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Journal articles on the topic 'Aid blinding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Thomas, Biju Blavady, Mathew Mammoottil Oommen, and Ashadevi. "Constant light and blinding effects on reproduction of male South Indian gerbils." Journal of Experimental Zoology 289, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-010x(20010101/31)289:1<59::aid-jez6>3.0.co;2-l.

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Aguilar-Nascimento, José Eduardo de. "Fundamental steps in experimental design for animal studies." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 20, no. 1 (February 2005): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502005000100002.

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Animal studies continue to have a vital role in science development. The aim of this review is to provide to new investigators an overview of the important steps involved in experimental designs and also to suggest some practical information that is commonly associated with this process. Investigators should adhere to the ethical procedure and follow strictly the scientific method. Both the aims and well-formulated hypothesis are essential and practical. In this regard a profound literature search and the aid of an experienced statistician is encouraged. The need of randomization, blinding, and attempting to minimize variation is discussed and recommended. The choosing of good control groups and the employment of pilot studies are useful. Finally, the formulation of new questions to be further responded is expected.

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Watson, Judith, Elizabeth Coleman, Cath Jackson, Kerry Bell, Christina Maynard, Louise Hickson, Anne Forster, et al. "Randomised controlled feasibility trial of an active communication education programme plus hearing aid provision versus hearing aid provision alone (ACE To HEAR)." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e043364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043364.

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ObjectiveTo establish the acceptability and feasibility of delivering the Active Communication Education (ACE) programme to increase quality of life through improving communication and hearing aid use in the UK National Health Service.DesignRandomised controlled, open feasibility trial with embedded economic and process evaluations.SettingAudiology departments in two hospitals in two UK cities.ParticipantsTwelve hearing aid users aged 18 years or over who reported moderate or less than moderate benefit from their new hearing aid.InterventionsConsenting participants (along with a significant other) were to be randomised by a remote, centralised randomisation service in groups to ACE plus treatment-as-usual (intervention group) or treatment-as-usual only (control group).Primary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were related to feasibility: recruitment, retention, treatment adherence and acceptability to participants and fidelity of treatment delivery.Secondary outcome measuresInternational Outcomes Inventory for Hearing Aids, Self-Assessment of Communication, EQ-5D-5L and Short-Form 36. Blinding of the participants and facilitator was not possible.ResultsTwelve hearing aid users and six significant others consented to take part. Eight hearing aid users were randomised: four to the intervention group; and four to treatment-as-usual only. Four significant others participated alongside the randomised participants. Recruitment to the study was very low and centres only screened 466 hearing aid users over the 15-month recruitment period, compared with the approximately 3500 anticipated. Only one ACE group and one control group were formed. ACE could be delivered and appeared acceptable to participants. We were unable to robustly assess attrition and attendance rates due to the low sample size.ConclusionsWhile ACE appeared acceptable to hearing aid users and feasible to deliver, it was not feasible to identify and recruit participants struggling with their hearing aids at the 3-month posthearing aid fitting point.Trial registration numberISRCTN28090877.

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Dobler, Claudia Caroline, Manuel Sanchez, Michael R. Gionfriddo, Neri A. Alvarez-Villalobos, Naykky Singh Ospina, Gabriela Spencer-Bonilla, Bjorg Thorsteinsdottir, et al. "Impact of decision aids used during clinical encounters on clinician outcomes and consultation length: a systematic review." BMJ Quality & Safety 28, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008022.

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BackgroundClinicians’ satisfaction with encounter decision aids is an important component in facilitating implementation of these tools. We aimed to determine the impact of decision aids supporting shared decision making (SDM) during the clinical encounter on clinician outcomes.MethodsWe searched nine databases from inception to June 2017. Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of decision aids used during clinical encounters with an unaided control group were eligible for inclusion. Due to heterogeneity among included studies, we used a narrative evidence synthesis approach.ResultsTwenty-five papers met inclusion criteria including 22 RCTs and 3 qualitative or mixed-methods studies nested in an RCT, together representing 23 unique trials. These trials evaluated healthcare decisions for cardiovascular prevention and treatment (n=8), treatment of diabetes mellitus (n=3), treatment of osteoporosis (n=2), treatment of depression (n=2), antibiotics to treat acute respiratory infections (n=3), cancer prevention and treatment (n=4) and prenatal diagnosis (n=1). Clinician outcomes were measured in only a minority of studies. Clinicians’ satisfaction with decision making was assessed in only 8 (and only 2 of them showed statistically significantly greater satisfaction with the decision aid); only three trials asked if clinicians would recommend the decision aid to colleagues and only five asked if clinicians would use decision aids in the future. Outpatient consultations were not prolonged when a decision aid was used in 9 out of 13 trials. The overall strength of the evidence was low, with the major risk of bias related to lack of blinding of participants and/or outcome assessors.ConclusionDecision aids can improve clinicians’ satisfaction with medical decision making and provide helpful information without affecting length of consultation time. Most SDM trials, however, omit outcomes related to clinicians’ perspective on the decision making process or the likelihood of using a decision aid in the future.

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Hawwash, Dana, Melissa K. Sharp, Alemayehu Argaw, Patrick Kolsteren, and Carl Lachat. "Usefulness of applying research reporting guidelines as Writing Aid software: a crossover randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e030943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030943.

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ObjectivesTo assess the intention of using a Writing Aid software, which integrates four research reporting guidelines (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-nutritional epidemiology) and their Elaboration & Explanation (E&E) documents during the write-up of research in Microsoft Word compared with current practices.DesignTwo-arms crossover randomised controlled trial with no blinding and no washout period.SettingFace-to-face or online sessions.Participants54 (28 in arm 1 and 26 in arm 2) doctoral and postdoctoral researchers.InterventionsReporting guidelines and their E&E document were randomly administered as Writing Aid or as Word documents in a single 30 min to 1 hour session, with a short break before crossing over to the other study intervention.Primary and secondary outcomesUsing the Technology Acceptance Model, we assessed the primary outcome: the difference in the mean of intention of use; and secondary outcomes: the difference in mean perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The three outcomes were measured using questions with a 7-point Likert-scale. Secondary analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to explore the relationships between the outcomes.ResultsNo significant difference in reported intention of use (mean difference and 95% CI 0.25 (–0.05 to 0.55), p=0.10), and perceived usefulness (mean difference and 95% CI 0.19 (–0.04 to 0.41), p=0.10). The Writing Aid performed significantly better than the word document on researchers’ perceived ease of use (mean difference and 95% CI 0.59 (0.29 to 0.89), p<0.001). In the SEM analysis, participants’ intention of using the tools was indirectly affected by perceived ease of use (beta 0.53 p=0.002).ConclusionsDespite no significant difference in the intention of use between the tools, administering reporting guidelines as Writing Aid is perceived as easier to use, offering a possibility to further explore its applicability to enhance reporting adherence.

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Gaeta, Laura, Rachel Keiko Stark, and Erika Ofili. "Methodological Considerations for Auditory Training Interventions for Adults With Hearing Loss: A Rapid Review." American Journal of Audiology 30, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_aja-20-00092.

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Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate literature on auditory training published since 2013. Method A rapid review or a streamlined approach to systematically identify and summarize relevant studies was performed. Selected health sciences databases were searched using a search strategy developed with the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome) framework. Studies eligible for inclusion had older adult participants with hearing loss and utilized technology-based auditory training in laboratory or home settings. Results The study quality of most studies was found to be low to moderate, with concentrations between low and moderate. Major issues were related to study design and reporting, such as the need for blinding and a control group, larger sample sizes, and a follow-up for long-term outcomes of auditory training interventions. Wide variability in training approaches, participant backgrounds (e.g., audiograms, hearing aid use), and outcome measures are also noted. Conclusions Evidence on the effectiveness of auditory training is mixed. Future research should include high-quality randomized controlled trials with representative populations; follow-up periods to study long-term effects; and exploration of behavioral, electrophysiological, and self-reported outcome measures. Recommendations for study designs and methodologies are also discussed.

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Jenkin, Michelle, Michael R. Sitler, and John D. Kelly. "Clinical Usefulness of the Ottawa Ankle Rules for Detecting Fractures of the Ankle and Midfoot." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.480.

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Abstract Reference: Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, Steurer J, ter Riet G. Accuracy of Ottawa Ankle Rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. BMJ. 2003;326(7386):417–423. Clinical Question: What is the evidence for the accuracy of the Ottawa Ankle Rules as a decision aid for excluding fractures of the ankle and midfoot? Data Sources: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PreMEDLINE (Ovid version: 1990 to present), EMBASE (Datastar version: 1990–2002), CINAHL (Winspires version: 1990–2002), the Cochrane Library (2002, issue 2), and the Science Citation Index database (Web of Science by Institute for Science Information). Reference lists of all included studies were also searched, and experts and authors in the specialty were contacted. The search had no language restrictions. Study Selection: Minimal inclusion criteria consisted of (1) study assessment of the Ottawa Ankle Rules and (2) sufficient information to construct a 2 × 2 contingency table specifying the false-positive and false-negative rates. Data Extraction: Studies were selected in a 2-stage process. First, all abstracts and titles found by the electronic searches were independently scrutinized by the same 2 authors. Second, copies of all eligible papers were obtained. A checklist was used to ensure that all inclusion criteria were met. Disagreements related to the eligibility of studies were resolved by consensus. Both authors extracted data from each included study independently. Methods of data collection, patient selection, blinding and prevention of verification bias, and description of the instrument and reference standard were assessed. Sensitivities (using the bootstrap method), specificities, negative likelihood ratios (using a random-effects model), and their standard errors were calculated. Special interest was paid to the pooled sensitivities and negative likelihood ratios because of the calibration of the Ottawa Ankle Rules toward a high sensitivity. Exclusion criteria for the pooled analysis were (1) studies that used a nonprospective data collection, (2) unknown radiologist blinding (verification bias), (3) studies assessing the performance of other specialists (nonphysicians) using the rules, and (4) studies that looked at modifications to the rules. Main Results: The search yielded 1085 studies, and the authors obtained complete articles for 116 of the studies. The reference lists from these studies provided an additional 15 studies. Only 32 of the studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for the review; 5 of these met the exclusion criteria. For included studies, the total population was 15 581 (range = 18–1032), and average age ranged from 11 to 31.1 years in those studies that reported age. The 27 studies analyzed (pooled) consisted of 12 studies of ankle assessment, 8 studies of midfoot assessment, 10 studies of both ankle and midfoot assessment, and 6 studies of ankle or midfoot assessment in children (not all studies assessed all regions). Pooled sensitivities, specificities, and negative likelihood ratios for the ankle, midfoot, and combined ankle and midfoot are presented in the Table. Based on a 15% prevalence of actual fracture in patients presenting acutely after ankle or foot trauma, less than a 1.4% probability of fracture existed. Because limited analysis was conducted on the data from the children, we elected to not include this cohort in our review. Conclusions: Evidence supports the use of the Ottawa Ankle Rules as an aid in ruling out fractures of the ankle and midfoot. The rules have a high sensitivity (almost 100%) and modest specificity. Use of the Ottawa Ankle Rules holds promise for saving time and reducing both costs and radiographic exposure without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy in ankle and midfoot fractures.

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Takakura, Nobuari, Miho Takayama, Akiko Kawase, and Hiroyoshi Yajima. "Double Blinding with a New Placebo Needle: A Validation Study on Participant Blinding." Acupuncture in Medicine 29, no. 3 (September 2011): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.2010.002857.

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Pasqualetto, Gaia, Martin Schepelmann, Carmine Varricchio, Elisa Pileggi, Caroline Khogali, Siân R. Morgan, Ian Boostrom, et al. "Computational Studies towards the Identification of Novel Rhodopsin-Binding Compounds as Chemical Chaperones for Misfolded Opsins." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214904.

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Accumulation of misfolded and mistrafficked rhodopsin on the endoplasmic reticulum of photoreceptor cells has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa and a subset of Leber’s congenital amaurosis. One potential strategy to reduce rhodopsin misfolding and aggregation in these conditions is to use opsin-binding compounds as chemical chaperones for opsin. Such molecules have previously shown the ability to aid rhodopsin folding and proper trafficking to the outer cell membranes of photoreceptors. As means to identify novel chemical chaperones for rhodopsin, a structure-based virtual screening of commercially available drug-like compounds (300,000) was performed on the main binding site of the visual pigment chromophore, the 11-cis-retinal. The best 24 virtual hits were examined for their ability to compete for the chromophore-binding site of opsin. Among these, four small molecules demonstrated the ability to reduce the rate constant for the formation of the 9-cis-retinal-rhodopsin complex, while five molecules surprisingly enhanced the formation of this complex. Compound 7, 13, 20 and 23 showed a weak but detectable increase in the trafficking of the P23H mutant, widely used as a model for both retinitis pigmentosa and Leber’s congenital amaurosis, from the ER to the cell membrane. The compounds did not show any relevant cytotoxicity in two different human cell lines, with the only exception of 13. Based on the structures of these active compounds, a series of in silico studies gave important insights on the potential structural features required for a molecule to act either as chemical chaperone or as stabiliser of the 11-cis-retinal-rhodopsin complex. Thus, this study revealed a series of small molecules that represent a solid foundation for the future development of novel therapeutics against these severe inherited blinding diseases.

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Halio, Jay. "Gloucester's Blinding." Shakespeare Quarterly 43, no. 2 (1992): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870885.

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Double, Duncan. "Blinding trials." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 4 (April 1991): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.4.573c.

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Herby, Peter. "Outlaw blinding." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 51, no. 2 (March 1995): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1995.11658037.

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Takakura, Nobuari, Miho Takayama, Masako Nishiwaki, and Hiroyoshi Yajima. "Blinding Indices and Blinding Scenarios of Practitioners and Patients with Acupuncture Needles for Double Blinding." Acupuncture in Medicine 36, no. 2 (April 2018): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011430.

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Radchenko, Elena V., Olga A. Sykhovskaya, Timofey L. Galankin, Aleksei S. Kolbin, and Maria A. Smirnova. "Network meta-analysis: a comparison of effectiveness and safety of partial agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors varenicline and cytisine for smoking cessation." Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rcf16419-32.

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Background. Partial agonists of α4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the most effective treatment strategy for tobacco smoking cessation. They are able to alleviate withdrawal symptoms and to reduce smoking satisfaction. The aim of this study was to review the efficacy and safety of nicotinic receptor partial agonists varenicline and cytisine, for smoking cessation. Methods. A search for randomized controlled trials was done using the terms (“cytisine”, “tabex”, “varenicline” or 'partial agonists of nicotinic receptors’) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, eLibrary in May 2018. Types of participants, the doses and duration of the treatments, efficacy and safety parameters, quality of randomization and blinding procedures were evaluated. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed. Results. Cytisine overcame placebo in the 12, 24 and 52 weeks of therapy with the following odds ratios (ORs) for abstinence: 3.3 (95% CrI 1.8–5.8), 3.9 (2.4–6.7), 3.8 (CrI 1.3–11,9) accordingly. Varenicline in 2 mg/day dose overcame placebo in the 12, 24 and 52 weeks of therapy with the ORs: 4.0 (3.3–4.7), 3.1 (2.5–3.7), 2.9 (2.2–4.1) accor dingly. Varenicline in 1 mg/day dose overcame placebo in 12 and 52 weeks of therapy, the ORs were 3.0 (2.0–4.7) and 2.3 (1.3–4.4) accordingly. Varenicline in 0.5 mg/day dose overcame placebo in 12 weeks of therapy only with the OR 2.4 (1.3–4.4). Cytisine and varenicline 2 mg/day were associated with more gastrointestinal disturbances than placebo with the ORs 6.2 (2.1–22.8) and 2.4 (2.0–2.8) accordingly. Cytisine and varenicline 2 mg/day were associated with more psychiatric problems than placebo with ORs 5.2 (1.9–15.1) and 1.6 (1.3–1.9) accordingly. There was no difference in serious adverse events between the investigated drugs and placebo: OR for cytisine was 2.4 (0.8–6.8), varenicline 0.5 mg/day – 2.0 (0.5–6.6), varenicline 1.0 mg/day – 1.0 (0.3–2.7), varenicline 2 mg/day – 1.0 (0.7–1.4). Conclusion. Cytisine was proved to be as effective and safe aid for smoking cessation as varenicline.

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SLY, R. MICHAEL. "Blinding the Referees." Pediatric Asthma, Allergy & Immunology 1, no. 3 (January 1987): xvii—xviii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pai.1987.1.xvii.

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Ament, Rennie. "Blinding the Crocodile." Minnesota review 2018, no. 91 (2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-7136937.

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Kadare, Ismail, and David Bellos. "The Blinding Order." World Literature Today 80, no. 5 (2006): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40159179.

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Peters, Ann. "Blinding laser weapons." Medicine and War 12, no. 2 (April 1996): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699608409267.

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Muir, J., G. M. Bernstein, D. Huterer, F. Elsner, E. Krause, A. Roodman, S. Allam, et al. "Blinding multiprobe cosmological experiments." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 4454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa965.

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ABSTRACT The goal of blinding is to hide an experiment’s critical results – here the inferred cosmological parameters – until all decisions affecting its analysis have been finalized. This is especially important in the current era of precision cosmology, when the results of any new experiment are closely scrutinized for consistency or tension with previous results. In analyses that combine multiple observational probes, like the combination of galaxy clustering and weak lensing in the Dark Energy Survey (DES), it is challenging to blind the results while retaining the ability to check for (in)consistency between different parts of the data. We propose a simple new blinding transformation, which works by modifying the summary statistics that are input to parameter estimation, such as two-point correlation functions. The transformation shifts the measured statistics to new values that are consistent with (blindly) shifted cosmological parameters while preserving internal (in)consistency. We apply the blinding transformation to simulated data for the projected DES Year 3 galaxy clustering and weak lensing analysis, demonstrating that practical blinding is achieved without significant perturbation of internal-consistency checks, as measured here by degradation of the χ2 between the data and best-fitting model. Our blinding method’s performance is expected to improve as experiments evolve to higher precision and accuracy.

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Tomaszewski, Christian A. "Blinding in peer review." Journal of Medical Toxicology 4, no. 3 (September 2008): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03161191.

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Armijo-Olivo, Susan, Liz Dennett, Chiara Arienti, Mustafa Dahchi, Jari Arokoski, Allen W. Heinemann, and Antti Malmivaara. "Blinding in Rehabilitation Research." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 99, no. 3 (March 2020): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000001377.

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Pollock, Neal W. "Blinding and Peer Review." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 29, no. 4 (December 2018): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2018.09.005.

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Fraser, Michael R. "Blinding Me With Science." Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 25, no. 5 (2019): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001065.

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Braithwaite, Felicity A., Julie L. Walters, Lok Sze Katrina Li, G. Lorimer Moseley, Marie T. Williams, and Maureen P. McEvoy. "Blinding Strategies in Dry Needling Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Physical Therapy 99, no. 11 (August 2, 2019): 1461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz111.

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Abstract Background Blinding of participants and therapists in trials of physical interventions is a significant and ongoing challenge. There is no widely accepted sham protocol for dry needling. Purpose The purpose of this review was to summarize the effectiveness and limitations of blinding strategies and types of shams that have been used in dry needling trials. Data Sources Twelve databases were searched from inception to February 2016. Study Selection Trials that compared active dry needling with a sham that simulated dry needling were included. Data Extraction The main domains of data extraction were participant/therapist details, intervention details, blinding strategies, blinding assessment outcomes, and key conclusions of authors. Reported blinding strategies and sham types were synthesized descriptively, with available blinding effectiveness data synthesized using a chance-corrected measurement of blinding (blinding index). Data Synthesis The search identified 4894 individual publications with 27 trials eligible for inclusion. In 22 trials, risk of methodological bias was high or unclear. Across trials, blinding strategies and sham types were heterogeneous. Notably, no trials attempted therapist blinding. Sham protocols have focused on participant blinding using strategies related to group standardization and simulation of tactile sensations. There has been little attention given to the other senses or cognitive strategies to enhance intervention credibility. Nonpenetrating sham types may provide effective participant blinding. Limitations Trials were clinically and methodologically diverse, which limited the comparability of blinding effectiveness across trials. Reported blinding evaluations had a high risk of chance findings with power clearly achieved in only 1 trial. Conclusions Evidence-based consensus on a sham protocol for dry needling is required. Recommendations provided in this review may be used to develop sham protocols so that future protocols are more consistent and potentially more effective.

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Takakura, Nobuari, Miho Takayama, Akiko Kawase, Ted J. Kaptchuk, and Hiroyoshi Yajima. "Double Blinding with a New Placebo Needle: A Further Validation Study." Acupuncture in Medicine 28, no. 3 (September 2010): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.2009.001230.

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Background The masking properties of a new, non-penetrating, double-blind placebo acupuncture needle were demonstrated. Practitioners correctly identified some of the needles; if they were confident in this opinion, they would be unblinded. Objective To investigate the clues that led to correct identification, and the confidence in this decision. Methods Ten acupuncture practitioners, blindly and randomly, applied 10 each of three types of needle to the shoulder: blunt, non-penetrating needles that pressed the skin (‘skin-touch placebo needle’); new non-penetrating needles that penetrated soft material (stuffing) but did not reach the skin (‘non-touch control needle’); matching penetrating needles. Afterwards, practitioners were asked to judge the type of needle, their confidence in their decision and what clues led them to their judgements. Results Of the 30 judgements made by each practitioner, the mean number of correct, incorrect and unidentifiable answers were 10.4 (SD 3.7), 15.2 (SD 4.9) and 4.4 (SD 6.1), respectively. There was no significant difference in the confidence scores for 104 correct (mean, 54.0 (SD 20.2)%) and 152 incorrect (mean, 50.3 (SD 24.3)%) judgements. Twelve needles were identified with 100% confidence—three correct, and nine incorrect. For needles correctly identified, the proportions of non-touch (p = 0.14) and skin-touch (p = 0.17), needles were no greater than chance, but the proportion of penetrating needles correctly identified exceeded chance (p < 0.01). 53% of judgements were made from the “feeling of needle insertion”, but 57% of these were wrong. Conclusion Practitioners had a slight tendency to guess the penetrating needles correctly, but were uncertain about most of their judgments, posing only a very small risk to double blinding.

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Moroz, Alex, Brian Freed, Laura Tiedemann, Heejung Bang, Melanie Howell, and Jongbae J. Park. "Blinding Measured: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Acupuncture." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/708251.

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Background.There is no agreement among researchers on viable controls for acupuncture treatment, and the assessment of the effectiveness of blinding and its interpretation is rare.Purpose.To systematically assess the effectiveness of blinding (EOB) in reported acupuncture trials; to explore results of RCTs using a quantitative measure of EOB.Data Sources.A systematic review of published sham RCTs that assessed blinding.Study Selection.Five hundred and ninety studies were reviewed, and 54 studies (4783 subjects) were included.Data Extraction.The number of patients who guessed their treatment identity was extracted from each study. Variables with possible influence on blinding were identified.Data Synthesis.The blinding index was calculated for each study. Based on blinding indexes, studies were congregated into one of the nine blinding scenarios. Individual study characteristics were explored for potential association with EOB.Limitations.There is a possibility of publication or reporting bias.Conclusions.The most common scenario was that the subjects believed they received verum acupuncture regardless of the actual treatment received, and overall the subject blinding in the acupuncture studies was satisfactory, with 61% of study participants maintaining ideal blinding. Objectively calculated blinding data may offer meaningful and systematic ways to further interpret the findings of RCTs.

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Hicks, Patrice M., Elizabeth Au, William Self, Benjamin Haaland, Michael Feehan, Leah A. Owen, Adam Siedlecki, et al. "Pseudoexfoliation and Cataract Syndrome Associated with Genetic and Epidemiological Factors in a Mayan Cohort of Guatemala." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147231.

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The Mayan population of Guatemala is understudied within eye and vision research. Studying an observational homogenous, geographically isolated population of individuals seeking eye care may identify unique clinical, demographic, environmental and genetic risk factors for blinding eye disease that can inform targeted and effective screening strategies to achieve better and improved health care distribution. This study served to: (a) identify the ocular health needs within this population; and (b) identify any possible modifiable risk factors contributing to disease pathophysiology within this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 126 participants. Each participant completed a comprehensive eye examination, provided a blood sample for genetic analysis, and received a structured core baseline interview for a standardized epidemiological questionnaire at the Salama Lions Club Eye Hospital in Salama, Guatemala. Interpreters were available for translation to the patients’ native dialect, to assist participants during their visit. We performed a genome-wide association study for ocular disease association on the blood samples using Illumina’s HumanOmni2.5-8 chip to examine single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs in this population. After implementing quality control measures, we performed adjusted logistic regression analysis to determine which genetic and epidemiological factors were associated with eye disease. We found that the most prevalent eye conditions were cataracts (54.8%) followed by pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) (24.6%). The population with both conditions was 22.2%. In our epidemiological analysis, we found that eye disease was significantly associated with advanced age. Cataracts were significantly more common among those living in the 10 districts with the least resources. Furthermore, having cataracts was associated with a greater likelihood of PXF after adjusting for both age and sex. In our genetic analysis, the SNP most nominally significantly associated with PXF lay within the gene KSR2 (p < 1 × 10−5). Several SNPs were associated with cataracts at genome-wide significance after adjusting for covariates (p < 5 × 10−8). About seventy five percent of the 33 cataract-associated SNPs lie within 13 genes, with the majority of genes having only one significant SNP (5 × 10−8). Using bioinformatic tools including PhenGenI, the Ensembl genome browser and literature review, these SNPs and genes have not previously been associated with PXF or cataracts, separately or in combination. This study can aid in understanding the prevalence of eye conditions in this population to better help inform public health planning and the delivery of quality, accessible, and relevant health and preventative care within Salama, Guatemala.

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Takakura, Nobuari, and Hiroyoshi Yajima. "A Placebo Acupuncture Needle with Potential for Double Blinding – a Validation Study." Acupuncture in Medicine 26, no. 4 (December 2008): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.26.4.224.

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Background The double blind, non-penetrating placebo needle is effective in masking patients who are not informed that they may receive a placebo needle. In this study, we aimed to examine whether such needles are effective in masking subjects who have been so informed. Methods One hundred and fourteen informed, consenting, healthy volunteers were recruited. An experienced acupuncturist applied one of the following needle pairs – penetrating/non-penetrating, non-penetrating/non-penetrating, penetrating/penetrating – randomly at bilateral TE5 points in subjects who were informed that they would receive either a non-penetrating or a penetrating needle. After the application of a pair of needles, the subjects reported for each arm on whether they identified the needle as non-penetrating or penetrating. The patients also rated skin penetration/penetration-like pain and the deep dull pain ( de qi) associated with the needle application on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The chi squared goodness of fit test was used to determine the probability of the number of correctly and incorrectly identified needles. Statistical comparisons for VAS scores for skin penetration pain and de qi were made using Mann-Whitney's U test. Results Of the 114 non-penetrating needle applications, the subjects identified 64 incorrectly and 50 correctly, fitting a probability of 0.5 (χ2=1.72, P=0.19). Most interestingly, the subjects identified 36 (32%) of 114 penetrating needle applications incorrectly. Skin penetration/penetration-like pain and de qi scores did not differ significantly (P=0.87 and P=0.17, respectively) between the 114 non-penetrating and 114 penetrating needles. Conclusions The non-penetrating placebo needle was effective in masking fully informed subjects. When used together with the matched penetrating needle, it has potential for use in double blind (patient and practitioner blind) studies.

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Beauvais, Francis. "Memory of water and blinding." Homeopathy 97, no. 1 (January 2008): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2007.10.001.

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Parker, Gordon. "On Blinding the Journal Assessor." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 2 (June 1986): 241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678609161338.

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Thirty-two submissions to the Journal were rated by paired ‘blind’ and ‘non-blind’ assessors. The former were requested to identify the authors and their affiliation. For only a minority of the submissions could the assessors identify authorship details. Comparison of ratings made by the assessors established that awareness of the author is not associated with a bias in judging and rating Journal submissions.

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Chapman, Simon. "Blinding of reviewers and authors." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 27, no. 3 (June 2003): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00407.x.

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TABBARA, K. F. "Blinding trachoma: the forgotten problem." British Journal of Ophthalmology 85, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 1397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.85.12.1397.

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Saw, S.-M. "How blinding is pathological myopia?" British Journal of Ophthalmology 90, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.087999.

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Copeland, Lisa, Priya Edwards, Leanne Sakzewski, Megan Thorley, Megan Kentish, Robert S. Ware, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "Blinding and bias in randomized controlled trials: when to measure the effectiveness of blinding." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 62, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14369.

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Sellentin, Elena. "A blinding solution for inference from astronomical data." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 3 (January 8, 2020): 3396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa043.

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ABSTRACT This paper presents a joint blinding and deblinding strategy for inference of physical laws from astronomical data. The strategy allows for up to three blinding stages, where the data may be blinded, the computations of theoretical physics may be blinded, and –assuming Gaussianly distributed data – the covariance matrix may be blinded. We found covariance blinding to be particularly effective, as it enables the blinder to determine close to exactly where the blinded posterior will peak. Accordingly, we present an algorithm which induces posterior shifts in predetermined directions by hiding untraceable biases in a covariance matrix. The associated deblinding takes the form of a numerically lightweight post-processing step, where the blinded posterior is multiplied with deblinding weights. We illustrate the blinding strategy for cosmic shear from KiDS-450, and show that even though there is no direct evidence of the KiDS-450 covariance matrix being biased, the famous cosmic shear tension with Planck could easily be induced by a mischaracterization of correlations between ξ− at the highest redshift and all lower redshifts. The blinding algorithm illustrates the increasing importance of accurate uncertainty assessment in astronomical inferences, as otherwise involuntary blinding through biases occurs.

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Yuan, Z. L., J. F. Dynes, and A. J. Shields. "Avoiding the blinding attack in QKD." Nature Photonics 4, no. 12 (December 2010): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.269.

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Lydersen, Lars, Carlos Wiechers, Christoffer Wittmann, Dominique Elser, Johannes Skaar, and Vadim Makarov. "Avoiding the blinding attack in QKD." Nature Photonics 4, no. 12 (December 2010): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.278.

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Juberias, J. Ramón, Margarita Calonge, Javier Montero, José M. Herreras, and M. Antonia Saornil. "Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis a potentially blinding disorder." Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 4, no. 2 (January 1996): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273949609079642.

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Abela, J. M., R. L. Vollum, B. A. Izzuddin, and D. M. Potts. "Blinding struts — Part 1: Buckling response." Engineering Structures 33, no. 9 (September 2011): 2563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.05.002.

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Markham, Travis H., Yafen Liang, and John F. Zaki. "Cardiac ERAS Studies: Importance of Blinding." Anesthesia & Analgesia 132, no. 5 (April 14, 2021): e79-e79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005451.

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Hughes, E. H., E. M. Graham, and D. L. A. Wyncoll. "Hypotension and Anaemia—A Blinding Combination." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 35, no. 5 (October 2007): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0703500519.

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We present a case of complete blindness following severe dengue haemorrhagic fever complicated by anaemia and a dialysis-related episode of profound hypotension. The clinical and radiological features indicated an optic neuropathy, most likely ischaemic in aetiology. The features of posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and differential diagnosis are discussed.

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Doswald-Beck, Louise. "New Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons." International Review of the Red Cross 36, no. 312 (May 1996): 272–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400089889.

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On 13 October 1995, the first Review Conference of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) adopted during its first session in Vienna a new fourth Protocol entitled “Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons”. The 1980 Convention comprises a framework Convention (containing technical provisions such as applicability, entry into force and amendment) and annexed Protocols containing the substantive rules relating to certain weapons. Although many weapons had been discussed during the preparatory stages of this Convention, only three Protocols were adopted in 1980. However, the structure chosen enabled new Protocols to be added in order to accommodate future weapons which needed t o be prohibited or otherwise regulated.

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Mars, J. S., and D. Pimenides. "Blinding choroidal rupture in a karateka." British Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.29.4.273.

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Boutros, Nash. "Lack of blinding in gating studies." Schizophrenia Research 103, no. 1-3 (August 2008): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.017.

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Bradford, David, and John Hull. "Another Blinding Documentary on Channel 4?" Journal of Visual Culture 10, no. 1 (April 2011): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412910391599.

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Landsman, Victoria, Mark Fillery, Howard Vernon, and Heejung Bang. "Sample size calculations for blinding assessment." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 28, no. 5 (November 20, 2017): 857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2017.1399898.

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Goldberg, Morton F. "The blinding mechanisms of incontinentia pigmenti." Ophthalmic Genetics 15, no. 2 (January 1994): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13816819409098866.

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Hastings‐Ison, Tandy, and Kerr Graham. "Botulinum neurotoxin A, blinding, and bias." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 62, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14297.

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Daya, Salim. "The blindness of blinding in clinical trials." Evidence-based Obstetrics & Gynecology 6, no. 2 (June 2004): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebobgyn.2004.04.010.

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Nishigata, Tatsuaki, R. Jonathan Fannin, and Yoginder P. Vaid. "Blinding and Clogging of a Nonwoven Geotextile." Soils and Foundations 40, no. 4 (August 2000): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.4_121.

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