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Journal articles on the topic 'Agroecosystem'
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1
Srivastava, Rajani, and K. P. Singh. "Diversity in Weed Phenological Pattern and Seed Rain in Dryland and Irrigated Agroecosystems of Indian Dry Tropics." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no. 01 (January 31, 2018): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v4i01.11610.
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This study was carried out to compare the diversity in weed phenological events, seed production and seed rain in a dryland and an irrigated agroecosystems of Indian dry tropics. Diverse weed phenological patterns were noted in dryland and irrigated agroecosystems. During winter season, in dryland agroecosystem, dominant weeds like Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album and Phalaris minor showed approximately one month early germination and vegetative stage compared to irrigated agroecosystem for same species. The annual flower, fruit and seed production were higher in the dryland agroecosystem (344-351, 219-238 and 365-397 x 103 m-2, respectively) compared to irrigated agroecosystem (211-237, 132-142 and 252-261 x 103 m-2, respectively). The estimated annual seed rain by all species in the dryland agroecosystem (102-112 × 103 m−2) significantly exceeded (P less than 0.05) the seed rain in the irrigated agroecosystem (73−80 × 103 m−2) during both annual cycles. The difference was more marked during the winter season, when more than 3 fold the number of seeds were collected in seed rain during the dryland agroecosystem. There was strong positive correlation between seed production and seed rain, showing the dependency of seed rain (mostly dominated by annual species) on seed production in agroecosystems. Two different agricultural practices that continued for more 50 years on same type of land have cause changes in weed phenological pattern. Greater seed production, seed rain, and longer seed formation period indicate an adaptive mechanism of weed seeds in the dryland agroecosystem.
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Zabala, J.A., J.M. Martínez-Paz, and F. Alcon. "A comprehensive approach for agroecosystem services and disservices valuation." Science of The Total Environment 768 (June 5, 2021): 144859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144859.
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Abstract The use of the ecosystem services approach for ecosystem management, including the valuation of ecosystem services, has grown in recent decades. Although a common framework is used, each ecosystem has its own characteristics. The agroecosystem, for example, is an anthropised ecosystem where ecosystem service flows are highly interrelated with the environment, positively or negatively. Therefore, agroecosystem services are usually accompanied by disservices. The valuation of agroecosystem services and disservices requires adaptation of existing ecosystem services paradigms to accommodate the innate agroecosystem idiosyncrasies. To this end, in this study, a comprehensive approach for valuation of agroecosystem services and disservices was proposed and validated in a semi-arid western Mediterranean agricultural area through stakeholder assessment, using a choice experiment. The results suggest that all categories of services (provisioning, regulating, and cultural) should be taken into account when valuing agroecosystem services and disservices. In particular, food provision (a provisioning service), water (a provisioning disservice), local climate regulation and biodiversity (regulating services), waste treatment and water purification (regulating disservices), and recreation and tourism (cultural services) are relevant for this purpose. Their relative importance in agroecosystems valuation reached 70% for agroecosystem services and 30% for disservices. Specifically, biodiversity (38%) emerged as the most relevant agroecosystem service to be valued, followed by recreation and tourism (20%), local climate regulation (7%), and food provision (5%). Among the agroecosystem disservices, water and waste treatment (15%), and water purification (15%) together contributed to 30% of the total importance. Agroecosystems should be valued considering their multifunctional character and the integration of agroecosystem services and disservices.
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Tkachuk, Oleksandr, and Sergiy Vdovenko. "WATER CONSUMPTION BY AGROECOSYSTEMS OF LEGUMINOUS PERENNIAL GRASSES DEPENDING ON VEGETATION YEARS." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-15.
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At the end of the growing season of the first year of life of perennial legumes, the highest soil moisture - 27.45% was observed in the agroecosystem of alfalfa, and the lowest - 24.14% - in the agroecosystem of the horned lily. The coefficient of water use by agroecosystems of legumes of perennial grasses in the first year of their growing season was 455.1-1738.0. The smallest coefficient of water use was in the agroecosystem of the white melilot, and the highest in the eastern goat's rue. At the end of the growing season of perennial legumes of the second year of life, soil moisture in agroecosystems was 11.67-17.00%. It was the largest in the agroecosystem of white melilot, which forms only one cut in the middle of summer in the second year of its life and then dies off, and the smallest in the agroecosystem of sandy sainfoin. The coefficient of water use by agroecosystems of perennial legumes in the second year of vegetation was 429.2-696.7. It was the smallest in the agroecosystem of white melilot, and in perennial legumes that grow by autumn - in the agroecosystem of sandy sainfoin, and the highest was in horned beetle. By the end of the third year of the growing season of perennial legumes, soil moisture had been 18.00-23.11%. It was the largest in the agroecosystem of sandy sainfoin, and the smallest in the horned sainfoin. The coefficient of water use by agroecosystems of leguminous perennial grasses for the third year of growing season was 484.0-619.6. The smallest was in the agroecosystem of the sandy sainfoin, and the largest was the horned sainfoin. At the end of the fourth year of the growing season of perennial legumes, soil moisture was valued in 22.60-25.07%. It was the largest in the agroecosystem of sandy sainfoin, and the smallest in alfalfa. The coefficient of water use by agroecosystems of perennial legumes in the fourth year of their growing season was 489.3-1130.7. Less moisture is used for the formation of a unit of dry matter by the agroecosystems of sainfoin, the coefficient of water use of the agroecosystem of alfalfa is higher by 13.4%. The agroecosystem of Lyadvenets horned had the highest coefficient of water use - 2.3 times more than in the agroecosystem of sainfoin. In conditions of the greenhouse effect, in particular, with an increase in air temperature, an increase in moisture evaporation from the soil and a decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation, it is necessary to grow herbs that consume moisture most economically and have the lowest water consumption coefficient: the first year of growing season - white melilot - 455.1; second year - white sweet clover - 429.2 and sandy sainfoin - 472.1; the third year - sandy sainfoin - 484.0 and alfalfa - 510.3; the fourth year - sandy sainfoin - 489.3. When using perennial legumes as precursors of winter crops, it is necessary to use those species that leave behind the largest reserve of moisture in the soil: in the second year of growing season - white sweet clover - 57.6 mm in a 30-cm soil layer; the third year - sandy sainfoin - 81.1 mm; the fourth year - sandy sainfoin - 88.7 mm in a 30-cm soil layer and eastern goat's rue - 84.8 mm.
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Zhong, Zhiming, Guangyu Zhang, and Gang Fu. "Effect of Experiment Warming on Soil Fungi Community of Medicago sativa, Elymus nutans and Hordeum vulgare in Tibet." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090885.
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The uncertainty response of soil fungi community to climate warming in alpine agroecosystems will limit our ability to fully exploit and utilize soil fungi resources, especially in alpine regions. In this study, a warming experiment was conducted in one perennial leguminous agroecosystem [i.e., alfalfa (Medicago sativa)], perennial gramineous agroecosystem (i.e., Elymus nutans) and annual gramineous agroecosystem [i.e., highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L)] in Tibet since 2016 to investigate the response of soil fungi community to climate warming. Soils at two layers (i.e., 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were collected in August 2017 to estimate soil fungi community based on the ITS method. The α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance of soil fungi in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. The α-diversity of soil fungi in the perennial gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but topology parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network in the annual gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Compared with 0–10 cm, soil fungal α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance at 10–20 cm were more sensitive to climate warming. The topological parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network at 0–10 cm in the gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but those at 10–20 cm in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Warming increased the differences of soil fungi α-diversity and functional composition. For the Medicago sativa agroecosystem, warming increased the abundance of soil pathogenic fungi but decreased the abundance of soil symbiotic and saprophytic fungi at 10–20 cm. Therefore, responses of the soil fungi community to climate warming varied with agroecosystem types and soil depth. Climate warming can alter the differences of the soil fungi community among agroecosystems. Changes in soil fungi community caused by climate warming may be detrimental to the growth of alpine crops, at least for perennial Medicago sativa in Tibet.
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Wang, Gang, Dongsheng Guan, Qiuping Zhang, Mervin Richard Peart, Xiao Ling, Yujuan Chen, and Zhu Yuanwei. "Assessment of Changes in Agroecosystem Health in Guangzhou, China." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 22, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2019_1/03.
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Agroecosystem health refers to the extent to which a healthy agroecosystem can meet socioeconomic and biophysical needs of all residents over time. According to the attempts at assessing agroecosystem health, agroecosystem health depends on both functional and structural characteristics at regional level. However, both functional and structural characteristics have been altered from their natural state by industrialization and urbanization. Thus, this study reports a system-based assessment index to evaluate the health statue of agroecosystem in Guangzhou, South China. Agroecosystem health index (AHI) of Guangzhou decreased from 0.78 in 2000 to 0.71 in 2010. It indicated that this agroecosystem was at relatively healthy state. However, functions of both cultural service and economic sustainable development were not successful as they represented ‘worst’ and ‘sub-healthy’, respectively. With the decreased values between 0.7 and 0.9, the other indices also revealed the need for caution. Particularly, both habitat structure index and provisioning service index exhibited well defined declines during this study period. This study suggests that AHI can be potentially employed to monitor the temporal change in agroecosystem health status, although AHI has some certain limitations and needs further improvement for the complexity of agroecosystems.
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Augstburger, Horacio, Johanna Jacobi, Gudrun Schwilch, and Stephan Rist. "Agroecosystem Service Capacity Index – A methodological approach." Landscape Online 64 (December 31, 2018): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.201864.
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ustainable food systems (FS) require providing food and other goods and services to humans satisfying food security, right to food, income, social justice and resilience, without degrading human health and hiving high environmental performance. The environmental performance of FS can be evaluated using Life Cycle Assessment. However, research on the impact that FS activities, e.g. crop production have on the capacity of farm-based agroecosystems to provide goods and services to humans is still incipient. Our underlying aim was to understand how FS impact on the provision of agroecosystem services and how this relates to the environmental performance of FS, as a basis for supporting decision-making on how to make FS more sustainable. We propose the Agroecosystem Service Capacity (ASC) as a method for assessing farmbased agroecosystem services, it builds on the Ecosystem Service Matrix by Burkhard et al. (2009) and assesses land cover classes against 20 agroecosystem services. The method was applied to eighteen farmbased agroecosystems in Bolivia and Kenya. Here we present two examples for exploring its potentials and limitations. The ASC operates on the basis of land cover class units and permits the calculation of an aggregate ASC-index for farm-based agroecosystems forming part of a specific FS.
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Adams, Zanele, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, and Simon Kamande Kuria. "Multidimensional Perspective of Sustainable Agroecosystems and the Impact on Crop Production: A Review." Agriculture 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2025): 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060581.
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Agroecosystems form a natural ecosystem component, allowing the proper classification of a regional biome at a global scale. It is important to view agroecosystems from a micro-environmental perspective given that they are characterised by a combination of factors, including the interaction of soil–plant–atmosphere conditions, which are largely responsive to human management practices. The published literature generally provides a limited explanation of the multidimensional nature of agroecosystems. In combination, agroecosystem practices promote efficient water use and nutrient cycling in defence of regenerative agriculture ethos. Sustainable agroecosystem practices can be combined to explain how to mitigate the risks to biodiversity. This study aims to present a review of predominant advances in sustainable crop production from the perspective of the agroecosystem. A hybrid methodology of data mining and interpretation was used to establish the meaning and relationships of the major research areas that have emerged over time and dominate the narrative of sustainable agroecosystem definition and practices. Crop diversification, sustainable soil management, integrated pest management, sustainable water resource management, and precision agriculture were selected using document summarisation and entity relation modelling to generate and explain relationships between various components of sustainable agroecosystems based on the existing literature. A major finding is the confirmation of comparable applications in different regions, whose explanation is enhanced by recent advances in data summation. This review concludes that sustainable agroecosystems are separable in meaning and impact. However, it is reasonable to recommend the need for future research into their integration for implementation and interpretation.
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Jiachen, WANG, LIU Ziyan, YIN Zheyu, BAI Zhihui, and ZHUANG Xuliang. "Review on Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Carbon Sink in Agroecosystem." Progress in Chinese Eco-Environmental Protection 1, no. 3 (September 28, 2023): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/pceep.20230914001.
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Globally, mankind is facing an increasingly severe challenge of climate change, and the vast majority of countries are making sustained efforts to solve the problem. Agroecosystem is not only an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, but also has a large potential of carbon sink, so research on greenhouse gas mitigation and carbon sink in agroecosystems is an important initiative to address the challenge of climate change. However, the current domestic research on carbon sinks mainly focuses on forests, grasslands and oceans, and there are relatively few studies on carbon sinks in agroecosystems. Studies on greenhouse gas emission reduction is also mainly concentrated in the fields of industry, energy and lacks the attention in the field of agriculture. Therefore, the research on greenhouse gas mitigation and carbon sink in agroecosystems needs to be carried out urgently. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sinks in agroecosystem, and focused on the role of a series of agricultural management measures, such as agricultural waste disposal, fertilizer management and soil improvement in reducing emissions and increasing sinks in agroecosystem, and put forward relevant suggestions and prospects for the measures to reduce emissions and increase sinks in agroecosystem and the future research direction, with a view to providing useful reference for agricultural practice and realize green and sustainable agricultural production.
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Bashev, Hrabrin. "DEFINING, ANALYZING AND IMPROVING THE GOVERNANCE OF AGROECOSYSTEM SERVICES." Economic Thought journal 65, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 3–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2065401.
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The present article suggests a holistic framework for defining, evaluating and improving the governance of agroecosystem services in Bulgaria. The interdisciplinary Theory of Ecosystem Services and the New Institutional Economy are adapted, and an attempt made to define the governance of agroecosystem services, to identify its agents, forms and mechanisms, to formulate an adequate criterion for evaluating its efficiency, and to characterize the stages for its analysis and improvement. The proposed new approach is based on the building up of a hierarchy of agroecosystems and services related to its different levels, as well as an assessment of the system of governance that corresponds to each level of provision of agroecosystem services.
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Balandaitė, Jovita, Kęstutis Romaneckas, Rasa Kimbirauskienė, and Aušra Sinkevičienė. "Comprehensive Assessment of the Effect of Multi-Cropping on Agroecosystems." Plants 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2024): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101372.
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Multi-cropping is becoming an increasingly popular technique in agriculture to tackle major and complex agroecosystem problems such as biodiversity and soil fertility loss, erosion and degradation, increased greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Comprehensively assessing the impact of multi-cropping intensity on agroecosystems is a new and still under-researched approach that can provide a better understanding of the impact of individual indicators on the overall functioning of biodiverse agroecosystems. Data from a stationary field experiment using multi-cropping at the Vytautas Magnus University Experimental Station between 2020 and 2022 were used to carry out this study. The study included maize, hemp, and faba bean as single, binary, and ternary crops. A complex assessment approach (CEI value) was used to determine the impact of these crops on the agroecosystem, the interrelationships between the main indicators, and the strength of their effects. It was found that the ternary maize–hemp–faba bean crop had the most positive effect on the agroecosystem. The effectiveness of other crops was 2 to 35% less. The lowest value was calculated for the maize–faba bean crop.
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Balasa, Navel Kyla B., Jirriza O. Roquero, Asraf K. Lidasan, Lothy F. Casim, Angelo Rellama Agduma, and Krizler Cejuela Tanalgo. "Fruit Color Preference of Frugivorous Birds in an Agroecosystem in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines." Birds 4, no. 2 (April 24, 2023): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds4020016.
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The removal of fruit is a consequence of plant–animal interactions, and is a vital step in the natural regeneration cycle of plant populations. This research aimed to determine the effect of fruit color and local landscape on plant–bird interactions in an agroecosystem in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines. We set out 1500 artificial fruit models in ten sampling locations within an agroecosystem. We measured the difference in the proportion of predated/removed (%) fruit models and the risk between sites, fruit color, and predators. Approximately a quarter (24.53%) of the artificial fruit models deployed were predated, and the proportion of predation was significantly higher in the red fruit models (mean = 18.74 ± 9.84) compared to the green fruit models (mean = 11.67 ± 6.17). Birds were the most dominant predators compared to mammals and arthropods, and contributed to at least 60% of the predation of red fruits. Our findings are consistent with previous evidence showing birds’ preferences for darker fruit colors. Although landscape variables did not significantly affect fruit predation, tree cover may help increase these interactions. Overall, our study showed that agroecosystems can still support species of frugivorous birds, as indicated by high fruit predation rates, particularly by birds that can permeate different layers of the agroecosystem. Our findings demonstrate an important implication for habitat quality management within agroecosystems. Enriching agroecosystems with pioneer trees with dark-colored fleshy fruits is a sustainable greening strategy that would benefit frugivores and producers in this system.
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Wittwer, Raphaël A., S. Franz Bender, Kyle Hartman, Sofia Hydbom, Ruy A. A. Lima, Viviana Loaiza, Thomas Nemecek, et al. "Organic and conservation agriculture promote ecosystem multifunctionality." Science Advances 7, no. 34 (August 2021): eabg6995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg6995.
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Ecosystems provide multiple services to humans. However, agricultural systems are usually evaluated on their productivity and economic performance, and a systematic and quantitative assessment of the multifunctionality of agroecosystems including environmental services is missing. Using a long-term farming system experiment, we evaluated and compared the agronomic, economic, and ecological performance of the most widespread arable cropping systems in Europe: organic, conservation, and conventional agriculture. We analyzed 43 agroecosystem properties and determined overall agroecosystem multifunctionality. We show that organic and conservation agriculture promoted ecosystem multifunctionality, especially by enhancing regulating and supporting services, including biodiversity preservation, soil and water quality, and climate mitigation. In contrast, conventional cropping showed reduced multifunctionality but delivered highest yield. Organic production resulted in higher economic performance, thanks to higher product prices and additional support payments. Our results demonstrate that different cropping systems provide opposing services, enforcing the productivity–environmental protection dilemma for agroecosystem functioning.
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Prawito, Priyono, Impetus Hasada Windu Sitorus, Zainal Muktamar, Bandi Hermawan, and Welly Herman. "Soil Properties Variability Under Various Agroecosystems In Ultisols Of Bengkulu." TERRA : Journal of Land Restoration 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/terra.4.2.53-59.
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Understanding the relation of agroecosystem types, ages, and soil properties are vital in maintaining good quality soil. This study aims to explore the variation of selected soil properties with agroecosystem types and ages. The research has been conducted in North Bengkulu, Indonesia. Soil properties on agroecosystems of 5-yr, 10-yr, 15-yr oil palm plantation, 5-yr, 10-yr, 15-yr rubber plantation, food cropland, and scrubland were evaluated. The study found that soil in oil palm and rubber plantations of any age have a similar texture, bulk density (BD), and actual soil moisture (ASM). All plantation agroecosystems and scrubland have higher clay and lower silt content than that in food cropland. In addition, the scrubland has the highest ASM content among the agroecosystems. On the other hand, both agroecosystems enhances soil chemical properties than food cropland and scrubland as indicated by the improvement of organic-C, total-N, available P, exchangeable K and CEC of Ultisols. Older plantation also provides higher soil chemical improvement than younger one. This finding is significant for management of sub optimal soil mainly Ultisols for oil palm and rubber plantation.
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Altieri, Miguel A., Clara I. Nicholls, Manuel González de Molina, and Angel Salazar Rojas. "Landscape Agroecology: Methodologies and Applications for the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems." Land 13, no. 11 (October 24, 2024): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13111746.
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Agroecosystem function is related to the positioning of the agroecosystem and its connectivity relationship with the surrounding landscape. Herein, three methodologies are presented, which allow assessment of the links between agroecosystems and the surrounding matrix, yielding information for promoting patterns and mechanisms that foster biodiversity and the provision of multiple ecosystem services such as biological pest control, as well as energy flows and material exchanges. The three methodologies are complementary when assessing agrolandscape-level interactions in situations of regional agroecological transition. Through the use of 11 indicators, a methodology (Assessment of Beneficial Insect Habitat Suitability-ABIHS) was applied in two northern California vineyards to determine whether each agrolandscape provided suitable environmental opportunities to sponsor biological insect pest control. The Main Agroecological Structure [MAS] applied in Chilean family farms elucidates some of the relationships between farms and their biophysical environment, generating data to analyze the links between agroecosystem landscapes, management practices, and insect diversity in family farms. Social Agrarian metabolism (SAM) applied in Spanish agrolandscapes quantifies the biophysical and energy flows in agricultural systems, testing whether such flows are capable of reproducing and/or improving fund elements such as soil, biodiversity, and landscape vegetation in successive production cycles. The three methodologies provide key information for the design of sustainable agroecosystems in the context of an agroecological transition.
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Barberi, Paolo. "Functional Biodiversity in Organic Systems: The Way Forward?" Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p26.
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<p>Trends in EU agricultural policies recognize an increasingly important role to biodiversity conservation and use in agroecosystems, including organic ones. However, along with their economic success, organic systems are facing a risk of ‘conventionalization’, i.e. the prevalence of input substitution over agroecologically-based crop management. Understanding what is functional agrobiodiversity and when it can be successfully applied in organics may help strengthen the recognition of organic farming as the reference management system for agricultural sustainability. Here functional agrobiodiversity is defined as a subset of total biodiversity identified at the gene, species or habitat level able to deliver a given agroecosystem service, which extent increases with diversity in the functional group. Different functional agrobiodiversity categories are identified, compared to biofunctionality, and used to illustrate the mechanisms through which they can support agroecosystem services and consequently sustainability. Three case studies taken from the author’s own research are used as examples to illustrate functional agrobiodiversity’s potential in organic systems as well as open questions. Results show that (i) functional agrobiodiversity has potential to support agroecosystem services but it is not possible to generalize the effects; (ii) a given functional biodiversity element may create conflicts between different target agroecosystem services. In those cases, prioritization of services is required.</p>
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Golovanova, Maria, and Nadezhda Gavrilovskaya. "Problems of compilation and use of agrometeorological forecasts in agroecosystems." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 59 (October 31, 2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202135544.
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Due to the variety of forecasting methods in agroecosystems, the proposed review is general in nature and aims to characterize the relevance of the current state of the problem of compiling and using agrometeorological forecasts. Keywords: AGROECOSYSTEM, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, AGROMETEOROLOGICAL FORECASTS, INERTIAL FACTORS, LIMITING FACTORS
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Asante, Richard, Søren Marcus Pedersen, Torsten Rodel Berg, Olivia Agbenyega, Steve Amisah, Victor Rex Barnes, Samuel Ayesu, Stephen Yaw Opoku, John Tennyson Afele, and Joseph Anokye. "Evaluating the Resilience of the Cocoa Agroecosystem in the Offinso Municipal and Adansi North Districts of Ghana." Applied Sciences 14, no. 18 (September 11, 2024): 8170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14188170.
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The application of the resilience concept within socioecological systems has recently received much attention. Assessing the characteristics of cocoa agroecosystems in the dry and moist semi-deciduous ecological zones has become critical for resilience analysis in this era of climate change and the constant shrinking of cocoa suitability areas. Previous studies have used one of the dimensions of resilience to analyse complex adaptive systems, excluding critical factors and variables. This study applied a multi-criteria decision-making process, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that accommodates the three dimensions of resilience, i.e., buffer capacity, adaptive capacity and self-organisation. The AHP is a multi-criteria decision-making tool that proceeds with the design of a hierarchy system for the goal, criteria, attributes and variables. Selected cocoa farmers were assigned weights related to criteria, attributes and variables in a comparison matrix. The resilience of the cocoa agroecosystems in Offinso Municipal and Adansi North Districts was 2.75 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD) and 3.23 ± 0.10 (mean ± SD), respectively. Buffer capacity contributed the highest proportion (44.3%) in the Offinso Municipal District, followed by adaptive capacity (38.7%) and self-organisation (17%). A similar trend was recorded for the Adansi North District: buffer capacity (42.9%), adaptive capacity (42.9%) and self-organisation (14.3%). Across the two study areas, shade trees, crop diversification, soil quality, cocoa variety, farm size, farm age, alternative livelihood, annual income and co-operative membership contributed prominently to the construction of cocoa agroecosystem resilience. The assessment of agroecosystem resilience is location-specific, and the study provides a simplified methodology for evaluating resilience. The paper aims to understand the importance of the components of the cocoa agroecosystem, and a simplified methodology for evaluating its resilience to perturbations. It presents a conceptual and methodological framework for the analysis and measurement of agroecosystem resilience in a participatory manner.
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Riwukore, Jefirstson Richset, Asnath Maria Fuah, Luki Abdullah, Rudy Priyanto, Ahmad Yani, Bagus Priyo Purwanto, and Fellyanus Habaora. "Profile of Farmers Based Feed Management and Animal Health of Bali Cattle in Agroecosystem Variation at Timor Island." Buletin Peternakan 45, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v45i2.49417.
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The research objective was to determine the profile of smallholder farms based on the aspects of feed management and animal health in different agro-ecosystems on Timor Island. The research was carried out for 6 months, from June to December 2018. The research location was determined by purposive sampling, namely (1) pasture agroecosystem in District of Belu, Malaka, and Timor Tengah Utara, (2) agricultural agroecosystem in Kupang Regency and Kupang City, (3) plantation agroecosystems in Kupang Regency, and (4) forest agroecosystems in District of Timor Tengah Selatan. The purposive stratified proportional sampling method was used to determine the number of samples according to the Slovin formula at an error probability of 0.05 (5%) so that the sampling of respondents was 436 people. Types of data used are primary and secondary data with data methods by observation, interviews (questionnaires), and documentation. Descriptive quantitative data analysis described in a narrative manner. The results showed that for the aspect of feed management, feed preservation was only done by some farmers, with the highest to lowest percentage of actors being plantation agroecosystems (12.8%), agriculture, (5.9%), pasture (1.6%) and forest (0%). Whereas in the aspect of livestock health, the highest to lowest vaccination implementers were carried out in agricultural agroecosystems (98.0%) followed by plantations (92.2%), pasture (66.9%) and forests (44.8%).
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Marnisah, Luis, Jefirstson Richset Riwukore, Fellyanus Habaora, Asnath Maria Fuah, Luki Abdullah, Rudy Priyanto, Ahmad Yani, and Bagus Priyo Purwanto. "Perception of Bali cattle farmers on the performance of Extensionist based on agroecosystems at Timor Island." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 32, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.02.08.
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This research aims to determine the perception of farmers on the performance of Extensionist in the agroecosystems of pasture, agriculture, plantation, and forest at Timor Island, so that it can be information for improving the performance of extension workers who have an impact on repair the welfare of farmers. This research was conducted from January to December 2018. The research location was determined purposively representing the agroecosystem of pasture, agriculture, plantation and forest. The determination of respondents are 5-10% of the number of farmers in each agroecosystem that has > 10 Bali cattle. Data collection methods are done through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data processing method uses a Likert Scale, then analyzed decriptivelly. Indicators to measure the performance of livestock Extensionist based on Extensionist profile, materials and methods, procurement of activities, availability of teaching aids, and intensity of extension activities. The results showed that farmers' perceptions at agroecosystems of pasture, agriculture, plantation, and forest toward livestock extensionist in the category agreed that the existence of extensionist could be said well in aspects of Extensionist profile, materials and methods, and procurement of activities. This condition explains that Extensionist in carrying out his duties and functions in the field in accordance with existing standards, namely as a mediator, motivator, educator, communicator, facilitator, and assistance/visits. Nevertheless, it is very necessary to improve and repair the role of Extensionist related to competence so that it can influence farmers to be more productive in developing Bali cattle farming business them. Then Bali cattle farmers in the pasture agroecosystem with the highest value of the use of teaching aids by extensionist were 2 kinds (44,0%). Then the average farmers in agricultural agroecosystems with the highest value of the use of teaching aids by extensionist is 1 kind (40,2%). Next, the average of farmers in plantation agroecosystems with the highest value of using teaching aids by Extensionist are > 2 kinds (47,9%). While the average farmers in forest agroecosystems with the highest value of the use of teaching aids by Extensionist is 1 kind (>77,3%). While the intensity of extension activities during the past year shows that the average farmers in agroecosystems of pasture (70,7%), agriculture (59,8%), plantations (50,0%), and forests (68,2%) said more from 1 time.
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Hoy, Casey W. "Agroecosystem health, agroecosystem resilience, and food security." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 5, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0322-0.
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Verma, Badal, Manish Bhan, A. K. Jha, and Muskan Porwal. "Influence of weed management practices on direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed and irrigated agroecosystems." Environment Conservation Journal 24, no. 3 (June 27, 2023): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.16622536.
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Rice seedlings and weeds emerge concurrently in direct-seeded rice (DSR) production systems, while there is no flooding water to inhibit weed germination, emergence and development at crop emergence. Because of this, weeds are considered the biggest living barrier in DSR and significantly reduce yield. The purpose of the research was to devise an approach for management of weeds in the direct-seeded rice crop cultivated under various agroecosystems, while optimizing growth and production utilizing herbicides or herbicidal combinations. The impacts of several weed management techniques were assessed to determine the most efficient and cost-effective approach of managing weeds in DSR at the CoA, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during 2019 rainy season under spilt plot design with 2 main plot treatments viz., rainfed agroecosystem, irrigated agroecosystem and 8 sub-plot treatments, i.e. different herbicide treatments with hand weeding and weedy check. Further growth parameters as well as yield attributes were documented. Conventional statistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. Bispyribac sodium at the dose of 25 g/ha efficiently controlled both narrow and broad leaved weeds under agroecosystems. Highest growth as well as yield parameters were recorded for irrigated agroecosystems compared to rainfed agroecosystems. The treatment with bispyribac sodium at the dose of 25 g/ha produced the greatest values for growth and yield indices as well as the maximum yield (3.68 t/ha), with the exception of manual weeding.
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Gonzalez, Hugo Rene Rodriguez, Hermann A. Jurgen Pohlan та Dennis Jose Salazar Centeno. "Gangia Index (Ϫ) of Beta Diversity and Biomathematical Equations Applied to Quantify the Agroecological Multifunctional Entropy: Macrofauna Observed in Agroecosystems of Nicaragua". Canadian Journal of Agriculture and Crops 7, № 2 (9 вересня 2022): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/cjac.v7i2.684.
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The multifunctional diversity in agroecosystems must be studied from systemic and comprehensive approaches of non-parametric analysis. This article provides a new beta diversity index and biomathematical equations that quantify the agroecological multifunctional entropy of biodiversity. Ten agroecosystems were studied in: Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Estelí and Matagalpa. Agroecosystem approaches were conventional versus agroecological. The organisms captured were at 25 points per agroecosystem, for a total of 225 points. The macrofauna surface was identified over 3.1416 m2, in the center a soil monolith of 0.01875 m3 was explored. The data of the analysis required three visions: the first vision is abundance and functional richness forming the Gangia index by inductive method. The second vision is applying antiderivatives together with the Cartesian plane. The third vision is obtaining a global score. In the agroecosystems, 44 families of macrofauna were observed, 32 of them exerted negative functionality: Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidae, Elateridae, Formicidae and Gryllidae. The families with positive functionality were 12: Lumbricidae, Sthaphylinidae, Rhynotermitidae and Theridiidae. The most important negative function was phytophagous. The positive functions in order of taxonomic richness were: detritivores, predators, omnivores and soil engineers. With the antiderivatives by taxonomic family, polygonal areas were created. The Boaco´s agroecosystems obtained the largest polygonal area with 735 384.5027 u2. The Gangia index of beta diversity was always higher where a greatest number of taxonomic families prevailed exerting positive functions. The Boaco´s agroecosystems obtained the highest value of the Gangia index of beta diversity with 13.72 points.
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Ichihashi, Yasunori, Yasuhiro Date, Amiu Shino, Tomoko Shimizu, Arisa Shibata, Kie Kumaishi, Fumiaki Funahashi, et al. "Multi-omics analysis on an agroecosystem reveals the significant role of organic nitrogen to increase agricultural crop yield." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 25 (June 8, 2020): 14552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917259117.
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Both inorganic fertilizer inputs and crop yields have increased globally, with the concurrent increase in the pollution of water bodies due to nitrogen leaching from soils. Designing agroecosystems that are environmentally friendly is urgently required. Since agroecosystems are highly complex and consist of entangled webs of interactions between plants, microbes, and soils, identifying critical components in crop production remain elusive. To understand the network structure in agroecosystems engineered by several farming methods, including environmentally friendly soil solarization, we utilized a multiomics approach on a field planted withBrassica rapa. We found that the soil solarization increased plant shoot biomass irrespective of the type of fertilizer applied. Our multiomics and integrated informatics revealed complex interactions in the agroecosystem showing multiple network modules represented by plant traits heterogeneously associated with soil metabolites, minerals, and microbes. Unexpectedly, we identified soil organic nitrogen induced by soil solarization as one of the key components to increase crop yield. A germ-free plant in vitro assay and a pot experiment using arable soils confirmed that specific organic nitrogen, namely alanine and choline, directly increased plant biomass by acting as a nitrogen source and a biologically active compound. Thus, our study provides evidence at the agroecosystem level that organic nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth.
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Esthi, R. B., N. C. Irawan, and I. Setiawan. "The nexus between ecological competence, forest area management, and sustainable agroecosystem performance for communities around Mount Merbabu National Park (MMbNP)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012019.
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Abstract MMbNP, with an area of approximately 5,725 hectares through several regulations, is designated as a conservation area and limits human activities to preserve agroecosystems and support natural and cultural tourism activities. MMbNP has the potential to provide food and a source of income for people living around the area, but the intersections that occur cause social, economic, and ecological conflicts of interest. This study aims to determine the relationship between ecological competence, forest area management, and sustainable agroecosystem performance. With a total of 60 respondents, this study used purposive location selection methods and snowballed random sampling to determine the sample size. The data analysis examination uses a partial least square and a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study state that ecological competence is significant for forest area management. Forest area management has a significant effect on sustainable agroecosystem performance. Environmental competence significantly affects the performance of sustainable agroecosystems through forest area management. The conclusion is that implementing systematic and comprehensive management stimulates the community’s active participation in silviculture and biodiversity and increases environmental competence. The performance of sustainable agroecosystems strengthens the role of government, the local economy, health and nutrition, community and culture, and also promotes environmental conservation.
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Dionizi, Brikene, Donika Kërçini, and Nertila Ljarja. "Community-Based Agroecosystem Management: Enhancing Sustainability for Food Security Through Local Initiatives." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 5, no. 3 (February 21, 2025): e05045. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n03.pe05045.
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Introduction: This research paper delves into Comunity-based Agroecosystems Management (CBAM) in Albania, exploring its role in enhancing sustainability and food security through local initiatives. It integrates insights from sustainability and agricultural systems. The study goes along with the engagement of Albania to the Agenda 2030, and especially on the contribution of SDG2 on food secutrity and sustainable agriculture. Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the dynamics of CBAM in Albania, examining key practices and strategies employed by local communities for sustainable agroecosystem management, their contribution to biodiversity preservation and ecological balance. Theoretical Framework: Main conccepts on community-based agroecosystems give insights in key practices and strategies possibilities for local communities for sustainable agroecosystem management, the contribution to biodiversity preservation and ecological balance. Method: The study adopts a qualitative approach. It involves a comprehensive literature review, focus groups discusssions and participant observation. The paper also analyzes government reports and agricultural practices to understand policy context in Albana. Results and Discussion: Key findings reveal that local economies in Albania employ diverse strategies for sustainable agroecosystem management. Traditional practices and local knowledge play a critical role in shaping these management strategies which are pivotal in enhancing food security. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights to broader discourse on SDG goals in developing countries and offer valuable insights for similar contexts beyond Albania. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by giving voice to sustainable practices in small economies in developing countries, considering all inclusiveness in the engagement for reaching SDGs.
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Susilowati, Sri Hery, Erma Suryani, Iwan Setiajie Anugrah, Fajri Shoutun Nida, and Achmad Suryana. "Dinamika dan Struktur Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Perdesaan di Berbagai Agroekosistem di Indonesia." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 18, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/akp.v18n2.2020.121-134.
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<p>Agricultural development has an impact on the structural changes of the rural economy, as reflected in the changes of household income. The changes reflects the agricultural transformation which the direction and magnitude vary among ecosystems. Objective of this research was to analyze the dynamics of household income structure based on land tenure and agroecosystem. The study used panel data of Patanas (2007-2018) in eight provinces with three points of observation. Data was analized using the statistics and qualitative descriptive methods. Results of this study showed that household income, share of agriculture to total household income, and income structure changes were influenced by agroecosystem and land tenure. The largest income inequality was found in the vegetable dryland agroecosystems. Based on this study, it is recommended that to increase rural households’ income in each agroecosystem, among others, are through infrastructure development to facilitate the flow of agricultural products to the markets, employment creation through development of small and medium scales of agricultural based industry in the rural region, and increasing rural workforce skills to improve their access on employment opportunities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sector.</p>
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Susilowati, Sri Hery, Erma Suryani, Iwan Setiajie Anugrah, Fajri Shoutun Nida, and Achmad Suryana. "Dinamika dan Struktur Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Perdesaan di Berbagai Agroekosistem di Indonesia." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 18, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v18i2.121-134.
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Agricultural development has an impact on the structural changes of the rural economy, as reflected in the changes of household income. The changes reflects the agricultural transformation which the direction and magnitude vary among ecosystems. Objective of this research was to analyze the dynamics of household income structure based on land tenure and agroecosystem. The study used panel data of Patanas (2007-2018) in eight provinces with three points of observation. Data was analyzed using the statistics and qualitative descriptive methods. Results of this study showed that household income, share of agriculture to total household income, and income structure changes were influenced by agroecosystem and land tenure. The largest income inequality was found in the vegetable dryland agroecosystems. Based on this study, it is recommended that to increase rural households' income in each agroecosystem, among others, are through infrastructure development to facilitate the flow of agricultural products to the markets, employment creation through development of small and medium scales of agricultural based industry in the rural region, and increasing rural workforce skills to improve their access on employment opportunities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sector.
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Conway, Gordon R. "Agroecosystem analysis." Agricultural Administration 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(85)90064-0.
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Zhu, Wenfeng, Songliang Wang, and Claude D. Caldwell. "Pathways of assessing agroecosystem health and agroecosystem management." Acta Ecologica Sinica 32, no. 1 (February 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.11.001.
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Skelton, Laura E., and Gary W. Barrett. "A comparison of conventional and alternative agroecosystems using alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf200478.
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AbstractNatural systems agriculture is based on an understanding that natural systems are self-sustaining due to regulatory mechanisms and processes that help to ensure the long-term maintenance of the ecosystem. An agroecosystem modeled after nature should encompass greater stability and biodiversity at all levels of organization than an agroecosystem based on conventional agricultural practices. The main objective of this study was to determine whether agroecosystems modeled after nature exhibit advantages over conventional agroecosystems. Five treatments were examined: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) monoculture, strip-cropped alfalfa and wheat, and two alfalfa–wheat intercrops (one no-till and one conservation-till). Indicators of ecosystem function studied included primary productivity, soil fertility, plant nitrogen (N) concentration, and abundances of arthropod pests and predators. No fertilizers or pesticides were used prior to or during this investigation. Monoculture, strip-crop and conservation-till treatments produced significantly higher yields than no-till intercropped alfalfa and wheat. Although yields from the no-till intercrop were low, wheat protein values were comparable to other treatments. Soil N concentrations tended to be high in treatments containing alfalfa. Insect pests preferred alfalfa and were, therefore, often more abundant in treatments containing high percentages of alfalfa, as were predators such as spiders. Researching alternatives to monoculture agroecosystems, such as the intercrop systems in this study, may provide us insight into a true natural systems agriculture.
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Andrés Morcillo, Camilo, Estefani T. Martínez Sánchez, Fabiola Ospina Bautista, Ranulfo González, Fredy A. Rivera Páez, and Jaime Estévez Varón. "Mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) Associated with Tillandsia elongata (Bromeliaceae) in an Agroecosystem of the Colombian Andes." Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/bccm.2023.27.1.12.
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Objective: We aimed to determine the species of the Culicidae family inhabiting the tank bromeliad Tillandsia elongata in an agroecosystem of the Colombian Andes, utilizing taxonomic and molecular methods. Scope: While Agriculture is recognized as one of the causes of biodiversity loss, agroecosystems have the potential to maintain the invertebrate biodiversity, including mosquito species. Methodology: We collected immature mosquitoes from 48 bromeliads in the agroecosystem “Montelindo” of Universidad de Caldas in Santágueda (Palestina, Caldas, Colombia). To collect the immature mosquitoes within each bromeliad, we filtered the water in the tank using a 150 µm-mesh sieve, and subsequently cleaned each bromeliad leaf with a brush. Taxonomic and molecular approaches were employed for mosquito species identification. Main results: This study presents the first report of immature mosquitoes from the genera Toxorhynchites and Wyeomyia inhabiting the bromeliad Tillandsia elongata in agroecosystems. Morphological identification led to establishing two species of Toxorhynchites, namely Toxorhynchites bambusicola (Lutz and Neiva) and Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius). DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of two species Wy. mitchelli (Theobald) and Wy. pertinans (Williston). Our results expand the known distribution range of Toxorhynchites species, as well as the bromeliad species that serve as breeding sites for Tx. bambusicola and Tx. haemorrhoidalis. Agroecosystems have the potential to contribute to Culicidae biodiversity through the conservation of breeding water bodies as tank bromeliads.
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Ebert, W. "Modelling and simulation of agroecosystems — the winter wheat agroecosystem “agrosim-w”." Annual Review in Automatic Programming 12 (January 1985): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0066-4138(85)90330-1.
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Susilawati, Susilawati, and Gusti Indriati. "Pengaruh Agroekosistem Pertanaman Kopi terhadap Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Semut (Formicidae)." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 7, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v7n1.2020.p9-18.
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<em>Ant (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) is one of the dominant groups of insects and has significant biological and ecological properties. The presence of ants in coffee plantations plays an important role as it functions as a predator. The study aimed to investigate the effect of coffee plantation agroecosystem on the diversity and abundance of ant species. The study was conducted from February to June 2018 at Pakuwon Experimental Station. The coffee plants were divided into 4 groups, based on their locations and agroecosystems, where each group consisted of 4 observation plots. Ants sampling were taken from 15 sample plants in each plot. Observation was conducted on ants found in the stems, leaves, twigs and fruits of coffee plants. The ants were taken for 5 to 10 minutes from each plant. The differences in coffee agroecosystem were grouped based on location, altitude, coffee species, shade plant, and vegetation around the observation site. The study found 59 ant morphospecies with a total of 2,535 individuals. The dominant ant was Dolichoderus sp1. There were 4 ant species that were found in all four locations, namely Camponotus sp1., Crematogaster sp1., Dolichoderus sp1., Polyrhachis sp1. which are predatory. The analysis result showed that different coffee agroecosystem affects diversity and abundance of ants.</em>
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L. Zapico, Florence, and Hazel M. Aguilar. "Toward an Integrated Social-ecological Assessment of a Traditional Upland Rice-based Agroecosystem in Southern Philippines." European Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2024): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2024.v13n4p98.
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Located in Southern Philippines, the Sarangani traditional agroecosystem currently sits at the nexus of ecological devastation, bio-cultural erosion, and pervasive modernization. Upland farms in these remote areas are inhabited predominantly by smallholder tribal households who cultivate rice landraces using traditional farming methods. Integrated agroecosystem assessment revealed Sarangani social-ecological system (SES) components, along with connections and feedback loops that underlie their interactions. DPSIR and CCA jointly identified drivers of change in Sarangani SES, revealed its key features, and investigated the whole gamut of issues impacting it. CCA, based on an Ishikawa cause and effect diagram, identified upland poverty, tribal culture and government mismanagement as root causes of intractable problems in the Sarangani SES while DPSIR successfully gauged the suitability of responses instituted by the local government. Study results can thus be used as bases for policy/programs that will resolve problem root causes in the Sarangani SES. In addition, steps must be undertaken to mitigate the effects of climate change which has proven to be utterly devastating in these vulnerable areas. Finally, for traditional agroecosystems like the Sarangani SES, interventions that uphold human well-being while conserving tribal culture/resources and preserving the environment are therefore warranted. Keywords: social-ecological systems, DPSIR, causal chain analysis, Sarangani, traditional agroecosystem
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Swanton, Clarence J., and Stephen D. Murphy. "Weed Science Beyond the Weeds: The Role of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) in Agroecosystem Health." Weed Science 44, no. 2 (June 1996): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094145.
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Integrated weed management (IWM) research has focused on how crop yields and weed interference are affected by changes in management, e.g., tillage, herbicide application timing and rates, cover crops, and planting patterns. Acceptance of IWM will depend on recommendation of specific strategies that manage weeds and maintain crop productivity; such research will and should continue. However, IWM needs to move from a descriptive to a predictive phase if long-term strategies are to be adopted. Linking management changes with crop-weed modeling that includes such components as weed population dynamics and the ecophysiological basis of competition will help predict future weed problems and solutions and the economic risks and benefits of intervention. Predictive approaches would help incorporate IWM into models of the processes that occur in agricultural systems at wider spatial and temporal scales, i.e., in agroecosystems comprised of the interactions among organisms (including humans) and the environment. It is at these larger scales that decisions about management are initiated and where questions about the long-term consequences and constraints of IWM and agriculture are often asked. These questions can be addressed by agroecosystem health, an approach that integrates biophysical, social, and economic concerns and recognizes that agriculture is part of a world with many complex subsystems and interactions. Indicators are used to examine the status of an agroecosystem, e.g., whether or not it contains all that is necessary to continue functioning. Indicators include soil quality, crop productivity, and water quality; all of these are related to the rationale of IWM, hence IWM can be linked to agroecosystem health. Ancillary effects of using IWM relate to other indicators such as diversity and energy efficiency. Linking IWM to agroecosystem health has at least two benefits: (1) predictive models within IWM can be incorporated into larger agroecosystem models to explore hitherto unforseen problems or benefits of IWM, and (2) the relevance and benefits of IWM should become clearer to the public and government agencies who otherwise might not examine how IWM promotes many of the larger social, economic and environmental goals being promulgated.
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Sansiñena, Jesica A., Silvia Elena Plaul, María F. Bahl, Andrés Piccinini, Pedro F. Andrés Laube, Leandro Alcalde, and Guillermo S. Natale. "High frequency of larval abnormalities of the toad Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) in an Argentinian agroecosystem." Revista de Biología Tropical 71, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): e51733. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71i1.51733.
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Introduction: The frequent use of pesticides is currently considered a cause of environmental pollution due to the high rate of entry of these substances into agroecosystems. This constitutes a risk for the species that inhabit these ecosystems, in particular anurans whose characteristics make them prone to exposure to and interaction with environmental pollutants. Objective: To report the occurrence of abnormalities in larvae of the common toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting ponds surrounded by agroecosystems. Methods: In two consecutive springs (2015 and 2016), reproductive events of common toads were monitored in temporary pond systems in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, located near the city of La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The physicochemical parameters of the ponds were measured, and the stage of each reproductive event was recorded, such as the numbers of adult toads, amplexus and clutches. In the laboratory, the larvae were measured and photographed, their stage of development was recorded, and their morphology was examined under a stereomicroscope. Representative samples (normal and abnormal) from each pond studied were processed for histopathological analysis. Results: In the field studies carried out on a population of R. arenarum collected in an agroecosystem, a lower number of reproductive adults and clutches were observed in relation to the population of a non-agricultural pond. A total of 1 910 larvae were collected: 529 and 1 381 larvae from ponds located in non-agricultural and agricultural areas, respectively. Larvae from the agroecosystem showed two types of abnormalities: severe tail flexure and abdominal bloating. In addition, five degrees of severity could be determined in relation to abdominal bloating. Conclusions: This work reports the high frequency and severity of abnormalities observed in the early stages of R. arenarum larvae living within an agroecosystem, providing evidence of the negative impact that agricultural activities cause on aquatic ecosystems surrounded by farming areas.
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MATOS, LAUDICEIO VIANA, SÉRGIO LUIZ RODRIGUES DONATO, BISMARC LOPES DA SILVA, MARCOS KOITI KONDO, and JOÃO LUIZ LANI. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF 'GIGANTE' CACTUS PEAR IN AGROECOSYTEMS IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF BAHIA, BRAZIL." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 4 (October 2020): 1111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n426rc.
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ABSTRACT The adaptation capacity of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) plants to edaphoclimatic conditions and plant responses to changes in management systems contribute to increase the use of this species in agriculture and the exploration of its productive potential in semi-arid regions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the structural characteristics and cladode yield of forage cactus plants grown under different agroecosystems in the semi-arid region of Bahia, Brazil. Structural characteristics of plants and soils attributes were analyzed. The traditional information on the crop management and its correlations with cladode yield were used to identify the best yield indexes, considering the peculiarities of each agroecosystem. Plant height, cladode thickness, and number of cladodes of the forage cactus plants evaluated were less affected by the agroecosystem than by the production systems. Cladode width, length, and area were more affected by the agroecosystems. The forage cactus crop yields, expressed by the annual cladode fresh matter yield, were positively correlated with the plant structural characteristics: plant height and thickness, and cladode width and length. The cladode weight per plant and fresh matter yield per area were the yield components most affected by the management system adopted by traditional producers.
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VALEAN, Ana Maria, Adina TARAU, Ioana CRISAN, Laura SOPTEREAN, Loredana SUCIU, Emanuela FILIP, and Alin POPA. "THE DIVERSITY OF USEFUL ARTHROPODS IN TWO WHEAT AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN." LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.58509/lssd.v4i2.250.
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The increase in agricultural production is conditioned by several factors, among which plant protection against pests plays a very important role. Alongside chemical methods, biological control methods against harmful organisms in crops have recently become widespread, and one of these methods is the use of useful insects (predators and parasites). Therefore, during 2016-2018, a study was conducted on monitoring the useful entomofauna in the culture of autumn wheat, in two types of agroecosystems, at Turda and Bolduț, within the Turda Research and Development Station for Agriculture. The two locations are quite close in terms of distance, but very different in terms of territorial organization, with the Bolduț farm being surrounded by a network of agroforestry shelterbelts. In Turda, the plots are located in open field conditions and are protected by rare spontaneous marginal strips. The research aimed to evaluate the diversity of useful arthropod fauna in the two agrobiocenoses, as well as the influence of the agroecosystem on these insects. Following the observations, it can be stated that the entomophagous arthropods identified in the two agroecosystems differ only in terms of ecological indicators, belonging to the same groups of entomophages, their diversity being closely related to climatic conditions, applied technology, but also to the type of agroecosystem.
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VALEAN, Ana Maria, Adina TARAU, Ioana CRISAN, Laura SOPTEREAN, Loredana SUCIU, Emanuela FILIP, Alin POPA, and Adrian NEGREA. "THE DIVERSITY OF USEFUL ARTHROPODS IN TWO WHEAT AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN." LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 27–35. https://doi.org/10.58509/r41j9712.
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The increase in agricultural production is conditioned by several factors, among which plant protection against pests plays a very important role. Alongside chemical methods, biological control methods against harmful organisms in crops have recently become widespread, and one of these methods is the use of useful insects (predators and parasites). Therefore, during 2016-2018, a study was conducted on monitoring the useful entomofauna in the culture of autumn wheat, in two types of agroecosystems, at Turda and Bolduț, within the Turda Research and Development Station for Agriculture. The two locations are quite close in terms of distance, but very different in terms of territorial organization, with the Bolduț farm being surrounded by a network of agroforestry shelterbelts. In Turda, the plots are located in open field conditions and are protected by rare spontaneous marginal strips. The research aimed to evaluate the diversity of useful arthropod fauna in the two agrobiocenoses, as well as the influence of the agroecosystem on these insects. Following the observations, it can be stated that the entomophagous arthropods identified in the two agroecosystems differ only in terms of ecological indicators, belonging to the same groups of entomophages, their diversity being closely related to climatic conditions, applied technology, but also to the type of agroecosystem.
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Douglas-Mankin, Kyle R. "Current Research in Land, Water, and Agroecosystems: ASABE Journals 2017 Year in Review." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1639–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12821.
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Abstract. This article highlights current research into land and water resources, agroecosystems, and agricultural production systems published by the Natural Resources and Environmental Systems (NRES) community of ASABE journals ( and ) in 2017. Context, scope, and key results of the published articles are reviewed and perhaps more importantly areas for increased research attention are recommended. This article describes experimental and modeling advances in hydrology, agroecosystems, climate change effects, soil erosion, agricultural irrigation, agricultural drainage, forest resource management, livestock systems, natural treatment systems, international water issues, and water quality topic areas. Three special collections were published (International Watershed Technology, Crop Modeling and Decision Support for Optimizing Use of Limited Water, and Advances in Drainage). Other focal areas included 14 articles relating to livestock waste management, 13 concerning irrigated agricultural systems, 8 addressing climate change effects on land, water, and agroecosystems, and 16 on various aspects of soil erosion measurement and modeling. Building on the articles reviewed from 2017 and toward a vision of future agroecosystems research, the NRES community of ASABE journals strives to expand its role in making new knowledge accessible to sustain agricultural and natural systems in a changing world. With this goal in mind, recommendations for future research needs are proposed with an emphasis on increased application of remote sensing data to agroecosystems research, improved assessment of agroecosystem resiliency and vulnerability to land and climate change, development of integrated models of agroecosystem services, meeting stubborn water management challenges in agricultural production systems, and focusing on publishing fully reproducible model results. Keywords: Agriculture, Climate change, Composting, Crop models, Crop water use, Crop yield, Drainage, Drought, Environment, Field experimentation, Food, Forest, Greenhouse gas emissions, Hydrologic modeling, Hydrology, Irrigation, Livestock, Manure management, Mode
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Makwela, Maria M., Rob Slotow, and Thinandavha C. Munyai. "Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera) as Indicators of Sustainability in Agroecosystems: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 3936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15053936.
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The sustainability of agroecosystems is at risk owing to continuous anthropogenic disturbance. As such, there is a need to evaluate indicator taxa that may be used to monitor the health of agricultural management systems. Carabid beetles are ubiquitous and functionally crucial in agroecosystems while at the same time are sensitive to the changes caused by management practices. Their quick response to anthropogenic disturbances has been proposed as a practical and realistic tool for monitoring the sustainability of agricultural practices. However, there is still disagreement about carabids as possible indicators of agroecosystem sustainability. We conducted a systematic review of the responses of carabid beetles to agricultural systems in different biogeographical areas. We examined whether these beetles could serve as potential indicators of agroecosystem sustainability. The ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to search for papers published from 2000–2019. In total, we included 69 studies indicating the use of carabids to monitor the impact of management practices in agroecosystems. Most studies were conducted in European countries (n = 37), while Southern Africa and East Asia countries were significantly under-represented (n = 10). Carabid beetle response to agroecosystems varied between management practices, with biodiversity indices (n = 41: positive 60%, negative 19%, and neutral 19%) being the most measured response variable, followed by functional diversity (n = 28: positive 67%, negative 25%, and neutral 7%). Overall, our findings highlight the need for more research in underdeveloped countries, to investigate the potential of overlooked carabids and include response variables measuring functional diversity in assessing the sustainability of agricultural management. This will assist policy makers and land managers in making active and informed decisions about agroecological disturbances and management.
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Céspedes, Cansino José Luis, Rodríguez Mercedes Jiménez, and Domínguez Manuel Ramón Estévez. "Diversity of Plant Species on Six Farms in the Municipality of Minas, Camagüey, Cuba." Agrisost 25, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10034576.
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<strong>Context: </strong>The forms of production implemented in Cuban agriculture call for changes in terms of productive structure and diversity of crops established in the agroecosystem. Therefore, it is important to move beyond the typical inventory based on qualitative data on the existence of species, for which the application of biological indexes with a more detailed information about the diversity of agroecosystems is required.<strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the diversity of herbaceous, shrub, and arboreal species found on six farms in the municipality of Minas, Camagüey, Cuba.<strong>Methods: </strong>This research took place between September 2016 and April 2017. Samples were taken from 0.24 ha lots per farm, in order to determine the number of individuals, genus, and species. Seven indexes for comparative studies, and the effects of implemented farming practices on the agroecosystem were estimated.<strong>Results</strong>: the indexes of diversity showed low of diversity, dominance, and equitability for the most part, except on two farms whose indexes were average. On a general basis, the farms were floristically different. Hence, it was concluded that the herbaceous species showed greater specific richness than the arboreal species and low indexes of proportional presence and relative abundance of species, which implies low equitability and differences in flowering. Farm management was based on inappropriate use of agroecology principles, leading to negative environmental effects on the agroecosystem.<strong>Conclusions:</strong> The diversity found on the farms studied comprises 67 herbaceous and 35 arboreal species. The indexes of diversity were low, especially of arboreal species, with low equitability and differences in flowering. Farm management was not properly based on agroecological practices, which led to a negative environmental impact on the agroecosystem.
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Sajise, Percy, and Asa Jose Sajise. "The Ecological and Economic Aspects of the Multifunctional Role of Agroecosystems." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 3, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2006): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2006.3.1-2.4.
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Current perceptions about agriculture-based systems are rooted in an assessment of their negative and positive externalities, as well as their tremendous influence in the cultural and religious values of communities. Among the emerging concerns is how to integrate this view of the multi-faceted nature and function of agroecosystems, not only in incentive systems but also in national, regional, and global policy guidelines. This paper documents available evidence which shows that the concept of multifunctionality can be used as the basis of agricultural policymaking. The concept of multifunctionality is differentiated and at the same time associated with the popular concept of sustainability. It is pointed out that sustainability finds expression in a multifunctional agroecosystem; that is, multifunctionality is a sufficient condition for sustainable agricultural system but not a necessary condition. Various examples presented in this paper indicate the need to look at the multifunctionality of agricultural systems in a landscape vis-à-vis its historical, spatial and time dimensions of its biodiversity element. The review of field studies provides evidence that ecological processes drive the relationships between the various roles of agroecosystems. The cases cited consist of: a paddy rice agricultural system in Yunnan province in China which has resulted from the interspecific enhancement of agrobiodiversity; a sustainable rice production system among the Bontocs in Northern Luzon, Philippines, where the interaction between the household and the rice agroecosystem has led to improved nutrient recycling; and the Phu Wiang watershed in Northeast Thailand where the lowland agroecosystem productivity is maintained at the expense of the uplands and upper forest areas. The final section concludes with a list of questions that need to be addressed before an effective agri-environmental policy can be implemented within the context of developing countries. These questions hark back to the basic premise that implementing agri-environmental policies rooted within the concepts of multifunctionality involves technology or science, ecology, economics, and institutions. The multifunctional role of agroecosystems, which is just beginning to be slowly unraveled, will become an important area of research, and should prove valuable toward achieving national development as well as fulfilling certain Millennium Development Goals.
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Irawan, A. R., Ashari, T. Sudaryanto, B. Irawan, Sunarsih, and F. S. Nida. "Dynamic of migration and labor productivity in the rural area of PATANAS villages." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012083.
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Abstract The agricultural sector still becomes a source of household income in rural areas, although its role tends to decrease. In the period 2011‒2015, the number of agricultural workers decreased about 1% per year and is inversely proportional to the increasing Indonesian labor, which reached an average of 1.2% per year. Several leading causes of labor decreases are migration and productivity issues in the agricultural sector. This paper aims to determine migration and labor productivity dynamics in three-time points in villages on Panel Petani Nasional Program (PATANAS) located at three agroecosystems: plantation, secondary crop, and vegetable. Amount of respondents in each agroecosystem were 312, 232, and 121 farmers. Data analysis was presented descriptively. The results of the study indicated that labor productivity varies between agroecosystems. The highest increase in productivity occurred in vegetable, then secondary crop, and plantation. Labor productivity in the agricultural sector is inversely proportional to the migration on an agroecosystem. There is not excessive migration in the vegetable agroecosystems since labor productivity is highest than the others. There is a phenomenon of increasing working family members followed by an increase in the number of migrations. This phenomenon negatively impacts the agricultural sector because there is no increase in the number of workers in the agricultural sector. There is a trend for young people in PATANAS villages to undertake permanent migration. Increasing labor productivity in rural areas predicted could reduce labor migration. Efforts that can be created are gradually encouraging off-farm and non-farm activities, including small-scale agro-industries.
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Lou, Shanning, Jiao Ning, Cheng Zhang, Chunmei Wang, Wanhe Zhu, Shenghua Chang, and Fujiang Hou. "Multi-Scale Evaluation of Dominant Factors (MSDF) on Forage: An Ecosystemic Method to Understand the Function of Forage." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042163.
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Grassland agroecosystem plays a key role on resource cycling and sustainability of global ecosystem. Forage is the basic factor and core of the grassland agroecosystem. At a single scale, the most of forage evaluation remain in a state of qualitative or quantitative evaluation, and lack a series of quantitative evaluation at multi spatial scales and influence of society, environment and economy. This study collected dominant indicators at micro, plot, farm, ecoregional and macro scales to compile a systemic evaluation of forage in agroecosystems. A case study is presented for forage evaluation by using plot, farm, and regional data from an arid region of Gansu, China. Multi-scale evaluation of dominant factors (MSDF) was used to aggregate forage evaluation indicators. Results showed that the scale of evaluation had significant effects on the results of the evaluation. The evaluation results of the single index for the same forage species among plot, farm and ecoregional scales were different. Results implied that forage MSDF are needed to guide the evaluation of forage and then production of forage and herbivore in the future. An appropriate scale of evaluation could be selected in term of the forage production objectives and moreover, MSDF evaluation of forage should be used to improve the environmental, social and productive evaluation of forage in a grassland agroecosystems.
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Aguiar, Mariah, Alexandra J. Conway, Jennifer K. Bell, and Katherine J. Stewart. "Agroecosystem edge effects on vegetation, soil properties, and the soil microbial community in the Canadian prairie." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): e0283832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283832.
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Edge effects resulting from adjacent land uses are poorly understood in agroecosystems yet understanding above and belowground edge effects is crucial for maintaining ecosystem function. The aim of our study was to examine impacts of land management on aboveground and belowground edge effects, measured by changes in plant community, soil properties, and soil microbial communities across agroecosystem edges. We measured plant composition and biomass, soil properties (total carbon, total nitrogen, pH, nitrate, and ammonium), and soil fungal and bacterial community composition across perennial grassland-annual cropland edges. Edge effects due to land management were detected both aboveground and belowground. The plant community at the edge was distinct from the adjacent land uses, where annual, non-native, plant species were abundant. Soil total nitrogen and carbon significantly decreased across the edge (P < 0.001), with the highest values in the perennial grasslands. Both bacterial and fungal communities were different across the edge with clear changes in fungal communities driven directly and indirectly by land management. A higher abundance of pathogens in the more heavily managed land uses (i.e. crop and edge) was detected. Changes in plant community composition, along with soil carbon and nitrogen also influenced the soil fungal community across these agroecosystems edges. Characterizing edge effects in agroecosystem, especially those associated with soil microbial communities, is an important first step in ensuring soil health and resilience in these managed landscapes.
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Habaora, F., A. M. Fuah, L. Abdullah, A. Yani, and B. P. Purwanto. "Botanical Composition and Carrying Capacity in Various Agroecosystems on The Timor Island." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.8.2.72-79.
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This research aims to know the type of vegetation, nutrient components of feed and carrying capacity based on agroecosystems on Timor Island conducted from January-March 2018 (transition from the rainy season to the dry season). The research location was chosen purposively so that those it represented the pasture were in the District of Belu, Malaka, and TTU; agriculture in the District of Kupang and Kota Kupang; plantation in Kupang District; and forests in TTS District. Forage samples were taken using the 1x1m2 quadrant method. The quadrant is thrown at random. All vegetation in the quadrant is cut and analyzed in the laboratory. Descriptive data analysis. The result is that the main vegetation types of Bali cattle consumption in pasture agroecosystems is natural grass with a nutrient composition of ash (9.9%), CP (5.7%), CF (38.5%), EE (2.2%), NFE (36.4%) and TDN (42.1%). Agriculture agroecosystem is ricestraw with a nutrient composition of ash (9.6%), CP (5.8%), CF (27.6%), EE (2.1%), NFE (48.8% ) and TDN (52.8%). Plantation agroecosystems is lamtoro with a nutrient composition of ash (13.6%), CP (12.0%), CF (20.4%), EE (3.3%), NFE (42.8%) and TDN (54.9%). Forest agroecosystems is kabesak with a nutrient composition of ash (8.6%), CP (11.5%), CF (26.9%), EE (1.2%), NFE (44.2%) and TDN (53.1%). The carrying capacity of pasture, agriculture, plantation and forest in sequence are very high, namely 4.8 UT and CCI 0.4 with an average body weight of 229.3 kg; 5.6 UT and CCI 0.6 with an average BB of 188 kg; 6.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 227.5 kg; and 5.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 194.9 kg. The entire agroecosystem area on Timor Island is classified as a very critical area.
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Susilo, F. X., Dewi Rosmawati, and Nur Yasin. "ANTS ALTER INSECTICIDE EFFICACY ON APHIDS IN THE YARD-LONG BEAN AGROECOSYSTEM ?" Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1932-38.
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Ants Alter Insecticide Efficacy on Aphids in the Yard-Long Bean Agroecosystem? This study was aimed to detect the relationship between Aphis sp. and ants and to show whether ants could alter insecticide efficacy on Aphis sp. A survey was conducted in the yard-long bean agroecosystems that have been frequently attacked by aphids and for years treated with imidacloprid insecticide (in Mulyosari Village, intensive sample) versus those barely treated in Ganjar Agung Village (non-intensive sample), both in the West Metro municipal area, Lampung. Two sampling occasions were made (in March and November 2005) where 35 plant parts (i.e. 35 flowers and 35 pods) per sample were randomly observed to record the number of Aphis sp. and ants. The efficacy of the insecticide treatment was determined by comparing the mean number of aphids or ants from intensive versus non intensive samples using a t-test at the 0.05 level. The relationships between ant and aphid numbers were determined by calculating their coefficients of correlation and testing them using a t-test at the 0.01 or 0.05 level. The study showed that the long-term application of the insecticide imidacloprid in the yard-long bean agroecosystem 1) might strengthen the relationship between Aphis sp. and ants (especially Solenopsis sp., Camponotus sp. and Paratopula sp.) and 2) was not effective to suppress Aphis sp. number. Stronger Aphis sp. — ant symbiotic relationship might alter the insecticide efficacy on Aphis sp. in the agroecosystem.
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H. Shakir Hanna, Safwat, and Gian Paolo Cesaretti. "Ecological human imprint: Agroecosystem in Egypt analysis and perspective." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA' 12, no. 2 (January 2023): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2022-002004.
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The agroecosystem is an integral part of the natural resources available to human beings for use and the continuation of the life cycle on Earth. Agroecosystems are complex systems where many species interact with ecological processes at differ-ent spatial scales and strong interactions between environmental and management procedures (Loeuille et al., 2013). Therefore, these systems encompass ecological-ly, and decision networks connected and perform different functions, leading to a wide range of ecosystem services. They are also linked at the landscape scale, making their management difficult. However, these complex interactions can be formalized within the general concepts of interaction networks, and these can be used to elaborate the interactions within and between ecology and management explicitly. Without an agroecosystem, life on this Earth will stop, and the drivers of all ecological life cycles will not continue functioning. Energy is the essential factor that makes the working process of human survivability possible. According to World Population Clock, human population growth is alarming in Egypt (i.e., 104 million people and continues to increase by 2.2 million people annually [Macro-trends about Egyptian Population Growth Rate). Therefore, the ecological human imprint will impact Egyptian Earth's natural resources in the form of more con-sumption and demands that will affect Egyptian social and economic issues. Sustainability will be accomplished if we live within the concept of nature, control-ling our human population growth to reduce the impacts of the demands of natu-ral resources. In this respect, sustainability will not be achieved by economic growth alone; instead, the biosphere's natural resources must be able to replenish and allow the natural resources to regenerate themselves to support the growing human population. Egypt's agroecosystems are facing declining fertile lands, reduction in water re-sources, and expansion of the human population on the agricultural lands for housing and other activities without control. The concentration of the Human Population of Egypt is occupying 4-5% of the total land. It is due to the lack of infrastructure available in the rest of the lands of Egypt (i.e., 96- 97% is desert ex-cept around the river Nile). The Ecological Human Imprint (EHI), as indicated by Shakir Hanna et al. 2017, is a measuring tool for assessing the carrying capacity of an area regarding the use of the planet's natural resources. Therefore, the "Egyp-tian Agroecosystem Human Imprint Assessment (EAHIA) Model" (Shakir Hanna, 2021) indicates the magnitude of the impact of the growing human population on the agroecosystems of Egypt. In addition, the model predicts that the human pop-ulation will reach 187 million people in the year 2050 and may be double by the year 2100 in a reasonable assumption of increased human population growth rate at 1.1%; otherwise, there will be disastrous conditions and the spread of the "Hun-ger Revolution." In addition, the model will calculate the agroecosystem lands, water resources availability, and their production and productivity and economy in Egypt. It predicts the changes and impacts of agriculture systems economically and socially in Egypt and promotes conservation to save agricultural lands from deterioration.
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Rana, R. B., C. J. Garforth, and B. R. Sthapit. "Farmers' management of rice varietal diversity in the mid-hills of Nepal: implications for on-farm conservation and crop improvement." Plant Genetic Resources 7, no. 1 (April 2009): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108048259.
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Season-long monitoring of on-farm rice (Oryza sativa, L.) plots in Nepal explored farmers' decision-making process on the deployment of varieties to agroecosystems, application of production inputs to varieties, agronomic practices and relationship between economic return and area planted per variety. Farmers deploy varieties [landraces (LRs) and modern varieties (MVs)] to agroecosystems based on their understanding of characteristics of varieties and agroecosystems, and the interaction between them. In marginal growing conditions, LRs can compete with MVs. Within an agroecosystem, economic return and area planted to varieties have positive relationship, but this is not so between agroecosystems. LRs are very diverse on agronomic and economic traits; therefore, they cannot be rejected a priori as inferior materials without proper evaluation. LRs have to be evaluated for useful traits and utilized in breeding programmes to generate farmer-preferred materials for marginal environments and for their conservation on-farm.