To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Aid dependency.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aid dependency'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Aid dependency.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chisala, Victoria. "Foreign aid dependency : the case of Zambia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441967.
Full text
2
Bezerra, Paul Anthony, and Paul Anthony Bezerra. "Blunder or Plunder? Donor, Recipient, and Aid Attributes for the Successful Use of Bilateral Aid as a Foreign Policy Tool." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625462.
Full textAbstract:
Since the 1970s, the number and variety of states providing bilateral aid has grown. In 1973, 16 states provided aid; in 2013, 31 provided aid. This growth may not appear substantial, but it greatly outstrips growth in the number of states in the international system over the same time period (~46% versus 94%). Given states commit aid for a variety of reasons – prominently, including their own geopolitical self-interests – this growth in the bilateral aid donor community suggests donors are likely to encounter increased competition for any given recipient’s foreign policy cooperation. In the face of this increased competition, this dissertation asks: under what conditions will some bilateral aid donors experience greater foreign policy cooperation as a result of their aid efforts than other donors? To answer this question, this dissertation develops and contributes a framework for better understanding when bilateral donors – in the context of a competitive aid-for-policy "marketplace" – will experience greater geopolitical gain.
The donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework suggests each component of the aid-for-policy exchange – the donor, the recipient, and the aid itself – is likely to influence the success any given donor experiences utilizing aid to promote foreign policy cooperation. At its core, the framework argues any given donor’s ability to use aid to promote foreign policy cooperation is a function of their own decision-making and policy process; in particular, their abilities to interpret information and adjust policies. This function, however, is likely to be conditioned by the recipient’s set of donor relationships, the donor's ability to overcome friction and resistance in their policy process, and the on-the-ground experience of the aid’s consumers. In developing this argument, the donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework draws upon a variety of theories from international relations, foreign policy decision-making, public policy, and organization theory.
Overall, I find elements related to the donor and the recipient condition the success any given donor experiences utilizing aid to promote foreign policy cooperation. The results indicate that donors who possess dependence-based power advantages, or higher levels of mutual dependence, with their recipients are likely to experience improved foreign policy cooperation, but this experience substantively varies across different levels of aid giving. Additionally, some donors – due to their power status, regime type, or organizational memberships and normative adherences – are likely to experience more cooperation than others as a result of lower decision costs and institutional costs in their policy processes. The third element of the donor-recipient aid and cooperation framework, the aid itself, remains untested and is left for analysis in future work.
3
Mbatia, Carolyne Nkatha. "Effect of foreign aid dependency on taxation revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27983.
Full textAbstract:
There is an ongoing debate in the literature on the effect of foreign aid - concessional loans and grants - on fiscal tax revenues. Most scholars argue that loans have a positive effect on taxation revenue because of the obligation to repay them, whereas grants have a negative effect because the recipient treats them as 'free' money and as a substitute for taxation. This study focuses on the impact of foreign loans and grants on tax revenues for 42 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990-2014. We test the above hypothesis for these African countries, but divide them into different income groups to account for underlying structural differences. Our results show that both concessional loans and grants have a negative effect on taxation revenue when all countries are pooled, and similarly for low-income and lower-middle income countries. As most of these countries received debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative, we argue that recipient governments formulate an expectation of always receiving debt forgiveness and therefore treat both loans and grants as a "free" source of funds. This creates a disincentive to tax citizens who demand accountability for their taxes. However, upper-middle income countries (HICs) respond differently. Loans and grants have a positive effect on tax revenue in these countries. The effect of loans is a result of upper-income countries being ineligible for debt relief and therefore obligated to repay their loans, which creates an incentive to collect more taxes. The positive relationship between grants and tax revenue is explained by the fact that HICs have achieved a significant level of development, which translates to increased levels of efficiency and accountability in revenue systems from additional resources added to the fiscal. As a policy recommendation to address the disincentive created by grants, we argue that grants should be channeled through Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) or the private sector, rather than given directly to the governments.
4
Acaye, Richard. "Relief Aid Dependency Syndromes| A Case for Disaster-Prone Moroto District in Uganda." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3746206.
Full textAbstract:
<p> Humanitarian aid, while useful in the short run, sometimes has the effect of contributing to poverty and poor economic conditions in the long run. This occurs when recipients of relief aid lose their initiative to fend for themselves and become reliant on external aid. The purpose of this mixed method study was to evaluate the degree to which dependency on long term aid has contributed to chronic poverty in the Moroto district of Uganda. This study was grounded on Harvey & Lind’s conceptualization of the dependency syndrome. The research questions addressed the relationship between household production and investment pattern with number of year as aid beneficiary, while exploring the beneficiaries’ perceptions on the roles of relief aid in their livelihood. Survey data were acquired from 75 participants from five sampled villages in Moroto District; qualitative data were acquired from the same villages involving five focus group discussions with 15 key informants per village. Quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and resulted in a finding of a statistically significant negative relationship between household production and investment with number of years spent as aid beneficiary. Qualitative data were inductively coded, and then organized around key themes. These findings suggest that many rural Ugandans believe that if aid were to cease, they would either migrate to an area where aid was available, or die of starvation. Implications for positive social change are connected to a recommendation to organizations offering humanitarian aid to package relief aid with other programs that support the recipients’ resilience building capacity in order to save lives and reduce chronic poverty that is common in disaster-prone areas around the world. </p>
5
Acaye, Richard. "Relief Aid Dependency Syndromes: A Case for Disaster-Prone Moroto District in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1872.
Full textAbstract:
Humanitarian aid, while useful in the short run, sometimes has the effect of contributing to poverty and poor economic conditions in the long run. This occurs when recipients of relief aid lose their initiative to fend for themselves and become reliant on external aid. The purpose of this mixed method study was to evaluate the degree to which dependency on long term aid has contributed to chronic poverty in the Moroto district of Uganda. This study was grounded on Harvey & Lind's conceptualization of the dependency syndrome. The research questions addressed the relationship between household production and investment pattern with number of year as aid beneficiary, while exploring the beneficiaries' perceptions on the roles of relief aid in their livelihood. Survey data were acquired from 75 participants from five sampled villages in Moroto District; qualitative data were acquired from the same villages involving five focus group discussions with 15 key informants per village. Quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and resulted in a finding of a statistically significant negative relationship between household production and investment with number of years spent as aid beneficiary. Qualitative data were inductively coded, and then organized around key themes. These findings suggest that many rural Ugandans believe that if aid were to cease, they would either migrate to an area where aid was available, or die of starvation. Implications for positive social change are connected to a recommendation to organizations offering humanitarian aid to package relief aid with other programs that support the recipients' resilience building capacity in order to save lives and reduce chronic poverty that is common in disaster-prone areas around the world.
6
Diaz, Christina. "'Modernization' or cultural imperialism and dependency through media aid? : a case study of television in Sudan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276352.
Full textAbstract:
The establishment of television in one of the world's "least developed" countries, the Sudan, was almost entirely a West German venture. The lion's share of the necessary equipment, training and "expert" personnel for the national channel, the Sudan Television Service (STV), and the Gezira Rural Educational Television (RTV) was provided by the Federal Republic of Germany's technical aid, which also played a major role in the maintenance of both services over a long period (nearly two decades in the case of STV). The decision to undertake a case study of these two 'aid' projects was initially prompted by the shortage of studies examining the impact of "media aid" (usually supplied as parts of technical aid programmes) on the 'aid'-receiving countries. The following questions essentially remained unanswered: Put in very simple terms, could media aid be shown to keep the promises of the 'aid' -suppliers, namely that media aid in general, and television in particular, would contribute to the well-being of the receiving country and its population? Or was it more likely - as some authors insisted - to increase or consolidate various forms of dependence and act as a cultural imperialist agent7 Were such 'aid'-projects entirely altruistic ventures, as tended to be claimed by their suppliers, or could they, rather, be shown to be primarily self-interested? Could television, and rural educational television in particular, be shown to be conducive to promoting "modernization", as not only the 'aid'-supplying countries but also Unesco-publications had long claimed, and what exactly was meant by "modernization"? This thesis will attempt to provide answers to these questions by reference to STV and RTV as German 'aid' projects. Both were explicitly put in the service of "modernization" not only by the 'aid' administration but also by the respective Sudanese governments.
7
Thernström, Jens. "Dependency theory and China’s increased involvement on the African continent : The perception of foreign aid in Babati." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3522.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The aim of the thesis is to discuss possible effects of an increase in African – Chinese relation above the historically more dominant Western – African dependency. There has recently both been an increase in trading between Africa and China and an increase in Chinese funded development on the African continent. But will Chinese aid over Western actually make that big a difference for Africa? African intellectuals see Chinese involvement as a way to break free from the neo-colonial ties to the West. A fair south-south relationship between Africa and China would indeed have that result but few indicators prove that that would be the case today. The trading interest from China is very similar to that from Western parties, a few valuable goods constitutes the major part of African nations export industry. A rapid growth in trading between China and Africa is not likely to bring African nations from the pattern they are historically used to having against western parties but to form a new trend of dependency towards Chinese interest. (Tull, 2006, s. 471) </p><p>To explain this relation between the African continent and both Western and Chinese interests dependency theory will be used. To fully explain dependency theory one will not only have to look at trading and exploatation of natural resources but also on a transference of social values and foreing involvment in African communities. To achieve this a series of interviews were conducted in Babati during the later parts of February and early March in 2010. This in coagency with an text analys provides a foundation for discussion about the implications Chinese aid will have on the African dependency towards Western interests. </p><p>What can be extracted from this is that Chinese aid most likely will not lift Africa out of dependency in it’s current form. Trading interests from Chinese parties are to similar to the explotiative west to make a huge difference. African natural resources are traded against low-cost mass produced units and to small of an profit is made for the African parties to make the exhange fair. But with the rise of China and the fact that China today finances a big part of the United States government a global power shift will occur and the traditional hegemoninc power structure will most likely change into an multi polar world order. This change is important to study closer to understand what the effects might be for the African continent’s depenency towards foreign interests and specially the relation between China and USA is important though they are the biggests actors today in development work on the African continent.</p>
8
Wandjowo, Rosie. "Exploring the Role of Aid in the Malawian and Zambian Health Sectors : To what extent does development assistance contribute to aid dependency in Malawi and Zambia?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41309.
Full textAbstract:
Aid is an important topic in development sector current discussions are polarised thereby creating a need for further research. This essay assesses the role that Malawi and Zambia plays in realising its development outcomes including in the area of health. There is a need to appreciate the variables that contribute to the inability of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa to finance their domestic expenditure related to healthcare. In this situation, foreign aid which has received marked interest by scholars over the past decade and is used to supplement incomes of developing countries like Malawi and Zambia. Debate on the effectiveness of aid is polarised, while highly concerned scholars see aid as ineffective and a contributor to the poor performance of economies in developing countries, others see it as essential in the achievement of development outcomes. This thesis explores the extent to which development assistance contributes to dependency in Malawi and Zambia. It further examines the link between aid and the Malawian and Zambian health sectors. The study similarly considers the role of development assistance for health in realising outcomes related to maternal health in line with SDG 3.1. By identifying two countries in sub-Saharan Africa, this essay underscores the similarities between Malawi and Zambia analysed through a historical context, health systems structures, child and maternal mortality rates and health programme models. The essay concludesthat social, political and economic barriers present challenges in financing healthcare in Malawi and Zambia. Aid contributes to dependency in the study countries.
9
Åkesson, Anna. "Hydraulic- hydromorphologic analysis as an aid for improving peak flow predictions." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25425.
Full textAbstract:
Conventional hydrological compartmental models have been shown to exhibit a high degree of uncertainty for predictions of peak flows, such as the design floods for design of hydropower infrastructure. One reason for these uncertainties is that conventional models are parameterised using statistical methods based on how catchments have responded in the past. Because the rare occurrence of peak flows, these are underrepresented during the periods used for calibration. This implies that the model has to be extrapolated beyond the discharge intervals where it has been calibrated. In this thesis, hydromechanical approaches are used to investigate the properties of stream networks, reflecting mechanisms including stage dependency, damming effects, interactions between tributaries (network effects) and the topography of the stream network. Further, it is investigated how these properties can be incorporated into the streamflow response functions of compartmental hydrological models. The response of the stream network was shown to vary strongly with stage in a non-linear manner, an effect that is commonly not accounted for in model formulation. The non-linearity is particularly linked to the flooding of stream channels and interactions with the flow on flood-plains. An evaluation of the significance of using physically based response functions on discharge predictions in a few sub-catchments in Southern Sweden show improvements (compared to a conventional model) in discharge predictions – particularly when modelling peak discharges. An additional benefit of replacing statistical parameterisation methods with physical parameterisation methods is the possibility of hydrological modelling during non-stationary conditions, such as the ongoing climate change.<br>QC 20101022
10
Thomas, Edward. "A tale of two curses : the economic, political, and developmental effects of dependency on foreign aid and natural resources." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45524.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides a first look at the intersection between the natural resource and foreign aid curses. In doing so, it proposes that the economic, political, and developmental effects of foreign aid and natural resources are influenced by similar factors. While to date much of the literature on the aid and resource curses have tended not to engage one another, it is shown that through a political economy model of political survival, important commonalities can be drawn out with respect to the cause and effect of both curses. Accordingly, this paper argues for the necessity of no longer studying the two phenomena in isolation, and instead presents a common theoretical model allowing for a unified approach to understanding the implications of unearned income. A preliminary quantitative analysis is also presented, which suggests at the effects of foreign aid in natural resource-dependent countries. Important implications not only for academic research, but also importantly for policy making, follow from the findings herein.
11
Seedee, Roosevelt. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Extreme Poverty: A Case Study of Liberia’s Development Complexities (1980-2018)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3487.
Full textAbstract:
Many countries in West Africa, including Liberia, remain trapped in extreme poverty and dysfunctional social services amid continued increase in foreign aid. This study examines complexities influencing decisions of government donors in determining the kind of development assistance needed in Liberia and nation states in West Africa. This research explains the ways in which aid perpetuates poverty instead of alleviating it using interdisciplinary research approaches. Although aid is critical to Liberia’s development agenda, aid implementation faces numerous challenges because of extant poverty and rampant corruption.
Part of the problem in Liberia is not solely the failure of aid to meet its goals. I conclude that poverty persists despite billions of dollars in aid because of corruption, human rights abuses, and inequalities, not the concept of aid. Democracy is effective when economic development allows citizens to have power within their own nation and government is accountable to its citizens.
12
Maphosa, Alson. "Cultivating dependency. An analysis of the effects of humanitarian food aid on household behaviour in the uMzingwane District (2006 to 2010)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78610.
Full textAbstract:
The study was carried out in the uMzingwane District, a drought prone area in Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland South Province. Motivated by the protracted food insecurity and requirement for humanitarian food aid, it investigated whether availability of humanitarian assistance in the form of food aid has affected households’ responses and behaviour towards achieving their own food security. The District is characterised by frequent harsh droughts, resulting in high levels of impoverishment and food deficits, making it a prime target and perpetual recipient of food aid. The study therefore sought to understand if the vulnerable group feeding programme in uMzingwane had other negative impacts on beneficiaries. A qualitative method was adopted, using key informant and household interviews, in an effort to gather rich, genuine, descriptive and explanatory information on people’s experiences and realities.
The findings concurred with the general theoretical underpinnings of the study, pointing to the significant success of food aid programmes in sustaining poverty, but also revealed an array of other negative impacts. Food aid provides an instant solution to hunger but fails dismally in alleviating poverty. Beneficiaries find themselves waiting on food aid and some even demanding food aid, which has cultivated a culture of dependency and further perpetuated poverty. Furthermore, the beneficiary selection process is fundamentally flawed. It is used as a political tool by local leadership to exclude those not affiliated to the same political inclination. The selection itself follows a rigid application of criteria leading to the exclusion of deserving beneficiaries, creating tension and conflicts.
Food aid fell short in alleviating poverty, and it was suggested that it should be paired with other developmental initiatives, which would enhance self-sustainability such as improving the availability of water and environmental rehabilitation, which would enable significant local food production to mitigate food insecurity. Striving towards self-sufficiency, people were seen to engage in several negative coping mechanisms. These included artisanal small-scale mining which was very lucrative, but with devastating effects on the environment. Prostitution, which had been blamed for the escalating numbers of HIV infections also gripped the District. HIV on its own became a big issue, negatively affecting the availability of labour when households have to care for the sick, further affecting households’ ability to produce their own food. However, people also engaged in positive coping mechanism such as cross border trade and small scale selling in an effort to mitigate against food insecurity.<br>Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Anthropology and Archaeology<br>MSocSci<br>Unrestricted
13
Žaloudková, Jana. "Účinnost rozvojové pomoci v subsaharské Africe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193657.
Full textAbstract:
Region of sub Saharan Africa receives the most resources from development aid in the long term and at the same time there is a highest number of least develop countries. Therefore thesis is dedicated to the matter of effectiveness of development aid. Introducing problems and overall characteristics of the region, development aid and its historic development is goal of the first chapter. In the second chapter effectiveness of development aid is examined through analysis of selected studies from distinguished authors within the field, moreover the scope is dedicated to issues of measurability of development aid and the question of inappropriately setting of goals. Following chapter is concentrated on dependency of sub Saharan countries to donor countries and agencies providing aid and to motives of those donors to intervene in this region. Emphasis is put on neo-colonialism as a representative form of this dependency. Ending of the thesis is dedicated to Norway that provides high amount of resources to development aid measured by share of the GDP in the long term.
14
Callaway, Rhonda L. "Is the Road to Hell Paved with Good Intentions? The Effect of U.S. Foreign Assistance and Economic Policy on Human Rights." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2911/.
Full textAbstract:
Theories in the international political economy literature, economic liberalism and dependency, are explored in order to test the effect of U.S. aid, trade, and investment on human rights conditions in recipient states. Two measures of human rights conditions serve as dependent variables: security rights and subsistence rights. The data cover approximately 140 countries from 1976-1996. Pooled cross-sectional time series analysis, utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) with panel corrected standard errors, is employed due to the temporal and spatial characteristics of the data. The results indicate that foreign assistance and economic policy may not be the best approaches to altering poor human rights practices in the area of security rights. Economic and military aid is negatively associated with levels of security rights, supporting the traditional dependency perspective. While the results from trade and investment are generally in the positive direction, the lack of consistent statistical evidence suggests that increased trade and investment relationships do not dramatically improve security rights. We can conclude, however, that trade and investment fail to have the negative effect on security rights in less developed countries which critics of globalization suggest. Economic aid has a statistically significant negative effect on subsistence rights, while military aid seems to benefit the human condition in recipient states. However, extreme negative effects on security rights accompany any benefit realized in the area of subsistence rights from military aid. Trade and investment have a positive and statistically significant effect on basic human needs providing support for the liberal perspective. It appears that American businesses and politicians can forge ahead with seemingly self-interested motivations and economic policies as American economic gain ironically serves to benefit the well being of citizens in other states. However, in spite of political rhetoric and even sincere intentions regarding foreign assistance policy, it appears that the road to human rights hell is paved with good intentions.
15
Obrenovic, Johansson Sanja. "Från kombifeminism till rörelse : Kvinnlig serbisk organisering i förändring." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Sociologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32047.
Full textAbstract:
This study is about seven women’s organizations in Belgrade, Serbia and their relations to domestic and international donors during the period 2003-2006. My main research questions focus on their choices of either domestic or international cooperation partners. How and why did the women organize themselves? What factors were essential when selecting donors? In what ways were the organizations influenced by donors? Through interviews, with organization representatives’ concepts such as gift and reciprocity, power and dependency, trust and mistrust and collective identity emerged. These concepts were used as points of departure for developing deeper understanding of women organizations’ choice of cooperation partners. The women organizations’ basically had two alternatives for cooperation: cooperation with foreign donors which offered funds, organizational development and social networks. Alternately, cooperation with local donors, which offered the equivalent except for the organizational development. Cooperation with the foreign donor has resulted in more professional attitudes to the work that have been desired by other international donors. A result is that they can compete with other women’s organizations’ for international funding. Cooperation with local donors has led to fewer resources but more independent working practices. For these women organizations’ independence was important so they choose partners who, they felt more respected this allowing them to write articles or discuss gender in the media with little external influence. Regardless of the chosen donor the reciprocity is embedded in the relation between the donor and the receiver of aid, which in various ways is beneficial for both parties.
16
Al-Shaghdari, Mohammed A. "The evaluation of time-dependent flow in swirl burners." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1997. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/the-evaluation-of-timedependent-flow-in-swirl-burners(e2caff50-bfda-4bc9-85f4-e91182d53bd7).html.
Full textAbstract:
Swirl burners are widely used in industry. Recent environmental concerns, particularly on emissions from combustion processes, have introduced the requirement to modify these processes to reduce emissions whilst at the same time maintaining combustion efficiency. This thesis presents details of experimental and computational studies into the flowfield structures of swirl burners. Previous investigators have concentrated on the time-average flows, but it has become apparent that these are insufficient to enable pollutant emissions to be accurately predicted. Knowledge of the time-temperature and species history is needed to obtain better predictions. Pivotal to this is a detailed determination of the time-dependent structure of the flow. In this study, series of experiments were carried out at different inlet configurations and conditions. The flowrate and swirl number were varied as well as the injection mode, inlet length and exit geometry. The burner flow was characterised by measuring axial, tangential and radial velocities using a Laser Doppler Anemometer. A Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling package, FLUENT was used to produce two and three-dimensional computational models to predict the flowfield structures of the burners in isothermal and combustion cases. Four turbulence models were evaluated in the prediction: the k-e Model, the Algebraic Stress Model (ASM), the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and the Re-normalisation Group Model (RNG). Constant velocity scaling of the 100 and 500 kW burner was examined in both experimental and computational studies. The experimental results show that the flowfield structures in both burners are nonaxisymmetric and develop three-dimensional time-dependent coherent structures in the flow. The experimental results have been compared with the computational model predictions. The comparisons reveal very good agreement between the time average measurement and the predictive values, especially downstream of the burner exit. This work was extended to investigate the following novel phenomena: a). The computational prediction of the flowfield structure was extended to include different inlet boundary conditions with both the RSM and the RNG turbulence models. The model was also extended to investigate the time-dependent flows. b). The influence of varying the inlet and exit geometries and conditions on the flow patterns and the reverse flow zone was examined in detail. A 500 kW swirl burner with scroll inlet was designed and characterized with time-dependent flows to simulate the Precessing Vortex Core. This investigation showed very good agreement with experimental velocity data with less constrained boundary conditions that had previously obtained. The time-dependent simulation was limited by the computer speed and processing capability but identified that such analysis is possible when computer power allows and has the potential to model the flow in greater detail yielding more accurate data on pollution emissions.
17
Thomson, Peter G. R. "Donors, development and dependence : some lessons from Bangladesh, 1971 to 1986." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1189/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis uses Bangladesh as a model to test a "dependence paradigm". It posits that the sudden influx of resources that foreign aid brings does not necessarily lead to the social development and equitable economic growth which might have been expected because micro-economic forces tend to predominate over conventional macro-economic development theory. Instead it results in increasing inequity. The government and upper classes divert the largest proportion of the resources being provided and use them for reasons other than that for which they were meant. More inequitable distribution of income in turn justifies the continued need for foreign aid. The aid provided, justified by poverty, becomes a necessary part of the government's resources, discouraging domestic resource mobilisation and self-reliance. The dimensions of poverty and the nature and evidence of the country's dependence are reviewed. As the amount of aid "appropriated" increases, the government is increasingly dependent on its continuation and more constrained by the conditions attached to it by the donors. The paper then goes on to explain that foreign aid donors tolerate this diversion of aid resources because they measure the results of aid in terms of quantity, not quality. Nor are they prepared to provide adequate means by which to plan, administer, monitor and evaluate the use to which aid is put. The quality of aid is not an issue that serves either their domestic needs or foreign policy objectives. The successes in Bangladesh are shown to be attributable either to market forces or to foreign aid which does not lend itself to diversion by the upper classes. Some comparisons show that the phenomenon of a "resource windfall" leading to "appropriation" by the upper classes exists in other countries and is not unique to Bangladesh. The study concludes that unless appropriate aid is provided with sound ad-ministration, which uses, to the fullest, available expertise in the country, then increasing inequity and dependence are bound to result.
18
Suweon, Kim. "The political economy of aid-oriented foreign policy change: elite perspectives on mercantilism in Korea and Ghana." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4021.
Full textAbstract:
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>The thesis examines how elite perspectives on foreign aid affect the subsequent path of aid dependence. The focus is on aid-seeking foreign policy change. Two foreign policy change cases are examined for the study, which took place in Korea under Park Chung-hee and in Ghana under Rawlings through a lens of comparative historical analysis. The thesis aims to make two original contributions to knowledge. First, it explains recipient foreign policy using two different forms of mercantilism, and second, it reveals the dependent path created by the mercantilist oriented elite.
Mercantilism in the thesis is used as dual-frameworked concept. First, it is a lens to see state behaviour. Despite the fact that mercantilism has been mainly used to explain a donor‘s behaviour, it can elucidate that of an aid-recipient state when the aid-seeking country is in dire need of the foreign aid for the survival of the state. The thesis applies mercantilism to explain aid-receiving countries‘behaviour. Second, more importantly, mercantilism also explains elite perspectives. The elite in aid receiving countries search for foreign aid not only for the wealth and power of their state, but also for the prosperity and survival of themselves. Mercantilism is used as an ostensible principle in practicing the private search for advantages of the elite. The thesis uses the dual-mercantilism idea to examine aid-seeking foreign policy in Korea and Ghana. In Korea, the elite saw the key to their survival in industrialising the nation, and their search for foreign aid took place based on that raison d’être. In Ghana, on the other hand, the elite found the way to their survival and prosperity in acquiring more foreign aid and the aid per se became the ultimate goal. The thesis finds industrial mercantilism a useful framework to understand the elite perspective in Korea
19
Amaya, Ab. "Aid (in)dependence? : promoting long-term sustainability in the response to HIV/AIDS : the case of the Global Fund in Peru." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3141183/.
Full textAbstract:
In the current scenario of decreasing aid, it is critical to develop mechanisms to guarantee the sustainability of programmes once donors exit a country. This study seeks to provide an indepth understanding of this process in Peru, an upper-middle income country and recipient of multiple HIV/AIDS Global Fund grants that, given recent economic growth, has allocated strategic funding for HIV/AIDS activities within the national budget. The aim of this study is to evaluate the transition of Peru from receiving Global Fund financing for HIV/AIDS to the increasing role of national institutions and capacity for policy development. For this, an original framework was employed, which allowed for the analysis of inputs (resources invested), actor motivations and incentives, HIV policies and plans, and their effects on programmatic sustainability; finally providing recommendations to inform decision-makers on priority areas that must be strengthened to ensure sustainable HIV/AIDS programming. To achieve these objectives, a case study (2004–2012) was conducted, employing a review of the literature and in-depth interviews among the main actors working in HIV in Peru, carried out between October–December of 2011. Findings demonstrate that Peru has made important progress towards ensuring a sustainable response for HIV/AIDS, primarily in the allocation of government funding and creation of spaces for actor discussion. Yet, this is not without challenges. The weak leadership and lack of coordination between the central and regional levels has exacerbated the already existing capacity issues in the regions, in this case related to HIV activity planning and implementation. Moreover, in order for HIV to remain a policy priority, mechanisms of accountability must be strengthened, as well as information systems to demonstrate need and key areas for action. Although findings are specific to the Peruvian context, this experience leaves important lessons learned in programmatic sustainability for other countries.
20
Hatla, Boitumelo Reneilwe. "The impact of government grants on poverty in Sharpeville / Boitumelo Reneilwe Hatla." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8514.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa, like international countries, has been experiencing an increase in the levels of poverty over the years. Poverty affects vulnerable groups of society more intensely and these groups include children, the old, disabled people and women, especially those who are single parents. This dissertation studies the role social grants have on the level of poverty in households of Sharpeville. This study focuses on two areas namely the theoretical background of poverty and social grants; and what the impact is of income from social grants. The South African government provides its citizens with eight different social grants to help those in need and/or vulnerable. From these social grants only six are investigated for the purpose of this study. These grants include the old age grant, child dependency grant, foster care grant, child support grant, disability grant and the war veteran grant. Poverty is defined as the inability to attain a minimal material standard of living by the World Bank. The different indicators used in this study to profile poor households in Sharpeville include the Household Subsistence Level (HSL) as the poverty line, the poverty gap ratio, the headcount index and the dependency ratio. This dissertation shows that poverty within the township has increased over the five years. And to do this the results from the data survey conducted in 2009 are compared to the results from Sekatane‘s 2004 data. The poverty gap ratio and the headcount index for the township in 2009 were estimated at 0.86 and 0.654 respectively. In the year 2004 the headcount index was estimated at 0.431 indicating a 22.3 percent increase in the number of people living in poverty. This means that an estimated 5 477 households in Sharpeville, in 2009, were regarded to be poor When government grants are excluded from the household‘s income within the township both the poverty gap ratio and the headcount index decrease to 0.93 and 0.705 respectively. This means that when government grants are excluded from households‘ income within Sharpeville, the depth of poverty within household‘s increases. The income from government grants might be regarded as minimal, however it assists in moving households further from the poverty line. This study recommends that activities within the informal sector should be encouraged as this will increase employment opportunities for those unemployed in the township. As the vast majority of the unemployed people have skills from trading/retail sector; employment creation should be focused in this sector. Lastly, the income threshold used in the means test equation to check affordability of social grant applicant should be decreased as people meeting the current criteria are already living in dire poverty.<br>Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
21
Hughes, Caroline. "Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and East Timor." Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6272.
Full textAbstract:
Dependent Communities investigates the political situations in contemporary Cambodia and East Timor, where powerful international donors intervened following deadly civil conflicts. This comparative analysis critiques international policies that focus on rebuilding state institutions to accommodate the global market. In addition, it explores the dilemmas of politicians in Cambodia and East Timor who struggle to satisfy both wealthy foreign benefactors and constituents at home-groups whose interests frequently conflict.Hughes argues that the policies of Western aid organizations tend to stifle active political engagement by the citizens of countries that have been torn apart by war. The neoliberal ideology promulgated by United Nations administrations and other international NGOs advocates state sovereignty, but in fact "sovereignty" is too flimsy a foundation for effective modern democratic politics. The result is an oppressive peace that tends to rob survivors and former resistance fighters of their agency and aspirations for genuine postwar independence.In her study of these two cases, Hughes demonstrates that the clientelist strategies of Hun Sen, Cambodia's postwar leader, have created a shadow network of elites and their followers that has been comparatively effective in serving the country's villages, even though so often coercive and corrupt. East Timor's postwar leaders, on the other hand, have alienated voters by attempting to follow the guidelines of the donors closely and ignoring the immediate needs and voices of the people.Dependent Communities offers a searing analysis of contemporary international aid strategies based on the author's years of fieldwork in Cambodia and East Timor.
22
Sollenberg, Margareta. "A Scramble for Rents : Foreign Aid and Armed Conflict." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171720.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research has not specified the circumstances under which foreign aid may increase the probability of armed conflict. The purpose of this dissertation is to address this gap by employing a theoretical framework in which foreign aid produces incentives for a rent-seeking scramble among elites. A set of conditions affecting the likelihood of armed conflict are identified and tested on global data in a series of statistical analyses. Paper I argues and finds that foreign aid increases the probability of armed conflict in states where there are few constraints on executive power, allowing for a scramble for rents. Paper II proposes and finds a threshold effect of aid, such that the likelihood of armed conflict increases only when aid has reached a certain level. Paper III suggests and demonstrates that sudden negative changes in aid flows enhance the risk of armed conflict as well as coup attempts, as aid shortfalls accelerate distributional conflict over aid rents. Paper IV claims and shows that civil wars are less likely to be terminated by settlement in the form of elections when conflict parties are dependent on rents. In sum, this dissertation contributes by theoretically specifying and empirically identifying conditions under which foreign aid increases the probability of armed conflict.
23
Salih, Sarmed. "Rate-dependent cohesive-zone models for fracture and fatigue." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ratedependent-cohesivezone-models-for-fracture-and-fatigue(d8bfee97-1a75-4418-8916-b5a7cf8cdfd9).html.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the phenomena of fracture and fatigue having been the focus of academic research for more than 150 years, it remains in effect an empirical science lacking a complete and comprehensive set of predictive solutions. In this regard, the focus of the research in this thesis is on the development of new cohesive-zone models for fracture and fatigue that are afforded an ability to capture strain-rate effects. For the case of monotonic fracture in ductile material, different combinations of material response are examined with rate effects appearing either in the bulk material or localised to the cohesive-zone or in both. The development of a new rate-dependent CZM required first an analysis of two existing methods for incorporating rate dependency, i.e.either via a temporal critical stress or a temporal critical separation. The analysis revealed unrealistic crack behaviour at high loading rates. The new rate-dependent cohesive model introduced in the thesis couples the temporal responses of critical stress and critical separation and is shown to provide a stable and realistic solution to dynamic fracture. For the case of fatigue, a new frequency-dependent cohesive-zone model (FDCZM) has been developed for the simulation of both high and low-cycle fatigue-crack growth in elasto-plastic material. The developed model provides an alternative approach that delivers the accuracy of the loading-unloading hysteresis damage model along with the computational efficiency of the equally well-established envelope load-damage model by incorporating a fast-track feature. With the fast-track procedure, a particular damage state for one loading cycle is 'frozen in' over a predefined number of cycles. Stress and strain states are subsequently updated followed by an update on the damage state in the representative loading cycle which again is 'frozen in' and applied over the same number of cycles. The process is repeated up to failure. The technique is shown to be highly efficient in terms of time and cost and is particularly effective when a large number of frozen cycles can be applied without significant loss of accuracy. To demonstrate the practical worth of the approach, the effect that the frequency has on fatigue crack growth in austenitic stainless-steel 304 is analysed. It is found that the crack growth rate (da/dN) decreases with increasing frequency up to a frequency of 5 Hz after which it levels off. The behaviour, which can be linked to martensitic phase transformation, is shown to be accurately captured by the new FDCZM.
24
Harrison, Maxine. "Counselling psychologists' perception, understanding and experience of client dependency within the overall therapeutic relationship and its impact on the therapeutic process." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2011. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/counselling-psychologists-perception-understanding-and-experience-of-client-dependency-within-the-overall-therapeutic-relationship-and-its-impact-on-the-therapeutic-process(dbc0bb4d-854a-4832-b6ab-a42b2e300b2d).html.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the research was to examine how Counselling Psychologists perceive dependency in their clients and also how they experience the phenomenon in their therapeutic practice. Research suggests that dependency is relevant to the formation and continuance of relationships and that it can influence the strength and quality of those relationships and as such has a role in therapeutic relationships. Open-ended semistructured interviews were conducted with 8 Counselling psychologists with in excess of 5 years experience. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. 4 master themes were identified. ‘The therapeutic relationship as the context for dependency’ was consistent with existing literature on the importance of the therapeutic relationship. Participants were generally resistant to clients becoming dependent on them and maintained firm boundaries to avoid it and believed that greater experience made it easier to work with dependency. Participants’ reluctance to approach dependency issues was consistent with western societal values that seem to reject vulnerability and neediness. Significant for training and practice was the theme ‘feelings engendered by dependency’, with challenging reactions to dependency rarely being discussed in training or supervision and for which there is little professional support. The theme ‘impact of the theoretical approach and environment on dependency’ suggests that longer term therapy, such as psychodynamic approaches, encourage an over reliance on the therapist. The fourth theme ‘power’, indicated that participants recognised the influence of power in therapy and in general felt empowerment was an appropriate therapeutic goal.
25
Ambrose, Josh D. "Evaluating Community Dependence on Short-Term International Medical Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Masatepe, Nicaragua." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1463133502.
Full text
26
Cussiol, José Renato Rosa. "Caracterização funcional de uma nova proteína antioxidante: Ohr (Organic Hydroperoxide Resistance Protein). Vias de redução e expressão em Xylella fastidiosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-21072010-161740/.
Full textAbstract:
Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria gram-negativa, colonizadora do xilema de plantas economicamente importantes, sendo responsável por diversas patogenias como a doença de Pierce em videiras e a clorose variegada dos citros (CVC). Plantas, ao serem infectadas por patógenos, dispõem de um maquinário de defesa que inclui a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Peróxidos de lipídios podem ser formados pelo ataque de ROS à membrana bacteriana ou pela ação de lipoxigenases. O sistema da AhpR (alquil hidroperóxido redutase) foi inicialmente caracterizado como o principal responsável pela defesa contra hidroperóxidos orgânicos em bactéria. Recentemente, foi descrito um gene em muitas bactérias patógenas no qual a sua deleção conferia a célula uma maior susceptibilidade a hidroperóxidos orgânicos, mas não a H2O2 ou a geradores de superóxido (Mongkolsuk et al., 1998 e Ochsner et al., 2001). Por esta razão, este gene foi denominado ohr (organic hydroperoxide resistance gene). O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar funcionalmente a proteína ohr de X. fastidiosa. Inicialmente, demonstramos que ohr possui atividade peroxidase dependente de tiól sendo que sua capacidade de reagir com hidroperóxidos é devida á presença de um par de cisteínas conservadas em seu sítio ativo. Também mostramos que ohr possui um enovelamento alfa/beta único, não observado nas estruturas de outras peroxidases dependentes de tiól como peroxirredoxinas e glutationa peroxidases. Análises do sítio ativo de ohr mostraram que seus prováveis substratos são moléculas hidrofóbicas e alongadas. Corroborando esta hipótese, demonstramos que enzimas lipoiladas, classicamente relacionadas com o metabolismo intermediário, interagem física e funcionalmente com ohr, enquanto que os sistemas tiorredoxina e glutationa, classicamente relacionados a tióis peroxidases, não sustentam a atividade peroxidásica de ohr. Este resultado representa a primeira descrição de uma peroxidase que é diretamente reduzida por grupos lipóicos de enzimas. Também fornecemos evidências que indicam que ohr atua na redução de hidroperóxidos derivados de ácidos graxos insaturados. De fato, análise cinética de estado estacionário por bi substrato mostra que ohr decompõem hidroperóxidos orgânicos com alta eficiência (kcat/KM ~ 106M-1.s1) através de um mecanismo ping-pong, sendo aproximadamente dez mil vezes mais eficiente do que na presença de H2O2. Esses dados em conjunto mostram que ohr é central na resposta bacteriana contra o estresse induzido por hidroperóxidos orgânicos, mas não por H2O2 e define uma nova classe de enzimas antioxidantes com propriedade únicas: peroxidases dependentes de grupos lipóicos. Outro objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a via de regulação gênica de ohr em Xylella fastidiosa. Na maioria dos organismos, ohr é regulada por uma proteína repressora denominada ohrR (Sukchawalit et al., 2001), mas em algumas bactérias foi descrito que a expressão de ohr era regulada positivamente por um fator sigma alternativo (σE) de função extra citoplasmática (Gourion et al., 2008). Nossos resultados mostraram que ohr de X. fastidiosa não está sob controle de nenhuma dessas proteínas, sendo provavelmente expressa constitutivamente. Análises por northern blot não mostraram alterações nos níveis de ohr em células submetidas a estresse oxidativo ou etanólico. Esses resultados, ainda que preliminares, indicam que possivelmente o controle da expressão gênica de ohr em X. fastidiosa é distinto daqueles descritos até o momento na literatura para outras bactérias.<br>Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium, which colonizes the xylem from economically important plants, being responsible for several diseases such as Pierce disease (PD) in gravepines and citrus variegated clorosis (CVC). Plants, when infected by pathogens, are able to defend themselves through several mechanisms which include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipid hydroperoxides can be generated from the attack of ROS to the bacterial membrane or by the action of lipoxygenases. The alkyl hydroperoxide reductase system (AhpR) was initially characterized as the main responsible for the detoxification of organic hydroperoxides in bacteria. Recently, it was also characterized another gene in many pathogenic bacteria, whose deletion renders cells susceptibility to organic hydroperoxide treatments but not by H2O2 or by superoxide generators (Mongkolsuk et al., 1998 and Ochsner et al., 2001). For this reason, it was named ohr (organic hydroperoxide resistance gene). The goal of this work was to functionally characterize ohr, the product of ohr gene from Xylella fastidiosa. Initially, we demonstrated that ohr possesses Cys-based thiol-dependent peroxidase activity. Later, we showed that ohr possesses a unique alpha/beta fold not observed in the structures of other thiol peroxidases such as peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases. Analyses of ohr active site showed that its likely substrates are elongated and hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, we showed that lipoylated enzymes, classically related with the intermediary metabolism, interacts physically and functionally with ohr while classical thiol-dependent pathways, such as thioredoxin and glutathione, failed to support ohr activity. This finding represents the first evidence of a peroxidase that is directly reduced by lipoyl groups of enzymes. Also, we obtained evidences indicating that ohr acts in the detoxification of peroxides derived from unsaturated fatty acids. In fact, steady-state kinetics using bi-substrate analysis showed that ohr decomposes organic peroxides with high efficiency (kcat/KM ~ 106 M-1.s-1 through a ping-pong mechanism, at least ten thousand times more efficiently than hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). All these results together shows that ohr is central in the response of bacteria to the stress induced by organic hydroperoxides but not by H2O2 and defines a new class of antioxidant enzymes with unique properties such as lipoyl-dependent peroxidase activity. Another goal of this work was to study the regulation of ohr expression in Xylella fastidiosa. ohr expression is regulated in most bacteria by a repressor protein named ohrR (Sukchawalit et al., 2001) but, in some bacteria, ohr expression is positively regulated by an alternative sigma factor (σE) with extracitoplasmatic function (Gourion et al., 2008). Our results showed that ohr from X. fastidiosa was not under the control of none of these regulators, probably being constitutively expressed. Through northern blot analysis, we did not observed any changes in ohr levels in cells submitted to oxidative or ethanolic stress. These results, indicates that ohr expression probably differs from that previously described on literature for other bacteria.
27
Rios-Orlandi, Ethel Marie. "Kinetic properties of two folate-dependent dehydrogenase-hydrolases." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75844.
Full textAbstract:
The kinetic relationship between the activities of multifunctional enzymes from folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism were examined. Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase catalyzes the main disposal reaction for excess one-carbon units produced in the liver. The enzyme, which catalyzes also a hydrolytic reaction, was purified from porcine liver and a radioactive assay was developed to measure both activities simultaneously. These and other kinetic measurements established that the dehydrogenase and hydrolase are kinetically independent activities of a single type of polypeptide. NAD-dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase is found in all transformed mammalian cells and catalyzes sequential reactions with channeling of the metabolic intermediate. However, these activities are kinetically independent in contrast to similar activities of the NADP-dependent trifunctional enzyme found in all eukaryotic cells. These properties explain the observation that only the NAD-dependent enzyme conjugate can catalyze the conversion of formyl- to methylenetetrahydrofolate in vitro.
28
Oliveira, Ana Filipa Martins. "Microglial clearance function: dependence on phenotypes." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6715.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Genética Molecular e Biomedicina<br>Microglia are active sensors of the brain and respond promptly to even minor disturbance in their microenvironment. A feature of this response is the accumulation of these cells at the site of lesion. Neonatal jaundice is a common condition of the newborn and may determine injury to neurons and glial cells, such as microglia, when levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) are excessive.
With the objective to evaluate whether microglia have a protective or deleterious role, we decided to assess, using the Boyden chamber, the chemotactic effect of free unbound UCB (fUCB), as well as the migration ability of UCB-treated microglia in the absence or in the presence of chemotatic compounds, such as ATP and S100B. Also, we intended to evaluate the effect of glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) as a modulator. To characterize our usual model of microglia isolation, phenotypic evaluation of cultures with different days in vitro (DIV) was performed by estimating cell morphology, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and phagocytic ability.
We observed that fUCB did not act as a chemotactic compound for microglia and that cells treated with UCB showed decreased migration ability. Co-incubation with GUDCA prevented this effect and enhanced microglia migration. However, reduced effects were observed in the presence of ATP and abolished when using S100B. Isolated microglia with 2 DIV showed features of activation, but presentedramified morphology of the “resting” state, less NF-κB activation and increased phagocytosis at 13 DIV.
Data indicate that microoglia exposure to UCB leads to a reduced migration ability and that co-incubation with GUDCA prevents this deleterious effect, resulting in an increased migration. Characterization of microglia phenotypes, along the time in culture, point to 13 DIV cells as the most suitable for studies intended to evaluate microglia reactivity to UCB, and probably to other stimuli.
29
Bensenberg, Michelle. "Learning when to ask : the quantity and type of implementation data as a function of when the data are collected in a program evaluation /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
30
Zundel, Alan F. "Declarations of dependency : the civic Republican tradition in U.S. poverty policy /." Albany (N.Y.) : State university of New York, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377378362.
Full text
31
Wong, Yuen Fei. "Retinoic acid receptor-dependent endogenous retinoic acid activity in mouse collecting ducts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/retinoic-acid-receptordependent-endogenous-retinoic-acid-activity-in-mouse-collecting-ducts(a9ed7a57-02e0-4bb5-b542-334d7ba5c4da).html.
Full textAbstract:
Retinoic acid (RA) is the main endogenous bioactive form of vitamin A that plays an important role in many biological events by regulating gene expression. One of the major mechanisms via which endogenous RA regulates gene expression is through the canonical signalling, which involves binding and activation of RA receptors (RARs) by RA. It is well-acknowledged that the canonical signalling of endogenous RA is indispensable for embryonic kidney development but its role in the kidney after birth is not as well-established. It is hypothesised that the canonical signalling of endogenous RA continues to regulate gene expression in the kidney after birth. In the kidney of young and adult RARE-hsp68-lacZ mice, a constitutive signal of RA response element (RARE) activation was observed. The signal was largely localised to collecting duct principal cells, inner medullary collecting duct cells, and intercalated cells. In concordance with the in vivo observation, basal RARE activity was detected in mIMCD-3 cells, a cell line derived from mouse inner medullary collecting ducts. The RARE activity was likely a result of constitutive activation of RARs given rise by cell-autonomous synthesis of endogenous RA as the activity was suppressed by antagonists of RARs and by an inhibitor of RA synthesising enzymes. Using mIMCD-3 cells as an in vitro model, target genes of endogenous RA/RARs were identified using microarray at the whole genome level, and the results were validated with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene ontology analysis on the validated genes suggests their involvement in vitamin A metabolism, as well as in some classical and novel functions of collecting ducts including kidney development.
32
Werner, Katarzyna Maria. "Essays on non-expected utility theory and individual decision making under risk." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-nonexpected-utility-theory-and-individual-decision-making-under-risk(e73bd3eb-8031-45f9-b34d-e5e9edb78e03).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the choices under risk in the framework of non-expected utility theories. One of the key contributions of this thesis is providing an approach that allows for a complete characterisation of Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) preferences without prior knowledge of the reference point. The location of the reference point that separates gains from losses is derived endogenously, thus, without any additional assumptions on the decision makers risk behaviour. This is different to the convention used in the literature, according to which, the reference point is preselected. The problem arising from imposing the location of the reference point is that the underlying preference conditions might not be alligned with the predictions made by the model. Consequently, it is difficult to verify such a model or to test it empirically. The present contribution offers a set of normatively and descriptively appealing preference conditions, which enable the elicitation of the reference point from the decision makers behaviour. Since these conditions are derived using objective probabilities, they can also be applied to settings such as health or insurance, where the continuity of the utility function is not required. As a result, the obtained representation theorem is not only the most general foundation for CPT currently available, but it also provides further support for the use of CPT as a modelling tool in decision theory and fi
nance. Another contribution that this thesis can be credited with is an application of rank-dependent utility theory (RDU) to the problem of insurance demand in the monopoly market affected by adverse selection. The present approach extends the classical model of Stiglitz (1977) by accounting for an additional component of heterogeneity among consumers, the heterogeneity in risk perception. Speci
fically, consumers employ distinctive probability weighting functions to assess the likelihood of risky events. This aspect of consumers' behaviour highlights the importance that the probabilistic risk attitudes within the RDU framework, such as optimism and pessimism, have for the choice of insurance contract. The analysis yields a separating equilibrium, with full insurance for a sufficiently pessimistic decision maker. An important implication of this result is that any low-risk individual who sufficiently overestimates his probability of loss will induce the uninformed insurer to o¤er him full coverage, thereby, affecting the high-risk type adversely. This outcome is consistent with the recent empirical puzzle regarding the correlation between ex-post risk and insurance coverage, according to which, agents with low exposure to risk receive a larger amount of compensation. By providing an explanation of this pattern of individual behaviour, the current work demonstrates that theory and practice of insurance demand can be reconciled to a greater extent. The paper also provides a behavioural rationale for policy intervention in the market with RDU agents, where the initial distortions in contracts due to unobservable risks are aggravated by the non-linear weighting of probability of a risky event.
33
Cherry, Melissa A. "Sequence dependence of the activity of amphipathic peptides." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-2/rp/cherrym/melissacherry.pdf.
Full text
34
de, Renzio Paolo. "Buying better governance : the political economy of budget reforms in aid-dependent countries, 1997-2007." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a56c6b13-dfce-4337-bc35-eded2b8f6954.
Full textAbstract:
The quality of governance and institutions is increasingly seen as a fundamental factor in shaping the development prospects of poor countries. As a consequence, donor agencies have increasingly allocated resources to providing technical assistance for improving governance standards in such countries, with mixed results. This thesis investigates the domestic and external factors affecting the outcomes of reforms aimed at improving the quality of government budget institutions across a sample of 16 aid-dependent countries. It provides a new definition of the quality of budget institutions, and develops an analytical framework that identifies the key factors at play in the political economy of budget reforms. The analysis starts with a medium-N ‘pattern finding’ approach, based on a new dataset tracking changes in the quality of budget institutions over the period 2001 to 2007. This is followed by a small-N ‘process tracing’ approach, with in-depth case studies of Mozambique and Burkina Faso (with additional evidence from Tanzania), looking at both overall reform trajectories and four specific budget reform areas. The results show that among domestic factors, economic and political stability are preconditions for successful budget reforms. A minimum degree of government leadership and commitment to reforms is also a very important factor shaping budget reform outcomes, alongside the centralisation of budget institutions. Surprisingly, among external factors, the level of technical assistance and the use of so-called programme aid modalities were less important than the overall fragmentation of aid flows and the ways in which technical assistance is delivered in influencing budget reform outcomes. Donors’ hopes of ‘buying’ better budget governance, therefore, are more likely to be enhanced not by additional resources, but by better behaviour. Moreover, such strategy is likely to work only in countries with enough capacity and interest in reforms.
35
Haake, Zachary J. "Biogeochemical Gradients within an Acid Mine Drainage-Derived Iron Mound, North Lima, Ohio." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1397816537.
Full text
36
Dubbelhuis, Peter Foeke. "Regulation of metabolism by amino acid dependent signal transduction." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/75780.
Full text
37
Shaw, Graham P. "Gastric acid secretion : substrate-dependency and intracellular mechanisms of action of secretagogues and inhibitors." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14529/.
Full text
38
Bélanger, Carole. "Isolation of the cDNA and the gene encoding a folate-dependent enzyme." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70166.
Full textAbstract:
NAD-Dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase is a mitochondrial folate-dependent enzyme apparently expressed only in transformed mammalian cells and tissues containing undifferentiated cells. The cloning of both the cDNA and the gene encoding this bifunctional enzyme have led to a better understanding of the regulation of its expression in normal and transformed cells. Southern blot analyses revealed that the gene has a similar organization in normal and transformed cells and no major rearrangement or amplification were detected. The gene encodes two messenger RNAs which differ only by the length of their 3$ sp prime$-untranslated region and are derived by the use of alternative polyadenylation signals. The detection of transcripts in transformed cells and not in normal adult tissues suggests that the gene is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The promoter region of the gene contains several putative cis-regulatory elements which may have an important role in the differential expression of this folate-dependent enzyme.
39
Yeğin, Zeynep Arslanoğlu Alper. "Hiv-1 regulatory gene dependent expression of a toxic gene/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2006. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/master/biyoloji/T000556.pdf.
Full text
40
Lee, Meng Huee. "Studies on ketoacid-dependent dioxygenases involved in amino acid metabolism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362049.
Full text
41
Koch, Christin. "Immunomodulation of the IgE dependent immune response by docosahexaenoic acid." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15927.
Full textAbstract:
Der globale Prävalenzanstieg allergischer Erkrankungen wird mit der westlichen Ernährung und einem sich ändernden Fettsäurespektrum assoziiert. Die omega-3 Fettsäure Docosahexaensäure (DHA) wurde bereits bei verschiedenen chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen erfolgreich therapeutisch eingesetzt. Die dabei zugrunde liegenden Wirkmechanismen sind jedoch nicht vollständig geklärt. Deshalb wurde hier der molekulare Mechanismus der DHA-vermittelten Hemmung der IgE-Produktion in humanen B-Zellen sowie der verminderten Differenzierung IgE-produzierender Plasmazellen in vitro untersucht. Analysen der beteiligten Signaltransduktionswege offenbarten eine Reduktion der IL-4-abhängigen STAT6-Phosphorylierung und der CD40-vermittelten NFkappaB-Translokation, was zu einer Inhibition des IgE-Klassenwechsels auf dem Niveau des epsilon-Keimbahntranskriptes sowie der Aktivierungsinduzierten Desaminase führte. Weiterhin wurde in einer randomisierten, kontrollierten Doppelblindstudie die Supplementierung mit hochdosierter DHA bei Patienten mit atopischem Ekzem hinsichtlich klinischer und immunologischer Parameter geprüft. Dabei führte DHA zu einer Reduktion des Schweregrades der Erkrankung und zu einer verminderten IgE-Produktion anti-CD40/IL 4-stimulierter Blutzellen ohne Beeinflussung des Serum-IgE-Spiegels. Schließlich wurden die lokalen Prozesse nach DHA-Verabreichung in einem Mausmodell für proteininduzierte Dermatitis analysiert. Dabei war die Reduktion der klinischen Ekzemausprägung mit der verminderten Zahl dermaler CD8+ T-Zellen verbunden. Andere histologische Parameter und das Serum-IgE blieben jedoch unbeeinflusst. Durch die Fähigkeit von DHA, in den IgE-Klassenwechsel in B-Zellen einzugreifen, stellt die Supplementierung mit DHA somit eine mögliche präventive Maßnahme gegen allergische Erkrankungen dar. Ebenso ist DHA in der Lage, den Schweregrad des atopischen Ekzems durch die positive Beeinflussung lokaler inflammatorischer Prozesse signifikant zu verbessern.<br>The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased worldwide. Westernised diet with its changing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions is considered to contribute to this development. The omega-3 PUFA Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been reported to be antiinflammatory, but its way of action is not completely understood. Initially, the molecular mechanisms of DHA impact on IgE production in human B cells were examined in vitro. Thereby, DHA inhibited IgE production and the differentiation of IgE secreting cells. This was mediated through direct inhibition of the immunoglobulin isotype switching process by decreasing epsilon germline transcript and activation induced desaminase transcription. Analysis of involved signalling pathways revealed an inhibition of IL-4 driven STAT6 phosphorylation and a reduced NFkappaB translocation into nucleus upon CD40 ligation. Next, in a randomised, double bind, controlled clinical study the efficacy of high-dose DHA supplementation in atopic eczema was determined by investigating the impact on clinical and immunological parameters. In the DHA, but not in control group a clinical improvement of atopic eczema and a reduction of CD40/IL-4 mediated IgE synthesis of peripheral blood cells were observed whereas serum IgE levels remained unchanged. Finally, in a mouse model the impact of oral DHA application on allergen induced dermatitis as well as the underlying local mechanisms were investigated. Thereby, the DHA mediated reduction of clinical skin score was associated with decreased dermal CD8+ T cell numbers, whereas other histological parameters or serum IgE values were not affected. In summary the results indicate that dietary DHA may be effective in prevention of allergic diseases by interference with the IgE switching process and improve the clinical outcome of atopic eczema by its positive impact on local inflammatory processes.
42
Millner, Timothy L. "Formulating a plan for economic diversification in defense dependent communities : establishing a model for stability, growth and development /." Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403329.
Full text
43
Cruz, Wadson Evaristo Ceita da. "Identificar soluções para diminuir a dependência económica externa de São Tomé e Princípe." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28948.
Full textAbstract:
O subdesenvolvimento patente da sociedade de São Tomé e Príncipe (STP), apesar de
várias ajudas externas recebidas dos diversos parceiros é um motivo de preocupação.
Contra todas as expectativas positivas, à medida que o tempo passa, a ajuda externa
tem aumentado, assim como a dívida pública e o défice da balança comercial, as
condições de vida da maioria dos santomenses não melhora, a pobreza faz parte do
quotidiano e a dependência da ajuda externa agrava-se. Esta alta dependência, que tem
dado lugar a subserviência do estado em relação aos doadores, retira ao governo a
possibilidade de pôr em marcha os seus programas, ter a sua própria iniciativa, uma vez
que é necessário obedecer aos programas definidos pelos organismos internacionais.
Este trabalho, onde inicialmente se fez um diagnóstico da situação atual, teve como
objetivo identificar soluções concretas a serem implementadas para diminuir a
dependência de STP às ajudas externas. Para atingir este objetivo, foi seguida uma
metodologia qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas semiestruturadas a um conjunto de
atores chave. Os resultados, por um lado, comprovam uma forte dependência externa
da economia e mostram a perceção dos entrevistados da sua importância e evolução
temporal e sectorial. Por outro, permitem identificar soluções concretas e sustentáveis,
sobretudo nos sectores produtivo e de infraestruturas, mas, também no social e de
governação, a empreender ou a continuar, que, desde que bem planeadas e avaliadas e
exista estabilidade política, podem vir a reduzir o nível de dependência externa do país
no futuro; Abstract:
The obvious underdevelopment of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) society, despite the
various external aid received from the various partners, is a cause for concern. Against
all positive expectations, as time goes by, foreign aid has increased, as well as public
debt and the trade deficit, the living conditions of most São Toméans do not improve,
poverty is part of everyday life and dependence on foreign aid worsens. This high
dependency, which has given rise to the subservience of the state in relation to donors,
removes from the government the possibility of starting its programs, having its own
initiative, since it is necessary to obey the programs defined by international
organizations. This work, which initially made a diagnosis of the current situation, aimed
to identify concrete solutions to be implemented to reduce the dependence of STP on
external aid. To achieve this goal, a qualitative methodology was followed, using semistructured
interviews with a set of key actors. The results, on the one hand, prove a
strong external dependence on the economy and show the interviewees' perception of
its importance and temporal and sectoral evolution. On the other hand, they allow the
identification of concrete and sustainable solutions, especially in the productive and
infrastructure sectors, but also in the social and governance sectors, to be undertaken
or to continue, which, provided that they are well planned and evaluated and that there
is political stability, may reduce the country's level of external dependence in the future.
44
Baker, August Joseph. "Unintended effects of American social policy on disadvantaged men : the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11740.
Full text
45
Lucas, Andrew Thomas. "Structural Basis for Dishevelled-2 Association to the Plasma Membrane." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76974.
Full textAbstract:
The Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway is one of the critical developmental pathways for control of cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell growth. The DEP domain, located on the C-terminus of Dishevelled (Dvl), plays a role in cytoplasm-membrane association, which branches the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway within the cell. It has been suggested that the DEP domain requires the recruitment of ionic lipids, such as phosphatidic acid, to regulate its localization to the plasma membrane and association to the frizzle receptor. However, the physical mechanism for DEP association to the plasma membrane is still unknown. We show that mDvl2-DEP interacts with phosphatidic acid at a distinct patch on the surface formed by a positively charged surface area by NMR spectroscopy. The binding of this interaction was also found at physiologically relevant concentration using fluorescence spectroscopy. We also determined that the interaction is pH-dependent and regulated through a 'histidine switch' mechanism at His464 and His465 where there is increased association of mDvl2-DEP to the plasma membrane at higher pH values (7.5). This association is based on tertiary structure conformational changes with rearrangement of the loop regions by a change in local pH, not its interaction with phosphatidic acid. Overall, our work will contribute to elucidate how cells regulate their developmental pathways through localized molecular interactions.<br>Master of Science
46
Goodsall, Christopher William. "The role of pyrophosphate dependent phosphofructokinase in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361686.
Full text
47
Cain, Natalie E. (Natalie Elaine). "Transport activity dependent regulation of the yeast general amino acid permease." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62612.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2011.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The general amino acid permease Gap1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae scavenges amino acids from the extracellular medium for use as nitrogen sources in starvation conditions. Because unlimited uptake of both naturally occurring amino acids and amino acid analogs is toxic, Gap1p is active at the plasma membrane only when amino acid levels are low. Gap1p is down regulated when amino acids are abundant by two distinct post-translational mechanisms. Gap1p is regulated post-translationally to respond quickly and efficiently to changing amino acid concentration. An increase in amino acids causes accumulation of Gap1p in the vacuole and inactivation of Gap1p located at the plasma membrane. Conversely, a decrease in amino acid levels allows for redistribution of Gap1p from internal membranes to the cell surface. Here I examine the mechanism of amino acid regulation of Gap1p. Previous studies of Gap1p sorting have focused on the trans-acting factors required for the distribution of Gap1p between the plasma membrane and internal compartments. To complement this body of work, these studies focus on the cis-elements required for Gap1p sorting. We find that post-translational regulation of Gap1p requires the catalytic activity of Gap1p, indicating that sorting and activity of Gap1p are controlled in cis. Gap1p therefore can serve as an amino acid sensor to control its activity in response to nutrient levels. This finding suggested that post-translational regulation of Gap1p could apply to other transporter proteins in yeast. I examined the activity and localization of a related transporter protein, the histidine-specific permease Hip1p in response to various amino acids, and found that although Hip1p is down regulated only in response to histidine, this regulation is less tightly controlled than the regulation of Gap1p. This observation supports previous assertions that the function of Gap1p in the cell is distinct among yeast amino acid transporters.<br>by Natalie E. Cain.<br>Ph.D.
48
Gundersen, Jennifer Lisa. "Acid dissociation of chloroguaiacols and pH dependent sorption to estuarine sediments." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616676.
Full textAbstract:
Chloroguaiacols are common components of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent known to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, and sorb onto particulate material and sediments. Ionization properties of the chloroguaiacols must be known in order to explain their sorptive behavior in aquatic systems. to obtain this information, thermodynamic acid dissociation constants (p&K\sb{lcub}\rm a{rcub})& of guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) and nine chloroguaiacols have been determined by spectrophotometric methods. These experimental p&K\sb{lcub}\rm a{rcub}& values have been compared with literature values, values predicted by the Hammett equation and predictions by quantum chemical calculations using MOPAC 6.0 with AM1 and MNDO Hamiltonian operators. Experimental and predicted acidities were linearly related, and the correlation and regression equations obtained have been used to calculate p&K\sb{lcub}\rm a{rcub}& values for those chloroguaiacols that were unavailable for experimental measurement. Sorption of chloroguaiacols onto sediments may result in reduced bioavailabilty to aquatic species, increased degradation rates or rapid burial. Conversely, it may result in increased exposure to deposit feeding species with subsequent transfer to higher trophic levels. The sorption of four chloroguaiacols (5-chloroguaiacol, 4,6-dichloroguaiacol, 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol and tetrachloroguaiacol) with p&K\sb{lcub}\rm a{rcub}& values ranging from 9.06 to 6.06 was investigated on four estuarine sediments. The effect on sorption of aqueous phase pH, sediment organic carbon content and degree humification was investigated. Sorption coefficients, &K\sb{lcub}\rm d{rcub}&, were determined at two pH values (6.6 and 7.8). Linear relationships were observed between &K\sb{lcub}\rm d{rcub}& and both % total organic carbon(TOC) and % humic acids at each pH. &K\sb{lcub}\rm oc{rcub}& and &K\sb{lcub}humic{rcub},& sorption coefficients normalized to % TOC and % humic acids, were calculated. In addition to the amount of TOC present, the type of organic matter (ie. humic acids) is an important factor in sorption. Aqueous phase pH governs the ionization of chloroguaiacols. Sorption of the ionized and molecular species are different due, in part, to the different solubilities of the species and was reflected in the different &K\sb{lcub}\rm d{rcub}& values determined at each pH.
49
Wang, Aifang. "The effects of varied instructional aids and field dependence-independence on learners' structural knowledge in a hypermedia environment." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1191519256.
Full text
50
Patel, Mayank Mukesh. "Spermine-nucleic acid interactions : roles of hydrophobicity, polynucleotide sequence-dependence and nature of polynucleotide /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. IP filtered, 2006.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-149, 177-182). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;