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Nagasai, Vidala, Poongodi S, and Prof Dr S. Karthikeyan. "Green Computing: Crafting A Low-Energy Amba APB Bridge Solution." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 008 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem37195.
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Abstract—The Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB), a key component of the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) family, stands as a high-performance, low-power, and high- bandwidth communication interface within system components. Bridging to low-bandwidth peripherals, the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) offers a simple, non-pipelined protocol for read- and-write communication, linking a bridge/master to numerous slaves via a shared bus. The AHB to APB bridge serves a critical role in integrating diverse bus protocols, facilitating efficient communication between high-performance processing units and slower peripherals, thereby enhancing the System-on-Chip (SoC)'s overall effectiveness and functionality. This approach addresses the functional verification of the AMBA AHB to APB Bridge protocol with a focus on completeness. We employ a layered testbench architecture in System Verilog to ensure thorough verification of functionality with maximal coverage. Our verification environment is constructed using System Verilog, and simulations are conducted on the EDA playground platform. Through this comprehensive approach, we aim to provide robust validation of the AHB to APB bridge protocol, ensuring its reliability and compatibility within complex SoC designs. Keywords— Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB), System-On-Chip (SOC), Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture.
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Vinh, Truong Quang, and Hoang Hung. "UVM-Based Verification of AMBA AHB-To-APB Bridge Using Modularized Interfaces and Reactive Slaves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3020, no. 1 (2025): 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3020/1/012009.
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Abstract This paper presents a high-level verification environment for the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) to Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) bridge design using the UVM framework. In the verification model, we apply two advanced techniques including modularized interface and reactive slave to create an accurate, automated, and completely reusable testing environment. A detailed test plan with the full functions of the AHB and APB was built to verify the AHB-to-APB bridge design. The verification component (VC) of the AHB and APB has been developed and extended for the testbench. Therefore, the testbench can be reused while still ensuring each VC is separate and connected to the interfaces using the interface modularization method. The scoreboard is also meticulously developed to check designs automatically. The experimental result shows that the functional and toggle coverage scores are achieved up to 100% and 92%, respectively.
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Preeti, S. Bellerimath, Shirakol Shrikanth, Vadiraj Gunari Laxmi, Rachana N, P. Mahat Sahil, and Arali Chirag. "Design and Implementation of AHB to APB Bridge using Verilog." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 199–203. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15478857.
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Efficient on-chip communication is vital in modern embedded and System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures. This project presents the design and implementation of an AHB (Advanced High-performance Bus) to APB (Advanced Peripheral Bus) bridge using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL). The bridge serves as an interface between high-speed AHB masters and low-speed APB peripherals, with a Finite State Machine (FSM) governing the control flow—including address decoding, data transfer, and handshake signal management. The Verilog-based design emphasizes modularity, timing accuracy, and hardware compatibility, making it well-suited for both FPGA prototyping and ASIC integration. Functional simulation and synthesis validate the bridge’s correctness, performance, and efficient resource utilization. The FSM-based control ensures predictable and reliable communication across the AHB and APB domains, fulfilling the structured connectivity demands of AMBA-based SoC designs [1].
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K, Mounika. "Design of Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) to Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) Bridge." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem31144.
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The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) has long served as the on-chip bus standard for System-on-Chip (SoC) designs, despite its inherent low performance. Within the AMBA framework, the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) is utilized to connect analog and digital signal processors, alongside high-performance memory controllers. Conversely, the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) facilitates connections to peripherals such as UARTs. Both buses are interconnected via a bridge, known as the AHB2APB Bridge, presenting a challenging proposition for the evaluation of AMBA-based systems. AMBA bus protocol, enables communication between different functional blocks or Intellectual Properties (IP), our endeavor focuses on building high-performance SoC designs. By exploiting the reusability of IP across different buses and supporting multiprocessor unit development, we strive to bridge the communication gap between high-performance AHB and low-speed APB. The simulation of the AHB2APB Bridge module, designed in Verilog HDL is conducted on the Xilinx Vivado platform. Our primary objective is to achieve high-speed pipelined data transfers while ensuring no data loss during transmission Key Words: System on chip, AHB2APB, Verilog HDL, Xilinx Vivado
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Gundu Ramachandra kumar. "Performance Analysis of Dynamic Protocol Adaptation in SoC Architectures using DRAM model." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 18s (2025): 175–88. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i18s.2900.
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Introduction: The proposed work presents a dynamic protocol adaptation framework within a System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture to improve energy efficiency and performance. Objectives: It integrates components like processors and communication protocols (AXI, AHB, APB) essential for data transfer. The design features a Cortex-M33 processor and a Real-Time Monitoring System that evaluates workload and performance metrics for optimal communication protocol selection. Methods : The Protocol Adaptation Mechanism dynamically adjusts protocol settings, while the Protocol Configuration Manager facilitates transitions among various protocols. To ensure efficient data transfer, AXI-to-APB, and AHB-to-APB bridges are included. The DRAM module enhances memory performance with 1300-location depth. Results: Results show significant improvements: for the 32-bit processor, slice register usage drops from 3201 to 3941, delay improves from 6 ns to 4.53 ns, and power consumption decreases from 17.34 mW to 11.96 mW. For the 64-bit processor, slice register usage declines from 4613 to 3991, delay improves from 13.45 ns to 8.35 ns, with power reduced from 15.34 mW to 11.42 mW. The area is also minimized, while throughput increases significantly. Conclusions: Validated through obtained results in Vivado Design Suite 2018.1 on the Zynq 7000 board with comprehensive testing, this framework demonstrates enhanced adaptability and efficiency for various applications.
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Gundu Ramachandra Kumar. "Optimized Dynamic Protocol Adaptation in SoC Architectures for Data Transfer using Coretex-M33 processor." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 13s (2025): 209–22. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i13s.2024.
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Introduction: The proposed work presents a dynamic protocol adaptation framework within a System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture to improve energy efficiency and performance Objectives: It integrates components like processors and communication protocols (AXI, AHB, APB) essential for data transfer. The design features a Cortex-M33 processor and a Real-Time Monitoring System that evaluates workload and performance metrics for optimal communication protocol selection. Methods: The Protocol Adaptation Mechanism dynamically adjusts protocol settings, while the Protocol Configuration Manager facilitates transitions among various protocols. To ensure efficient data transfer, AXI-to-APB, and AHB-to-APB bridges are included. The SRAM module enhances memory performance with 1500-location depth. Results: Results show significant improvements: for the 32-bit processor, slice register usage drops from 4201 to 3491, delay improves from 7 ns to 4.35 ns, and power consumption decreases from 18.34 mW to 10.96 mW. For the 64-bit processor, slice register usage declines from 4913 to 3891, delay improves from 11.45 ns to 7.35 ns, with power reduced from 17.34 mW to 10.42 mW. The area is also minimized, while throughput increases significantly. Conclusions: Validated through obtained results in Vivado Design Suite 2018.1 on the Zynq 7000 board with comprehensive testing, this framework demonstrates enhanced adaptability and efficiency for various applications.
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Yau, Yeu-Torng. "Resonant Asymmetrical Half-Bridge Flyback Converter." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (2022): 6685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136685.
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The active clamp flyback (ACF) converter is gradually becoming popular in the application field of low or medium output power range due to its advantage of soft switching and high conversion efficiency. An asymmetric half-bridge (AHB) flyback converter has been proposed in previous studies. The main advantages of the AHB flyback are the same number of components as the ACF converter and the soft switching technique. In this paper, an AHB flyback converter with constant off-time (COT) plus pulse frequency modulation (PFM) is proposed, so that the resonant time is not affected by the input voltage and load, and can achieve a wide range of zero voltage switching (ZVS) operating range. Compared to pulse width modulation (PWM), the PFM control with COT can make the system more stable. Finally, a prototype circuit with a specification input of 48 V to an output of 2.5 V/8 A is made for verification.
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Nagesh, Sakshi, D. K. Mishra, Rajesh Khatri, and Amit Naik. "An IP Core of AMBA Bus Interface in HDL." ITM Web of Conferences 50 (2022): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20225002004.
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The AMBA on-chip bus architecture is a well-known open specification that explains how to connect and manage the functional units that make up a System-On-Chip (SoC). The design and implementation of an AHB Master, RAM, ROM, FIFO and Memory Controller implementation is proposed in this paper. It is primarily divided into two categories: operation initiator (AHB MASTER) and AHB SLAVE. Furthermore, AHB master generate the operation in burst mode, single transfer according to interface requirement and Address generator, generates the address in increment or wrap mode, as well as completing data transfers with an asymmetric asynchronous FIFO with variable data widths for read and write. A bridge between an AHB Master and an AHB slave will be demonstrated using a memory controller, and their outcome in terms of area and speed will be address ed. A finite state machine will be used to design the control framework. Xilinx Virtex 2 XC2VP40 will be used to implement the AHB Master and Slave IP.
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Budati, Anil Kumar, Shayla Islam, Mohammad Rafee Shaik, Chengamma Chitteti, and T. Lakshmi Narayana. "Security Enabled New Term Weight Measure Technique with Data Driven for Next Generation Mobile Computing Networks." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 25, no. 2 (2024): 1191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v25i2.2624.
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In the field of ASIC and FPGA, Machine Learning (ML) techniques play a major role and become predominant for accurate results for different applications like big data analysis and automotive electronics, and driverless vehicles which are required speed and power savings. Due to increasing the demand for higher accuracy, low power, low area consumption, and higher throughput for the complexity of the designs in the latest technology, the proposed system is fulfilling these demands in ASIC and FPGA domains, reconfigurable hardware architecture has been proposed it consists of an ML-based Support Vector Machine (SVM), high-speed AHB protocol and Floating point (FP) operations and also the system has the flexibility to communicate with I2C and I2S protocols. In order to increase throughput with minimal latency, the proposed architecture with AHB protocol and AHB to APB bridge is incorporated between the fabric dynamically reconfigurable multi-processor (FDPM) and peripherals along with security algorithms using SHA-256bits and AES. In order to perform ML-based applications, the proposed system is incorporated double-precision floating point (DPFP) arithmetic operations. The overall proposed architecture is developed in Verilog HDL and quality checking using the LINT tool and Clock Domain Crossing (CDC) using Spyglass tool and synthesized using DC compiler for ASIC and Vivado Design Suite 2018.1 for FPGA implementation and verification. The entire design is interfaced with the Zynq processor and SDK tool to verify data transfer between hardware and software. The obtained results show the generated custom accelerator is able to compute any complex ML classifiers for a larger amount of data. The obtained results are compared with existing state-of-art results and found that 18 % improvement in throughput, a 21 % improvement in power consumption savings, and a 34 % reduction in latency.
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Harish, T. L., and M. C. Chandrashekhar. "Review on Design and Verification of an Advanced Extensible Interface - 4 Slave Devices." ACS Journal for Science and Engineering 3, no. 2 (2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/acsjse.v3i2.80.
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An essential part of a system on a chip (SoC) is not just the components or blocks that it contains, but also how these components and blocks are connected to one another. Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is a system that enables the individual blocks to interact with one another. These protocols have established the de facto standard for 32-bit embedded processors because they are widely documented and may be used without the payment of royalties. High-performance and high-frequency system designs may be designed with the aid of the AMBA AXI 4 protocol. It's ideal for systems that need both large bandwidth and low latency since it enables high-frequency operation without the use of complicated bridges. In addition to being compatible with older versions of the AHB and APB interfaces, it also allows for a wide range of possible configurations for the network's interconnects. Without the need for a bridge, many peripherals may be connected into AMBA-based CPUs via the use of this slave interface. By constructing a wrapper over the AXI4 slave interface, the newly created slave interface may also be used to link non-AMBA-based CPUs to a variety of peripherals. These peripherals include SPI, I2C, and UART, amongst others
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Oloo, Jackson, and Laszlo Szamel. "Fault-Tolerant Performance Analysis of a Modified Neutral-Point-Clamped Asymmetric Half-Bridge Converter for an In-Wheel Switched Reluctance Motor." Eng 5, no. 4 (2024): 2575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng5040135.
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Reliability is an essential factor for the operation of the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drive. Electric vehicles operate in harsh environments, which may degrade the operation of power converters. These failure modes include transistor open- and short-circuits, freewheeling diode open- and short-circuits, and DC-link capacitor failures. This work presents a performance analysis of an in-wheel SRM for an electric vehicle under short-circuit (SC) and open-circuit (OC) faults of a modified Neutral-Point-Clamped Asymmetric Half-Bridge (NPC-AHB) Converter. The SRM is modeled as an in-wheel electric vehicle. A separate vehicle model attached to the motor is also developed for validation and performance of the NPC-AHB under different faulty scenarios. The performance of the modified NPC-AHB is also compared with that of a conventional AHB under faulty conditions for an in-wheel 8/6 SRM. The performance indicators such as torque, speed, current, and flux are presented from MATLAB/Simulink 2023b numerical simulations.
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Jayaramudu, Busireddypally. "Implementing Communication Bridge between I2C and AHB." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 5 (2018): 2254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.5367.
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S., Devakrupa* Drakshayani Desai. "DESIGN OF I2C-APB PROTOCOL." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 11 (2016): 330–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167006.
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I2C is a two wire, bidirectional serial bus that provides effective data communication between two devices. Problem starts when one module follows different protocol as others and each module has its different bit rate or baud rate of data transfer which can be either asynchronous or synchronous. I2C bus supports many devices and each device is recognized by its unique address. The proposed architecture is a bridge between I2C Master and APB Salve. The data travels from a serial bus (I2C) to parallel bus (APB) to serial (I2C) in sync with the respective domain clock. This forms a bidirectional interface between I2C supported module and APB supported module.
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Martua, Ronaldo, Alam Raihan Emir, Michael Suhendra, Denri Yesayevtta, Arwindra Rizqiawan, and Jihad Furqani. "Control strategy comparison of the 8/6 switched reluctance motor in several inverter topologies." Control strategy comparison of the 8/6 switched reluctance motor in several inverter topologies 16, no. 1 (2025): 117–28. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp117-128.
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This paper proposes a control strategy for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) using the asymmetric half-bridge (AHB), shared switch, and Miller converter based on MATLAB/Simulink and TMS320F28379D. The control strategy implemented in this study involves the application of proportional-integral (PI) speed control with a pulse width modulation (PWM) switching method for each topology. By employing this control strategy, the system aims to regulate the speed of the motor and achieve the desired performance while ensuring efficient power utilization. The PI controller is utilized to adjust the motor's speed based on the error between the desired and actual speeds, enabling precise control. Additionally, the PWM switching method is employed to modulate the motor voltage, allowing for smooth and continuous speed adjustments. A thorough method for maximizing each topology's performance and raising the overall system efficiency is provided by this combination of control techniques. The detailed analysis and operation of each converter are presented in this paper. Simulation and experiment results show that AHB and shared switch have better performance than Miller. But the Miller converter needs the least number of switching components. Although the performance of the shared switch is equal to that of AHB, uses of this topology are limited to SRM with an even number of phases.
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Patel, Jaymin, Yash Shah, and Lili He. "Bridge Design between AXI Lite and AHB Bus Protocol." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1993, no. 1 (2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1993/1/012008.
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Martua, Ronaldo, Alam Raihan Emir, Michael Suhendra, Denri Yesayevtta, Arwindra Rizqiawan, and Jihad Furqani. "Control strategy comparison of the 8/6 switched reluctance motor in several inverter topologies." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 16, no. 1 (2025): 117. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp117-128.
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This paper proposes a control strategy for switched reluctance motors (SRMs) using the asymmetric half-bridge (AHB), shared switch, and Miller converter based on MATLAB/Simulink and TMS320F28379D. The control strategy implemented in this study involves the application of proportional-integral (PI) speed control with a pulse width modulation (PWM) switching method for each topology. By employing this control strategy, the system aims to regulate the speed of the motor and achieve the desired performance while ensuring efficient power utilization. The PI controller is utilized to adjust the motor's speed based on the error between the desired and actual speeds, enabling precise control. Additionally, the PWM switching method is employed to modulate the motor voltage, allowing for smooth and continuous speed adjustments. A thorough method for maximizing each topology's performance and raising the overall system efficiency is provided by this combination of control techniques. The detailed analysis and operation of each converter are presented in this paper. Simulation and experiment results show that AHB and shared switch have better performance than Miller. But the Miller converter needs the least number of switching components. Although the performance of the shared switch is equal to that of AHB, uses of this topology are limited to SRM with an even number of phases.
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Rathee, Munish, Boris Bačić, and Maryam Doborjeh. "Hybrid Machine Learning for Automated Road Safety Inspection of Auckland Harbour Bridge." Electronics 13, no. 15 (2024): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13153030.
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The Auckland Harbour Bridge (AHB) utilises a movable concrete barrier (MCB) to regulate the uneven bidirectional flow of daily traffic. In addition to the risk of human error during regular visual inspections, staff members inspecting the MCB work in diverse weather and light conditions, exerting themselves in ergonomically unhealthy inspection postures with the added weight of protection gear to mitigate risks, e.g., flying debris. To augment visual inspections of an MCB using computer vision technology, this study introduces a hybrid deep learning solution that combines kernel manipulation with custom transfer learning strategies. The video data recordings were captured in diverse light and weather conditions (under the safety supervision of industry experts) involving a high-speed (120 fps) camera system attached to an MCB transfer vehicle. Before identifying a safety hazard, e.g., the unsafe position of a pin connecting two 750 kg concrete segments of the MCB, a multi-stage preprocessing of the spatiotemporal region of interest (ROI) involves a rolling window before identifying the video frames containing diagnostic information. This study utilises the ResNet-50 architecture, enhanced with 3D convolutions, within the STENet framework to capture and analyse spatiotemporal data, facilitating real-time surveillance of the Auckland Harbour Bridge (AHB). Considering the sparse nature of safety anomalies, the initial peer-reviewed binary classification results (82.6%) for safe and unsafe (intervention-required) scenarios were improved to 93.6% by incorporating synthetic data, expert feedback, and retraining the model. This adaptation allowed for the optimised detection of false positives and false negatives. In the future, we aim to extend anomaly detection methods to various infrastructure inspections, enhancing urban resilience, transport efficiency and safety.
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Lan, Yuanfeng, Julien Croonen, Mohamed Amine Frikha, Mohamed El Baghdadi, and Omar Hegazy. "A Comprehensive Performance Comparison between Segmental and Conventional Switched Reluctance Machines with Boost and Standard Converters." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010043.
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This paper presents the comparisons between two types of switched reluctance machines (SRMs) and SRM converters. An SRM with a segmental rotor is compared with a conventional SRM (CSRM), and an SRM converter containing a passive boost circuit is compared with a conventional asymmetric half-bridge (AHB) converter. The segmental SRM has an asymmetric rotor with a segmented structure. The four rotor segments are made of steel laminations. Two segments are misaligned with the other two by 15 degrees. The torque ripple of the SRM with this structure is decreased, and the static torque is increased compared to a conventional SRM. The boost converter comprises a front-end circuit and a conventional AHB converter. The front-end circuit boosts the voltage level. The boosted voltage accelerates the rising and falling progress of the phase current. In this way, the SRM can obtain a greater speed and a smaller torque ripple. The comparison is conducted in simulation and validated through the experimental results. The experiment results have demonstrated that the segmental SRM obtains a maximum 7% torque ripple reduction at a low-speed range, compared to the CSRM. With the boost converter, both the CSRM and the segmental SRM can achieve a lower torque ripple and a higher maximum speed.
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Ismail, Khaled A., and Mohamed A. Abd El Ghany. "Survey on Machine Learning Algorithms Enhancing the Functional Verification Process." Electronics 10, no. 21 (2021): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212688.
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The continuing increase in functional requirements of modern hardware designs means the traditional functional verification process becomes inefficient in meeting the time-to-market goal with sufficient level of confidence in the design. Therefore, the need for enhancing the process is evident. Machine learning (ML) models proved to be valuable for automating major parts of the process, which have typically occupied the bandwidth of engineers; diverting them from adding new coverage metrics to make the designs more robust. Current research of deploying different (ML) models prove to be promising in areas such as stimulus constraining, test generation, coverage collection and bug detection and localization. An example of deploying artificial neural network (ANN) in test generation shows 24.5× speed up in functionally verifying a dual-core RISC processor specification. Another study demonstrates how k-means clustering can reduce redundancy of simulation trace dump of an AHB-to-WHISHBONE bridge by 21%, thus reducing the debugging effort by not having to inspect unnecessary waveforms. The surveyed work demonstrates a comprehensive overview of current (ML) models enhancing the functional verification process from which an insight of promising future research areas is inferred.
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Tanveer, Patel, Hussain Mohammed Taufeeq, Ahmed Wahaj, and Tahura Muskan. "Embedded System Hardware AMBA AHB Bus Protocol." Journal of Optoelectronics and Communication 7, no. 2 (2025): 8–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15349396.
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<em>The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) protocol is a prevalent standard utilized for connecting components in embedded system hardware. Created by ARM Holdings, AMBA specifies various bus protocols, including the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) and the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB), to facilitate effective communication among processors, memory, and peripherals within a System-on-Chip (SoC). These protocols are instrumental in achieving rapid data transfer and energy-efficient operation, rendering AMBA crucial for the performance and scalability of embedded systems across diverse applications such as consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial control.</em>
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Bachanna, Prashant, Palla Hari Sankar, Mukesh Kumar Tripathi, Shivendra, Kadali Ravi Kumar, and Nilesh Bhosle. "Optimization of re-configurable multi-core processors andsecurity based on field programmable gate arrays." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 33, no. 1 (2024): 568–80. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v33.i1.pp568-580.
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In system-on-a-chip based complex processors has the problem of multithreading and miss-functionality due to their complexity and high-speed operations. In order to minimize these problems, the proposed design has machine learning based algorithms and cryptography systems for security has been incorporated. In the proposed work, the security level has been taken care of in three different stages such as data integrity, data authentication, and private and public keys encryption and decryption. In order to increase throughput with minimal latency, the proposed architecture with advanced high-performance protocol and advanced high-performance and advanced peripheral bus bridge is incorporated between the fabric dynamically re configurable multi-processor and peripherals along with security algorithms using secure hash algorithm (SHA-256) bits and advanced encryption standard (AES). In order to perform machine learning based applications, the proposed system is incorporated double-precision floating point arithmetic operations. The overall proposed architecture is developed in verilog hybrid deep learning (HDL) and quality checking using the LINT tool. The entire design is interfaced with the Zynq processor and software development kit (SDK) tool to verify data transfer between hardware and software. The obtained results are compared with existing state-of-art results and found that 18% improvement in throughput, a 21% improvement in power consumption savings, and a 34% reduction in latency.
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Maheshwari, P. Uma. "Design and Implementation of 32-bit Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture-Advanced Peripheral Bus (AMBA-APB) Protocol using Cadence." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 4 (2025): 5091–100. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.69346.
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The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA), developed by ARM, is a widely adopted open standard that facilitates high-performance, low-power communication between functional blocks in System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. It enables modularity, scalability, and reusability in SoC development through a family of protocols including AHB (Advanced Highperformance Bus), AXI (Advanced extensible Interface), and APB (Advanced Peripheral Bus). Among these, APB is specifically designed for connecting simple, low-bandwidth peripherals such as UARTs, timers, and GPIOs due to its low complexity and reduced power consumption. This work presents the Design and Implementation of 32-bit AMBA APB Protocol using Cadence, showcasing a complete digital VLSI design flow. The project encompasses RTL coding in Verilog HDL, functional verification using testbenches, and synthesis using Cadence Genus to evaluate area, power, and delay reports. Following synthesis, the design undergoes placement and routing in Innovus, resulting in a GDSII layout generation. Post-synthesis and post-layout analyses are carried out to ensure that the design meets performance and physical constraints. The final GDS file confirms successful implementation from RTL to layout, making the protocol ready for silicon realization. This project demonstrates the integration of bus protocol design within a professional EDA environment, reflecting industry practices in hardware development and physical design
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Zhu, Xiaohua, Xinyu Chen, Lingling Ma, and Wei Liu. "UAV and Satellite Synergies for Mapping Grassland Aboveground Biomass in Hulunbuir Meadow Steppe." Plants 13, no. 7 (2024): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13071006.
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Aboveground biomass (AGB) is an important indicator of the grassland ecosystem. It can be used to evaluate the grassland productivity and carbon stock. Satellite remote sensing technology is useful for monitoring the dynamic changes in AGB across a wide range of grasslands. However, due to the scale mismatch between satellite observations and ground surveys, significant uncertainties and biases exist in mapping grassland AGB from satellite data. This is also a common problem in low- and medium-resolution satellite remote sensing modeling that has not been effectively solved. The rapid development of uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) technology offers a way to solve this problem. In this study, we developed a method with UAV and satellite synergies for estimating grassland AGB that filled the gap between satellite observation and ground surveys and successfully mapped the grassland AGB in the Hulunbuir meadow steppe in the northeast of Inner Mongolia, China. First, based on the UAV hyperspectral data and ground survey data, the UAV-based AGB was estimated using a combination of typical vegetation indices (VIs) and the leaf area index (LAI), a structural parameter. Then, the UAV-based AGB was aggregated as a satellite-scale sample set and used to model satellite-based AGB estimation. At the same time, spatial information was incorporated into the LAI inversion process to minimize the scale bias between UAV and satellite data. Finally, the grassland AGB of the entire experimental area was mapped and analyzed. The results show the following: (1) random forest (RF) had the best performance compared with simple regression (SR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) for UAV-based AGB estimation, with an R2 of 0.80 and an RMSE of 76.03 g/m2. (2) Grassland AGB estimation through introducing LAI achieved higher accuracy. For UAV-based AGB estimation, the R2 was improved by an average of 10% and the RMSE was reduced by an average of 9%. For satellite-based AGB estimation, the R2 was increased from 0.70 to 0.75 and the RMSE was decreased from 78.24 g/m2 to 72.36 g/m2. (3) Based on sample aggregated UAV-based AGB and an LAI map, the accuracy of satellite-based AGB estimation was significantly improved. The R2 was increased from 0.57 to 0.75, and the RMSE was decreased from 99.38 g/m2 to 72.36 g/m2. This suggests that UAVs can bridge the gap between satellite observations and field measurements by providing a sufficient training dataset for model development and AGB estimation from satellite data.
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Aprilliansyah, Deco, Imam Riadi, and Sunardi. "Analysis of Remote Access Trojan Attack using Android Debug Bridge." IJID (International Journal on Informatics for Development) 10, no. 2 (2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijid.2021.2839.
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The security hole in the android operating system sometimes not realized by users such as malware and exploitation by third parties to remote access. This study conducted to identify the vulnerabilities of android operating system by using Ghost Framework. The vulnerability of the android smartphone are found by using the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) with the exploitation method as well as to analyze the test results and identify remote access Trojan attacks. The exploitation method with several steps from preparing the tools and connecting to the testing commands to the testing device have been conducted. The result shows that android version 9 can be remote access by entering the exploit via ADB. Some information has been obtained by third parties, enter and change the contents of the system directory can be remote access like an authorized to do any activities on the device such as opening lock screen, entering the directory system, changing the system, etc.
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Cushman, K. C., Sassan Saatchi, Ronald E. McRoberts, et al. "Small Field Plots Can Cause Substantial Uncertainty in Gridded Aboveground Biomass Products from Airborne Lidar Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (2023): 3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143509.
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Emerging satellite radar and lidar platforms are being developed to produce gridded aboveground biomass (AGB) predictions that are poised to expand our understanding of global carbon stocks and changes. However, the spatial resolution of AGB map products from these platforms is often larger than the available field plot data underpinning model calibration and validation efforts. Intermediate-resolution/extent remotely sensed data, like airborne lidar, can serve as a bridge between small plots and map resolution, but methods are needed to estimate and propagate uncertainties with multiple layers of data. Here, we introduce a workflow to estimate the pixel-level mean and variance in AGB maps by propagating uncertainty from a lidar-based model using small plots, taking into account prediction uncertainty, residual uncertainty, and residual spatial autocorrelation. We apply this workflow to estimate AGB uncertainty at a 100 m map resolution (1 ha pixels) using 0.04 ha field plots from 11 sites across four ecoregions. We compare uncertainty estimates using site-specific models, ecoregion-specific models, and a general model using all sites. The estimated AGB uncertainty for 1 ha pixels increased with mean AGB, reaching 7.8–33.3 Mg ha−1 for site-specific models (one standard deviation), 11.1–28.2 Mg ha−1 for ecoregion-specific models, and 21.1–22.1 Mg ha−1 for the general model for pixels in the AGB range of 80–100 Mg ha−1. Only 3 of 11 site-specific models had a total uncertainty of <15 Mg ha−1 in this biomass range, suitable for the calibration or validation of AGB map products. Using two additional sites with larger field plots, we show that lidar-based models calibrated with larger field plots can substantially reduce 1 ha pixel AGB uncertainty for the same range from 18.2 Mg ha−1 using 0.04 ha plots to 10.9 Mg ha−1 using 0.25 ha plots and 10.1 Mg ha−1 using 1 ha plots. We conclude that the estimated AGB uncertainty from models estimated from small field plots may be unacceptably large, and we recommend coordinated efforts to measure larger field plots as reference data for the calibration or validation of satellite-based map products at landscape scales (≥0.25 ha).
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Heo, Gwanghee, and Joonryong Jeon. "Dynamic Characteristics Estimation of Cable-Stayed Bridge Using Artificial Filter Bank (AFB)." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 1 (2015): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2015.v7.756.
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Amcheslavsky, Anna, Olga Safrina, and Michael D. Cahalan. "Orai3 TM3 point mutation G158C alters kinetics of 2-APB–induced gating by disulfide bridge formation with TM2 C101." Journal of General Physiology 142, no. 4 (2013): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201311030.
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After endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store depletion, Orai channels in the plasma membrane (PM) are activated directly by ER-resident STIM proteins to form the Ca2+-selective Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. However, in the absence of Ca2+ store depletion and STIM interaction, the mammalian homologue Orai3 can be activated by 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), resulting in a nonselective cation conductance characterized by biphasic inward and outward rectification. Here, we use site-directed mutagenesis and patch-clamp analysis to better understand the mechanism by which 2-APB activates Orai3. We find that point mutation of glycine 158 in the third transmembrane (TM) segment to cysteine, but not alanine, slows the kinetics of 2-APB activation and prevents complete channel closure upon 2-APB washout. The “slow” phenotype exhibited by Orai3 mutant G158C reveals distinct open states, characterized by variable reversal potentials. The slow phenotype can be reversed by application of the reducing reagent bis(2-mercaptoethylsulfone) (BMS), but in a state-dependent manner, only during 2-APB activation. Moreover, the double mutant C101G/G158C, in which an endogenous TM2 cysteine is changed to glycine, does not exhibit altered kinetics of 2-APB activation. We suggest that a disulfide bridge, formed between the introduced cysteine at TM3 position 158 and the endogenous cysteine at TM2 position 101, hinders transitions between Orai3 open and closed states. Our data provide functional confirmation of the proximity of these two residues and suggest a location within the Orai3 protein that is sensitive to the actions of 2-APB.
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Doherty, Carolyn, Pilar Gil-Pons, John Lattanzio, and Lionel Siess. "Hiding in plain sight - red supergiant imposters? Super-AGB stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (2015): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316005767.
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AbstractSuper Asymptotic Giant Branch (Super-AGB) stars reside in the mass range ≈ 6.5-10 M⊙ and bridge the divide between low/intermediate-mass and massive stars. They are characterised by off-centre carbon ignition prior to a thermally pulsing phase which can consist of many tens to even thousands of thermal pulses. With their high luminosities and very large, cool, red stellar envelopes, these stars appear seemingly identical to their slightly more massive red supergiant counterparts. Due to their similarities, super-AGB stars may therefore act as stellar imposters and contaminate red supergiant surveys. The final fate of super-AGB stars is also quite uncertain and depends primarily on the competition between the core growth and mass-loss rates. If the stellar envelope is removed prior to the core reaching ≈ 1.375 M⊙, an O-Ne white dwarf will remain, otherwise the star will undergo an electron-capture supernova (EC-SN) leaving behind a neutron star. We determine the relative fraction of super-AGB stars that end life as either an O-Ne white dwarf or as a neutron star, and provide a mass limit for the lowest mass supernova over a broad range of metallicities from the Z=0.02 to 0.0001.
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Zhang, Huifang, Zhonggang Tang, Binyao Wang, et al. "A 250 m annual alpine grassland AGB dataset over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (2000–2019) in China based on in situ measurements, UAV photos, and MODIS data." Earth System Science Data 15, no. 2 (2023): 821–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-821-2023.
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Abstract. The alpine grassland ecosystem accounts for 53 % of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) area and is an important ecological protection barrier, but it is fragile and vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, continuous monitoring of grassland aboveground biomass (AGB) is necessary. Although many studies have mapped the spatial distribution of AGB for the QTP, the results vary widely due to the limited ground samples and mismatches with satellite pixel scales. This paper proposed a new algorithm using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a bridge to estimate the grassland AGB on the QTP from 2000 to 2019. The innovations were as follows: (1) in terms of ground data acquisition, spatial-scale matching among the traditional ground samples, UAV photos, and MODIS pixels was considered. A total of 906 pairs between field-harvested AGB and UAV sub-photos and 2602 sets of MODIS pixel-scale UAV data (over 37 000 UAV photos) were collected during 2015–2019. Therefore, the ground validation samples were sufficient and scale-matched. (2) In terms of model construction, the traditional quadrat scale (0.25 m2) was successfully upscaled to the MODIS pixel scale (62 500 m2) based on the random forest and stepwise upscaling methods. Compared with previous studies, the scale matching of independent and dependent variables was achieved, effectively reducing the impact of spatial-scale mismatch. The results showed that the correlation between the AGB values estimated by UAV and MODIS vegetation indices was higher than that between field-measured AGB and MODIS vegetation indices at the MODIS pixel scale. The multi-year validation results showed that the constructed MODIS pixel-scale AGB estimation model had good robustness, with an average R2 of 0.83 and RMSE of 34.13 g m−2. Our dataset provides an important input parameter for a comprehensive understanding of the role of the QTP under global climate change. The dataset is available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.272587; H. Zhang et al., 2022).
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Liu, Lei-Lei, та Feng Zhao. "Poly[aqua[μ4-3,3′-(diazenediyl)dibenzoato]zinc]". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, № 1 (2012): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270112048974.
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The solvothermal reaction of Zn(OAc)2·2H2O with 3,3′-(diazenediyl)dibenzoic acid (H2ADB) in H2O at 393 K afforded the title complex, [Zn(C14H8N2O4)(H2O)]n. The asymmetric unit contains half a ZnIIcation, half an ADB ligand and half a water molecule. Each ZnIIcentre lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis and is five-coordinated by four O atoms of bridging carboxylate groups from four ADB ligands and one O atom from a water molecule, forming a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry. The [Zn(H2O)] subunits are bridged by carboxylate groups to give one-dimensional [Zn(μ-COO)4(H2O)]nchains. The chains are linked by ADB ligands into two-dimensional sheets, and these sheets are further connected to neighbouring sheetsviahydrogen bonds (OW—HW...O), forming a three-dimensional hydrogen-bond-stabilized structure with an unprecedented 374175262topology.
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Chen, Lin, Chunying Ren, Guangdao Bao, et al. "Improved Object-Based Estimation of Forest Aboveground Biomass by Integrating LiDAR Data from GEDI and ICESat-2 with Multi-Sensor Images in a Heterogeneous Mountainous Region." Remote Sensing 14, no. 12 (2022): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122743.
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Accurate and effective mapping of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) in heterogeneous mountainous regions is a huge challenge but an urgent demand for resource managements and carbon storage monitoring. Conventional studies have related the plot-measured or LiDAR-based biomass to remote sensing data using pixel-based approaches. The object-based relationship between AGB and multi-source data from LiDAR, multi-frequency radar, and optical sensors were insufficiently studied. It deserves the further exploration that maps forest AGB using the object-based approach and combines LiDAR data with multi-sensor images, which has the smaller uncertainty of positional discrepancy and local heterogeneity, in heterogeneous mountainous regions. To address the improvement of mapping accuracy, satellite LiDAR data from GEDI and ICEsat-2, and images of ALOS-2 yearly mosaic L band SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), Sentinel-1 C band SAR, Sentinel-2 MSI, and ALOS-1 DSM were combined for pixel- and object-based forest AGB mapping in a vital heterogeneous mountainous forest. For the object-based approach, optimized objects during a multiresolution segmentation were acquired by the ESP (Estimation of the Scale Parameter) tool, and suitable predictors were selected using an algorithm named VSURF (Variable Selection Using Random Forests). The LiDAR variables at the footprint-level were extracted to connect field plots to the multi-sensor objects as a linear bridge. It was shown that forests’ AGB values varied by elevations with a mean value of 142.58 Mg/ha, ranging from 12.61 to 514.28 Mg/ha. The north slope with the lowest elevation (<1100 m) had the largest mean AGB, while the smallest mean AGB was located in the south slope with the altitude above 2000 m. Using independent validation samples, it was indicated by the accuracy comparison that the object-based approach performed better on the precision with relative improvement based on root-mean-square errors (RIRMSE) of 4.46%. The object-based approach also selected more optimized predictors and markedly decreased the prediction time than the pixel-based analysis. Canopy cover and height explained forest AGB with their effects on biomass varying according to the elevation. The elevation from DSM and variables involved in red-edge bands from MSI were the most contributive predictors in heterogeneous temperate forests. This study is a pioneering exploration of object-based AGB mapping by combining satellite data from LiDAR, MSI, and SAR, which offers an improved methodology for regional carbon mapping in the heterogeneous mountainous forests.
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A G, Tanupriya, and Kiran V. "Testing of AMBA AXI Protocol." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 11 (2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20221114.
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The rapidly expanding VLSI sector has a great need for a very robust verification mechanism that can be developed in a short amount of time in the constantly changing environment where new intellectual property and chips are being designed every day having reduced time-to-market. (SoC) System on Chip design emerged as a primary integrated technique for reducing the design time of the entire system with the introduction of a standardized signal bus architecture used for the connectivity of different modules of the system. One of the major difficulties at hand is how to check these on chip bus protocols, since traditional old methods are ineffective in certifying large SoCs. In this paper, we have verified AMBA AXI protocol which shows write as well as read operations using System Verilog. Keywords: AMBA AXI, APB, AHB.
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Annibali, Susanna, Giovanna Iezzi, Gian Luca Sfasciotti, et al. "Histological and Histomorphometric Human Results of HA-Beta-TCP 30/70 Compared to Three Different Biomaterials in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation at 6 Months: A Preliminary Report." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/156850.
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Objective. The aim of this investigation was to examine the bone regenerative potential of newly biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (HA-β-TCP 30/70), by assessing histological and histomorphometric results of human specimens retrieved from sinuses augmented with HA-β-TCP 30/70, and comparing them to anorganic bovine bone (ABB), mineralized solvent-dehydrated bone allograft (MSDBA), and equine bone (EB), after a healing period of 6 months.Materials and Methods. Four consecutive patients with edentulous atrophic posterior maxilla were included in this report. A two-stage procedure was carried out for sinus augmentation with HA-β-TCP 30/70, ABB, MSDBA, and EB. After 6 months, specimens were retrieved at the time of implant placement and processed for histological and histomorphometric analyses.Results. At histological examination, all biomaterials were in close contact with the newly formed bone and showed the same pattern of bone formation; the grafted granules were surrounded by a bridge-like network of newly formed bone. A limited number of ABB particles were partially covered by connective tissue. The histomorphometric analysis revealed 30.2% newly formed bone for Ha-β-TCP 30/70, 20.1% for ABB, 16.4% for MSDBA, and 21.9% for EB.Conclusions. Within the limitations of the present investigation, these results support the successful use of HA-β-TCP 30/70 for sinus augmentation.
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Bazrafkan, Aliasghar, Nadia Delavarpour, Peter G. Oduor, Nonoy Bandillo, and Paulo Flores. "An Overview of Using Unmanned Aerial System Mounted Sensors to Measure Plant Above-Ground Biomass." Remote Sensing 15, no. 14 (2023): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15143543.
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Conventional measurement methods for above-ground biomass (AGB) are time-consuming, inaccurate, and labor-intensive. Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) have emerged as a promising solution, but a standardized procedure for UAS-based AGB estimation is lacking. This study reviews recent findings (2018–2022) on UAS applications for AGB estimation and develops a vegetation type-specific standard protocol. Analysis of 211 papers reveals the prevalence of rotary-wing UASs, especially quadcopters, in agricultural fields. Sensor selection varies by vegetation type, with LIDAR and RGB sensors in forests, and RGB, multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors in agricultural and grass fields. Flight altitudes and speeds depend on vegetation characteristics and sensor types, varying among crop groups. Ground control points (GCPs) needed for accurate AGB estimation differ based on vegetation type and topographic complexity. Optimal data collection during solar noon enhances accuracy, considering image quality, solar energy availability, and reduced atmospheric effects. Vegetation indices significantly affect AGB estimation in vertically growing crops, while their influence is comparatively less in forests, grasses, and horizontally growing crops. Plant height metrics differ across vegetation groups, with maximum height in forests and vertically growing crops, and central tendency metrics in grasses and horizontally growing crops. Linear regression and machine learning models perform similarly in forests, with machine learning outperforming in grasses; both yield comparable results for horizontally and vertically growing crops. Challenges include sensor limitations, environmental conditions, reflectance mixture, canopy complexity, water, cloud cover, dew, phenology, image artifacts, legal restrictions, computing power, battery capacity, optical saturation, and GPS errors. Addressing these requires careful sensor selection, timing, image processing, compliance with regulations, and overcoming technical limitations. Insights and guidelines provided enhance the precision and efficiency of UAS-based AGB estimation. Understanding vegetation requirements aids informed decisions on platform selection, sensor choice, flight parameters, and modeling approaches across different ecosystems. This study bridges the gap by providing a standardized protocol, facilitating widespread adoption of UAS technology for AGB estimation.
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Zhang, Yali, Wenjuan Shen, Mingshi Li, and Yingying Lv. "Integrating Landsat Time Series Observations and Corona Images to Characterize Forest Change Patterns in a Mining Region of Nanjing, Eastern China from 1967 to 2019." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (2020): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193191.
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Long-term surface mining and subsequent vegetation recovery greatly alter land cover types, reshape landscape patterns and impose several impacts on local ecosystem services. However, studies on the history of forest changes in mining areas from the 1960s to the present have not been reported. This study developed a new idea to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest cover in a mining area of Mufu Mountain (Mt. Mufu) from 1967 to 2019 by integrating Landsat and Corona data, and to explore the relationships among the forest changes, landscape structures and ecosystem functions. Firstly, we applied the vegetation change tracker (VCT) algorithm and visual interpretation to create annual forest change datasets. Subsequently, the forest loss process was divided into subdivision, shrinkage, perforation and attrition components. An improved forest restoration model in this study extended the recovery process to bridge, branch, infilling and increment components. Finally, remote sensing variables and crown density were coupled to assess the forest aboveground biomass (AGB) to reflect the ecosystem function in the restoration area. Results showed that the combined use of Corona and the dense time series of Landsat can provide more detailed information on forest changes. Forest cover sharply decreased from 343.89 in 1967 to 298.44 ha in 1990, and after 2003, the forest area substantially increased and finally reached a maximum of 434.16 ha in 2019. Subdivision and bridge not only occupied the larger areas in the process of forest loss and restoration, but also they had strong correlations with forest changes and the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were respectively 0.96 and 0.91. These all revealed that forest changes mainly affected landscape structure connectivity. The total forest AGB of Mt. Mufu increased from 20,173.35 in 2006 to 31,035.77 t in 2017, but the increases in AGB were only 30-40 t/ha in most recovery areas with high structure connectivity (bridge regions), indicating there is room for improving restoration projects in the future. The obtained findings can provide mining site restoration managers with clear, long-term forest change information and mine restoration assessment methods.
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Madhuri, G. "Design and Implementation Based On Amba4.0 Of Apb Bridge." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 4, no. 2 (2012): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-0420106.
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Casas, Juan, Dorota Jelen, and Nikolaos Trikoupis. "Qualification of 0-60 mbar pressure transducers for the LHC HiLumi environment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1327, no. 1 (2025): 012175. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1327/1/012175.
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Abstract The LHC HiLumi upgrade requires the procurement of 0-60 mbar absolute pressure sensors with an absolute accuracy of +/- 0.3 mbar and a radiation Total Integrated Dose (TID) that may reach 100 kGy. Such a low-pressure range is usually measured through the deformation of a relatively large diaphragm and the sole passive sensors commercially available use magnetic coupling for the measurement of the deformation. Additionally, ABB provided CERN with their low-pressure measuring cell that is based on a piezo resistive bridge measuring the diaphragm deformation. A radiation qualification test was performed with a gamma source targeting a 100 kGy TID. The sensors under test were a Valydine AP10 and an ABB passive pressure cell. The pressure sensors were attached to a leak-tight sealed cell, the cell temperature can be adjusted and therefore the pressure followed the law of ideal gases. The paper presents the radiation measurement set-up, the readout electronics located in a radiation-free location and the results of the irradiation.
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Shidlovskaya, S. A., M. Yu Gilyarov, A. A. Bogdanova, G. A. Gromyko, A. Yu Kuchina, and N. V. Safonov. "ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY DURING RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION." Sechenov Medical Journal 10, no. 1 (2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/22187332.2019.1.63-68.
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Purpose. The study assess the effectiveness and safety of pulmonary veins atriums isolation (PVI) and radiofrequency ablation of the cavo - tricuspid isthmus with different modes of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFb) and atrial flutter (AFl). Materials and methods. The study included 83 patients - 52 with AFb, 18 - with AFl and 13 - with both types of arrhythmia. Of all the included patients 12 used warfarin for antioagulation (15%), 17 - dabigataran (21%), 39 - rivaroxaban (46%) and 15 - apixaban (18%). For patients using warfarin a “bridge therapy” tactic was used. For patients using POAC the drug was cancelled at 2 half - life periods before the procedure. Intraoperational thromboembollic and haemorrhagic complications were calculated, arrhythmia relapses and delayed complications were controlled in 3 and 6 months after the procedure. Results. 18 arrhytmia relapses were reported during the study, among them 79% happened after PVI, 89% - after cavotricuspid isthmus, 62% - after treatment of both types of arrhythmia. 4 major haemorrhagic complications were reported during the study (intraoperational haemopericardium), 3 major thromboembolic complications (a stroke through 6 months after the procedure). The frequency of minor hemorrhagic events amounted to 8 cases. Both modes of anticoagulation are effective and safe for prevention of thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation and flutter correction surgery, however, a large, although statistically insignificant number of minor haemorrhagic events occurred in the early post - procedure period with dabigataran. The results of the study show the effectiveness of arrhythmia surgery to be 79% in patients with AFb and 89% in patients with AFl.
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Traparić, Mirko, and Zoran Miljanić. "Reconstruction of the hydro generator excitation system on hydro power plant Trebinje 1." Tehnika 77, no. 6 (2022): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2206723t.
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The excitation system of the hydro unit is a static self-excitation system that uses thyristor rectifiers in a three-phase fully controllable bridge connection with a digital two-channel regulation system characterized by a very fast response (eng. high initial response ratio). The excitation system is powered by an excitation transformer connected to the busbars of the aggregate with a transmission ratio of 14.4/0.42 kV. The aim of this project is to show the characteristics of the old ABB UNITROL 5000 excitation system as well as the improvements obtained by installing the new ABB UNITROL 6000 excitation system of unit 1 at the Trebinje Hydroelectric Power Plant 1. The reconstruction of the excitation system was carried out as part of the regular annual overhaul of the hydroelectric power plant by representatives of the company "Advensys engineering" d.o.o. - Zagreb, through cooperation with the staff of the power plant. The basic scope of the system reconstruction consists of three units and includes the replacement of the control part of the excitation, the replacement of the excitation switch and the replacement of the excitation control panel.
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Sazeedeh, Reza. "Gorenstein Injective Dimension and Dual Auslander–Bridger Formula." Communications in Algebra 32, no. 10 (2004): 3843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-200027753.
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Islam, MH, M. Faisal, and KA Mahmood. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Boga Bridge Patukhali." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24675.
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The economic development and social unity largely depend on the communication facilities. Improvement of national highway network in Bangladesh has been obstructed due to some rivers. Lohalia is one of the largest rivers in Patuakhali district divides Bauphal and Dumki upazila. The major transport barrier between the Bauphal and Patuakhali, Barisal city is Boga Bridge. The proposed 900 meter long Boga Bridge will be constructed under the supervision of World Bank, ADB, local and international experts. This paper shows the environmental impact assessment of Boga Bridge over the Lohalia River. The aim of the study is to identify the major environmental impact, mitigation measures and environmental impact value of the Boga Bridge. The major impacts of the Boga Bridge are loss of livelihood, loss of land, delta formation, loss of trees and rare species, loss of fisheries, navigational restrictions, surface water pollution, air pollution, soil contamination, river bank erosion, change the river flow. The environmental impact value of this project is 3 (negative three). The mitigation measures for the Boga Bridge project are cash compensation, relocation, periodic dredging, plant two for one felled, provide new jobs, revetment, provide safe water, good food and sanitation etc. By the proper implementation of these mitigation measures must help to reduce these impacts.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 73-77 2015
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Kumar, Ajit, Vinti Agarwal, Shishir Kumar Shandilya, Andrii Shalaginov, Saket Upadhyay, and Bhawna Yadav. "PACER: Platform for Android Malware Classification, Performance Evaluation and Threat Reporting." Future Internet 12, no. 4 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12040066.
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Android malware has become the topmost threat for the ubiquitous and useful Android ecosystem. Multiple solutions leveraging big data and machine-learning capabilities to detect Android malware are being constantly developed. Too often, these solutions are either limited to research output or remain isolated and incapable of reaching end users or malware researchers. An earlier work named PACE (Platform for Android Malware Classification and Performance Evaluation), was introduced as a unified solution to offer open and easy implementation access to several machine-learning-based Android malware detection techniques, that makes most of the research reproducible in this domain. The benefits of PACE are offered through three interfaces: Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API), Web Interface, and Android Debug Bridge (ADB) interface. These multiple interfaces enable users with different expertise such as IT administrators, security practitioners, malware researchers, etc. to use their offered services. In this paper, we propose PACER (Platform for Android Malware Classification, Performance Evaluation, and Threat Reporting), which extends PACE by adding threat intelligence and reporting functionality for the end-user device through the ADB interface. A prototype of the proposed platform is introduced, and our vision is that it will help malware analysts and end users to tackle challenges and reduce the amount of manual work.
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Markowski, Mateusz, and Jakub Smołka. "A comparative analysis of the Flutter and React Native frameworks." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 29 (December 29, 2023): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.3794.
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The article describes a comparative analysis of the resource usage performance of mobile applications developed using Flutter and React Native frameworks. The purpose of this study was to see which technology is more efficient. The study consisted in creating two mobile apps with the same functionalities and then comparing usage of the following resources: Virtual Memory (VIRT), Shared Memory (SHR), Central Processing Unit (CPU), Resident Set Size (RES) and Memory (MEM). The functionality of the application consisted of actions on the GUI. The test was conducted on a Huawei P20 Lite smartphone, using the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) tool and custom scripts in the Bash shell language. The results do not clearly indicate which technology is more efficient.
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Kuznetsov, Ilya, Vladislav Miroshnikov, and Stanislav Sartasov. "Frequency-independent smartphone peripherals energy consumption estimation." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 12, 2023, Number 1 (June 30, 2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2023-12-1-42-50.
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The power consumption of mobile devices is a hot topic these days, and it is important to address it when developing applications. One of the most popular ways to measure it is accessing internal sensors using Android Debug Bridge (ADB). We discovered that measurement frequency may skew the power readings. Based on this approach we propose our own algorithm for calculating smartphone energy consumption constants — the power in milliamperes at nominal voltage for different peripherals states. Our algorithm takes measurement frequency bias into account, and its results are compared with the method previously published in literature as well as the baseline data from power profile. We conclude that the developed approach provides better estimation.
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Ryu, Sol-Ji, Min-Kyu Park, U.-Young Lee, and Hyun-Ho Kwak. "Incidence of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bridges in dried skulls of Koreans." Anatomy & Cell Biology 49, no. 2 (2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2016.49.2.143.
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Kumar, M. Kiran, Amrita Sajja, and Dr Fazal Noorbasha. "Design and FPGA Implementation of AMBA APB Bridge with Clock Skew Minimization Technique." IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing 07, no. 03 (2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/4200-0703014245.
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Tokatlidis, I. S. "Addressing the yield by density interaction is a prerequisite to bridge the yield gap of rain-fed wheat." Annals of Applied Biology 165, no. 1 (2014): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aab.12121.
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A, Harishankar. "An AI-Powered Deep Learning Model for Vitamin Deficiency Diagnosis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 3 (2025): 2480–86. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.67845.
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Vitamin deficiencies are a major global health concern, leading to severe medical conditions if left undiagnosed. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming, require expert analysis, and often lack accessibility. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify vitamin deficiencies from images. A selftrained CNN model processes input images to detect specific deficiencies. The model is integrated with a real-time image capture system using Android Debug Bridge (ADB), enabling image acquisition directly from a mobile device. Performance metrics, including accuracy, Precision, F1 Score and Recall, are analysed to evaluate model efficiency. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system provides fast, automated, and reliable vitamin deficiency detection, making it a cost-effective and scalable solution for healthcare applications.
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Muyassaroh, Inas Sany, Unggul Sugi Harto, and Diryo Suparto. "Analyzing the Preacher Communication Model on Social Media Content: Social and Political Issues of Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development & Future Society 1, no. 2 (2023): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.62157/ijsdfs.v1i2.39.
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This study analyses the communication models used by two preachers, Habib Husein Jafar and Aab Elkarimi, to spread Da’wah messages through Da’wah phenomena on social media. This research focuses on how these two preachers use social media, especially TikTok and Instagram, to communicate religious messages and raise relevant social and political issues. The analysis method is carried out by observing the TikTok content of the two preachers and analyzing their communication approach. The results show that the preacher Habib Husein Jafar adopts a modern and youth-friendly communication style, with an appearance and speaking style different from the general image of "Habib". He utilizes everyday social phenomena as an entry point to deliver Islamic religious messages that young people can accept. Besides that, Aab Elkarimi, as a young content creator, adopts a critical approach to presenting in-depth analyses of social, political and religious issues. He invites his audience to think critically about the phenomenon and relate it to the teachings of Islam. Both reached their target audience, young people, with positive effects. Their messages help build a deeper understanding of Islamic teachings, overcome negative stereotypes of religion, and encourage a more critical view of social and political issues. This research provides insights into how preachers can use social media as an effective tool to spread religious messages and bridge the gap between religious teachings and the social and political realities their audiences face in today's digital age.
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Zhdanova, Kseniya A., Andrey A. Zaytsev, Margarita A. Gradova, et al. "Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Toxicity of o-Xylene-Bridged Porphyrin Dimers." Inorganics 11, no. 10 (2023): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100415.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, a number of new porphyrin dimers coupled with spacers based on α,α’-dibromo-o-xylene were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY NMR, UV-vis-spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The initial A3B-type hydroxy-substituted porphyrins form dimer structures with high yields of 80–85%, while the use of amino-substituted porphyrins as starting compounds leads to the heterocyclization and formation of N-heterocycle fused porphyrins. For porphyrin dimers, photophysical properties and quantum yields of singlet oxygen were investigated. The peripheral alkoxy-substituents increase fluorescence quantum yield in comparison with the unsubstituted compounds. Also, it was found that dimers are characterized by lower singlet oxygen quantum yields compared to the corresponding monomers. Model aggregation experiments in micellar systems demonstrate stabilization of the photoactive monomolecular form of all the porphyrins, using nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Cytotoxicity of received dimers shows high inhibition against HEK293T cells in the absence of light.