 6 juta petani dan 816 perusahaan pengolah hasil panen, dengan total produk Green Food setahun mencapai 42 juta ton dan nilai ekspor sebesar 2,32 milyar dolar. Di Indonesia, Green Food berpeluang mendapatkan segmen pasar cukup besar oleh meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap mutu lingkungan dan petani memperoleh harga yang lebih baik dibandingkan produk pangan konvensional. Melalui Green Agriculture dan Green Food, maka pemeliharaan mutu lingkungan dan keamanan konsumsi pangan menjadi tanggung jawab bersama, oleh petani, pengolah produk, pedagang dan konsumen. Green Agriculture dan Green Food merupakan “eco-farming with modern techniques and modern management by modern farmers for modern societies and modern world”.
40
Preti, Federico. "Main topics and recent experiences for environmental monitoring and modelling diffuse pollution." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0489.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring and modelling are two complementary instruments necessary for the analysis of pollution phenomena, such as groundwater contamination and lakes eutrophication, often generated by diffuse (nonpoint) sources (NPS). A review of scientific literature has been conducted to obtain the information necessary to develop a correct methodology relative to environmental field monitoring and modelling agricultural nonpoint pollution. A questionnaire has been handed out to several researchers who are involved in this research field in order to learn of other pertinent activities being undertaken and to facilitate the exchange of information. Testing and verification of a methodology for the analysis of contamination caused by the use of agrochemicals, based on field monitoring studies and the application of a distributed nonpoint pollution model, have been conducted in Italy. Based on the research developed and practical experience, some of the main guidelines for conducting studies of pollution processes caused by agriculture as well as a summary of theoretical and practical aspects encountered in the design of field and basin scale model validation studies and in the use of published experimental results to test models can be proposed.
41
Vasilchenko, S. A., G. V. Metlina, A. R. Ashiev, and Yu V. Laktionov. "THE IMPACT OF AGROCHEMICALS AS THE ELEMENTS OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUCTIVE PEAS IN THE SOUTH OF THE ROSTOV REGION." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-65-5-29-33.
Full textAbstract:
For the Russian Federation, pea is a traditional cultivated agricultural crop, demanded both in the food industry for its excellent taste and in livestock for a high content of forage units and balanced protein (up to 90% of the protein are of easily soluble albumin and globulins), which contribute to lower costs for animal feeding. The current paper has presented the working results of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology (FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) for 2015–2016, which studied the impact of growth stimulants (“Etikhol”, “Gumistim”), bioorganic fertilizers “Intermag Profi”, and biological product “Rizotorfin” on the productivity of the middle-ripening pea variety “Aksaysky usaty 7”. The soil of the experimental plot is favorable for peas growing, as the humus content in the arable layer is 3.36%, pH is 7.0, P2 O5 is 24.4; K2 O is 360 mg per one kg of soil. The studied preparations had an impact on the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity. Productivity has significantly improved due to application of most fertilizers. The largest productivity increase on 0.57 t/ha or 26.4% to the control was observed with the use of “Intermag Profi”. This experiment had also better energetic and economic indicators compared to other variants. The increase of net energy income compared to control was 9.48 GJ/ha, the decrease in energy intensity was on 1.14 GJ/t, the increase of energetic efficiency was on 0.59 units. The increase of net income was on 6507 rubles/ha, the cost of production reduced on 1232 rubles/ton and profitability increased on 27%.
42
Gillispie, Elizabeth C., Stephen E. Taylor, Nikolla P. Qafoku, and Michael F. Hochella Jr. "Impact of iron and manganese nano-metal-oxides on contaminant interaction and fortification potential in agricultural systems – a review." Environmental Chemistry 16, no. 6 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19063.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental contextNanominerals are more reactive than bulk minerals, a property that strongly influences the fate of nutrients and contaminants in soils and plants. This review discusses applications of Fe- and Mn-nano-oxides in agricultural systems and their potential to be used as fertiliser and contaminant adsorbents, while addressing potential phytotoxicity. We discuss areas where significant advances are needed, and provide a framework for future work. AbstractRising population growth and increase global food demand have made meeting the demands of food production and security a major challenge worldwide. Nanotechnology is starting to become a viable remediation strategy of interest in farming. Ultimately, it may be used as a sustainability tool in agricultural systems. In these roles, it could be used to increase the efficiency of techniques such as food monitoring, pathogen control, water treatment and targeted delivery of agrochemicals. In addition to these uses, nanoparticles, particularly nano-metal-oxides (NMOs), have been engineered to act as contaminant scavengers and could be applied to a wide range of systems. Numerous studies have investigated the scavenging ability of NMOs, but few have investigated them in this role in the context of agricultural and food systems. Within these systems, however, research has demonstrated the potential of NMOs to increase crop health and yield but few have studied using NMOs as sources of key micronutrients, such as Fe and Mn. In this review, we address previous research that has used Fe- and Mn-NMOs in agricultural systems, particularly the worldwide crop production of the four major staple foods – rice, wheat, maize and soybeans – highlighting their application as fertilisers and sorbents. Fe- and Mn-NMOs are strong candidates for immobilisation of agricultural contaminants in soils and, because they are naturally ubiquitous, they have the potential to be a cost-effective and sustainable technology compared with other remediation strategies.
43
Herrera, Natalia, and Fernando Echeverri. "Evidence of Quorum Sensing in Cyanobacteria by Homoserine Lactones: The Origin of Blooms." Water 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131831.
Full textAbstract:
Although several theories have been postulated to explain cyanobacterial blooms, their biochemical origin has not yet been found. In this work, we explore the existence of bacterial communication, called quorum sensing, in Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Thus, the application of several known acylhomoserine lactones to cultures of both cyanobacteria causes profound metabolic. At 72 h post-application, some of them produced substantial increases in cell proliferation, while others were inhibitors. There was a correlation with colony-forming activity for most of them. According to ELISA analysis, the microcystin levels were increased with some lactones. However, there was a clear difference between M. aeruginosa and C. raciborskii culture since, in the first one, there was an inducing effect on cell proliferation, while in C. raciborskii, the effects were minor. Besides, there were compound inhibitors and inducers of microcystins production in M. aeruginosa, but almost all compounds were only inducers of saxitoxin production in C. raciborskii. Moreover, each lactone appears to be involved in a specific quorum sensing process. From these results, the formation of cyanobacterial blooms in dams and reservoirs could be explained since lactones may come from cyanobacteria and other sources as bacterial microflora-associated or exogenous compounds structurally unrelated to lactones, such as drugs, industrial effluents, and agrochemicals.
44
Peres, André Júnio Andrade, Carlos Gilberto Raetano, Fábio Henrique Rojo Baio, Danilo Carvalho Neves, and Jhonatan Diego Cavalieri. "PULVERIZAÇÃO EM TAXA VARIADA NA CULTURA DO ALGODÃO." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 35, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2020v35n1p18-28.
Full textAbstract:
PULVERIZAÇÃO EM TAXA VARIADA NA CULTURA DO ALGODÃO1
ANDRÉ JÚNIO ANDRADE PERES1, CARLOS GILBERTO RAETANO2, FÁBIO HENRIQUE ROJO BAIO3, DANILO CARVALHO NEVES4, JHONATAN DIEGO CAVALIERI5
1Departamento de Fitossanidade – Faculdade de Agronomia, UFG, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Cep. 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, e-mail: andrejaperes@yahoo.com.
2Departamento de Proteção Vegetal – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Unesp, Avenida Universitária, 3.780, Cep. 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, e-mail: carlos.raetano@unesp.br.
3CPCS – UFMS, Rodovia MS 306, Km 105, Cep. 79560-000, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brasil, e-mail: fabiobaio@ufms.br.
4CPCS – UFMS, Rodovia MS 306, Km 105, Cep. 79560-000, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brasil, e-mail: danilocna@gmail.com.
5Departamento de Proteção Vegetal – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Unesp, Avenida Universitária, 3.780, Cep. 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, e-mail:jdcavalieri@gmail.com.
RESUMO: O monitoramento do algodoeiro é realizado para identificar zonas de manejo para aplicação localizada de agroquímicos. A variação do volume de aplicação está entre as técnicas que determinam a qualidade das pulverizações. A inconstância da velocidade de deslocamento do pulverizador é um ponto agravante para a boa qualidade da operação. A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar o espectro de gotas da pulverização e deposição da calda nas folhas, simulando uma aplicação à taxa variada, com variação do volume. Os tratamentos consistiram na pulverização dos volumes de 100 e 130 L.ha-1. Foram analisados: diâmetro das gotas, amplitude relativa e depósito da pulverização em folha do terço superior do algodoeiro. Os pontos amostrais foram marcados com auxílio de GPS. A velocidade de deslocamento foi registrada pelo controlador eletrônico, obtendo as pressões de trabalho nas respectivas velocidades. O espectro de gotas foi determinado pelo analisador de gotas a laser e a deposição por espectrometria de fluorescência. Em taxa variada a uniformidade do espectro de gotas é inversamente proporcional à elevação da velocidade, pressão e volume de calda. Obteve incrementos de depósitos com volume de 130 L.ha-1. Aplicação localizada de agroquímicos, utilizando variação do volume de aplicação, recomenda-se adotar maiores volumes de calda.
Palavras-chave: Gossypium hirsutum, tecnologia de aplicação, pulverização em taxa variada.
VARIABLE RATE OF SPRAYING IN COTTON CROP
ABSTRACT: Cotton crop monitoring is carried out to the identification of management zones for localized agrochemicals application. The application volume variation is the techniques that determine the spray quality. However, the inconstancy of spraying travel speed in field situations is an aggravating point for operation quality improvement. Thus, the present research aimed to evaluate the spray spectrum droplets and liquid deposition on leaves, simulating a variable rates application with volume variation. The treatments consisted in spraying volumes of 100 and 130 L.ha-1. The replicates varied according to the analyzed variables: diameter of the droplets with 10, 50 and 90% of accumulated volume, relative amplitude and liquid deposit on the leaves from upper third. The samples points were marked using GPS. An electronic spray controller machine recorded the spraying speed of displacement, at each point, obtaining the working pressures at the respective speeds. The laser drop analyzer determined the droplet spectrum and the spray deposition were analyzed by fluorescence spectrometry. In spraying at varied rates, the droplet spectrum uniformity is inversely proportional to the speed increase, pressure and syrup volume. It obtained increment deposit when the volume of application reached 130 L.ha-1. In a localized application of agrochemicals using the application volume variation technique it is recommended to adopt larger liquid volumes.
Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum, application technology, spraying at varied rates.
45
Kamra, S. K., J. Michaelsen, W. Wichtmann, and P. Widmoser. "Preferential solute movement along the interface of soil horizons." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0086.
Full textAbstract:
Preferential flow significantly contributes to groundwater contamination due to rapid bypass of large fractions of applied agrochemicals through the vadose zone. Transport of surface-applied non-reactive tracer (bromide) and pesticides was studied from 1991/92 to 1994/95 in an experimental drain plot in northern Germany. The soil of the study site was sandy loam in texture with high bulk density and a distinct structural change from sub-angular to angular at the interface of two soil horizons at 30-40 cm. Each year, bromide and pesticides appeared in drain water with the first drainage event followed by steep concentration peaks indicating preferential solute movement. The general shape of the breakthrough curves, magnitude and time of occurrence of the main concentration peaks of bromide and pesticides were comparable in different years despite notable differences in rainfall, drain discharge and areas of chemical application. Further, it was observed that variable drain discharges occurred without significant changes in water table levels, and a major fraction of surface-applied bromide and pesticides appeared in drainage effluent without apparently leaching through the deeper layers. It appears that water and solutes, after vertical movement through the upper plough layer, moved horizontally along the interface of two soil horizons towards and through the porous drain trench to the drain.
46
Заіменко, Наталія, Наталія Дідик, Наталія Елланська, Надія Росіцька, Ірина Харитонова, and Олена Юношева. "IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO ALLEVIATE." Science and Innovation 17, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine17.01.064.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Urban perennial plantations are exposed to numerous anthropogenic pollutants, recreational load, etc. As a result, the physical and chemical properties of the soil deteriorate, the development of useful soil microflora is inhibited, the phytosanitary properties of soil ecosystems worsen, the intensity of mineralization processes and availability of macro- and micronutrients for plants drops down, and the concentration of toxic substances increases, which leads to soil sickness. Problem Statement. Today, in Ukraine, the causes and features of soil sickness manifestation in urban ecosystems have been virtually unexplored, and there has been no environmentally sound approach to overcoming negative consequences of this phenomenon. Purpose. To implement environmentally sound technology for overcoming soil sickness in urban green areas through the integrated use of the natural silicon containing mineral analcite and a synthetic analog of allelochemical (salicylic acid). Materials and Methods. The experimental sites have been established in the most polluted and anthropogenically disturbed green areas of the Obolon District in Kyiv. The content of micro- and macro-elements, the main ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms have been evaluated, the directions of microbiological processes have been assessed with the use of mineralization and immobilization coefficients. Plant vitality has been determined by the degree of foliar injury, crown defoliation, photosynthetic pigment content, and activity of enzymatic antioxidants in leaves. Soil allelopathic activity has been determined by the bioassay technique. Results. Physical, chemical, and biological processes related to soil-sickness in urban areas have been studied and approaches to control these processes have been determined. The innovative technology to alleviate soil sickness in urban green areas has been tested. Conclusions. The advantage of the proposed technology is a complex synecological approach that which provides optimization of agrophysical, agrochemical, and biological characteristics of soil (optimal pH level, balanced content of mineral nutrients, elimination of toxicity), enhances the adaptive potential of cultivated plants to negative biotic and abiotic factors including phytopathogens.
47
Sun, Xiao-Dong, Hai-Long Wu, Yue Chen, Jun-Chen Chen, and Ru-Qin Yu. "Chemometrics-assisted calibration transfer strategy for determination of three agrochemicals in environmental samples: Solving signal variation and maintaining second-order advantage." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 194 (November 2019): 103869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2019.103869.
Full text
48
Visentin, Ana Paula Vargas, Lúcia Rosane Bertholdo, Rahyssa Chagas Hahn, Rafaela Andressa Thomazoni, Luciana Bavaresco Andrade Touguinha, Catia Santos Branco, Mirian Salvador, and Neiva Monteiro de Barros. "Comparative effectiveness of Metarhizium rileyi, novaluron, and glyphosate on immune system, development, and redox metabolism of Anticarsia gemmatalis." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): e19810615611. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15611.
Full textAbstract:
Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the most important pests in world soybean crop. The most common intervention is the application of agrochemicals, such as novaluron and glyphosate. Among biological control agents, much attention has been drawn to entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium rileyi. Here, we examined the changes that occur in the immune system (total and differential hemocyte count), secondary effects (caterpillar morphology), and oxidative metabolism after the caterpillars were exposed to M. rileyi, novaluron or glyphosate. M. rileyi was able to induce changes in the width, length, and weight of A. gemmatalis pupae, along with an increased in the number of defense cells. Novaluron prompt changes the insect’s immunity, and glyphosate caused milder immunological effects. However, it caused significant secondary effects including malformations in pupae and adults, and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels. Mortality observed when treating insects with novaluron and malformations due to glyphosate treatments did not occur due to oxidative stress. However, when insects were exposed to M. rileyi, we verified significantly increased levels of NO and concluded that these insects died due to oxidative stress. Our data provide evidence that contributes to better understanding the mechanism of herbicide-fungus interaction in the management of Anticarsia gemmatalis.
49
Zare, Narjes, Mohammadreza Khaledian, and Jean-Claude Mailhol. "Using Water and Agrochemicals in the Soil, Crop and Vadose Environment (WAVE) Model to Interpret Nitrogen Balance and Soil Water Reserve Under Different Tillage Managements." Journal of Water and Land Development 22, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Applying models to interpret soil, water and plant relationships under different conditions enable us to study different management scenarios and then to determine the optimum option. The aim of this study was using Water and Agrochemicals in the soil, crop and Vadose Environment (WAVE) model to predict water content, nitrogen balance and its components over a corn crop season under both conventional tillage (CT) and direct seeding into mulch (DSM). In this study a corn crop was cultivated at the Irstea experimental station in Montpellier, France under both CT and DSM. Model input data were weather data, nitrogen content in both the soil and mulch at the beginning of the season, the amounts and the dates of irrigation and nitrogen application. The results show an appropriate agreement between measured and model simulations (nRMSE < 10%). Using model outputs, nitrogen balance and its components were compared with measured data in both systems. The amount of N leaching in validation period were 10 and 8 kgha–1 in CT and DSM plots, respectively; therefore, these results showed better performance of DSM in comparison with CT. Simulated nitrogen leaching from CT and DSM can help us to assess groundwater pollution risk caused by these two systems.
50
Plaza, Merichel, Gloria Domínguez-Rodríguez, Cristina Sahelices, and María Luisa Marina. "A Sustainable Approach for Extracting Non-Extractable Phenolic Compounds from Mangosteen Peel Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 5625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125625.
Full textAbstract:
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have been considered an environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this work, a green extraction methodology was developed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and NaDES for the extraction of antioxidant non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs) from mangosteen peel. To select the best NaDES to extract NEPs from mangosteen peel, seven NaDES were studied. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents were determined for the extracts. The molecular weights for the NEPs present in those extracts were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Experimental results showed that choline chloride–lactic acid (1:2) was the NaDES allowing the highest antioxidant proanthocyanidin content in the extracts. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the main parameters in UAE with NaDES: water percentage, ultrasound amplitude, and extraction time. The optimal extraction conditions were 18.8% (v/v) water, 60% ultrasound amplitude, and 15 min as the extraction time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the NEP extracts obtained under optimal extraction conditions was evaluated. Results indicated for the first time that the use of NaDES in combination with UAE could be a sustainable alternative for the extraction of antioxidant NEPs from mangosteen peel for important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic fields, as the extracts presented low cytotoxicity.