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Journal articles on the topic 'Agrostis tenuis'
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1
LINDSAY, C. D., A. I. OXBROW, and C. HOUGHTON. "Increased photosystem II activity in lead-tolerant Agrostis tenuis." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 2 (1985): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130393.
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Batson, M. G. "Agrostis castellana (Poaceae), Dominant Agrostis Species, Found in Bent Grass Pastures in South-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97065.
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There is considerable uncertainty that the traditional identification of bent grasses in south-eastern Australia as Agrostis capillaris L. (Syn. Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) is correct, due to a history of confusing nomenclature and mis-identification. Bent grass is considered a weed of pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and thus the correct identity of bent grass may have implications for its management and control. Populations of bent grass were sampled from 42 pastures in south-eastern Australia and Agrostis castellana Boiss. et Reuter, rather than A. capillaris, was found to be the dominant species of Agrostis in 33 out of 42 bent grass pastures sampled. Five of the nine pastures sampled in Tasmania contained A. capillaris as opposed to only 1 of the 33 pastures sampled in Victoria. Agrostis castellana had not been identified in Victoria or Tasmania prior to this work. Since A. castellana grows more vigorously by rhizomes than A. capillaris, control measures recommended for A. capillaris may not be relevant for bent grass pastures in south-eastern Australia. Ligule length, ligule width and width of lamina, measured to determine whether species of bent grass could be easily distinguished in the field, did not distinguish adequately between A. castellana and A. capillaris.
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Karataglis, Stylianos. "Gene flow in parapatric plant populations of Agrostis tenuis L.and Festuca rubra L." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 55, no. 3 (2014): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1986.043.
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The gene flow between populations of <em>Agrostis tennis</em> L. and <em>Festuca rubra</em> L. on a Zn/Pb mine and adjacent areas, which met at a distance of 150 m from the mine boundaries, was studied. It was found that the mine populations exhibit a high index of tolerance to Zn and Pb, elements encountered in the soil. Those outside the mine show relatively high indices of tolerance towards Zn and Pb, despite the fact that these elements are absent from the soil. On the other hand, the index of tolerance towards Cu, absent from the soil, of populations inside and outside the mine, was very low and did not differ from that of the control. Time difference in the flowering of these parapatric populations acts against gene flow thus resulting in a tendency for the neighbouring populations to isolate.
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Li, Wenbin, Zonghe Yan, Mark K. Nakhla, and Andrea M. Skantar. "Real-Time PCR for Detection and Identification of Anguina funesta, A. agrostis, A. tritici, and A. pacificae." Plant Disease 99, no. 11 (2015): 1584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-14-0959-re.
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A number of seed, leaf, and stem gall nematodes are of significance to the forage and landscape grass and livestock industries. In North America, the bentgrass nematode, Anguina agrostis, reduces seed production on Agrostis tenuis and several other grass species. Anguina funesta is a seed-gall nematode that is most significant for its association with the toxigenic bacteria Rathayibacter toxicus. The wheat seed gall nematode A. tritici causes significant damage to wheat and other cereals; although it has been found in many countries worldwide, it has not been detected in the United States since 1975. Molecular methods based upon sequence variation in the ribosomal internal spacer region are useful for accurate identification of Anguina spp. Described herein are new species-specific primers and TaqMan probes for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of A. agrostis, A. funesta, A. tritici, and A. pacificae. Primer and probe combinations were each specific for the intended species and were sensitive enough to detect as few as 1.25 copies of nematode ribosomal DNA. PCR was also specific and sensitive in duplex assays that included genus-specific internal control primers as well as species-specific primers and probes. These standardized real-time PCR protocols should facilitate fast and accurate identification of Anguina spp. by diagnostic laboratories.
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Helgadottir, A., and R. W. Snaydon. "Competitive Interactions between Populations of Poa pratensis and Agrostis tenuis from Ecologically-Contrasting Environments." Journal of Applied Ecology 22, no. 2 (1985): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403183.
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Doty, J. A., W. S. Braunworth, S. Tan, P. B. Lombard, and R. D. William. "Evapotranspiration of Cool-season Grasses Grown with Minimal Maintenance." HortScience 25, no. 5 (1990): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.5.529.
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Evapotranspiration (ET) of three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars and one cultivar each of colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) was measured in the field. Soil water depletion was measured with a neutron probe. Under minimal maintenance (i.e., no irrigation and infrequent mowing), ET was not significantly different for five perennial grasses. All grasses used more water than the bare-ground treatment. Soil water uptake was greatest in the upper soil layer (O to 25 cm) and decreased with depth. Few differences in water uptake were noted among grasses within each soil layer.
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McCarty, L. B., and A. E. Dudeck. "Salinity Effects on Bentgrass Germination." HortScience 28, no. 1 (1993): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.1.15.
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Duplicate studies were conducted to determine salt tolerance during germination of eight bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) cultivars commonly used for overseeding warm-season turf species, such as bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) putting surfaces. Bentgrass seeds were germinated on agar salinized with 0, 4000, 8000, 12,000, or 16,000 mg·liter-1, with the highest rate approaching one-half seawater salinity. Total germination decreased linearly or quadratically for specific cultivars as salinity increased. Time necessary to reach 50% germination across all salt concentrations was shortest for `Highland' colonial (Agrostis tenuis Sibth) and `Seaside' creeping (A. palustris Huds.) bentgrass (≈3.7 days); intermediate for `Kingstown' velvet (A. canina L.) and `Streaker' red top (A. alba L.) bentgrass (≈4.5 days); and longest for `Penneagle' creeping, `Penncross' creeping, `Exeter' colonial, and `Pennlinks' creeping bentgrass (≈5.3 days). Salt concentrations necessary to reduce germination to 90%, 75%, and 50% indicated that `Streaker' red top and `Seaside' creeping bentgrass were the most salt-tolerant cultivars. `Kingstown' velvet, `Exeter' colonial, and `Highland' colonial bentgrass were intermediate, while `Pennlinks', `Penncross', and `Penneagle' creeping bentgrass were the most salt-sensitive cultivars.
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Ayan, İlknur, Sedat Arslan, and Zeki Acar. "Adaptation and Some Quality Parameters of Cool Season Turfgrass Species in Samsun Conditions." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (2020): 1971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.1971-1975.3590.
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The aim of this study is to determine adaptation and quality parameters of some cool season turfgrass cultivars and species, In the scope of this study, leaf form, variation of leaf colour according to the seasons, tiller number, thinning ratio, weed ratio and general appearance of the species were determined. The experiment was established according to confounding design with four replications in Samsun Conditions at November, 2010. According to 1000 seed weight and characteristics of the plants seeding ratios were determined as pure and viable seed as follows; Lolium perenne 40 g m-2, Festuca rubra var. rubra and Festuca rubra var. commutata 30 g m-2, Festuca arundinacea 40 g m-2, Poa pratensis 20 g m-2, Festuca rubra trichophylla 30 g m-2, Agrostis stolonifera and Agrostis tenuis 5 g m-2, Festuca ovina 25 g m-2. According to the results obtained from this study it was determined that species/cultivars have some superiority to each other because of their different morphological and physiological characteristics. When we consider weed competition, Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinaceae cultivars have to be added to the mixture in order to decrease weed competition. There was colour variation distinctively depending on the seasons for all species. But, compare to the others, cultivars of Agrostis sp. and Poa pratensis cultivars have the potential to keep leaf colour in different seasons. Leaf form and appearance of Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis and Festuca ovina are better than the others. In order to keep good conditions of turfgrass areas, especially after cutting in summer period, Poa pratensis and Poa trivialis should added in mixtures to get benefit their higher regenerating power.
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Shushpannikova, G. S., and S. M. Yamalov. "Meadow vegetation of the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers. Order Arrhenatheretalia R. Tx. 1931." Vegetation of Russia, no. 25 (2014): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2014.25.89.
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The present study continues a series of publications of the authors on diversity of the meadow vegetation in the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers and their tributaries (Komi Republic). The floristic classification of wet meadows of the order Molinietalia Koch 1926 was published early (Shushpanikova, Yamalov, 2013). The results of floristic classification of meadow vegetation belonging to the order Arrhenatheretalia R. Tx. 1937 are discussed in this article. Analysis was based on 383 original relevés of the meadow vegetation of the order Arrhenatheretalia made in accordance with principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet, 1964; Mirkin and Naumova, 1998). The studies were performed in the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers and their tributaries (Sysola, Kazhym, Pozheg, Viled, Usa, Colva, Synya, Sebys, Ilych, Syuzyu, Shchugor). The descriptions were conducted at the study plots of 10×10 m. Plant communities of small size were described within the natural limits. A location, dimensions of community, species composition, species saturation, composition of dominant and co-dominant species, total coverage and height of grass stand, aboveground phytomass production were identified. The abundance of species in meadow communities was recorded using the J. Braun-Blanquet method: r — species occurs sporadically, + — minor species, total coverage less than 1 %, 1 — 1–5 %, 2 — 6–25 % 3 — 26–50 %, 4 — 51–75 %, 5 — 76–100 %. The assessment of environmental parameters was performed by ecological methods of L. G. Ramensky (Ramensky et al., 1956). Syntaxonomic diversity of the meadow vegetation of the order Arrhenatheretalia of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers floodplains presented by 2 unions (Cynosurion R. Tx. 1947 и Festucion pratensis Sipaylova et al. 1985), 7 associations (Festucetum ovinae Turubanova 1986, Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae Turubanova 1986, Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis Sillinger 1933, Festuceto pratensis–Dactyletum glomeratae Dymina 1989 in Korolyuk et Kiprijanova 1998, Amorio repens–Poetum pratensis ass. nov., Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis Maraculina 2009, Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis Yamalov 2011. Two new communities without rank are described (Agrostis vinealis, Hypericum maculatum–Phleum pratense). Most plant associations are heterogeneous by their floristic composition and they can be divided into 10 subassociations and 5 variants. The peculiarities of the floristic composition of the above mentioned associations, as well as their distribution and ecology are discussed. The distinguished associations are well differentiated by their elevation level on the floodplains. The meadow communities of Festucetum ovinae are located on the highest floodplains in the inland zone; there is Agrostis vinealis in the streamside zone of the floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis are located on the low floodplains in the streamside zone. The meadow communities of the associations Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae, Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis, Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis, Festuceto pratensis–Dactyletum glomeratae are occupied the medium level floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Amorio repens–Poetum pratensis are found at different locations of the floodplain; they are formed under grazing. The described meadows grow on the soils with different ecological indicators. The distinguished associations are differentiated by water level (52.2–73.0), average figures — 55.9–68.9. The meadow communities of the ass. Festucetum ovinae occupy the driest sites of the floodplain; the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis is located in the wettest floodplains. The meadow communities of the ass. Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis occupy most rich and alluvial soils. They are located on the low ridges in the middle zone of the floodplain and they are formed by annual flooding on alluvial deposits. The distinguished associations are differentiated by pH (4.2–8.0), average figures — 4.9–7.0. The meadow communities with Agrostis vinealis are occupied the most acidic soil. The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis are located on the neutral soils. The meadow communities of the most of associations occupy slightly acidic soils. The variability of moisture varies from alternating values to high values. The greatest differences in moisture are demonstrated by the communities of associations Equiseto arvensis–Elytrigietum repentis and Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis located on middle manes on low and medium levels of the floodplains. The associations are differ by the scale of pasture digression in range 3.3–5.0, average figures — 3.8–4.9. The meadow communities with Agrostis vinealis have the highest rates of pasture digression (4.5–5.1). The meadow communities of the ass. Anthoxantho odorati–Agrostietum tenuis have the smallest ones (3.5–3.9). A comparison of species composition of the syntaxa in Komi Republic with communities described in other regions of the Eastern Europe and the Asian part of Russia was carried out. It was shown that the meadow communities of the Komi Republic have low species diversity. Species richness of meadow communities is less than 39 species on trial area. The meadow communities of the ass. Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae are the richest. 195 vascular plant species are recorded in 213 geobotanical descriptions of the order Arrhenatheretalia. The aboveground phytomass varies from 20–40 g/m2 (Festucetum ovinae) to 520 g/m2 (Festuco pratensis–Deschampsietum caespitosae).
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Li, Xi, Huameng Cen, Lingli Peng, et al. "Tolerance performance of the cool-season turfgrass speciesFestuca ovina,Lolium perenne,Agrostis tenuis, andPoa trivialisto sulfur dioxide stress." Journal of Plant Interactions 10, no. 1 (2015): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2015.1019984.
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LINDSAY, C. D., A. I. OXBROW, and C. HOUGHTON. "Differences in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus of lead-tolerant and non-tolerant ecotypes of Agrostis tenuis." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 2 (1985): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130394.
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Duquesnoy, Isabelle, Pascale Goupil, Isabelle Nadaud, Gérard Branlard, Agnès Piquet-Pissaloux, and Gérard Ledoigt. "Identification of Agrostis tenuis leaf proteins in response to As(V) and As(III) induced stress using a proteomics approach." Plant Science 176, no. 2 (2009): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.10.008.
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Wu, JieHua, Ren Zhang, and Ross McC Lilley. "Methylation of arsenic in vitro by cell extracts from bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis): effect of acute exposure of plants to arsenate." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 1 (2002): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01022.
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Compared with microorganisms and mammalian tissues, information is scant on the enzymes responsible for arsenic metabolism in plants. This study investigated the arsenic methylation activities extractable from leaves and roots of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. plants grown in complete nutrient media and exposed to arsenate (135–538 M) for 3 d before harvesting. Methylation activity was determined in leaf and root extracts using an in vitro assay based onS-[3H-methyl]adenosyl-L-methionine (3H-SAM) with either arsenite or arsenate as substrate. Arsenite methylation activity was low in leaf extracts from plants not exposed to arsenate, but was greatly enhanced after acute exposure, with the induced methylation activity greatest in extracts from plants exposed to 269 M arsenate. Monomethylarsonate (MMA) was the predominant early product, but over longer assay times dimethylarsinate (DMA) accumulated at the rate of 660 amol mg protein–1 min–1 to levels exceeding MMA. With arsenate as substrate, methylation activity was much lower than with arsenite, implying that arsenite is the preferred substrate for methylation. Root extract assays exhibited no DMA, however small amounts of MMA were formed with arsenite as substrate. In contrast to leaves, the methylation activity did not increase in root extracts from plants exposed to arsenate. These findings suggest that arsenate in the plant growth medium was taken up by the roots and converted to arsenite before methylation proceeded in the leaves, accompanied by induction of arsenic methyltransferase activities.
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Berzins, P., S. Rancane, and A. Svarta. "The Productive Longevity Of Perennial Grasses Swards Depending On The Npk Fertilizer Rates." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 5, 2015): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.967.
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The longevity and producing capacity of perennial grasses swards was studied on mineral soils at the LUA Research Institute of Agriculture in long-term experiment during 1974-2010. There were applied lime and mineral fertilizers with different NPK doses (0-400 kg ha-1) protractedly many years. In such way there formed soils with various content of P, K, organic matter content and pHKCl level as well. Research results showed that liming of soils and using of mineral fertilizer changed not only productivity of grass mixtures but also botanical composition. Mineral fertilizer N200P100K300 provided the highest yield of dry matter – 7.32 - 12.0 t ha-1 and optimal botanical composition of a sward during many years. On unlimed soils (pHKCL less then 4.0 in 1997) dry matter yields of grass sward was substantially lower and there was observed disappearance of seeded valuable grasses out of the sward and increase of herbs and non-seeded grasses –Festuca rubra L., Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Taraxacum officinale Wigg. and others. Liming of soils increased dry matter yield in treatments with high doses of N (300-400) fertilizer.
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Malyshev, L. L. "Evaluating the representativeness of the bentgrass (Agrostis L.) gene pool collected across the Russian Federation and neighboring countries in the VIR collection." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 2 (2020): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-2-9-13.
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Various species of bentgrass (Agrostis L.) are an important component of natural pastures. They are used to prepare forage grass mixtures or set up lawns; there are released cultivars. The collection of bentgrass held by VIR currently consists of 576 accessions. A. gigantea Roth is represented mainly by wild accessions; A. stolonifera L., A. canina L., and A. tenuis Sibth. by cultivars and breeding material of foreign origin. The representativeness of the gene pool and the distribution of germplasm collecting sites over the territory of the ex-USSR have been evaluated, and the species diversity has been analyzed within the collection. The regions have been identified that need to be addressed by collecting missions to fill ‘the gaps’ in the geographic, environmental and taxonomic range of bentgrass species. The passport database of VIR’s bentgrass collection and electronic maps of the ex-USSR administrative subdivisions served as the material for the research. A total of 176 administrative subdivisions were accepted as operational units and studied. For each of them, the total number of Agrostis spp. and the total number of accessions collected in its territory were taken into account. Among the eleven species collected, A. gigantea was analyzed in more detail. It appeared that the Northwest of the European part of Russia, Western Siberia, Sakhalin Province, and the Republic of Yakutia were most fully explored by collecting teams. However, the taxonomic and population diversity of bentgrass has not practically been mobilized so far in the southern parts of the Non-Black-Soil and Black-Soil zones, Middle and Lower Volga regions, North Caucasus, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East of Russia. Poorly represented in the collection is the taxonomic diversity of wild bentgrass accessions. The Russian Far East, mountainous areas of the Central Asian Republics, and the Northern and Central Urals are of the greatest interest for filling this gap.
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Novák, Ján, Juraj Hreško, and Ľuboš Vadel. "Evaluation of Mountain Pastures Quality Forming the Landscape Archetype in Western Carpathians." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 1 (2019): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967010111.
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The research of pastures influenced by Carpathian sheep milk farming as a typical archetype was conducted in study areas of the mountain even subalpine landscape in the forest zone of the Western Carpathians in the Slovak Republic. We have chosen 28 areas that have been effected by mountain sheep farming since the period of the Wallachian colonization. The research works were under way from 1998 to 2016. The pastures of observation were from 615 to 1 421 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) in the areas of 1 398 ha in total that was of various exposition and inclination, from flat surface to steep hillsides with 28° slope. The studied pastures ranged from the species‑rich to species‑poor, from Festuca‑Agrostis grasslands through Nardo‑Agrostion tenuis alliance to Nardion. The number of plant species (from 18 to 48, average 33 at 1 m2) shows a rather varied composition of grasslands. There were only two study sites with higher dominance of Festuca rubra (51 % and 64 %) recorded. The quality of grassland depends on the floristic composition (cover in %) and forage value of the particular species. Evaluation of the grassland quality (EGQ) reached the average value 57.5 in the scale from 0 to 100. Value varied from least valuable grasslands with 40.1 points in two study plots to valuable grasslands with 69.4 points. Relations between selected environmental factors were analysed by means of redundancy analysis (RDA). Among the significant factors of environment, the impact on data set variability was the strongest by altitude (18.1 %), then by total precipitation in the vegetation period (5.6 %) and grassland quality EGQ (5.2 %).
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Matanzas, Nora, Elías Afif, Tomás Emilio Díaz, and José Luis R. Gallego. "Screening of Pioneer Metallophyte Plant Species with Phytoremediation Potential at a Severely Contaminated Hg and As Mining Site." Environments 8, no. 7 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8070063.
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Phytoremediation of mine soils contaminated by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) requires the use of tolerant plants given the specific conditions of toxicity in the altered soil ecosystems. In this sense, a survey was conducted in an ancient Hg-mining area named “El Terronal” (Asturias, Spain) which is severely affected by PTE contamination (As, Hg, Pb) to obtain an inventory of the spontaneous natural vegetation. A detailed habitat classification was performed and a specific index of coverage was applied after a one-year quadrat study in various sampling stations; seven species were finally selected (Agrostis tenuis, Betula celtiberica, Calluna vulgaris, Dactylis glomerata, Plantago lanceolata, Salix atrocinerea and Trifolium repens). A total of 21 samples (3 per plant) of the soil–plant system were collected and analyzed for the available and total concentrations of contaminants in soil and plants (roots and aerial parts). Most of the studied plant species were classified as non-accumulating plants, with particular exceptions as Calluna vulgaris for Pb and Dactylis glomerata for As. Overall, the results revealed interest for phytoremediation treatments, especially phytostabilization, as most of the plants studied were classified as excluder metallophytes.
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Hugie, Kari L., and Eric Watkins. "Performance of Low-input Turfgrass Species as Affected by Mowing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Minnesota." HortScience 51, no. 10 (2016): 1278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11007-16.
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In Minnesota, most lawns and higher cut turfgrass areas consist primarily of species such as kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) that require significant management inputs such as frequent mowing and nitrogen fertility. Several studies have shown that other species have the potential to be used more widely on home lawns in Minnesota; however, little is known about the management requirements of these species. In this study, we evaluated the performance of several alternative grass species under varying mowing and nitrogen fertility regimes at two sites in Minnesota in 2010 and 2011. Hard fescue [Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina] showed the most consistent performance across management regimes, seasons, and locations. Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) showed good spring and fall turf quality, but suffered from excess thatch development and disease incidence. ‘Barkoel’ prairie junegrass [Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult] maintained acceptable turf cover throughout the trial, whereas unimproved native prairie junegrass populations did poorly regardless of management level. Tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.] did not perform consistently in the trial due to summer stress. Our results show that hard fescue, colonial bentgrass, and ‘Barkoel’ prairie junegrass performed well regardless of mowing height or fertility treatment and could be used to a greater degree as low-input turfgrasses in Minnesota.
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Likhanova, I. A., G. S. Shushpannikova, G. V. Zheleznova, and T. N. Pystina. "Syntaxonomy of plant communitiesat the quarriesafter the cuttingsof lichen and green mosspine forests(middle taiga subzone of the European North-East of Russia)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 39 (2020): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2020.39.3.
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Plant communities of sandy (quarry 3 — 62°05ʹ26ʺ N, 48°43ʹ56ʺ E; 6 — 61°57ʹ35ʺ N, 50°36ʹ22ʺ E) and sandy loam (1 — 62°06ʹ28ʺ N, 48°48ʹ48ʺ E; 2 — 62°06ʹ19ʺ N, 48°48ʹ42ʺ E; 4 — 62°04ʹ36ʺ N, 48°34ʹ55ʺ E; 8d — 61°44ʹ00ʺ N, 50°39ʹ05ʺ E) quarries and the surrounding lichen and green-moss pine forests quarries are charaterized. The research has been performed in the middle taiga subzone of the European North-East of Russia. Floristic classification (Braun-Blanquet, 1964) was made for 91 relevés. The Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg, 1974) were used to assess moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen content (N). Ordination was made by NMS approach using ExcelToR software. Plant communities of renewing and young pine stands at the quarries as well as of surrounding middle aged and mature stands are assigned to the alliance Cladonio stellaris–Pinion sylvestris Kielland-Lund ex Ermakov et Morozova 2011 order Pinetalia sylvestris Oberdorfer 1957 class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 (Ermakov, Morozova, 2011) while communities of meadow succession stage to the union Cynosurion cristati Tx. 1947 order Arrhenatheretalia elatioris class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 (Mirkin, Naumova, 2012). Five associations, two subassociations, one variants, two subvarants and one community are established within two classes (among these, two associations. one variants, two subvariants and one community are new). Community Polytrichum piliferum (Table 3, rel. 1–7). DS: Ceratodon purpureus, Cladonia subulata, C. fimbriata, Niphotrichum canescens, Polytrichum piliferum, Salix acutifolia. These are pioneer communities at the second decade stage of succession on sandy substrate. (quarry 3) with recovering Pinus sylvestris tree layer, absence of herb-dwarf shrub layer and. presence of pioneer mosses (Polytrichum piliferum, Ceratodon purpureus), algal crusts, and lichen thalli of Cladonia, Peltigera, and Stereocaulon. Number of species — 32 (13–20). Ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3, rel. 8–30; nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 18; Fig. 4). DS: Ceratodon purpureus, Cladonia gracilis ssp. turbinata, C. fimbriata, C. subulata, C. verticillata, Niphotrichum canescens, Peltigera malacea, Polytrichum piliferum, Salix acutifolia, Stereocaulon tomentosum. These are renewing pine forests at 3rd and 5th decades of succession with ground cover dominated by pioneer mosses and lichens in sandy quarries 3 and 6, and in the most drained habitats of sandy loam quarries 1, 2, 4 (slopes). Pine canopy density is 0.1–0.3, its height — 3–6 m. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is scarce (1– 10 %), that of moss-lichen is of 20–80 %. Number of species — 111 (27–45). Subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum Turubanova 1986. D S : Agrostis tenuis, Deschampsia cespitosa, Galium mollugo, Hieracium umbellatum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Pimpinella saxifraga, Stellaria graminea. These are communities of short meadow succesion stage at the sandy loam quarries 1, 2, 4, 8d. Unlike meadows of abandoned lands and pastures, described by L. P. Turubanova (1986) as subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum, the communities on technogenic habitats have lower abundance of meadow species and higher diversity of synanthropic and xerophylous species, as well as tree invasion. This is a reason to establish variant Calamagrostis epigeios (Table 4, Fig. 5) within the subass. typicum. Its DS: Betula pendula/pubescens, Calamagrostis epigeios, Ceratodon purpureus, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Erigeron acris, Pinus sylvestris, Tussilago farfara. Multispecies herb layer is mainly formed by meadow species and weeds (20–80 %). PC of moss layer — 1–50 %. Number of species — 103 (30–41). Duration of meadow stage is responsible for differences between subvariants Amoria hybrida and Trifolium medium. Ass. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 5, nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco) — rel. 9; Fig. 6). D S : Agrostis tenuis, Amoria repens, Brachythecium salebrosum, Orthilia secunda, Peltigera didactyla, Polytrichum juniperinum, Pyrola media, Trifolium medium, Vicia sepium. These communities are young pine stands at the third decade of succession on sandy loam in quarries 1, 2, 4, 8d. Canopy density of pines — 0.4–0.8, height — 4–8 m. There is a lot of species typical for meadow succession stage in scarce herb layer (5–40 %). as well as an occurrence of forest dwarf shrubs, and few species indicative to ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris. Moss-lichen layer (10–60 %) is formed by pioneer species and forest mosses. Number of species — 137 (27–67). NMS-ordination (Fig. 7) and data on substrate preferences of syntaxa as well as information about the duration of recovery process is the reason to built a scheme of vegetation succession in quarries in place of reduced pine trees after the cutting of lichen and green moss pine forests (Fig. 8). Series 1. Community Polytrichum piliferum (F 4.1, N 3.5, R 3.8) → ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.1, N 3.5, R 4.1) → ??? → subass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris typicum (F 3.8, N 2.5, R 2.4). Series 2. Subvar. Amoria hybrida var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum (F 4.4, N 4.8, R 5.4) → subvar. Trifolium medium var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum (F 4.7, N 4.6, R 4.9) → асс. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.5, N 3.9, R 4.3) → ??? → ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris (F 4.3, N 3.1, R 2.8). Additional studies are necessary to reveal the duration of succession period and intermediate stages of transition from ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris and Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris to ass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris and Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris. Thus, the restoration of lichen pine forests of subass. Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris typicum at sandy quarries passes through the stage of pine forests of ass. Polytricho piliferi–Pinetum sylvestris, which is preceded by pioneer vegetation of сommunity Polytrichum piliferum. The restoration of green moss pine forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Pinetum sylvestris) at sandy loam quarries passes through the stage of young pine stands (ass. Polytricho juniperini–Pinetum sylvestris), which is preceded by meadows of subvariantas Amoria hybrida and Trifolium medium var. Calamagrostis epigeios subass. Deschampsio–Agrostietum tenuis typicum.
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Acuña, G. H. P., and D. Wilman. "Effects of cutting height on the productivity and composition of perennial ryegrass–white clover swards." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 1 (1993): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076760.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYAll combinations of five cutting heights (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm), two rates of P application (0 and 100 kg P/ha per year) and two irrigation treatments (0 and maximum soil water deficit 35 mm) were compared on field plots sown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Wales. The cutting and P treatments were applied for 4½ years (1986–90) and the irrigation treatments for 2 years (1987 and 1988). The plots were cut at 4-week intervals from April to October each year.Applied P and irrigation had only a small effect on the productivity and composition of the swards. The proportion of white clover in the sward was inversely related to the height of cutting, so that clover was almost eliminated by 3 years of 10 cm cutting. This reduction in clover content led to a 50% reduction in herbage yield. Close cutting increased the tiller density of ryegrass in May and June of the first harvest year, but this effect was subsequently reversed as clover competed more strongly with ryegrass under close cutting. The proportion of unsown species, predominantly Agrostis tenuis, was much higher in the third and fourth than in the first and second harvest years and was positively related to the height of cutting. Close cutting depleted soil K and soil water.
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Skládanka, Jiří. "The effect of utilization term on the biomass production, organic matter digestibility and ergosterol content of semi-natural grass stand in the autumn and in winter." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 4 (2007): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755040069.
Full textAbstract:
The biomass of dry matter (DM) and forage quality of a grass pasture in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands (Czech Republic), situated at an altitude of 553 m a.s.l., was measured in late autumn and in winter in the period from 2000 to 2003. The semi-natural grass pasture was dominated by Festuca rubra, Taraxacum officinale, Elytrigia repens, Dactylis glomerata, Trisetum flavescens, Poa spp., Agrostis tenuis and Phleum pratense. Biomass production and forage quality were measured in November, December and January after one preparatory cut in June or two preparatory cuts in June and July, and in June and August. Biomass of DM decreased from November to January and ranged, depending on the year and the number of preparatory cuts, from 0.37–3.13 t ha – 1 in November to 0.15–1.36 t ha – 1 in January. The biomass of DM decreased the later the preparatory cut. Organic matter digestibility decreased from November to January, ranging from 0.448–0.606 in November to 0.352–0.578 in January. A delayed preparatory cut resulted in an increased digestibility. Ergosterol concentration increased with the progressing autumn and winter, ranging from 40–111 mg kg – 1 DM in November to 110–265 mg kg – 1 DM in January. Lower ergosterol concentrations were observed after a late preparatory cut. The results were statistically analysed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. The length of the main use was observed to have a significant effect on biomass of DM, digestibility of organic matter and ergosterol concentration (P < 0.05) in all three years of the investigation.
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Wiman, Michel R., Elizabeth M. Kirby, David M. Granatstein, and Thomas P. Sullivan. "Cover Crops Influence Meadow Vole Presence in Organic Orchards." HortTechnology 19, no. 3 (2009): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.3.558.
Full textAbstract:
Living mulch cover crops can improve soil health and build organic matter, yet their use in fruit orchards comes with a risk of encouraging meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), a rodent that can be destructive to fruit trees. Several living mulch cover crop species were assessed in an apple (Malus ×domestica) orchard understory along with wood chip mulch and bare ground. Desired species characteristics were weed competitiveness, low growth habit, nitrogen fixation, and potential rodent repellency. Legume species included birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), medic (Medicago spp.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), which were planted in solid stands as well as mixtures. Nonlegume species included sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum), sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum), and colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis). Meadow vole presence was evaluated in fall and spring with point-intersect and run-length measurements. A legume mix (medic, birdsfoot trefoil, subterranean clover, and colonial bentgrass) had the highest meadow vole presence, with no reduction under the “sandwich” system of tilling either side of the tree trunks while leaving a cover crop in a narrow strip with the trunks. The nonlegume mix [colonial bentgrass, sweet alyssum, creeping thyme, and fivespot (Neomophila maculata)] had similar results. However, the sweet woodruff (planted in the “sandwich” system) had significantly lower presence of meadow voles than the other living mulches. Wood chip mulch, cultivation, and bare ground control were all similar, with very low presence, indicating low risk of meadow vole damage. The results from the sweet woodruff suggest that we need more research on the potential to select living mulches that are nonattractive or repellent to meadow voles for use in orchards.
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Davies, D. A. "Long-term effects of improvement methods on Molinia caerulea dominant rough grazing on wet hill land. 1. Pasture production, quality and botanical composition." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 2 (1987): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080643.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryFifteen treatments were applied in 1966 to Molinia caerulea dominant rough grazing on wet hill land at 305 m in mid-Wales. Improvement methods varied from controlled sheep grazing, application of lime, basic slag and nitrogen to the introduction of grasses and white clover with and without cultivations. Pasture productivity, feed quality and botanical composition were studied in the 4th, 9th, 14th and 18th harvest years. Controlled grazing increased D.M. production from 1·1 t/ha on the native vegetation to 3 t/ha in the 18th year. Application of lime, basic slag and 75 kg N/ha gave mean pasture production of 4·5 t D.M./ha which increased to 6·3 t D.M./ha on application of 290 kg N/ha per year. The quickest and greatest improvement was achieved by the introduction of grasses and clover following rotary cultivation or ploughing. At the lower N input these swards produced on average 6·3 t D.M./ha. Reseeds also showed the best response to 290 kg N with mean production on S. 23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) swards of 9·0 t D.M./ha. In vitro digestibility, crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates were also highest on the reseeded swards.Increased grazing eliminated Molinia before the 4th year and it was replaced by Nardus stricta and Festuca ovina. Subsequently, Agrostis tenuis replaced Nardus. On the swards given fertilizer the rate of botanical change was accelerated with the ingress of Poa spp., Holcus lanatus and Festuca rubra. The proportion of sown grass remained high on the seeded plots throughout the duration of the experiment but the white clover content was lower than expected and it virtually disappeared from most of the swards before the 18th year.The results show the potential improvement possible on wet hill land. Given good fertilizer and grazing management, this improvement can be maintained for several years.
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Aagnes, Tove H., and Svein D. Mathiesen. "Round baled grass silage as food for reindeer in winter." Rangifer 15, no. 1 (1995): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.15.1.1154.
Full textAbstract:
Round baled silage of mixed grasses was tested as emergency food for reindeer in winter. The silage was made of leaf rich regrowth of Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis and Poa spp. It contained 33-3% dry matter (DM), and 14.8 % crude protein, 24.5% cellulose and 26.7% hemicellulose on a DM basis. Palatability, food intake, digestion, rumen fermentation, body mass (BM), carcass weight and gastrointestinal (GI) anatomy were investigated. A group of adult female reindeer (n = 38), were taken from natural winter pasture and fed grass silage ad libitum. The majority (78%) of the animals were eating silage after two days and 95% of the animals ate silage after five days. Five reindeer calves were taken from natural winter pasture and fed lichens ad libitum for 14 days after which they were starved for two days before being offered silage adlibitum. The median daily DM food intake was 370 g (range 250-610 g) on the first day increasing to 810 g (range 530-1100 g) at days 16 to 20. Median apparent digestibility coefficient (DC) of DM was 64.3% (range 62.4-66.2%). The median in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of the silage after 72 h of microbial digestion was 68.3 % (range 66.6-71.3 %) (Ws=30, n,=5, n2=4, P&lt;0.01). Median ruminal VFA concentration and pH were 48.2 mM (range 38.4-52.5 mM) and 7.0 (range 6.95-7.17), respectively, in the reindeer calves (n=5). BM initially increased when the reindeer calves were fed silage, but stabilised after 11 days. The increased BM may have been due to an increased recticulo-rumen digesta load, which amounted to 19.6-23.7 % of BM (n=3). The carcass weight of the reindeer calves was 42.6-44.2% of the BM (n=3) after 47 days of silage feeding. The results indicate that although the round bale silage of mixed grasses of medium quality was highly palatable to reindeer it was apparantly of only limited value as an emergency food for the reindeer calves, as indicated by low DC of DM and low ruminal VFA concentration.
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Tishchenko, M. P., A. Yu Korolyuk, and N. I. Makunina. "Meadows of north forest-steppe and subtaiga on the Tobol and the Irtysh watershed." Vegetation of Russia, no. 26 (2015): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2015.26.129.
Full textAbstract:
The Tobol and the Irtysh watershed occupy the western part of West-Siberian plain. Area studied covers latitudinal band between 55° and 57° n. l. It includes the southern part of subtaiga subzone and northern part of forest-steppe zone. This territory has been used for agriculture since XVIIth century. In the middle of XXth century the local landscapes were represented by endless arable lands alternated with tiny patches of forests on the watersheds and swamps and solonchaks prevailing at lowlands. In the end of XXth century the large areas of arable lands, especially in northern part of mentioned area, were abandoned. Nowadays this area is covered by fallow meadows on different stages of demutation. Vegetation studies of the region have started in the end of XIXth century. One of the best scientific works on local grasslands was written by B. N. Gorodkov (1915). The spectrum of natural plant communities demonstrates some changes fr om south to north. These changes enclose both zonal and intrazonal vegetation. The southern part of the area studied belongs to forest-steppe zone. Its zonal vegetation is represented by small-leaved forests, grasslands (steppe meadows) and meadow steppes. Zonal vegetation of northern part — subtaiga subzone — includes only small-leaved forests. The watershed grasslands replace the cut-off forests. Intrazonal vegetation of southern part consists of various grasslands on salty soils and swamps predominated in the northern part. The border of forest-steppe and subtaiga represents a combination of zonal and intrazonal communities disturbed by man. The goal of this article is to reveal the diversity of grasslands on drained soils of mentioned area. The analysis of 151 geobotanical relevйs obtained fr om subtaiga and northern forest-steppe of Omskaya and Tyumenskaya administrative districts has been carried out. The syntaxonomy of the Tobol-and-the Irtysh watershed grasslands is represented by 6 associations, 4 subassociations and 2 communities of 4 alliances, 4 order and 2 classes. Subtaiga and northern forest steppe are characterized by different spectra of grasslands. This can be explained by a presence of wide range of saline soils in forest-steppe and their absence in subtaiga. The floristic composition of grasslands of forest-steppes zone includes the plants tolerant to soil salinity such as Artemisia pontica, Galatella biflora, Plantago maxima, Eryngium planum, Saussurea amara, Limonium gmelinii. The listed species are rare in subtaiga grasslands while Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, Agrostis gigantea of alliance Festucion pratensis are dominated in subtaiga grassland meadows. Steppe meadows of this territory are represented by two classes. Northern forest-steppe subzone demonstrates the northern lim it of Festuco-Brometea (alliance Galatellion biflorae of order Festucetalia valesiacae). The associations Galatello biflorae–Calamagrostietum epigeii and Galio borealis–Artemisietum ponticae occupy the zonal positions. Their communities are characterize by high activity of meadow-steppe mesoxerophytes that are the diagnostic of the class Festuco-Brometea. The meadow mesophytes dominate in subtaiga steppe meadows absolutely; meadow-steppe species are rare. They are marked with a lack of diagnostic species of alliance Galatellion biflorae. They are ascribed to the class Molinio–Arrhenatheretea, order Galietalia veri and alliance Trifolion montani as the communities Filipendula stepposa–Cenolophium denudatum and Astragalus danicus–Potentilla anserinа. Forest steppe meadows of alliance Aconito barbati–Vicion unijugae (order Carici macrourae–Crepidetalia sibiricae, class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) are usual for northern, subtaiga subzone of the Tobol and the Irtysh watershed. Diagnostic species list of the communities belonging to the order Carici macrourae–Crepidetalia sibiricae on West-Siberian plain is impoverished in comparison with the uplands and the mountains of South Siberia wh ere this order was described by Ermakov et al. (1999). We have revealed 2 new associations of alliance Aconito barbati–Vicion unijugae: Aegopodio podagrariae–Brachypodietum pinnati and Dracocephalo ruyschiani–Heracleetum sibiricae. In subtaiga subzone communities of these associations occupy the small well drained habitats between mesophytic forests and arable lands. The first association unites the xerophytic forest meadows with Aegopodium podagraria dominance, occurring only on right bank of the Ishim River. The second one includes forest meadows of subtaiga widely spread on the Tobol and the Irtysh watershed. Association Dracocephalo ruyschiani–Heracleetum sibiricae comprises two subassociations: D. r.–H. s. typicum and D. r.–H. s.molinietosum caeruleae. One of diagnostic species of the last mentioned subassociation is Molinia caerulea that is a common species of boreal wet meadows of Europe. The eastern border of this species distribution is on the left riverside of the Ishim River. Meadows of alliance Festucion pratensis of order Arrhenatheretalia are characteristic only for subtaiga, they belong to two associations. Meadows of subassociation Cirsio setosi–Phleetum pratensis pastinacetosum sylvestris are widespread. They are wide spread over the abandoned arable lands and rather monotonous by their floristic composition. The floristic peculiarity of plant communities is abundance of diagnostic species of classes Artemisietea и Chenopodietea. Meadows of Agrostio tenuis–Festucetum pratensis Yamalov 2005 occur on sandy soils; they present one of the first stages of pine forest demutation. Some of species are not characteristic for typical subassociation described by S. M. Yamalov (2005), therefore the meadows of this association on the Tobol and the Irtysh watershed are referred to a new subassociation A. t.–F. p. senecionetosum jacobaea.
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Bulokhov, A. D., N. N. Panasenko, Yu A. Semenishchenkov, and A. V. Kharin. "Phytocoenotic diversity and dynamics of the communities of association Caricetum gracilis Savich 1926 under the xerophytization of the Desna River floodplain." Vegetation of Russia, no. 37 (2019): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.37.3.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the floristic and phytocoenotic diversity within widespread association of acute sedge meadows Caricetum gracilis Savich 1926 in the floodplain of the Desna River (Bryansk and Smolensk regions, Russia). Available geobotanical data on Desna floodplain, collected in the last 40 years, allowed identifying the main dynamic trends in the syntaxonomical space. Based on 36 relevés made by the authors in 1975–1990 previously (Bulokhov, 2001) 3 subassociations, which communities were prevalent in the Desna valley, were established: Caricetum gracilis typicum, С. g. oenanthetosum aquaticae, С. g. beckmannietosum eruciformis. As a survey of the Desna floodplain in 2015–2018 showed, both flow decrease and drop in the level of spring flood and groundwater in the XXI century have led to a change in the appearance, floristic composition, and structure of acute sedge meadows. Xerophytization of the floodplain resulted in the disappearance of the С. g. oenanthetosum aquaticae and С. g. beckmannietosum eruciformis communities. Drying of typical habitats of moist acute sedge meadows became the background of the formation of diverse communities of other types in their place. In the coenoflors of these communities changes occurred at the class level from Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika et Novák 1941 to Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937. Two groups of communities have been formed. The first group is represented by syntaxa of the alliance Magnocaricion gracilis (class Phragmito-Magnocaricetea): Caricetum gracilis typicum with variant Achillea salicifolia as well as by the communities Lythrum salicaria, Calystegia sepium, Calamagrostis canescens. The share of the alliance characteristic species in their coenofloras is 54–64%, and Carex acuta, as a rule, dominates. The second group represents the communities of wet meadows (order Molinietalia caeruleae) of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. The alliance Deschampsion cespitosae is established with subass. Poo palustris–Alopecuretum pratensis typicum (with three variants: Veronica longifolia, Hierochloё odorata, Galium physocarpum) and three communities (Cirsium arvense, Lysimachia vulgaris, Stachys palustris) The share of characteristic species of the order in their coenofloras is 58–95%. All communities and variants form series along the moisture gradient in habitats of acute sedge meadows. Communities Lythrum salicaria, Calystegia sepium, Calamagrostis canescens are distributed in the wettest and richest in mineral nitrogen habitats in the Middle Desna area, in the former long-flooded low-level floodplain. The other ones occur, first of all, in the Upper and Middle Desna areas on a short- and long-flooded floodplain of an average level. These communities are forming on moist and fresh soils. The variants and communities on the gradients of moisture and the richness of mineral nitrogen of the soil were ordinated using the ecological scales of H. Ellenberg et al. (1992). Serial communities form an ecological-dynamic sere on a humidity gradient, showing the direction of their dynamics. The same localization of studies carried out both in 1975–1990 and in 2015–2018 identified changes in vascular plant coenoflora of the ass. Caricetum gracilis for this period: from 62 species in 1975–1990 to 143 species in 2015–2018. There are three groups of species, which reflects these changes. Besides species affine to the class Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, numerous meadow herbs of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea appeared: Agrimonia eupatoria, Agrostis tenuis, Bromopsis inermis, Carex praecox, Dactilys glomerata, Dianthus deltoides, Elytrigia repens, Equisetum arvense, Festuca pratensis, Galium mollugo, Geranium pratense, Galium physocarpum, Hieracium umbellatum, Hierochloё odorata, Lathyrus pratensis, Odontites vulgaris, Poa pratensis, Potentilla argentea, Potentilla erecta, Phleum pratense, Vicia cracca. A complex of ruderal explerent and nitrophilous species with numerous alien ones has been formed: Bidens frondosa, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Cirsium arvense, Echinocystis lobata, Epilobium adenocaulon, E. collinum, E. pseudorubescens, E. tetragonum, Erigeron annuus, E. canadensis, Lactuca serriola, Linaria vulgaris, Senecio jacobaea, Sonchus arvensis. Most of these species are anemoсhores, and their presence in the sedge communities is associated with open site formation due to the soil drying between hummocks, as well as the destruction of sedge tussocks under drying and fire. Over the past decade invasive species Bidens frondosa, Erigeron annuus subsp. septentrionalis, E. canadensis,and Lactuca serriola have become an ordinary component of the Desna’s river valley flora. Trees and shrubs (Acer negundo, Betula pendula, Frangula alnus, Quercus robur, Rosa majalis, Salix cinerea, S. pentandra, Swida alba) enter into meadow communities because the lack of haymowing. The following changes in the life form spectrum took place due to the floodplain xerophytization and acute sedge meadow transformation: the proportion of long-rhizome species decreased, while that of rod-root, short-rhizome, and annuals increased; trees and shrubs appeared. Obvious also are changes in the ecobiomorphspectrum: the proportion of mesomorphic species increased, that of hygromophic and mesogygromorphic ones decreased; xero-mesomorphic plants appeared.
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Likhanova, I. A., E. M. Perminova, G. S. Shushpannikova, G. V. Zheleznova, T. N. Pystina, and Yu V. Kholopov. "Dynamics of vegetation after clearcutting bilberry spruce forests (middle taiga subzone of the European North-East of Russia)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 40 (2021): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2021.40.108.
Full textAbstract:
The communities of middle taiga spruce forests (ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) and secondary communities formed after winter clearcuttings are described (Fig. 1) and classified according Braun-Blanquet (1964) approach using 81 relevés. Ellenberg ecological values (Ellenberg et al., 1991) were used to assess lighting (L), soil moisture (F), acidity (R) and nitrogen (N). The ordination was carried out using the NMS method. Both primary forest and secondary communities are classified as the alliance Piceion excelsae Pawłowskiet al. 1928 within the order Piceetalia excelsae Pawłowski et al. 1928 in the class Vaccinio–Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.et al. 1939. We described 2 associations (incl. 1 new), 3 subassociations (2 new), 2 varieties (1 new), 2 subvarieties, and 2 communities. Ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting place, swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E, 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. Diagnostic species (DS): Aulacomnium palustre, Calamagrostis purpurea, Carex globularis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Polytrichum commune, Sphagnum angustifolium. The association includes «young» (succession stage 1(2)-17(18) years after cutting) secondary communities, formed at the swaths and skidding trails. The absence of tree stand results in the increased lighting and soil moisture, which explains an invasion of heliophile and water-resistant species of vascular plants and mosses. After cutting, DS of the primary association and subassociation almost disappear, but those of class and order remain. Species number — 23–54, average — 38. There are 2 subassociations within aasociation. Subass. A. p.–C. p. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2 relevés 1–16, Fig. 3). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco): relevé 16 (field № 26p/20), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, two-year cutting of spruce herb-bilberry-green moss forest at the swath (61.84083° N 54.33778° E , 16.07.2020, author I. A. Likhanova. No own DS. The subassociation includes communities at the swath and skidding trails of 1(2)-year cutting place with poor species richness in comparison with primary forests. Number of species 20–27, average – 24. Subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2, relevés 17–27, Fig. 4). Nomenclature type (holotypus hoc loco), relevé 25 (field № 13-УК), Komi Republic, Ust-Kulom district, 17-year cutting place, swath (61.99389° N, 54.14778° E , 17.09.2019, author I. A. Likhanova. DS: Avenella flexuosa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus arcticus.The subassociation includes communities of swaths and skidding trails at 17(18)-year cutting place enriched by heliophile and water-resistant species. The forming forest environment is the reason of high abundance of forest species and emergence of several diagnostic species of primary association and subassociation. The cutting remains are overgrown by epigeous mosses and lichens. Species number — 24–45, average — 33. Community Carex brunnescens (Table 3, relevés 1–12, Fig. 5). DS: Carex brunnescens (dominant), C. canescens, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella cerviculata (dominant). Syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail at 1(2)-year cutting place. Despite high abundance of diagnostic species of the ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae, we can’t include the relevés into the association due to high diversity of early succession species and low abundance of DS of both the class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and the order Piceetalia excelsae. There are numerous undergrowth of Betula pubescens (18 thousand ind./ha). Herb-dwarf shrub and moss layers are formed by pioneer, heliophile and water-resistant species. Forest dwarf shrubs, herbs and mosses occur on the litter remnants. Species number — 20–34, average — 27. Community Salix caprea. (Table 3, relevés 13–22, Fig. 6). DS: Agrostis gigantea, A. tenuis, Carex rhynchophysa, Deschampsia cespitosa, Epilobium palustre, Juncus filiformis, Populus tremula, Salix caprea (dominant), S. myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia, Sphagnum russowii. The syntaxon includes communities at the main skidding trail of 17(18)-year cutting place. The presence of DS of ass. Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae and subass. A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae as well as the prevalence of water resistant and early succession species and low abundance of DS of class Vaccinio–Piceetea sylvestris and order Piceetalia excelsae are character. Tree stand is formed by young trees of Betula pubescens (mean density is 21 thousand ind./ha). Shrub layer is formed by wiilows. Herb-dwarf shrub layer is dominated by species, preferring water logging, and species of disturbed habitats. Species number — 36–45, average — 40. Subass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens (Table 1, relevés 13–22). DS: Betula pubescens (dominant), Milium effusum, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. The variant includes communities at 48(49)-year cutting place. The tree lyer height and crown density are comparable to those of the indigenous spruce forest, however, the proportion of birch is higher. Vascular plant DS of ass. Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis and subass. dryopteridetosum are registered, but the abundance of moss DS is low. Many forest species become abundant in the herb-dwarf shrub layer. Moss layer is inhibited by leaf litter. Species number — 29–45, average — 36. There are 2 subvarieties: typica (communities at the swath and skidding trails) and Calamagrostis purpurea (main skidding trail). The scheme of vegetation succession after clearcuttings of spruce small herb-bilberry-green moss forests (Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. typica) (Fig. 10) is made on the results of NMS-ordination (Fig. 9) and the data on the restoration period and preferences of syntaxa to the certain technological elements of the cutting place. The following succession series are described: at the swaths and skidding trails — Aulacomnio palustris–Calamagrostietum purpureae typicum → A. p.–C. p. avenelletosum flexuosae → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. typica → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica; at the skidding trails – community Carex brunnescens →community Salix caprea → Linnaeo borealis–Piceetum abietis dryopteridetosum var. Betula pubescens subvar. Calamagrostis purpurea → L. b.–P. a. dryopteridetosum var. typica. In communities of different ages at swaths and skidding trails, the species richness of vascular plants (16–18 species/100 m2) and mosses (8–10 species/100 m2) is lower compare to the primary spruce forest (19 and 14 species/100 m2 respectively). The species richness of vascular plants at 17-year and 48-year communities of the main skidding trails (27 species/100 m2) is higher than in the primary forest due to the invasion of pioneer, meadow and mire species; that of mosses is lower (8–12 species/100 m2). Thus, the cutting has a negative impact on species diversity, which is expressed in forest species loss. The floristic composition of the disturbed forest community is not restored even fifty years after anthropogenic impact.
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Abramova, L. M., and Ya M. Golovanov. "Classification of communities with alien species in the South Urals. IV. Communities with species of Solidago genus, Lupinus polyphyllus and Phalacroloma annuum." Vegetation of Russia, no. 36 (December 12, 2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.36.3.
Full textAbstract:
This article continues the series of publications devoted to the classification of communities with invasive plant species in the Southern Urals (Abramova, 2011, 2015; Abramova, Golovanov, 2016b). The information on communities with four aggressive neophytes of North American origin Solidago canadensis L., S. gigantea Ait., Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort. s. l. (Table 1) is given. All species are included in the «black list» of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Abramova, Golovanov, 2016a), and the «Black book of the flora of Central Russia» (Vinogradova et al., 2010). The studies was conducted in the period 2016–2018 on the republic territory. The wide distribution of species and their naturalization in the meadow and semi-natural communities of the Southern Urals are noted (Abramova, 2011, 2014; Abramova et al., 2016; Abramova, Golovanov, 2018). In the centers of invasion of the studied species, 83 geobotanical relevés of communities were performed on sample areas of 10–100 mІ. Location, date, area of the described area, total cover, mean and maximum height of grass layer were indicated for each sample plot. The classification of communities involving these invasive species was carried according to Braun-Blanquet method with Kopecký–Hejný approach (Kopecký, Hejný, 1974). The identified syntaxa were compared with the units previously described in the studied area and other regions. Ecological regimes of communities are determined using the weighted average of the Landolt’s optimum ecological scales by IBIS 6.2 software (Zverev, 2007). The weighted average values are calculated according to the following scales: moisture (F), acidity (R), soil richness with mineral nutrients (N), humus content (H), light (L) and continentality (K). The Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA-ordination) method was applied using the CANOCO 4.5 software package to identify the patterns of ecological differentiation of invasive communities. Herbaceous perennials plants Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea left the decorative culture and now are naturalized in meadows along roadsides, forest edges, wastelands, fallow lands, around gardens near large cities. The most common species is S. canadensis, common in the vicinity of human settlements. S. gigantea is first recorded only in 2017 in the North-West of the republic, where it formed monodominant communities on the territory of abandoned garden plots. The ass. Rudbeckio laciniatae–Solidaginetum canadensis Tüxen et Raabe ex Anioł-Kwiatkowska 1974 (Tables 2, 3) with 2 variants: Solidago canadensis (Fig. 1) and Solidago gigantea and the derivate community Solidago canadensis–Poa angustifolia [Molinio-Arrhenatheretea/Artemisietea vulgaris] (Table 4, Fig. 2) is described. Association variants reflect the dominance of Solidago canadensis or S. gigantea, the derivative community is characterized by the presence of two large groups of species: meadow species of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 and sinanthropic two- and long-term species of the class Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951. Lupinus polyphyllus is an ornamental herbaceous plant, also dissapeared fr om culture and naturalized in meadow communities. Within the studied area it is sporadically recorded in the Cis-Urals, but invasive populations of sufficiently large in size form only in the north-western districts of the republic on the territories of abandoned horticultural plots, along the roads on the meadows, occasionally on abandoned fields. A derivative community Lupinus polyphyllus[Arrhenatheretalia elatioris] (Tables 6, 7) with 2 variants: typica (Fig. 3) and Convolvulus arvensis, which represent meadow or ruderalized communities, has been identified. The annual Phalacroloma annuum is confined to the areas of the northern Cis-Urals, wh ere it is widely naturalized in meadows, but has no a transforming effect on the meadow coenoflora. Thay is why var. Phalacroloma annuum as part of the association of low-grass meadows of the hay and pasture use within ass. Agrostio tenuis–Festucetum pratensis Yamalov 2015 (Table 9) as well as derivate community Phalacroloma annuum–Cirsium setosum [Arrhenatheretalia elatioris/Artemisietea vulgaris] (Table 10) for semi-natural communities in abandoned garden plots and fields with a large proportion of synanthropic species in floristic composition are suggested. All four invasive species are intruded and naturalized in meadows of varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as in semi-natural phytocenoses of the final stages of succession. The ordination analysis (DCA-ordination) confirmed the suggested floristic classification (Fig. 4). The first axis is associated with two differently directed factors — soil acidity (correlation coefficient — 0.10) and humus content (correlation coefficient — –0.29). The distribution of communities along the second axis is associated with the substrate moistening (correlation coefficient is 0.10) and the community light conditions (correlation coefficient is –0.57), these vectors also have different directions. All communities with these species are well differentiated in the space of the two main ordination axes, which indirectly confirms the correctness of the syntaxonomic decision, and also indicates the wide ecological amplitude of the species and their use of different ecological niches in similar types of meadow and semi-natural communities of the Southern Urals. The leading factors in the community distribution are both those characterizing the soil properties (moisture, acidity, humus content) and habitat ones (light conditions). The high invasive potential of these neophytes makes possible to predict their further distribution over the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
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Leshchenko, O., O. Kolesnichenko, I. Shvets, and N. Novachenko. "Germination Of Seeds Festuca Rubra L. And Agrostis Tenuis Sibth." Naukovì dopovìdì Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu bìoresursiv ì prirodokoristuvannâ Ukraïni, no. 3(67) (April 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/dopovidi2017.03.023.
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Rolston, M. P., D. A. Clark, and B. P. Devantier. "CHEMICAL MANIPULATION OF HILL COUNTRY PASTURES TO PRODUCE LEGUME DOMINANCE." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 1985, 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1985.46.1712.
Full textAbstract:
Hill country pasture was sprayed with low fates of the herbicides paraquat, sethoxydim or Dowco 453 in late November. Legume content of the pasture 6 weeks after application increased from 29 to 61%, and from 12 to 31% in January 1983 and 1984 respectively. The chemicals reduced dry matter yields by 16 and 45%, 6 weeks after treatment, but yields were not reduced in subsequent harvests. The chemicals reduced dead matter content, strongly suppressed grass seed head production, increased clover seed head density and increased in vitro digestibility. Sethoxydim at high rates 150 g/ha reduced perennial ryegrass (Lo/km perenne) content, but Dowco 453 increased perennial ryegrass and decreased browntop (Agrosfis tenuis) content. The effect of clover content and dead matter on sheep diet selection is shown and the implications of these results for management of hill country pastures in moist si;m.mers are discussed. Keywords: herbicide, paraquat, sethoxydim, Dowco 453, white clover, Trifolium repens, hill country, in vitro digestibility, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne ryegrass, Lolium perenne browntop, Agrostis tenuis.
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Guy, B. R., W. J. Archie, and J. S. Rowarth. "Browntop seed production: Past, present and future." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 1990, 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1990.52.1960.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of 'Grassland Egmont' browntop (Agrostis capillaris syn. A. tenuis) seed yields (1987-1989 incl.) showed a range in production from 0 to over 400 kg/ha, with a relatively low average yield (107-147 kg/ha). In order to elucidate the problems associated with growing Egmont for seed, crops on 23 farms were monitored during the 1989/90 growing season. Trends on yield data were then analysed according to precipitation (rainfall or irrigation) and soil type. Precipitation was found to be the major factor in limiting seed yields. With this information, refinements were developed to present management systems including fertiliser application, weed control, irrigation and harvest and post-harvest management. Keywords: browntop, seed production, irrigation, 'Grasslands Egmont'
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Williams, A. T. "Coastal Observations: Rapid development and colonization of a UK sand dune system." Shore & Beach, March 15, 2021, 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34237/1008913.
Full textAbstract:
Between the years 1200 and 1600, vast quantities of sand were brought inshore from offshore bars as a result of centuries of ferocious storms, to form a series of dune systems along the South Wales coastline. Today, as a result of many housing, leisure, and industrial developments only a few remnants exist. On one such remnant at Porthcawl, Wales, UK, became a caravan site in the 1930s, which was abandoned in 1993 for political reasons. Within 27 years a minimum of 120,000 m3 of sand was transported from the adjacent beach and formed dunes >4 m in height along a 400- m frontal edge that extended some 130 m inland, approximately a third of the site. Typical vegetation found along the frontal part of the system are Ammophila arenaria (marram), Agropyron junceiforme (sand couch grass) and Euphorbia maritimum (spurge). To the rear of the system, vegetation included Agrostis tenuis and stolonifera, (bent and creeping bent grass), Cirsium avense (creeping thistle), and Caluna vulgaris (heather). A 4-m-high and c. 3000m2 area of a vigorous stand of Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) has also formed. The rapidity of dune formation and vegetation colonization is staggering.
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Williams, M. A. J. "Sclerotinia borealis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 109 (August 1, 1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401082.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia borealis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium perenne and various cereals, forage grasses and lawn grasses (including Triticum cultivars, Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Poa pratensis, Secale cereale). DISEASE: Snow scald, snow mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan, USSR; Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (AK, MN, WA) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 446). TRANSMISSION: Penetration of the fungus has been shown to occur (in vitro) through stomata and intercellularly. In the field disease entry can be facilitated by injury which is increased by slight freezing of the soil, a thick snow cover and slow melting of the snow in the spring. Sclerotia develop within the culms, digesting and to some extent incorporating the host tissue. Sclerotia may also be present on the leaves. Germination of sclerotia occurs to produce apothecia, with the subsequent production of ascospores which may then become the infective agents. The development of apothecia and the dissemination of ascospores are favoured by long, rainy autumns.
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Reay, K. E. "Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 90 (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400897.
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Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.