Dissertations / Theses: 'Agropastoral'

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Fernandez, Maria E. "Community, household and gender in Andean agropastoral sustainability." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315503.

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Lhoste, Philippe. "L'Association agriculture-élevage : évolution du système agropastoral au Sine-Saloum, Sénégal /." [Maisons-Alfort] : Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349458581.

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Guillaud, Dominique. "L'ombre du mil : un système agropastoral sahélien en Aribinda (Burkina Faso) /." Bondy : Ed. de l'ORSTOM, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35661244r.

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Bramwell, Stephen George. "Mixed crop-livestock farming systems for the Inland Northwest, US." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/s_bramwell_120308.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in soil science)--Washington State University, December 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 15, 2009). "Department of Crop and Soil Science." Includes bibliographical references.

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Marcoux, Shantelle. "Agropastoral community livelihood strategies and natural resource management, a case study in Senegal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ43185.pdf.

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Demirag, Ulac. "Handlungsräume agropastoraler Fulbe in Nordostnigeria eine vergleichende Studie in den Bundesstaaten Adamawa und Gombe /." Hamburg : Institut für Afrika-Kunde im Verbund Deutsches Übersee-Institut, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/56933221.html.

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7

Salifu, Walata Yakub. "Sustainable agriculture and rural livelihood : a case study of agropastoral households in Northern Ghana." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618690.

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8

Buhl, Solveig. "Milk, millett and mannerisms : gendered production among Fulbe pastoral and agropastoral households in northern Burkina Faso." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322229.

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9

Randriamamonjy, Nivo. "Elevage bovin et exploitation d'un espace agropastoral dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar (région de Sakaraha)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR1GEO2.

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10

Pin-Diop, Raphaëlle. "Spatialisation du risque de transmission de Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift en milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal septentrional." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090785.

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La fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) est une arbovirose zoonotique émergente, touchant principalement l'homme et les ruminants. En l'absence de traitement spécifique et de moyen de prévention efficace, la prédiction des lieux à risque est un enjeu important de la lutte contre cette maladie. En milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal, la période à risque est la saison des pluies, lorsque hôtes et vecteurs se rencontrent autour de mares temporairement inondées. La transmission du virus est complexe, car elle implique au moins deux espèces de vecteurs d'écologies différentes (Aedes vexans et Culex poicilipes) et des hôtes sédentaires ou nomades. Le virus est enzootique dans la communauté rurale de Barkedji. Afin d'y prédire le niveau de risque, défini comme l'intensité du contact hôtes-vecteurs en saison des pluies, nous avons mis en place un modèle prédictif de la répartition spatiale des troupeaux, à partir de données satellitales et de terrain. Puis les mares temporaires, gîtes des vecteurs, ont été détectées sur une série d'images SPOT5 et utilisées pour estimer l'abondance vectorielle relative. Ces données ont ensuite été synthétisées dans un modèle attribuant à chaque pixel de la zone d'étude un niveau de risque relatif. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants, quoi que le modèle doive être amélioré et validé. L'intérêt majeur de notre travail est de présenter une approche méthodologique spécifique aux problématiques de santé-environnement, basée sur l'étude des interactions entre les éléments du cycle épidémiologique et le milieu. Nous espérons également qu'à moyen terme, il constituera une aide appréciable pour le réseau de surveillance sénégalais de la FVR.

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Velluet, Cécile. "Modélisation et analyse pluriannuelles du fonctionnement hydrologique et énergétique de deux écosystèmes dominants au Sahel agropastoral (Sud-Ouest Niger)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002273.

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Le Sahel est particulièrement exposé à la variabilité de la mousson Ouest-Africaine dont les répercussions socio-économiques peuvent prendre un caractère dramatique. Cette région est en outre confrontée à l'une des plus fortes croissances démographiques jamais observées, se traduisant par une pression toujours plus forte sur de faibles ressources naturelles et un environnement fragile. Dans ce contexte, un enjeu important se situe dans notre capacité à proposer des outils aidant au suivi des ressources hydriques et végétales, et permettant d'anticiper les impacts climatiques et anthropiques à moyen terme sur ces ressources. Pour cela, il est indispensable d'étudier et mieux comprendre les processus d'échanges d'énergie et de matière à l'interface terre-atmosphère, qui contribuent à la régulation de la mousson d'une part et gouvernent le cycle hydrologique local et le développement végétal d'autre part. Les travaux réalisés s'inscrivent dans cette problématique, portant précisément sur l'analyse des cycles de l'eau et de l'énergie en région sahélienne sous les effets combinés du climat et de l'activité humaine. La démarche s'appuie sur une méthodologie alliant observations in situ et modélisation à base physique. L'étude a été réalisée dans la région centrale du Sahel, dont le système agricole traditionnel associe pastoralisme et cultures pluviales en alternance avec la jachère. Elle s'est appuyée sur le réseau d'observations éco-hydrologiques et énergétiques acquises en continu durant 7 années (2005-2012) par l'Observatoire AMMA CATCH au Sud-Ouest Niger. La qualité et la cohérence de ces observations ont permis de dresser des grands traits du fonctionnement éco-hydrologique des deux couverts végétaux les plus répandus dans la région : cultures de mil et jachères arbustives. Les observations ne permettent cependant pas à elles seules d'établir des bilans complets aux différentes échelles temporelles d'intérêt (infra-journalière à interannuelle). Une modélisation couplée détaillée des cycles de l'énergie et de l'eau a par conséquent été élaborée pour ces deux couverts, à l'aide du modèle de transferts sol-plante-atmosphère SiSPAT. Etalonné sur une période de 2 ans, le modèle a ensuite été validé sur les 5 autres années d'observation, en contraignant les paramètres du modèle à des valeurs physiquement réalistes. En bon accord avec les observations, cette modélisation pluriannuelle s'est révélée être un outil d'analyse précieux, intégrant toute la pertinence, la richesse et la cohérence du jeu de données. La représentativité de la période étudiée a permis d'en exploiter les résultats pour (1) analyser l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur les bilans d'eau et d'énergie aux différentes échelles temporelles et (2) fournir une première climatologie des flux et stocks d'eau et d'énergie à l'interface sol-végétation-atmosphère, à ces mêmes échelles. Les similitudes et différences de fonctionnement éco-hydrologique et énergétique entre écosystèmes ont été mises en évidence. Par exemple, l'évapotranspiration représente plus de 80% des précipitations annuelles et près de la moitié du rayonnement global au cœur de la mousson pour les deux sites. Sa distribution saisonnière et son partitionnement en évaporation du sol et transpiration des plantes diffèrent néanmoins entre les deux écosystèmes, tout comme le ruissellement, et le drainage sous la zone racinaire. Ce dernier apparaît significatif pour le champ de mil mais pas pour la jachère. Une analyse de sensibilité des processus aux caractéristiques du sol et du couvert a été réalisée. La robustesse des résultats produits devrait leur permettre de servir de référence pour les études des processus hydrologiques et énergétiques dans cette région. La modélisation ainsi construite présente un potentiel évident pour des études prospectives, relatives notamment au changement climatique ou à une évolution des pratiques agricoles.

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12

Pin, Diop Raphaëlle. "Spatialisation du risque de transmission de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift en milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal septentrional." Orléans, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090785.

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La fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) est une arbovirose zoonotique émergente, touchant principalement l'homme et les ruminants. En l'absence de traitement spécifique et de moyen de prévention efficace, la prédiction des lieux à risque est un enjeu important de la lutte contre cette maladie. En milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal, la période à risque est la saison des pluies, lorsque hôtes et vecteurs se rencontrent autour de mares temporairement inondées. La transmission du virus est complexe, car elle implique au moins deux espèces de vecteurs d'écologies différentes (Aedes vexans et Culex poicilipes) et des hôtes sédentaires ou nomades. Le virus est enzootique dans la communauté rurale de Barkedji. Afin d'y prédire le niveau de risque, défini comme l'intensité du contact hôtes-vecteurs en saison des pluies, nous avons mis en place un modèle prédictif de la répartition spatiale des troupeaux, à partir de données satellitales et de terrain. Puis les mares temporaires, gîtes des vecteurs, ont été détectées sur une série d'images SPOT5 et utilisées pour estimer l'abondance vectorielle relative. Ces données ont ensuite été synthétisées dans un modèle attribuant à chaque pixel de la zone d'étude un niveau de risque relatif. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants, quoi que le modèle doive être amélioré et validé. L'intérêt majeur de notre travail est de présenter une approche méthodologique spécifique aux problématiques de santé-environnement, basée sur l'étude des interactions entre les éléments du cycle épidémiologique et le milieu. Nous espérons également qu'à moyen terme, il constituera une aide appréciable pour le réseau de surveillance sénégalais de la FVR
Rift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirose, mainly affecting man and ruminants. Predicting high risk areas is an important stake of this disease's control, as neither specific treatments nor efficient prevention programs exist. In the agropastoral sahelian area of Senegal, the rainy season is the high-risk period, when hosts and vectors gather around temporary flooded ponds. Virus transmission mechanisms are complex, since they imply at least two different vector species with particular ecologies (Aedes vexans and Culex poicilipes), and sedentary or transhumant hosts. The Barkedji district is an enzootic area. In order to assess the risk level, defined as host-vector contact intensity during the rainy season, we set up a model predicting livestock herds spatial distribution, from satellite and field data. Then temporary ponds, the vectors' biotope, were detected on a series of SPOT5 images and used to assess relative vector abundance. Those data were then assembled in a model, allotting to each pixel of the study zone a relative risk level, accounting to herds density, vector abundance and vegetation cover. Our results are encouraging, although the model has to be improved and validated. The main interest of our study is to present a specific methodological approach, applied to health-environnement matters and based on the study of the interactions between the epidemiological cycle elements and the environment. We also hope that, in a close future, it will become helpful to the senegalese RVF monitoring network

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13

Scoones, Ian. "Livestock populations and the household economy : a case study from southern Zimbabwe /." Online version, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.281919.

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14

Duarte, Rones da Mota. "Natureza, Terra e Economia Agropastoril - SOURE (CE): 1798-1860." www.teses.ufc.br, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6138.

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DUARTE, Rones da Mota. Natureza, Terra e Economia Agropastoril - SOURE (CE): 1798-1860. 2012. 154f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, Fortaleza (CE), 2012.
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This work seeks to understand the way of life of the farmers in Soure during the first 60 years of the nineteenth century, taking into account land access, agro-pastoral production and the relationship these people had with nature. First I shall consider the colonization process of the west coast of Ceará, which initiated the formation of an agro-pastoral zone destined for commercial purposes. To this end, I shall examine the first expeditions to be sent to this coast, and seek to identify, from the accounts left by Father Luis Figueira and Martins Soares Moreno, the landscape and natural features of the area found by the settlers. Conquest of the territory was later carried out by soldiers from the Fortress of Nossa Senhora da Assunção, who began to apply for land grants in the region. I therefore look at the social profile of those who received these grants, and the advance into indigenous lands that caused disputes between natives and settlers throughout the territory. I shall then look into the effects of the Land Law of 1850, which was intended to consolidate the agro-pastoral zone in this region, and from the land registry of the Parish of São José do Ribamar, and from post-mortem inventories, I shall identify forms of land access, size and location of properties, and the agrarian landscapes created up until 1860. Finally, I shall look at the agro-pastoral activities developed by these farmers, as well as their understanding of nature, as used in the quest for a better use of natural resources for agriculture activities, and the environmental impacts caused by planting techniques and the introduction of exotic plants into the ecosystems of Soure, which resulted in environmental changes and the creation of a new agrarian landscape.
Este trabalho procura compreender os modos de vida de produtores agrícolas em Soure nos primeiros sessenta anos do século XIX, levando-se em consideração o acesso a terra, a produção agropastoril e as relações desses sujeitos com a natureza. Inicialmente, estudo o processo de colonização do litoral oeste cearense que iniciou a formação de uma zona agropastoril com propósitos comerciais. Nesse sentido, analiso as primeiras expedições enviadas ao litoral cearense, buscando, a partir dos relatos deixados pelo padre Luís Figueira e Martins Soares Moreno, identificar as paisagens e as características naturais do território encontradas pelos colonizadores que passaram a solicitar terras nessa região, assim como o perfil social dos sesmeiros, e as disputas entre nativos e colonizadores pelo território. Em seguida analiso os efeitos da Lei de terras de 1850 para a consolidação da zona agropastoril nessa região, onde, a partir do livro de terras e dos inventários post-mortem, busco identificar as formas de acesso a terra, o tamanho das propriedades, sua localização e as paisagens agrárias constituídas até 1860. Por fim, estudo as atividades agropastoris desenvolvidas por esses produtores, assim como a leitura da natureza realizada pelos mesmos na busca pela melhor utilização dos recursos naturais para a atividade agrícola e os impactos ambientais provocados pelas técnicas de plantio e introdução de plantas exóticas aos ecossistemas de Soure que proporcionaram a criação de uma nova paisagem agrária.

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Iommi, Sara <1983&gt. "La rappresentazione cinematografica del mondo agropastorale nel documentario corto italiano (1939 - 1969)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7088/.

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L’obiettivo primario di questo lavoro è quello di esplorare un insieme di documentari corti italiani di tipo etnografico e sociologico. Questi film hanno ricevuto pochissima attenzione critica, mentre sono essenziali alla comprensione del periodo di storia italiana compreso fra gli ultimi anni del Regime fascista e la fine del “Miracolo economico”. La prima parte della tesi è dedicata alla descrizione del contesto economico, sociologico, politico in cui questi lavori sono stati prodotti. La seconda parte si concentra su circa un centinaio di documentari corti analizzati sulla base di tre diversi criteri. Innanzitutto li abbiamo considerati a partire da un punto di vista autoriale, secondariamente a partire dalle loro caratteristiche produttive e distributive e infine sulla base di un criterio regionale. A partire dalla discussione antropologica coeva riguardante la scomparsa dei mondi contadini e su una precisa ricerca d’archivio focalizzata sullo stesso tema, abbiamo poi comparato il risultato dell’analisi del corpus con altre forme filmiche di rappresentazione dello stesso soggetto. Oltre a far riemergere un gruppo di autori e film quasi dimenticati, questo lavoro intende lanciare uno sguardo sul veloce, conflittuale e sbilanciato cambiamento compreso fra i mondi rurali tradizionali e la modernità, che ha caratterizzato la società italiana degli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta.
The primary goal of this work is to explore a group of italian ethnographic and sociological short documentary films. While they received no critical or little recognition, these films are indeed essential to the understanding of Italian history that goes from the last years of the Fascist Regime to the end of the so called Italian “economic miracle”. The first part of this dissertation is dedicated to describe the economical, sociological and political context within which these works have been produced. The second part focuses on the analysis of nearly one hundred short documentaries, based on a three-fold methodology. Firstly, I consider these works from an authorial point of view. Secondly, I focus on production and distribution issues, and finally I examine the corpus using a regional criteria. Building on the coeval anthropological discussion regarding the disappearance of the rural worlds and on a focused and in-depth archival research, I compare the corpus' analysis results with other forms of filmic representations about the same subject. In addition to casting a light on a nearly forgotten group of authors and films, this work provides a valuable insights on the fast, conflicting and unbalanced transition between the traditional rural world and the modernity characterizing the Italian society between the Fifties and the Sixties.

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De, Almeida Claudio Aparecido. "Paysage des systèmes de production agropastoraux de l'État du Rondônia - Amazonie brésilienne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT123/document.

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Les accords mondiaux parrainés par l’ONU pour le développement durable et la réduction des émissions de gaz d'effet de serre, proposent la réduction de la déforestation et l'augmentation de la productivité des zones occupées par les systèmes de production agropastoraux. En Amazonie brésilienne, la déforestation couvre une zone de 760,305.5 km2 en 2014. Les différents usages de la zone déforestée ont des impacts environnementaux et des rendements financiers et sociaux spécifiques. Connaître l'occupation et l'usage des terres ainsi que les systèmes de production prédominants dans cet espace est une condition de base de la planification des actions dédiées au développement durable. Cette étude propose des méthodologies destinées à la cartographie détaillée de l'occupation et de l'usage des terres (LULC), et à l'identification de la régionalisation des systèmes de production agropastoraux. La cartographie LULC de l'Amazonie brésilienne a confirmé les résultats des études antérieures montrant que la plupart des surfaces déboisées sont utilisées principalement pour l'élevage (environ 60%), qu’environ 20% sont couvertes par une végétation secondaire et 5% par l’agriculture annuelle de large échelle. La régionalisation des systèmes de production agropastoraux a été réalisée en deux étapes. La première étape a été effectuée au niveau des divisions administratives municipales, en utilisant des données spatialement explicites de LULC et de déforestation, analysées conjointement avec des données socio-économiques spatialisées au niveau municipal. Les résultats de cette première étape de traitement ont permis d'identifier cinq systèmes de production agropastoraux à l'échelle de l'Etat. La configuration territoriale a ainsi montré que chaque système de production crée différents types de paysages. La deuxième étape a été menée sur des cellules de 10x10 km avec des données spatialement explicites de LULC, de déforestation et une matrice de distance aux infrastructures, et en utilisant des métriques paysagères. Il est alors possible de classer le système de production prédominant dans chaque cellule, et d'identifier l'effet de chaque système de production sur le paysage. Neuf systèmes de production agropastoraux ont été mis en évidence : deux dans les forêts (domaine forestier, phase initiale), trois dans l'agriculture (agriculture stricte, agriculture dominante et aires de coexistence) et quatre dans l'élevage (élevage intensifié pour la viande, élevage non intensifié pour la viande, élevage intensifié pour la viande et le lait et élevage non intensifié pour la viande et le lait). Les méthodologies qui résultent de cette thèse permettront la création d'un système opérationnel de surveillance continu et à faible coût de LULC et des systèmes de production agropastoraux dans les territoires déboisés. Grâce à ce système de surveillance, il sera possible de suivre les impacts des politiques publiques qui visent à un développement durable de la région
Recent global agreements sponsored by UN to sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases emission, undergo by the reduction of deforestation and an increase of productivity of the areas occupied by agricultural production systems. In 2014 the Brazilian Amazon deforestation reached 760.305,5 km2. This area has different land uses with different financial and social returns and different environmental impacts. To know the land use and land cover (LULC) and the predominant production systems in this deforested area is a basic condition for planning actions and public policies for sustainable development. This study developed methodologies for detailed LULC mapping, and to regionalization of agricultural production systems. The mapping of LULC of Brazilian Amazon confirmed previous studies, showing that most of the deforested area is used for livestock activity (about 60%), followed by secondary vegetation (about 20%) and annual crops (about 5%). Regionalization of agricultural production systems was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out at local administrative boundary, using spatially explicit data of LULC and deforestation, analyzed in conjunction with municipal socioeconomic data spatialized at local level. Based on these results we identified, among five agricultural production systems at the state level. The dimension of territorial configuration showed that each agricultural production system form different types of landscapes. The second stage was conduced with cells of 10 X 10 Km, with LULC spatially explicit data, deforestation and a matrix of distance to infrastructure elements, and using landscape metrics. Was possible to classify the predominant agricultural production system in each cell, and identify the effect of these systems on the landscape. Nine agricultural production systems were found: two in forest domains (Forest Domain, Initial Front), three in agriculture domain (Strict Agriculture, Dominant Agriculture and Coexistence Area) and four in livestock domain (Intensified Beef, Not Intensified Beef, Intensified Beef-Milk and Not Intensified Beef-Milk). The methodologies resulted from this thesis will enable the creation of an operational monitoring system of LULC, continuous and at low cost, and also of the prevailing agricultural production system in each of the deforested territory. With this monitoring system, it will be possible to follow up the effect of public policies in the region, looking for sustainable development

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Muraro, Carmen Lucia. "Projeto de restauração da Casa-Grande da Fazenda Cachoeira do Taepe: o edifício e a unidade agropastoril." Faculdade de Arquitetura - FAUFBA, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/21141.

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A Fazenda Cachoeira do Taepe, localizada no agreste setentrional do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, foi estabelecida, provavelmente, a partir da doação de terra em regime de sesmaria durante o século XVIII, a integrantes da família Arruda, portugueses atraídos para a região pela política de ocupação do território da colônia lusa de além-mar. Desde a sua fundação, a propriedade rural permaneceu dedicada à pecuária. Durante o século XX, diversificou essa atividade com o cultivo e beneficiamento de algodão. Essas atividades produtivas podem ser percebidas pela permanência de pequeno rebanho bovino, da casa-grande, morada do proprietário da Fazenda e sede do empreendimento rural, do açude, do curral, dos cochos, do antigo galpão de depósito de algodão. O presente trabalho objetiva a preservação cultural desta unidade rural e foi elaborado em duas perspectivas: a primeira está voltada para a recuperação da casa-grande (bem cultural tombado pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional), construída com uso da taipa de mão, guarnecimento de terra que preenche as vedações de pau a pique do sistema estrutural autoportante de madeira, assente parte sobre o solo e parte sobre base de pedra argamassada com barro. Consiste de proposta que pretende responder aos aspectos apontados pelo diagnóstico conclusivo elaborado previamente. A segunda abordagem é a que procura identificar e propor estímulos às potencialidades da Fazenda, no que se refere a usos e sustentabilidade.

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Carvalho, Fabianno Cavalcante de. "Sistema de produção agrossilvipastoril para a região semi-árida do Nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11141.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Foi realizado um estudo em um sistema de produção agrossilvipastoril, implantado há sete anos na Fazenda Crioula, pertencente a Embrapa Caprinos, localizada no município de Sobral, CE. Objetivou-se melhor compreender seu funcionamento, para aperfeiçoá-lo e ajustá-lo aos diferentes sítios ecológicos da região. Especificamente, objetivou-se: a) determinar o efeito do sistema de produção agrossilvipastoril sobre o desempenho produtivo de ovelhas Crioulas e de seus cordeiros; b) avaliar a sustentabilidade da produção de milho, em um sistema agropastoril, através da incorporação da folhagem da leucena, na forma de adubação verde; e c) o desenvolvimento de um sistema de manejo florestal sustentado do sabiá, em um sistema silvipastoril, para produção simultânea de madeira e forragem, bem como a redução da extensão do ciclo de produção de madeira in situ. Os resultados obtidos, até o momento, são bastante promissores com relação ao sistema tradicional utilizado na região. No caso da produção pastoril, não há diferença no desempenho das matrizes e de seus cordeiros entre os sistemas estudados, mas quando são consideradas as produções por área o sistema agrossilvipastoril é cerca de 245% superior ao tradicional. A suplementação energético-protéica é indispensável, no período seco do ano e nas fases do ciclo reprodutivo em que a demanda por nutrientes se acentua, pois melhora os índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos animais. Em termos de produção agrícola, a eficiência do sistema agropastoril, avaliado como produção de grão de milho por área plantada, é 140% superior ao sistema piloto e 570% ao sistema tradicional. No sistema agropastoril, a ciclagem de carbono e nutrientes representa, juntamente com a adubação verde, as principais contribuições para o uso eficiente dos nutrientes e para a sustentabilidade da produção de milho. No manejo florestal, constata-se que o rebaixamento da copa e o manejo subseqüente das rebrotações do sabiá permitem verticalizar a produção, contribuindo, desta forma, para o aumento da produção de madeira e forragem. O incremento na taxa de produção de madeira foi de cerca de 211% em relação ao sistema tradicional, bem como a idade de corte foi reduzida em oito anos. A adoção do sistema de produção agrossilvipastoril, por parte dos produtores, na região semi-árida do Nordeste brasileiro, pode contribuir para: viabilização ecológica, social e econômica da agricultura familiar; diminuição dos processos de degradação ambiental; melhoria da qualidade de vida da população e redução do êxodo rural.
A research was carried out by using an agrosilvipastoral system which was established in 1996 in the Crioula Farm, owned by Embrapa Caprinos located in Sobral, CE. The general objective of the work was to get a better understanding of the system, its improvement and adjustment to different ecological sites of the region. The specific objectives were: a) to determine the effect of the agrosilvipastoral production system on the Crioula sheep yielding and their lambs; b) to evaluate the sustainability of corn production as part of an agropastoral system regarding the contribution of Leucena leaves decaying as green manure; and c) to develop a sustainable management of the Sabiá tree in a silvipastoral system regarding wood and forage production as well as the reduction the production cycle of wood in situ. The results have been encouraged when they are compared with traditional systems used in the region. Regarding total animal production there is not difference on sheep and lamb yielding, but when the viiiproduction per area is taken into account the agrosilvipastoral system is 245% higher than traditional systems. Energy-protein feed supply is needed on the dry season and on the reproductive stages in which animals demand higher level of nutrients to maintain their production and reproduction. In terms of agricultural production, the efficiency of the agropastoral system, appraised as production of corn grain for planted area, it is 140% superior to the pilot system and 570% to the traditional system. In the agropastoral system, the recycling of carbon and nutrients it represents, together with the green manuring, the main contributions for the efficient use of the nutrients and for the sustainability of the corn production. Regarding the forest management it was observed that the canopy lowering and the management of successive coppices of the Sabiá can produce new output profiles in the canopy which contribute to increase wood and forage production. The increment in the rate of wood production was about 211% in relation to the traditional system, as well as the trees cutting age was decreased on eight years. The adoption of the agrosilvipastoral production system by producers in the semi- arid of the northeastern Brazil can be important to: make viable the domestic agriculture in an ecological, social and economic sense; decrease the environmental degradation; improve the life quality of the population and decrease the rural migration.

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Paseto, Maria Lígia 1990. "Sarcophagidae (Diptera) e Lepidoptera associados a carcaças de suínos (Sus scrofa L.) em área agropastoril de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314381.

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Orientador: Arício Xavier Linhares
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Os insetos associados a cadáveres podem fornecer informações relevantes como tempo, local e modo da morte, identificação de autor ou da vítima de um crime contra a pessoa, detecção de drogas que tenham ocasionado o óbito e constatação de maus tratos e negligências de incapazes. Ao longo do processo de decomposição de um corpo ocorrem visitas e colonizações de espécies necrófagas. Condições meteorológicas, características do ambiente, o estágio de decomposição, o peso e tamanho da carcaça interferem na diversidade desta fauna visitante e colonizadora. No Brasil há registros de alta diversidade de sarcofagídeos atraídos por carcaças, mas poucos são os estudos sobre a sua riqueza no bioma Cerrado. Em relação às borboletas, não há uma importância direta para a Entomologia Forense, mas um estudo com esta abordagem pode contribuir para o conhecimento de bioindicadores e da riqueza destes insetos na região de interesse. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a fauna de Sarcophagidae e Lepidoptera associada ao processo de decomposição de carcaças de Sus scrofa L., bem como sua diversidade e abundância, em duas estações do ano e em dois ambientes da Fazenda Experimental do Glória, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Abstract: The insects associated with corpses can provide relevant information, such as time, place and mode of death, identification of the authors and victims of violent crimes, detection of drugs, that may be the cause of death, and findings related to abuse and neglect of the incapable. Throughout the process of decomposition of a body visits and colonizations necrophagous species occur. Meteorological conditions, characteristics of the environment, the stage of decomposition, the weight and size of a carcass influence the diversity of visitors and colonizing fauna. In Brazil, there are records of high diversity of Sarcophagidae attracted to carcasses, but there are few studies on its richness in the "Cerrado" biome. The species of Lepidoptera, found in experiments associated with decomposing carcasses, are generally considered unimportant to forensic entomology, but a study with this approach can contribute to the knowledge of biomarkers and wealth of these insects in the region of interest. This study aimed to determine the fauna of Sarcophagidae and Lepidoptera associated with the process of decomposition of Sus scrofa L., as well as your diversity and abundance, in two seasons and two different areas at the Experimental Farm of Glória, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Mestrado
Biodiversidade Animal
Mestra em Biologia Animal

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Salomão, Juliane Vilela Ferreira. "AVALIAÇÃO DA INCIDÊNCIA DOS ACIDENTES POR ANIMAIS PEÇONHENTOS DURANTE A EXPANSÃO AGROPASTORIL NA REGIÃO DO OESTE BAIANO (2007 2011)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2955.

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In Brazil the environmental degradation has always been linked to the agro-pastoral development. This development generates relevant impacts to the natural biomes and one of the major issues are the venomous animal s accidents as these animals lose their natural habitats and end up establishing populations in crop areas or around urban areas looking for food and shelter. This study evaluated the incidence of venomous animal s accidents during the agro-pastoral expansion in the region of western Bahia between 2007 and 2011. The data collected at the DIRES of Barreiras, Ibotirama and Santa Maria da Vitória (western Bahia) indicated 5,649 venomous animals accidents, with 1,324 (23.4%) caused by venomous and nonvenomous snakes and 4,325 (76.5%) by venomous arthropods. By comparison with the national average we observed that the scorpion s accidents are more representative, with 96.1% of the cases in western Bahia, and the overall snake accidents are similar. Therefore, in the last 20 years there was an important increase in the local demography and land use which could lead to an increase in venomous animal s accidents. However, this situation occurred only with the venomous arthropods and is probably due to the land use with highly mechanized technology decreasing the rural human population and with a probable migration to urban areas together with their easy adaptation to this new habitat.
No Brasil a degradação ambiental sempre esteve muito ligada ao desenvolvimento da agropecuária. Este avanço gera impactos relevantes aos biomas naturais, e um dos agravos mais importantes são os acidentes por animais peçonhentos, uma vez que estes animais perdem seu habitat natural e acabam se estabelecendo em áreas de cultivo ou migram para áreas urbanas em busca de alimento e abrigo. O presente estudo avaliou a incidência de acidentes por animais peçonhentos durante a expansão agropastoril na região do oeste baiano entre 2007 e 2011. Os dados coletados nas DIRES de Barreiras, Ibotirama e Santa Maria da Vitória (oeste baiano) indicam 5.649 acidentes por animais peçonhentos, sendo 1.324 (23,4%) ocasionados por serpentes peçonhentas e não peçonhentas e 4.325 (76,5%) por artrópodes peçonhentos. Em comparação com a média nacional, observou-se que os acidentes por escorpiões são mais representativos, com 96,1% dos casos no oeste baiano, já os acidentes com serpentes venenosas apresentaram semelhança com os dados do país. Portanto nos últimos 20 anos houve um aumento importante na demografia e uso do solo na região do oeste baiano, que poderia esperar um aumento significativo no número de acidentes por animais peçonhentos. Entretanto, esta situação ocorreu apenas para os artrópodes peçonhentos, e provavelmente se deve à ocupação do solo com o uso de tecnologia e mecanização, diminuindo a mão de obra no campo e uma possível migração para as cidades, somado a sua facilidade de adaptação a esse novo habitat.

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Donnart, Klet. "Le macro-outillage dans l'Ouest de la France : pratique économiques et techniques des premières sociétés agropastorales." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S120.

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Le macro-outillage est un outillage en pierre dont les supports sont bruts ou peu façonnés. Il est traditionnellement exclu des études de l’industrie lithique taillée et il en résulte une certaine méconnaissance de ce mobilier. Cette thèse tente de combler cette lacune dans l’Ouest de la France, du Néolithique ancien à l’âge du Bronze ancien. Sur la base d’une vingtaine d’assemblages fournissant un corpus de près de 3000 pièces, la typologie de cet outillage est d’abord établie. Une quarantaine de types d’outils sont ainsi décrits et interprétés, avec plus ou moins de précision selon la quantité et la qualité des données disponibles. La démarche est ensuite constamment transversale, pour interroger cet outillage sur un maximum d’aspects des premières sociétés agropastorales. Suivant le déroulement de la chaîne opératoire, une approche technofonctionnelle documente la conception et la gestion de cet outillage. Le macro-outillage se révèle être un sous-système technique cohérent, avec des stratégies adaptées aux ressources et aux besoins, de bonnes connaissances techniques et une grande importance économique. Une première approche chronoculturelle aboutit à des résultats mitigés, d’abord en raison d’une documentation relativement insuffisante comparée à l’étendue de l’espace-temps considéré dans ce travail, mais aussi parce qu’il s’agit d’un mobilier très faiblement empreint de caractères culturels. La géographie apparaît comme un facteur de variation plus important, le macro-outillage étant adapté tant aux ressources qu’aux besoins locaux. Les déterminismes environnementaux sont cependant peu marqués, les hommes ayant toujours pu effectuer des choix en fonction de critères techniques et fonctionnels, plus déterminants. Le macro-outillage se place ainsi à l’interface entre l’homme et son environnement et constitue un excellent marqueur économique
Ground stone tools are stone tools whose blanks are raw or poorly shaped. They are usually excluded of the knapped stone studies, and consequently are rather unrecognized. This thesis tries to fill this gap in Western France, from the early Neolithic to the early Bronze Age. First, the ground stone tools typology is established by the study of twenty collections, supplying a corpus of about 3000 artefacts. About forty tool types are described and interpreted, with more or less precision depending on the quantity and the quality of the data available. The thesis then follows a diachronic approach, to question these tools on most aspects of the earliest farmers’ societies. Following the chaîne opératoire process, a techno-functional analysis documents the ground stone tools’ conception and management. These tools turn out to compose a coherent technical sub-system, with strategies suited to the people’s resources and to the needs; demonstrating good technical knowledge and a high economic importance. The chronological and cultural analysis leads to mixed results, firstly because data is relatively insufficient compared to the large area and the long period studied, but also because ground stone tools wear very few cultural marks. Geography appears to be a more significant variation factor, as ground stone tools are adapted to both local resources and needs. There is however little environmental determinism, as humans have always been able to make choices according to technical and functional criteria, which are more determining. Ground stone tools therefore link humans and their environment and make an excellent economic marker

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Filho, Adibe Luiz Abdalla. "Quantificação e caracterização da biomassa produzida em condições de simulação de aumento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico no sistema agropastoril." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-12112018-153146/.

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O aumento da concentração de dióxido de carbono (CO2) atmosférico é um dos aspectos causadores das mudanças climáticas, mas poucos estudos avaliam seus efeitos nas gramíneas tropicais utilizadas nas pastagens brasileiras, principal fonte de alimento empregada na atividade pecuária do país. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do incremento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico na produção e qualidade nutricional de gramíneas tropicais. Uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise foi realizada a fim de analisar dados disponíveis na literatura científica sobre o tópico \"elevação da concentração de CO2 atmosférico e seus efeitos em plantas de ciclo C4\", e demonstraram a importância de serem realizados mais estudos experimentais para um melhor entendimento das questões envolvendo mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos na agropecuária. O experimento a campo foi desenvolvido em uma instalação FACE (Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment), sendo avaliados os parâmetros produção de biomassa, características morfológicas, composição química e degradabilidade in vitro de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e a produção de biomassa, características morfológicas, frações de fibra, composição elementar e isotópica de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Em períodos distintos, as gramíneas foram semeadas em cada um dos doze anéis do FACE, onde seis anéis foram mantidos em condição ambiente (Controle; concentração de CO2 atmosférico ? 390 ?mol mol-1; delta13C-CO2 = -8 ?) e outros seis anéis foram enriquecidos com CO2 puro para se atingir a concentração alvo de ? 550 ?mol mol-1 (CO2 Elevado; delta13C-CO2 = -10,6 ?). Antes do início do experimento, amostras de solo (0-0,10 m) foram coletadas para análises da densidade do solo e das concentrações, estoques e teores isotópicos de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N), que não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). A produção de biomassa, assim como as características morfológicas, composição química e degradabilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica de B. brizantha não foram diferentes entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). Também não foram verificados efeitos da elevação da concentração de CO2 atmosférico na produção de biomassa, características morfológicas e frações da fibra de B. decumbens (P > 0,05). Entretanto, menor concentração de cálcio (Ca) foi determinada nas amostras de folha e material senescente de B. decumbens mantida sob elevada concentração de CO2 atmosférico (P < 0,05). Menor relação C:N foi detectada na fração total de B. decumbens do tratamento CO2 Elevado (P < 0,05). A composição isotópica desta forragem também foi modificada pela elevação de CO2 atmosférico, apresentando menores valores de ?13C e maiores valores de delta15N quando comparados aos do Controle (P < 0,05). Os resultados indicam que as gramíneas avaliadas são menos responsiveis à elevação da concentração de CO2 atmosférico que plantas de ciclo C3, provavelmente por diferenças nos mecanismos fisiológicos envolvidos nos processos de fotossíntese que, em plantas do tipo C4 já se encontram próximos da saturação nas atuais concentrações de CO2 atmosférico. Entretanto, sob atmosfera de concentração elevada de CO2, B. decumbens apresentou menor teor de Ca, o que em um cenário previsível de mudanças climáticas, pode gerar consequências para os sistemas de produção pecuária baseados em pastagens
Increased atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO2) is a consequence of recent anthropogenic environmental change and few studies have evaluated its effect on tropical grasses used in Brazilian pastures, main feed source of major part of livestock. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of increased CO2 atmospheric concentration on production and nutritive value of tropical grasses. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed in order to systematize and analyze published data on the topic \"elevated concentration of atmospheric CO2 and its effects on plants with type C4 photosynthetic cycle\" and demonstrated the importance of more experimental studies for a better understanding of the issues surrounding climate change and its effects on agriculture. Using a FACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) facility, forage production, morphological characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro organic matter degradability of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (palisade grass), and biomass production, morphologic characteristics, fiber fractions, elemental and isotopes composition of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk (signal grass) were evaluated. In different periods, the grasses were sown in each of the twelve rings of the FACE facility where six rings were kept at ambient condition (current atmospheric CO2 concentration; Control ? 390 ?mol mol-1; delta13C = -10.6 ?) and six other rings were enriched with pure CO2 in order to achieve the target concentration of ? 550 ?mol mol-1 (Elevated CO2; delta13C = -10.6 ?). Before the beginning of the experiment, soil samples were collected to determine the concentrations, stocks and isotopic contents of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which showed no difference between treatments (P > 0.05). Biomass production, as well as morphological characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro organic matter degradability of B. brizantha were not different between Control and Elevated CO2 treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, no effects of Elevated CO2 were observed in biomass production, morphological characteristics and fiber fractions of B. decumbens (P > 0.05). However, lower values of calcium (Ca) were observed in the leaves and senescent material of B. decumbens on the Elevated CO2 treatment (P < 0.05). Lower C:N ratio was observed in the total fraction of B. decumbens under Elevated CO2 treatment (P < 0.05). The isotopic compositions of B. decumbens were also affected by the increased CO2 atmosphere, presenting lower delta13C and higher delta15N values when compared to Control (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the evaluated grasses (C4) are less responsive than C3 plants to CO2 enrichment, probably due to the physiological mechanisms during photosynthesis leading to an increased CO2 concentration in the loci of photosynthesis of C4 plants. However, under elevated CO2 atmospheric concentration, B. decumbens showed lower Ca content, which can affect the livestock production in a predictable scenario of climate change

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Thiam, Ibrahima Uwizeyimana Laurien Gafsi Mohamed. "Stratégies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Sénégal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000716.

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Thiam, Ibrahima. "Stratégies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Sénégal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000716/.

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La communauté rurale (CR) de Thieul est située dans la frange sud sahélienne du Ferlo qui correspond à la zone sylvopastorale naturelle du Sénégal et constitue la limite nord du Bassin Arachidier. Aux sécheresses récurrentes que connaît cette région depuis le début des années 70, (facteurs d'incertitudes et de vulnérabilité pour les producteurs), se sont greffées de nouvelles crises foncières, des tendances migratoires et démographiques à fort impact sur les ressources naturelles productives. Par ailleurs, les politiques de développement bien que louables dans les objectifs premiers, ont mené vers des "effets pervers" du moment que les orientations politico-institutionnelles et socioéconomiques de développement n'ont pas été suivi de mesures d'accompagnement suffisants. Livrés à eux-mêmes, les populations ont développé des stratégies diverses et variées, basées sur la valorisation du foncier agropastoral et sur la diversification par les activités génératrices de moyens d'existence durables. L'analyse de telles stratégies révèle des réactions et des actions très disparates selon les capacités et les compétences internes à chaque exploitation agropastorale familiale. Mieux, il ressort de cette étude que le recours à divers types de capitaux matériels comme immatériels est un gage d'innovations et de viabilité des exploitations dans la mesure où l'accès au capital naturel, base du système productif sahélien, est très disputé et incertain tant la demande est fortement supérieure à l'offre annuelle permise par le climat
The Rural District of Thieul, located in the South Sahel component of the Senegalese Ferlo Natural Region, is south enclosed by the Peanut area. In addition to the repeated climatic crises in the Sahel countries (droughts), these are new socio-economic and demographic pressures, negative political and institutional tendencies on Productive Natural Resources with land tenure crisis. These are all factors that can lead to uncertainties, vulnerability and poverty if there are no reactions. Therefore, dealing with this new environmental production context, characterised by Productive Natural Resource Rarefaction, the Agro-pastoral Farmers of The Thieul Rural Community has developed new strategies, based on also material and immaterial Capitals implementation in channel production. Strategies are also based on capacity building and capabilities that permit diversification in family production activities, innovations for sustainable rural livelihoods

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Guillemot, Typhaine. "Réponses sédimentaires et moléculaires des remplissages lacustres groenlandais aux changements climatiques holocènes et à l'évolution des pratiques agropastorales." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2034/document.

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Dans le cadre du changement climatique global, mieux comprendre les interactions Hommes/Environnement/Climat au sud-ouest du Groenland est aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur pour développer des stratégies d’adaptation tout en préservant au mieux les écosystèmes. Pour cela, une approche rétrospective a été réalisée sur trois séquences lacustres retraçant l’histoire paléo-environnementale sur les 5000 derniers millénaires. Le lac d’Igaliku (N61°00’22’’, O45°26’28’’), situé à 2 km de la capitale épiscopale médiévale au cœur de la région agricole groenlandaise, a une sédimentation principalement influencée par les activités anthropiques. Un inventaire moléculaire complet a été réalisé sur cette séquence pour caractériser les dynamiques agropastorales passées et leurs impacts sur les écosystèmes. Les biomarqueurs fécaux identifié ont notamment permis de mettre en évidence deux phases agropastorales majeures (la période d’occupation viking et la période récente) séparées par le Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG), pratiquant un élevage prédominant d’ovins. Les biomarqueurs moléculaires de végétation (n-alcanes, acétates de triterpényles) couplées à des données palynologiques montrent une réduction du couvert arbustif au cours de ces deux phases. Par ailleurs, les biomarqueurs d’érosion des sols (TTHCs) couplées aux données sédimentaires indiquent une érosion drastique qu’autour des années 1980 lors de la création de parcelles de fourrage par labour mécanisé. De même, ce n’est que sur le dernier siècle qu’une altération de l’état trophique du lac d’Igaliku associée à des pratiques de fertilisation des parcelles de fourrage est observée avec une augmentation des chaines courtes d’n-alcanes et plus particulièrement des diatomées mésotrophes. Les lacs de Qallimiut (N60°43’27’’, O45°23’12’’) et de Little Kangerluluup (N60°38’32’’, O45°38’11’’), situés en contexte faiblement anthropisé, sont alimentés par des tributaires à forte variabilité hydrologique. Ils correspondent à des systèmes sédimentaires dominés par des apports clastiques sous contrôle climatique dominant. Afin d’améliorer la résolution spatiale et temporelle des changements climatiques holocènes dans cette région, une étude sédimentaire multi-paramètre a été réalisée sur ces deux sites. Des analyses pétrophysiques, granulométriques, minéralogiques et géochimiques ont mis en évidence des niveaux de crues fréquents au cours des épisodes froids et humides comme la transition Milieu/Fin de l’Holocène (ca. 2500 BC), la transition Sub-boréal/Sub-atlantique (ca. 700 BC) et le PAG (entre ca. 1300 AD et ca. 1900 AD), synchrones à des périodes de minimas solaires. Ces épisodes de détériorations climatiques ont particulièrement influencé les sociétés humaines successives installées dès ca. 2500 BC au Groenland. Un maximum de fréquence de crues et une baisse drastique des températures sont notamment enregistrés pendant le PAG, indiquant qu’il s’agit de l’épisode le plus froid enregistré au sud du Groenland au cours de la seconde moitié de l’Holocène, responsable en grande partie de l’abandon de ces terres par les agriculteurs vikings au milieu du XVème siècle
In the current context of global change, understanding the interactions between Human/Environment/Climate is necessary to develop adaptive strategies and preserve ecosystems. A retrospective approach is therefore realized in three lacustrine cores to reconstruct the paleo-environmental history during the last five millennia. Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22’’, W45°26’28’’), located at 2km from the medieval episcopal cathedral in the historical farming center, has a sedimentation mainly driven by anthropogenic activities. A complete molecular inventory has been made on this sequence to characterize past agropastoral dynamics and their impacts on south Greenlandic ecosystems. The identified fecal biomarkers revealed two agropastoral phases, during the Norse settlement and recently, separated by the Little Ice Age (LIA) and mainly characterized by sheep breeding. Vegetation molecular biomarkers (n-alkanes, triterpenyl acetates) and palynological data showed a reduction of trees and shrubs cover during these two periods especially. Erosion biomarkers (TTHCs) and sedimentological data identified only one drastic erosion in the 1980s synchronous with the mechanized creation of fodder parcels. Moreover, an eutrophication of the lake waters was recorded with short chain length n-alkanes and mesotrophic diatoms. Lake Qallimiut (N60°43’27’’, W45°23’12’’) and Little Kangerluluup (N60°38’32’’, W45°38’11’’), less impacted by anthropogenic activities, are fed by major streams influenced by hydrological variations. Their sedimentation is therefore mainly driven by climate changes. To improve the temporal and spatial resolution of climate changes during the Holocene, a multi-proxy sedimentological study was made on these two sites. Petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses have identified flood events especially occurring during cooler and wetter periods such as the Middle to Late Holocene transition (ca. 2500 BC), the Sub-boreal/Sub-atlantic transition (ca. 700 BC) and the LIA (between ca. AD 1300 et ca. AD 1900). These climate pejorations have impacted local human societies. For example, during the LIA, a maximum of flood events and drop of temperatures are recorded, partly responsible of the Norse demise

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Haidar, Mona Hussein. "De l'élevage pastoral à l'arboriculture : le changement technique au sein d'une société agropastorale : le cas d'un village de la montagne aride du Liban : Aarsal." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INAP0025.

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Prat, Béatrice. "Systèmes agropastoraux et milieux périurbains en Basse Auvergne au cours des trois derniers millénaires : contribution de l'analyse palynologique à l'étude des interactions sociétés-milieux." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF20010.

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Cette thèse apporte des éléments nouveaux permettant d'approfondir les connaissances sur les relations hommes-milieu au cours des trois derniers millénaires en Basse Auvergne (plaine de Limagne et ensemble plateau des Dômes / Haute Combraille) à partir de la mise en valeur des séquences longues disponibles et en utilisant les potentialités de la palynologie sur site archéologique. Cette approche met l'accent sur la spatialisation des phénomènes observés, au sein de ces deux territoires contrastés pour mieux appréhender les dynamiques spatiales les animant et les liens les unissant. Sur le temps long, nous concevons de mieux en mieux l'ancienneté de la mise en valeur du Bassin de Clermont (dès le Néolithique ancien) et la précocité des changements paysagers tout au long de la période étudiée. Nous aboutissons également à une meilleure perception de l'influence qu'exerce ce "centre" sur le plateau des Dômes, sur les deux derniers millénaires

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Marega, Oumar. "Changements socio-environnementaux et évolution des pratiques agropastorales en Afrique sahélienne : étude comparée entre le Ferlo (Sénégal), le Gourma (Mali) et le Fakara (Niger)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC228/document.

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Dans un contexte biophysique caractérisé par d’importants changements socio-environnementaux,l’objectif principal de la thèse vise à comprendre dans quelle mesure les pratiques agropastorales modulent dans l’espace et dans le temps la vulnérabilité et l’adaptabilité des agro-écosystèmes et des sociétés agropastorales du Sahel. Afin d’atteindre le but visé, cette problématique a été envisagée à l’échelle macro-régionale, celle du Sahel,en s’appuyant sur trois sites d’étude micro-régionaux à savoir le Ferlo (Sénégal) ; le Gourma (Mali) et le Fakara (Niger) au sein desquels les perceptions et les représentations des sociétés ont été étudiées dans un échantillon de villages et de campements.La méthode d’analyse élaborée comporte deux volets :1) un travail de cartographie par télédétection basé sur le traitement d’images satellites, et 2) des analyses géo-textuelles basées sur la lexicométrie à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs. La cartographie par télédétection a permis d’établir un diagnostic aux échelles micro-régionales et locales sur l’évolution du couvert végétal depuis les années 70 jusqu’en 2010. Du diagnostic tiré d’une approche multiscalaire, il ressort des contrastes intra et inter régionaux dans l’évolution de la couverture du sol par la végétation qui invitent à nuancer les observations faisant état d’un reverdissement du Sahel. L’articulation de la télédétection avec les enquêtes de terrain a permis d’appréhender l’évolution des ressources végétales d’une part, et d’autre part d’examiner la diversité des réponses données par les sociétés rurales du Sahel à la crise climatique des années 70 et 80, et aux évolutions socio-économiques récentes qu’ont connu leur pays et leur région. A travers la lexicométrie, des analyses géo-textuelles basées sur les entretiens semi-directifs ont permis d’approcher les perceptions des agropasteurs au sujet de la vulnérabilité et de la résilience des ressources naturelles. A la lumière des perceptions exprimées, les pratiques adaptatives ont été appréhendées dans leur variété. Il en ressort des reconfigurations socio-spatiales dans les trajectoires des activités agricoles et pastorales qui expliquent en partie les contrastes intra et inter régions observés entre le Ferlo, le Gourma et le Fakara
In a biophysical context characterized by important socioenvironmental changes, the main objective of this PhD is to understand how much agropastoral practices modulatein space and time the vulnerability and adaptability of agroecosystems and sahelians agropastoral societies. To reach this target, this question has been applied at macro-regional scale, relying on three micro-regional study areas: Ferlo (Senegal); Gourma (Mali) and Fakara (Niger) in which perceptions and representations of societies have been studied in a sample of villages and camps. The method developed in this PhD has two components: 1) remote sensing mapping based on satellite image processing, and 2) geo-textual analyses based on lexicometry from semi-structured interviews. The remote sensing mapping allowed to diagnose micro-regional and local scales on land cover change since the 70s until 2010. The diagnosis, based on a multiscale approach, shows intra and inter regional contrasts in the evolution of soil cover by vegetation that invite to nuance observations indicating a greening of Sahel. The articulation of remote sensing with field investigations helped to understand, first the evolution of plant resources, then to consider the variety of responses from the Sahel rural societies to the 70’s and 80’s climate crisis, and to the recent socio-economic changes experienced by sahelian countries. Through lexicometry, geo-textual analysis based on semi-structured interviews allowed to approach the livestock farmer’s perception about the vulnerability and resilience of natural resources. Thanks to the expressed perceptions, the adaptive practices were identified in their variety. It enabled to show the sociospatial reconfigurations in the trajectories of agricultural and pastoral activities that partly explain the contrasts within and between regions observed in Ferlo, Gourma and Fakara

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Faye, Adama. "Situation et perspectives de l'elevage bovin dans les systemes agropastoraux denses de la zone sahelo soudanienne : le cas du sud du bassin arachidier du senegal." Montpellier, ENSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENSA0007.

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Dans le contexte du sud du bassin arachidier senegalais, il s'agit d'etudier les fonctions de l'elevage et sa participation au systeme de production ; d'evaluer ses performances et sa productivite ; de proposer des orientations de recherche pour renforcer la complementarite agriculture-elevage et favoriser une amelioration durable de leur productivite. Les principaux resultats obtenus montrent que les mecanismes traditionnels de maintien de la fertilite des sols ont ete affectes par la restriction de l'espace pastoral. L'analyse des performances zootechniques met en exergue une productivite relativement faible soumise au disponible fourrager. L'intensification des pratiques d'elevage se justifie a ce stade et semble etre la seule alternative capable de retablir dans cette zone des systemes de production durable des propositions sont faites permettant d'appliquer dans cette region du bassin arachidier des solutions deja utilisees en zone cotonniere, mais en les adaptant. En particulier il est preconise de mieux integrer l'elevage dans l'exploitation agricole grace a un dispositif de stabulation pour ameliorer la productivite de cheptel d'une part, grace a une alimentation mieux controlee et d'autre part a fournir aux sols une source de fumure organique de qualite pour l'entretien de la fertilite des sols

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Reinbold, Aurélie. "Dynamiques de la végétation et structuration des paysages : étude interdisciplinaire des paysages agropastoraux des campagnes médiévales du nord de la Haute- Bretagne (XIe-XVIe s.)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20049/document.

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En s’appuyant sur les démarches récentes en palynologie appliquée à l’histoire rurale, la thèse pose trois objectifs : (1) questionner la chronologie des essors et déprises des paysages agropastoraux du nord de la Haute-Bretagne entre le XIe et le XVIe siècle, (2) réfléchir à l’originalité de ce secteur par rapport aux territoires environnants, (3) analyser le poids descontextes économiques et sociaux sur l’aménagement des paysages. Les dynamiques des paysages agropastoraux mettent en évidence une chronologie classique pour le début de la période. Un essor de la croissance touche l’ensemble du secteur aux XIe-XIIe s. Cet essor amène progressivement à une situation de blocage à partir du XIIIe s. Ces dynamiques se transcrivent dans les pratiques. On observe un glissement de pratiques de cultures temporaires et de prairies gérées extensivementà une intensification progressive des activités agricoles. L’originalité concerne les crises des XIVe-XVe s. qui ne sont perçues qu’à proximité de la frontière normande. Le secteur de Rennes est concerné par un dynamisme agricole qui prend la forme d’une intensification de la céréaliculture, avec la mise en place d’un système de rotation intégrant la culture du sarrasin. Ce changement dans les pratiques agropastorales est peut-être une réponse au blocage de la croissance. Il est surtout permis par le dynamisme économique qui touche le duché de Bretagne aux XIVe-XVe s. La croissance n’atteint la frontière normande qu’à compter de la seconde moitié du XVe s. Ce décalage s’observe également dans la production de chanvre textile qui a marqué les paysages des campagnes de Haute-Bretagne. Les données polliniques interrogent ainsi l’origine des zones de production de toiles connues à l’époque moderne
Based on recent approaches in pollen analysis applied to rural history, this PhD dissertation has three objectives: (1) to question the chronology of agrarian expansion and regression in northern Upper Brittany between 11th and 16th century; (2) to ponder the originality of this area in relation to the surrounding areas; (3) to analyze the weight of economic and socialcontexts on the construction of landscapes. The changes in agro-pastoral landscapes reveal a rather classical chronology for the beginning of the period. The agricultural expansion affects the whole area in the 11th and 12th centuries. This expansion gradually leads to a stalling of growth in the 13th century. These changes affected practices. Thus we observe a shift from practices of temporary crops and extensively-managed grasslands towards a gradual intensification of agricultural activities. The originality concerns the late medieval agrarian crisis which is only detected close to the Norman border. The area of Rennes, on the other hand, is affected by an agricultural expansion which takes the form of an intensification of cereal farming, with the introduction of a new system of crop rotation integrating the cultivation of buckwheat. This change in agro-pastoral practices may be an answer to the stalling of growth. This change is mainly allowed by the economic dynamism that affects the duchy of Brittany in the 14th and 15th centuries. Growth doesn’t reach the Norman border until the second half of the 15th century. This time-lag can also be seen in the production of bastfibres of hemp which transformed the landscapes of rural Upper Brittany. Thus the palynological analysis questions the origin of the areas of production of canvases known in early modern times

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Catteddu, Isabelle. "Archéologie des sociétés rurales altomédiévales dans la moitié nord de la France : modes d'habitats, gestion de l'espace, pratiques agropastorales et milieux (études de cas d'archéologie préventive)." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010706.

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Les fouilles préventives conduites ces trente dernières années renouvellent en profondeur notre connaissance des sociétés rurales altomédiévales. Elles mettent en évidence une grande diversité des formes de l'habitat du premier Moyen Âge, au sein d'un monde rural dynamique, dont témoignent les sites étudiés dans cette thèse sur travaux. Celle-ci rassemble dans un premier document, les publications et les rapports réalisés à partir de neuf sites archéologiques de la moitié nord de la France, dont j'ai conduit la fouille entre 1991 et 2012. Un second document présente en quatre parties, la relecture synthétique de vingt années de recherches. Les deux premières parties sont respectivement consacrées à la présentation de la documentation et à une longue réflexion critique sur la méthodologie en archéologie de l'habitat rural. Dans une troisième partie, un bilan historiographique rend compte de l'état de la recherche sur le premier Moyen Âge rural en France et en Europe. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, j'analyse à travers une relecture interdisciplinaire des données, la structuration des espaces ruraux et des occupations, ainsi que l'étude des paysages et des pratiques agropastorales. Cette approche critique est conduite sur la longue durée et à différentes échelles. Elle permet d'aborder, sous la forme de scenarii, les questions d'héritages, de transmissions, de créations, de transformations, mais également l'analyse de l'habitat rural dans son environnement, à travers l'étude de ses rythmes, ses ruptures et ses continuités.

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Miras, Yannick. "L'analyse pollinique du plateau de Millevaches (Massif central, France) et de sites périphériques limousins et auvergnats : approche des paléoenvironnements, des systèmes agropastoraux et évolution des territoires ruraux." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00474720.

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La dynamique de la végétation du plateau de Millevaches présente de nombreuses particularités l'individualisant assez nettement du reste du Massif central. Les démarrages du noisetier (Corylus) et du chêne (Quercus) sont simultanés et datés de 9 120 ± 90 BP (soit [8551-8204] cal. BP). A l'Atlantique ancien, le noisetier constitue toujours l'essentiel de l'environnement végétal, accompagné du chêne, dont l'implantation ne progresse qu'étonnamment peu, et l'orme (Ulmus). Une réorganisation des formations forestières a lieu autour de 7 040 ± 110 BP (soit [8108-7665] cal. BP) avec une infiltration conséquente du tilleul (Tilia) et une première véritable régression des populations de noisetiers. C'est à la transition Néolithique ancien-Néolithique final (autour de 5 500 BP) qu'une présence humaine est révélée constituant la toute première trace d'anthropisation de tout le Limousin. Une installation retardée et progressive du hêtre (Fagus) constitue le point clé de la dynamique subboréale de la végétation du plateau de Millevaches, avec la non pénétration du sapin (Abies). L'arrivée du hêtre se fait à 4 800 BP (soit [5660-5317] cal. BP) ce qui constitue un retard de près de 700 ans (années calibrées BP) par rapport à la Haute-Auvergne. Les premières constitutions des chênaies-hêtraies sont postérieures 4 000 BP (soit [4826-4418] cal. BP) et ce n'est que postérieurement à 3 450  70 BP (soit [1930-1532] cal. BP) que le hêtre constitue l'essence dominante. Un déterminisme climatique, notamment pour son installation différée, a toujours été avancé par le passé dans le sens où la péjoration climatique subboréale n'avait peut-être pas été suffisante pour entraîner un net recul des chênaies au profit du hêtre. Il est permis d'évoquer maintenant une possible contribution anthropique à cette installation très accidentée du hêtre dès la transition Néolithique final-Bronze ancien. La Tène et plus particulièrement les IVe-IIe siècles avant notre ère constituent la deuxième période clé d'expansion de l'anthropisation. Cette vaste politique d'ouverture du milieu à vocation, semble-t-il d'abord pastorale, se poursuit à la période gallo-romaine. Certains indices polliniques laissent envisager l'hypothèse d'une culture du sarrasin (Fagopyrum) et du seigle (Secale) autour des IIe-IIIe siècles de notre ère. Enfin, une période centrée sur les Xe-XIIe siècles amorce une phase de forte pression agro-pastorale : ouverture totale du milieu, pâturage intensif causant le développement des landes sèches à callune (Calluna vulgaris), polyculture céréalière et, de façon plus marginale, arboriculture (Châtaigner/Castanea principalement, et Noyer/Juglans plus rarement). Deux inflexions sont notables : la fin du IIIe siècle de notre ère correspond à un repli agricole assez ponctuel et la déprise agricole moderne qui en définitive constitue, sur le plateau de Millevaches, le point de rupture et de mutation agraire le plus important au moins depuis le Moyen Age. De façon à caractériser précisément les modalités de l'anthropisation, une étude spécialisée de la pluie pollinique actuelle et une recherche de nouveaux marqueurs anthropiques (géochimiques surtout) ont été menées.

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Carlier, Alexandra. "Mythes et rituels agropastoraux dans le Pérou ancien, 1000-1532 apr. J.C. une approche ethnoarchéologique dans la vallée haute du Chillón, province de Canta, département de Lima." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209530.

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Les rituels d’appel à la pluie, du nettoyage des canaux d’irrigation et du marquage du bétail sont analysés et reconstitués à l’aide d’un modèle qui utilise les sources ethnographiques, ethnohistoriques et archéologiques disponibles. Ce modèle permet une approche interdisciplinaire diachronique et dynamique des pratiques des populations actuelles et anciennes et des modes de pensée qui les sous-tendent. Les artéfacts découverts en fouilles sur le site de Huacosmarca sont confrontés aux chroniques et documents de l’époque coloniale et ceux-ci éclairent les données ethnographiques recueillies lors d’observations participantes des rituels actuels de la même zone géographique: le haut Chillón. Selon le rituel étudié, la porte d’entrée pour l’application du modèle peut varier mais l’analyse et la reconstruction s’effectuent toujours à travers les étapes bien identifiées du même processus. La démarche se veut résolument critique de la vision structuraliste et du postulat de la continuité des pratiques rituelles préhispaniques à travers les siècles. Elle est ancrée

dans la recherche et la mise en évidence des contingences historiques et géographiques locales, celles d'une zone des Andes Centrales.

The rituals related to the appeal for rain, to the cleaning of irrigation channels and to the cattle branding are analyzed and reconstituted with a pattern using the ethnographic, ethnohistorical and archaeological sources available. This pattern allows an interdisciplinary, diachronic and dynamic approach to the current and ancient population’s practices and to the patterns of thought that underlie them. The artefacts found in

excavations on the site of Huacosmarca are confronted with chronicles and documents of the colonial era and these throw light on ethnographic data collected from participant observation of those current rituals from the same geographic area: the high Chillon’s valley.

According to the ritual studied in this research, the gateway to the pattern’s application may vary but the analysis and reconstruction is always done through identified stages of

the same process. This approach criticizes the structuralist vision and the assumption of the continuity of prehispanic ritual practices through the centuries. It takes root in the research into the historical and geographical contingencies of the local area, those of the Central Andes.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Jacobi, Luciane Flores. "Queimadas acidentais em campo em Santa Maria - RS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3153.

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The predominant campestral vegetation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as all types of vegetal formations, may be considered as a dynamic system subject to several disturbance agents. Fire is frequently mentioned as one of them, and may present natural or anthropic causes. Occasional burns are mainly a result of electric discharges from the atmosphere. Intentional burns may be controlled or not and are usually associated to the management of areas aimed at agriculture and cattle raising activities. Thus, the objective of this research was to perform a study on accidental field burns in order to characterize and to identify places of higher burn incidence in the county of Santa Maria RS, Brazil, and to aid in the planning and control of fires, correlating the number of burns with meteorological elements in order to identify the most propitious conditions for the occurrence of these events. The interest variable (response) in this study was the number of daily calls received by the Santa Maria Fire Brigade obtained from its records within the period from January 1st 1993 to December 31st 2004. This variable was explained by meteorological elements such as: maximum and minimum temperature; relative air humidity measured at 9:00am, 3:00pm and 9:00pm; insolation; rain precipitation and average wind velocity at the day of occurrence and by the number of days without any pluviometric precipitation before the occurrence of the interest variable. It was verified that the Fire Brigade received 1.81 daily calls, on average; that the call was preceded by a dry period of four days on average, and that most burns occurred in the afternoon and at the almost uninhabited RS 287 highway alongside region. The month in which the Fire Brigade received the highest number of calls was August, and the year of 1999 was the one presenting the highest occurrence of field burns. Moreover, the number of calls was equally distributed along the weekdays. Based on quartiles, city districts with high, intermediate and low chances for the occurrence of burns were determined, and regions alongside the highway and the following city districts: Distrito Industrial, Medianeira, Itararé, Tomazzetti and Parque Pinheiro Machado were those presenting the highest chances for the occurrence of burns. Based on the correlation between dependent variable and all independent variables, it was verified that the variable with the highest correlation with the number of calls received by the Fire Brigade was the relative air humidity. The evaluation of the twenty-four models tested revealed that in all of them, the presuppositions were violated, being therefore, inappropriate for the forecast of the independent variable.
A vegetação campestre, predominante no Rio Grande do Sul, bem como todos os demais tipos de formações vegetais, pode ser considerada um sistema dinâmico sujeito a uma série de agentes de perturbações. O fogo costuma ser citado como um destes, podendo ser de causa natural ou provocado pelo homem. As queimadas casuais são resultantes, em especial, de descargas elétricas da atmosfera. Queimas provocadas podem apresentar-se controladas ou não e costumam estar vinculadas ao manejo de áreas utilizadas em fins agropecuários. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos realizar um estudo de queimadas acidentais em campo para identificar, caracterizar e localizar os locais de maiores ocorrências dessas na cidade de Santa Maria - RS com intuito de auxiliar no planejamento e controle de incêndios, relacionar o número de queimadas com os elementos meteorológicos para identificar as condições mais propícias à ocorrência desse evento. A variável de interesse (resposta), neste estudo, foi o número de chamadas recebidas por dia pelo Corpo de Bombeiros de Santa Maria, obtidas dos seus fichários, no período de 1º de janeiro de 1993 a 31 de dezembro de 2004. Essa variável foi explicada por elementos meteorológicos, como: temperatura máxima e mínima, umidade relativa do ar coletada às 9 h, às 15 h e às 21 h, insolação, precipitação e velocidade média do vento do dia de sua ocorrência e pelo número de dias sem precipitação pluviométrica, anteriores ao da ocorrência da variável de interesse. Verificou-se que em média o Corpo de Bombeiros recebia 1,81 chamadas diárias. Antes da ocorrência de uma chamada, não chovia, em média, a quatro dias, e a grande maioria das chamadas eram no período da tarde e para as margens das rodovias que circundam a cidade, principalmente na RS 287, rodovia com margens pouco habitadas. O mês em que ocorreu o maior número de chamadas ao Corpo de Bombeiros foi agosto, sendo o ano de 1999 o que acumulou maior ocorrência de queimadas. Além disso, o número de chamadas distribuem-se equivalentemente nos dias de semana. A partir dos quartis, determinou-se os bairros do município com grande, média e poucas chances de ocorrência de queimadas, sendo que as margens das rodovias e os bairros Distrito Industrial, Medianeira, Itararé, Tomazzetti e Parque Pinheiro Machado foram as áreas com maiores chances de ocorrência de queimadas. Determinada a correlação entre a variável dependente e todas as variáveis independentes, verificou-se que a mais correlacionada com o número de chamadas recebidas pelo Corpo de Bombeiros foi a umidade relativa média. A avaliação dos pressupostos dos vinte e quatro modelos testados, revelou que em todos eles as pressuposições foram violadas, não sendo portanto, adequados à previsão da variável independente.

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35

Lopes, Simone Marques Faria. "Influência do uso da terra na qualidade da água em bacias hidrográficas com usos distintos, em Jataí-GO e Canápolis-MG." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6760.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
We start from the hypothesis that the land use model existent in Paraíso-GO creek and Cerrado/Cadunga-MG stream river basins has been providing significant changes in the water quality of these streams, which receive sediments and nutrients from natural and anthropic factors. In this sense, the general aim of this research is to diagnose the water quality in relation to the model of land use and physical characteristics of the basins. The methods used followed the procedures of the American Public Health Association (APHA), CONAMA legislation nº 357/2005 (surface water) and ordinance of the Ministry of Health 2914/2011 (drinking water). When comparing the geological aspects of the two basins, it was verified that they are differentiated by the presence of the unconsolidated sands in the upper part of the Paraíso creek. Regarding the soils, both are distinguished by the presence of Cambisols in the Paraíso creek, and are similar in relation to the presence of soils with hydromorphic characteristics. Studies of land use between 2005 and 2015 demonstrated the gradual disappearance of the Cerrado biome, mainly in the Cerrado/Cadunga river basin. The watershed region of the Paraíso creek presented greater erosive potential in formation areas of the Vale do Rio do Peixe, as well as the Cerrado/Cadunga stream. Heavy metals contents in those soils identified at different sampling points reveal occasional contamination, mainly related to land use. In general, the sediment results of Cerrado/Cadunga stream showed that the distribution of elements has as main contribution the urban area and the discharge of urban and industrial effluents in the drainage network, and for the soils, agro-pastoral activities. For the Paraíso creek basin, the greatest influence was linked to agricultural activities, especially sugarcane. Out of the heavy metals found in both basins analyzed, what demands greater attention, both in sediments and in soils, is cadmium. Regarding the framing of water bodies, it was verified that the Paraíso creek and the Cerrado/Cadunga stream were included in all the sampling campaigns in classes III and IV of CONAMA Resolution nº 357/2005, since the variables Phosphorus, Cadmium and Cupper showed higher values than those established by the abovementioned Resolution. According to the classification of the water bodies of both basins, they can be used for human supply, after conventional or advanced treatment, to irrigation, amateur fishing, recreation and also animal watering. In this sense, it was concluded that the land use presented in both basins, due to the use of agrochemicals, poses significant risks to water quality, as well as the release of domestic and industrial effluents, since the basins evaluated presented changes in the same parameters evaluated.
Partimos da hipótese de que o modelo de uso da terra, presente nas áreas das bacias hidrográficas ribeirão Paraíso-GO e córrego Cerrado/Cadunga-MG, vem proporcionando mudanças significativas na qualidade das águas das mesmas, as quais recebem sedimentos e nutrientes provenientes de fatores naturais e antrópicos. Neste sentido objetivo geral, diagnosticar a qualidade das águas em relação ao modelo de modelo de uso da terra e características físicas das bacias. Os métodos utilizados na pesquisa seguiram os procedimentos da American Public Health Association (APHA), legislação CONAMA nº 357/2005 (água superficial) e portaria do Ministério da Saúde 2914/2011 (água potável). Ao se comparar os aspectos geológicos das duas bacias, verificou-se que as mesmas se diferenciam pela presença das areias inconsolidadas na parte superior do ribeirão Paraíso. Em relação aos solos, ambas distinguem-se pela presença dos Cambissolos no ribeirão Paraíso e se assemelham em relação à presença de solos com características hidromórficas. Os estudos de uso da terra entre 2005 a 2015 demonstraram o desaparecimento gradativo do bioma Cerrado, principalmente na bacia do córrego Cerrado/Cadunga. A região da bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Paraíso apresentou maior potencial erosivo nas áreas de formação Vale do Rio do Peixe, assim como córrego Cerrado/Cadunga. Os teores de metais pesados nos solos identificados nos diferentes pontos amostrais revelam contaminações pontuais, principalmente ligadas ao uso da terra. No geral, os resultados dos sedimentos do córrego Cerrado/Cadunga mostraram que a distribuição dos elementos tem como principal contribuição a área urbana e o lançamento efluentes domésticos e industriais na rede de drenagem, e para os solos, as atividades agropastoris. Para a bacia do ribeirão Paraíso, a maior influência esteve ligada às atividades agrícolas, com destaque para a cana-de-açúcar. Dos metais pesados encontrados em ambas as bacias analisadas, o que demanda uma maior atenção, tanto nos sedimentos quanto nos solos, é o cádmio. Em relação ao enquadramento dos corpos d’água, constatou-se que o ribeirão Paraíso e o córrego Cerrado/Cadunga se enquadraram em todas as campanhas amostrais nas classes III e IV da Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005, pois as variáveis Fósforo, Cádmio e Cobre apresentaram valores superiores aos estabelecido pela referida Resolução. Conforme o enquadramento dos corpos hídricos de ambas as bacias, as mesmas podem ser utilizadas para abastecimento humano, após tratamento convencional ou avançado, à irrigação, pesca amadora, à recreação e, ainda, dessedentação de animais. Nesse sentido, concluiu-se que o uso da terra apresentado em ambas as bacias, em razão do uso de agroquímicos, oferecem riscos à qualidade da água, tanto quanto o lançamento de efluentes domésticos e industriais, uma vez que as bacias avaliadas apresentaram alterações nos mesmos parâmetros avaliados.

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Lespes, Carole. "Pratiques alimentaires et agropastorales à la fin de l’Age du Bronze et aux débuts de l’Age du Fer en Languedoc : du littoral aux premiers contreforts méridionaux du Massif Central." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MON30042.

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Les données archéozoologiques sont lacunaires en Languedoc à la fin de l’âge du Bronze final et aux débuts de l’âge du Fer (IX-Vème s. av. n. è.). C’est pourquoi cette étude a été menée pour apporter de nouvelles perspectives sur l’alimentation durant cette période mal documentée. L’étude concerne les restes fauniques provenant de sites d’habitat de la région languedocienne situés sur le littoral méditerranéen et dans l’arrière-pays du piémont méridional du Massif Central. L’analyse archéozoologique doublée de l’analyse des micro-usures dentaires des ruminants ont permis de mieux comprendre les pratiques alimentaires de ces sociétés rurales confrontées au phénomène proto-urbain. La ressource carnée repose essentiellement sur l’élevage, notamment des caprinés, et des stratégies de gestion des troupeaux particulières se dessinent. L’activité cynégétique est pratiquée mais dans un contexte plus opportuniste que par nécessité. Ni l’implantation des sites sur le littoral ou dans les paysages montagneux, ni la diachronie des occupations n’influent sur les pratiques alimentaires. Il semble que chaque site possède ses caractéristiques propres, avec des choix plutôt liés à des composantes locales mêlant culture, opportunité, goût, statut des populations, etc.Mots clés : Archéozoologie, Protohistoire, Micro-usures dentaires, Languedoc
Archaeozoological data are incomplete in Languedoc at the end of the Final Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (IX-Vth c. BC). Therefore, this study was conducted to provide new perspectives on diet during this poorly documented period. The study concerns faunal remains from habitat sites in the Languedoc region located on the Mediterranean coast and in the hinterland of the southern foothills of the Massif Central. Archaeozoological analysis coupled with the analysis of dental micro-wear of ruminants has led to a better understanding of the feeding practices of these rural societies confronted with the proto-urban phenomenon. The meat resource is essentially based on animal husbandry, particularly of goats, and management strategies for specific herds are emerging. Hunting is practiced but in a more opportunistic context than out of necessity. Neither the location of sites on the coast or in mountainous landscapes, nor the diachronicity of occupations influence feeding practices. It seems that each site has its own characteristics, with choices linked more to local components mixing culture, opportunity, taste preferences, status of the populations, etc.Keywords: Archaeozoology, Protohistory, Dental microwear, Languedoc

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José, António Elísio. "Qualidade e estabilidade das propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas relacionadas as características fitoquímicas em Ipomoea batatas na perspectiva de cadeias de produção e de agregação de valor a alimentos em sistemas agropastoris familiares." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/139452.

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Experimentos com vista à avaliação das propriedades físico-quimica, fitoquímicas e biológica, bem como a sua estabilidade, em raízes tuberosas maduras, caules e folhas jovens de duas cultivares, RBS Amélia e RBS Cuia, e dois acessos de Ipomoea batatas, um de polpa púrpura com manchas brancas (C) e outro de polpa púrpura (D), cultivados ecologicamente e em condições de sequeiro na Horta Comunitária de Lomba do Pinheiro (30º 06’ 46’’ S; 51º 06’ 34’’ O) no Município de Porto alegre, RS no período de 2013 a 2015 foram efetuados nos laboratórios de Higiene, Qualidade e Microbiologia de alimentos e de Química e Bromatologia do Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimento (ICTA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A avaliação quantita-tiva das propriedades físico-químicas e fitoquímicas seguiu os métodos descritos no Manual das Normas Técnicas para Determinação das Propriedades Físico-químicas em alimentos do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. O teor de polifenóis totais foi determinado pelo método de Folin & Ciocalteu, o con-teúdo de antocianinas pelo método de pH diferencial, os flavonoides, taninos e vitamina C avalia-dos por métodos espectrofotométricos. A atividade biológica consistiu na determinação das pro-priedades antioxidantes dos materiais usando o método fotocolorimétrico in vitro, empregando o radical livre estável 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH) e na avaliação da atividade antimicrobi-ana, expressa como intensidade de atividade de inibição bacteriana (IINIB) e intensidade de ativi-dade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB), usando sistema de tubos múltiplos frente a diferentes con-centrações de Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Es-cherichia coli (ATCC 11229) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Foi igualmente analisada a estabilidade físico-química, fitoquímica e biológica das raízes tuberosas, caules e folhas estoca-dos a temperatura ambiente por períodos de 90, 180 e 270 dias, através da mensuração e avaliação das concentrações dos componentes físico-químicos, fitoquímicos e atividade biológica naqueles pontos de estocagem, Foram encontrados teores de proteínas variando de 10,5 a 26,3%, carboidra-tos totais oscilando de 15,7 a 61,1% com valores altos observados na cultiva RBS Amélia. Maiores teores de fenólicos totais e antocianinas foram observados em acessos de polpa púrpura com valo-res até 709,3 e 78,7mg/100g, respectivamente. Elevada atividade antioxidante foi também verifi-cada na maioria dos extratos testados que, igualmente, evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana frente a todos os inóculos testados ainda que a sua intensidade tenha sido diferente. Porém, nenhuma atividade antibacteriana foi verificada em extratos preparados com base no calor, quais sejam in-fusão e decocção. A estabilidade das propriedades de todos esses materiais foi presenciada embora algumas características tenham reduzido seus teores aos 270 dias de estocagem. O trabalho conclui que as raízes tuberosas, caules e folhas das cultivares RBS Amélia e RBS Cuia e dos acessos de batata-doce estudados se constituem em hortaliças vegetais com alto potencial físico-químico, fi-toquímico e biológico, a avaliar pelos altos teores de carboidratos totais, considerável concentração de proteínas, elevados valores de polifenóis totais e, ou antocianinas, principalmente nos acessos de polpa púrpura. Os mesmos materiais têm um indicativo de atividade antioxidante e de atividade antibacteriana seletiva frente a Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Figuram-se, portanto, como uma excelente fonte de proteína, carboidratos e de compostos fenólicos relativamente estável por período de 270 dias de estocagem a temperatura ambiente, tornando-se importante na segurança alimentar e nutricional, saúde e bem-estar social.
Experiments for the evaluation of the physic-chemical, phytochemical and biological properties, and their stability in mature tuber roots, young stems and leaves of two cultivars, RBS Amelia and RBS Cuia and of two accessions of Ipomoea batatas, one having purple fleshed tuber roots with white spots (C) and another purple fleshed tuber (D), grown ecologically in “ Horta Comunitária da Lomba do Pinheiro (30º 06' 46'' S, 51° 06' 34'' O), Porto alegre, RS from the period of 2013 to 2015 were perfomed in the Hygiene, Quality and Microbiology and Food Chemistry laboratories of the Institute of Science and food Technology (ICTA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The quantitative assessment of physicochemical and phytochemical properties followed the described methods in the Manual of Technical Standards for Determination of Physical and Chemical Properties, Institute Adolfo Lutz. The total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin & Ciocalteu method, the content of anthocyanins at pH differential method, flavonoids, tan-nins, and vitamin C evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. Biological activity was analysed evaluated by determinating antioxidant properties of materials using fotocolorimétrico in vitro method, using the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH) and also by evaluating antimicrobial activity, expressed as intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB) and intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB) using multiple tube system against different concentra-tions of Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). It was also analyzed the physical and chemical, phytochemical and biological stability of tuber roots, stems and leaves stored at room temperature for periods of 90, 180 and 270 days, through the measurement and assessment of con-centrations of physico-chemical components, phytochemicals and biological activity on those points of storage. Protein levels were found ranging from 10.5 to 26.3%, total carbohydrates rang-ing from 15.7 to 61.1% with higher values observed in the RBS Amelia cultivar. Higher total phe-nolic content and anthocyanins were found in the purple fleshed roos, with values of up to 709.3 and 78,7mg / 100g, respectively. High anti-oxidant activity was also observed in most of the tested extracts which also showed antibacterial activity against all inocula tested, although its intensity was different. However, no antibacterial activity was detected in extracts prepared by heat, namely infusion and decoction. The stability of the properties of all materials was attended although some features have reduced its contents to 270 days of storage. The paper concludes that the tuber roots, stems and leaves of the RBS Amélia and RBS Cuia cultivars and sweet potato accessions studied constitute vegetables with high physical-chemical, phytochemical and biological potential, accord-ing to the high levels of total carbohidrates, considerable protein concentration, high total polyphe-nol values, or anthocyanins, mainly in pupuple fleshed roots accesses. The same materials have an indicative of antioxidant activity and selective antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 11076), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Sta-Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Therefore, this specie can be seen as an excellent source of protein, carbohydrates and relatively stable phenolic compounds for a period of 270 days of storage at room temperature, making it important for food security and nutrition, health and social welfare.

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Almeida, A. C. D. "Forma??o do territ?rio sul mineiro: n?cleos urbanos, fazendas e caminhos." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2016. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/932.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This research aims to follow an analysis of Minas Gerais south territory formation, investigating the formation of the first ways starting from many locations of the colony and exploring the Brazilian sert?o searching for gold and aborigines for slavery. It's analyzed the important urban nucleus at the Comarca Rio das Mortes and the elevation of the Campanha da Princesa vill which owns the espace that was formed by many reasons in the south Minas region, since the population that was born in the mineral deposit areas found as also nucleus that were stablished in exchange spots, commerce and farming activities focused on internal and external supply. It is investigated also the evolution of these nucleus and the conflicts that happened in their terms until the materialization of this territory. All of the study seeks to relate these transformations to what was happening in the economy of the colony and the metropole emphasizing the importance of the south Minas urban nucleus, until it comes to the rural patrimony that exist until theses days as inheritance of this mixed economy, aiming to understand that the history of Minas Gerais, goes beyond the gold and mining. The study has as its objective to show that Minas is a complex mixture of different activities and factors that contributed for its formation.
Este trabalho busca tra?ar uma an?lise da forma??o do territ?rio no sul de Minas Gerais, investigando a forma??o dos primeiros caminhos, partindo de diversas localidades da col?nia e desbravando os sert?es em busca de ouro e ?ndios para escravid?o. Analisamos a importante rede de n?cleos urbanos na Comarca do Rio das Mortes e a eleva??o da Vila de Campanha da Princesa, detentora do espa?o que se formou por diversos motivos na regi?o do sul de Minas, desde as povoa??es que nasceram pelas jazidas encontradas at? os n?cleos que se estabeleceram em pontos de troca, com?rcio e das atividades agropastoris voltadas para o abastecimento interno e externo. Investigamos tamb?m a evolu??o desses n?cleos e os conflitos que ocorreram em seus termos, at? chegar ? materializa??o deste territ?rio. Todo o estudo busca vincular essas transforma??es com o que estava acontecendo na economia da col?nia e da metr?pole, enfatizando a import?ncia dos n?cleos urbanos do sul de minas, at? chegar aos patrim?nios rurais que temos como heran?a desta economia mista, e buscando entender que a hist?ria de Minas Gerais vai al?m do ouro e da minera??o. O estudo tem como inten??o, em suma, mostrar que Minas ? um conjunto complexo de diversas atividades e fatores que contribu?ram para a sua forma??o.

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Smith, Jeannette Marie. "Climate change and agropastoral sustainability in the Shashe/Limpopo river basin from AD 900." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1494.

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Faculty of Science; School of Geography, Archaelogy and Environmental Studies; PhD Thesis
This thesis investigates agropastoral production and ecological conditions under which complex socio-political systems in the Shashe/Limpopo River Basin, southern Africa, periodically expanded and declined between ~AD 900 and 1700. Environmental reconstruction for this period, derived from multi-stable isotope analysis of modern and archaeological fauna from the area, demonstrate that agropastoral settlement and changes in their social, economic and political complexity were less driven by climate than previously had been assumed. Rather, at a relatively short-term climatic scale, these cultural events took place even as precipitation and temperature appeared to have fluctuated above and below the modern seasonal mean of ~350mm and ~22oC, conditions presently considered to be marginal for agropastoral production. Alternative to a climate driven model for settlement, ethnographies of traditional southern African agropastoral systems provide a comparative basis for understanding the range of environmental and social parameters that past agropastoralists in the Shashe/Limpopo River Basin may have employed to sustain population growth and intensify socio-political complexity in the face of short-and long-term climatic variability. Over a long-term climatic scale, the δ15N and δ18O values from Bos taurus and Ovis/Capra indicate that the initial settlement by Zhizo agropastoralists people, between AD 900 and 1010, took place under semi-arid conditions that were similar to, or only marginally wetter, than the present. This thesis suggests that the Zhizo settlement and their ‘capital’ site of Schroda were motivated by broader cultural factors, such as trade networks, and not solely by climate conducive for agriculture. As documented ethnographically, crops and livestock herds could have been sustained by taking advantage of various geographical features of the river basin, such as planting near outcrops where dammed water keep soils moist even in dry periods and using browse and crop fodder to offset diminished grazing lands. Results for sites dating between AD 1010 to 1415, support previous interpretations that the Leopard’s Kopje A and B cultural period ‘capitals’ of K2 and Mapungubwe, respectively, rose to prominence under a trend towards increased available moisture. The additional moisture would have facilitated the greater floodplain settlement recorded between AD 1010 and 129, which was most likely a response to increased population pressures of the capitals and the need to extend cultivated lands. This spatial shift was accompanied by an apparent greater management of livestock. The preliminary 87Sr/86Sr data, together with intra-annual δ18O and δ13C values, from B. taurus and Ovis/Capra indicates a geographical expansion of herd management took place with the transition from K2 to Mapungubwe. This thesis proposes that to sustain population and socio-political growth in the face of short-and long-term climatic variability, livestock management would need to be politically coordinated. Maintaining large-scale herds outside the river basin would have allowed for expansion of crop production onto previous river basin pasturelands, while extending territories or networks. Further, the δ15N and δ18O data indicates that the period of increased available moisture extended beyond the abandonment of Mapungubwe at AD 1290. Previous assumptions that link this event to the negative agricultural impact of a cool dry trend starting at ~AD 1300, as extrapolated from sub-continental scale climatic sequence, must be re-assessed. The isotopic data from Moloko/Khami cultural period sites suggest that drier conditions did not develop in the area until after ~AD 1450. Their initial settlement in the area during this drier period needs to be re-considered, as does the entire sequence from ~AD 900 onward, in terms of agropastoral production strategies within shifting natural, economic and political environments.

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Gebru, Getachew. "Land tenure and access to and use of feed resources in the mixed farming system of the Ethiopian Highlands." 2000. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Heasley, Lynne. "The politics of manure a case study of agropastoral production systems in southwestern Niger /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32475132.html.

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"Mechanisms and Models of Agropastoral Spread During the Neolithic in the West Mediterranean: The Cardial Spread Model." Doctoral diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.40755.

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abstract: This dissertation examines the various factors and processes that have been proposed as explanations for the spread of agriculture in the west Mediterranean. The expansion of the Neolithic in the west Mediterranean (the Impresso-Cardial Neolithic) is characterized by a rapid spread of agricultural subsistence and material culture from the southern portion of the Italian peninsula to the western coast of the Iberian peninsula. To address this unique case, four conceptual models of Neolithic spread have been proposed: the Wave of Advance, the Capillary Spread Model, the Maritime Pioneer Colonization Model and the Dual Model. An agent-based model, the Cardial Spread Model, was built to simulate each conceptual spread model in a spatially explicit environment for comparison with evidence from the archaeological record. Chronological information detailing the arrival of the Neolithic was used to create a map of the initial arrival of the Neolithic (a chronosurface) throughout the study area. The results of each conceptual spread model were then compared to the chronosurface in order to evaluate the relative performance of each conceptual model of spread. These experiments suggest that both the Dual and Maritime Pioneer Colonization models best fit the available chronological and spatial distribution of the Impresso-Cardial Neolithic. For the purpose of informing agent movement and improving the fit of the conceptual spread models, a variety of paleoenvironmental maps were tested within the Cardial Spread Model. The outcome of these experiments suggests that topographic slope was an important factor in settlement location and that rivers were important vectors of transportation for early Neolithic migration. This research demonstrates the application of techniques rare to archaeological analysis, agent-based modeling and the inclusion of paleoenvironmental information, and provides a valuable tool that future researchers can utilize to further evaluate and fabricate new models of Neolithic expansion.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2016

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Moges, Dereje Kifle. "Development of strategies to reduce unmet need for modern contraception among agro-pastoral women in Eastern Ethiopia." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27150.

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The aim of the study was to develop strategies to reduce the unmet need for modern contraception among agro-pastoral women. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of unmet need for modern contraception, determine the factors associated with unmet need for modern contraception, and explore the barriers that hindered agro-pastoral women from using modern contraception. A mixed-method research design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected from agro-pastoral women and family planning service providers. Questionnaire and individual in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. The validity and reliability of the quantitative data and trustworthiness of the qualitative data were ensured. Use of standard data collection tools, employing method and data triangulation, and documenting all the procedures of data collection and analysis were among the ways employed to do so The quantitative data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data. Ethical principles of research such as beneficence, justice, informed consent, respect for persons, privacy and confidentiality and scientific integrity were considered to conduct the study. The study revealed an unmet need of 29.2% (n=112) for modern contraception among agro-pastoral women. The unmet need for birth spacing constituted 21.1% (n=81), whereas the unmet need for birth limiting was 8.1% (n=31). The age of the women, the number of living children, knowledge of modern contraceptive methods, and knowledge of FP service centres were found to be associated with women‘s unmet need for modern contraception. Lack of time and money, lack of knowledge about modern contraception, and fear of side effects were the major individual-level barriers. There were also culture-related factors such as the need for many children that hindered agro-pastoral women from using modern contraception. Moreover, the study disclosed that religious unacceptability and husband‘s and relatives‘ opposition were also among the mentioned barriers. The quality of FP service provision in terms of the competence and behaviour of health service providers, unavailability and inaccessibility of FP service, were also indicated as barriers. The findings informed the development of strategies to reduce agro-pastoral women‘s unmet needs for modern contraception in Eastern Ethiopia. The study further recommended that the health bureaus of the region, zone and district collaborate in ensuring that agro-pastoral women realise the significance of the provision of accessible, equitable, quality modern contraception. It is also essential to equip health facilities with qualified health service providers and necessary facilities. Religious leaders should be involved in disseminating vital, relevant and empowering FP information.
Health Studies
Ph. D. (Public Health)

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Thiam, Ibrahima. "Strategies des exploitations agropastorales de Thieul [Ferlo-Senegal] dans un contexte d'incertitudes sur les ressources naturelles productives." Phd thesis, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7765/1/thiam.pdf.

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La communauté rurale (CR) de Thieul est située dans la frange sud sahélienne du Ferlo qui correspond à la zone sylvopastorale naturelle du Sénégal et constitue la limite nord du Bassin Arachidier. Aux sécheresses récurrentes que connaît cette région depuis le début des années 70, (facteurs d'incertitudes et de vulnérabilité pour les producteurs), se sont greffées de nouvelles crises foncières, des tendances migratoires et démographiques à fort impact sur les ressources naturelles productives. Par ailleurs, les politiques de développement bien que louables dans les objectifs premiers, ont mené vers des "effets pervers" du moment que les orientations politico-institutionnelles et socioéconomiques de développement n'ont pas été suivi de mesures d'accompagnement suffisants. Livrés à eux-mêmes, les populations ont développé des stratégies diverses et variées, basées sur la valorisation du foncier agropastoral et sur la diversification par les activités génératrices de moyens d'existence durables. L'analyse de telles stratégies révèle des réactions et des actions très disparates selon les capacités et les compétences internes à chaque exploitation agropastorale familiale. Mieux, il ressort de cette étude que le recours à divers types de capitaux matériels comme immatériels est un gage d'innovations et de viabilité des exploitations dans la mesure où l'accès au capital naturel, base du système productif sahélien, est très disputé et incertain tant la demande est fortement supérieure à l'offre annuelle permise par le climat.

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Almada, Melina Soledad. "Biodiversidad y densidad de arañas (Araneae) en un sistema agropastoril, tendientes a mejorar el impacto de los enemigos naturales sobre insectos plaga." Tesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/34072.

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La biodiversidad es una característica compleja de los sistemas biológicos que se manifiesta a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. En la actualidad, la fragmentación del hábitat es considerada una de las mayores amenazas para la biodiversidad y es un proceso complejo, donde la acción antrópica produce transformación de comunidades originales, introducción de cultivos generando sistemas homogéneos y más espacios en sucesión, afectando la composición de especies y las frecuencias de las mismas. Un sistema agropastoril, donde se combinan actividades agrícolas y ganaderas en un mismo sitio con fines productivos, impactan sobre la diversidad, donde ambos sistemas traen aparejado una serie de actividades y generan constantes cambios al ambiente (como aplicación de insecticidas, actividades de laboreo y labranzas en los sistemas de cultivos, pastoreo y pisoteo en sistemas con ganado). Estos constituyen disturbios que alteran la estructura de poblaciones y comunidades, cambiando los niveles de recursos disponibles y el ambiente físico. Las arañas son utilizadas como indicadores de hábitat, ya que sus comunidades han mostrado ser fuertemente influenciadas por el tipo de hábitat y el patrón en el uso de la tierra. Son unos de los grupos dominantes de los sistemas terrestres y su entera dependencia de la depredación como estrategia trófica las convierte en organismos excepcionales, cumpliendo una destacada función en la regulación de las poblaciones de artrópodos. Se estima que sistemas de cultivos complejos albergan más especies que los hábitats agrícolas simplificados. Los sistemas con asociaciones heterogéneas de plantas poseen más biomasa y recursos alimenticios, tendiendo hacia ambientes permanentes en el tiempo y estableciendo comunidades más estables, que le confieren la propiedad de ser ambientes que pueden recuperarse después de una perturbación. Frente a los escasos estudios sobre la diversidad de arañas en sistemas agropastoriles para la región, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos e hipótesis a lo largo de la investigación: a) Realizar un inventario de arañas lo más completo posible asociadas a diferentes cultivos y pasturas en un sistema agropastoril en la provincia de Santa Fe, b) Evaluar la diversidad alfa y beta de la comunidad de arañas asociada a un sistema agropastoril en término de abundancia y riqueza de especies, c) Comprobar si existe un gradiente de cambio en la comunidad de arañas en áreas naturales sin disturbio (relictos de bosque), en parcelas cultivadas y con ganado en sistemas agropastoriles y d) Determinar qué diseños de parcelas cultivadas y con ganado favorecería a mantener una elevada diversidad de arañas útiles para la agricultura. Para ello se postularon tres hipótesis: 1) Ambientes agrícolas altamente perturbados (áreas de pastura) tienen una diversidad y densidad de arañas menores que áreas naturales sin disturbio o parcelas cultivadas en un sistema agropastoril. 2) Existe un gradiente de diversidad y densidad de arañas desde áreas naturales sin disturbio (relictos de bosque) hacia áreas cultivadas y de pasturas en un sistema agropastoril. 3) La diversidad de arañas en una parcela cultivada en un sistema agropastoril es mayor dependiendo de la heterogeneidad de las parcelas circundantes. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en el predio de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria (EEA) Reconquista (Dpto. General Obligado) del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), (29°11´S - 59°52´W), Santa Fe, Argentina. Se seleccionaron 20 lotes entre aquellos con agricultura (compuestos principalmente por cultivos de algodón, soja, girasol, entre otros) y ganadería. En cada lote se trazaron dos transectas de 100 m de longitud, separadas entre sí por 100 m; definiéndose 12 lotes con transectas de orientación Norte-Sur, 8 lotes con transectas de orientación Este-Oeste, y una transecta en un bosque nativo utilizado como control (representada por árboles y arbustos como: chañar, algarrobo, jacarandá, paraíso, duraznillo, etc.). Los muestreos se realizaron estacionalmente durante un año, iniciando en la primavera de 2009 y finalizando en el invierno de 2010, mediante dos técnicas de muestreo para recolectar las arañas del suelo y sobre la vegetación: trampas de caída (pitfall) y aspiraciones con un G-Vac (garden-vaccum), respectivamente. En cada transecta se realizaron 10 aspiraciones y se colocaron 10 trampas de caída separadas por 10 m en cada transecta, manteniéndose activas por 7 días. El material recolectado fue conservado con alcohol etílico al 70% y trasladado al laboratorio para su acondicionamiento, donde se generó una base de datos de imágenes digitales y se registraron mediante planillas electrónicas cada una de las especies/morfoespecie reconocidas. Se analizó la riqueza de especies mediante curvas de acumulación y de rarefacción basadas en muestras e individuos y se evaluó la riqueza de especie estimada por medio de diferentes estimadores no paramétricos. Se estimó la diversidad verdadera para cada tratamiento y se analizó la estructura de la comunidad en términos de la abundancia proporcional de cada especie mediante modelos matemáticos; para los análisis se utilizaron los programas BioDiversity Pro versión 2, EstimateS 8.2.0 y PAST versión 2.16. Se consideraron variables de la estructura horizontal y vertical, y climáticas para los análisis de ordenación por medio de un escalamiento no métrico multidimensional por medio del programa PC-ORD versión 6.0. Para el gradiente de cambio se utilizó un análisis de ordenación polar y para testear la hipótesis 3, se evaluaron cuatro casos diferentes entre los lotes. Además se analizó la estructura de gremios para cada tratamiento y a nivel estacional. En total se recolectaron 15.451 arañas pertenecientes a 29 familias, de las cuales 14.752 pudieron ser analizadas y pertenecieron a 222 especies/morfoespecies. El inventario obtenido fue muy completo, superando el 90% de completitud en todo el sistema estudiado. La familia Araneidae constituyo el grupo más abundante de todo el sistema agropastoril, seguido por las familias Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Oxyopidae y Salticidae en sistemas cultivados y ganaderos, mientras que en el control protagonizaron las familias Tetragnathidae y Anyphaenidae. De acuerdo a la diversidad verdadera, los sistemas ganaderos y control mostraron la mayor riqueza y diversidad de especies. La densidad de individuos y de especies fue significativamente mayor en ambientes naturales (control), seguida en sistemas con presiones de disturbio menores (ganado) y menor densidad en sistemas cultivados. A nivel estacional, la densidad de individuos y de especies se diferenció significativamente entre la mayoría de las estaciones indicando como las características de cada estación condicionan a la comunidad de arañas. Cada técnica de muestreo registró porciones diferentes de la comunidad de arañas, mostrando diferencias más marcadas en el caso de los sistemas con ganado, donde el estrato herbáceo fue más rico y abundante. Estos resultados podrían estar indicando que ambientes naturales contienen una mejor diversidad de arañas ya que las presiones de disturbio son casi nulas, seguido de sistemas ganaderos y por último sistemas cultivados, donde las prácticas de laboreo entre otras acciones de disturbio impactan sobre las especies de arañas. Los análisis de ordenamiento indicaron que los lotes con diferentes tratamientos (ganado vs. agrícola) tienen comunidades de arañas particulares y diferentes entre ellos, pudiendo algunas variables de la vegetación y climáticas explicar algunos de estos ensambles. Al descomponer la diversidad total (gamma), se obtuvieron valores de recambios más altos a nivel estacional, seguido por el tipo de lote y estrato (de suelo y herbáceo); indicando que estas mediciones de partición son apropiadas para conocer como la diversidad es distribuida geográficamente dentro del sistema y ser base para futuros programas de conservación regional. Se obtuvo un gradiente de cambio de la diversidad y abundancia de las comunidades de arañas, desde ambientes con mayor heterogeneidad ambiental (ambientes naturales) a aquellos más homogéneos (ganado y cultivos), presentando el gradiente dos orientaciones, uno de Este a Oeste y otro de Norte a Sur. Los perfiles de diversidad para los casos analizados, mostraron que lotes con ganado obtuvieron mayor diversidad que sitios cultivados, y los análisis de similitud arrojaron valores altos para el caso 2 (sistemas homogéneos con cultivo) diferenciándose estadísticamente de los otros casos. El mismo patrón sucedió a nivel de gremios entre los casos 2 y 4. En total se registraron ocho gremios, donde los gremios “Otras cazadoras”, “Tejedoras de telas orbiculares” y “Cazadoras corredoras de suelo” estuvieron altamente representados en los tratamientos. Los resultados demostraron que los valores de densidad de individuos y de especies obtenidos en el sistema agropastoril no comprueban la primera hipótesis propuesta, debido a que los sistemas con ganado presentaron una mayor diversidad de especies que el sistema agrícola. Se demostró que existió un gradiente de cambio de la comunidad de arañas en el sistema agropastoril estudiado, cambiando la comunidad desde ambientes heterogéneos hacia homogéneos, es decir desde ambientes naturales (control) hacia lotes con ganado y finalmente a lotes agrícolas. Finalmente, la última hipótesis fue comprobada al evidenciar que lotes cultivados rodeados por lotes ganaderos o mixtos, presentan una alta diversidad y mayor abundancia de arañas, asegurando una mayor diversidad de especies en diseños que presentan mayor heterogeneidad del paisaje. Podemos concluir que los sistemas agropastoriles presentan una comunidad de arañas abundante, rica y diversa en especies, condicionada por los diferentes disturbios que acontecen en cada sistema productivo. Ello nos lleva a proponer que diseños que involucren lotes cultivados y con ganado, y otras combinaciones, van a lograr aumentar la complementariedad entre los sistemas, generando diseños espaciales heterogéneos y permitiendo el desarrollo de una comunidad de arañas más diversa y abundante que posiblemente tenga un mejor impacto sobre el control de los artrópodos plaga.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agropastoral'

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