Journal articles on the topic 'Aide judiciaire'

À travers l’analyse du discours de 15 victimes de crimes interrogées au sujet de leur processus de reprise de contrôle à la suite du délit dont elles ont été l’objet, on remarque que les victimes semblent se distancier des procédures judiciaires en cours. Elles prennent conscience qu’elles doivent prendre en charge leur propre rétablissement, puisque le système judiciaire ne pourra leur venir en aide à cet égard. Les victimes se sentent ignorées par les autorités judiciaires, et la majorité attribuent le traitement reçu à leur « statut » de victime plutôt qu’à leurs caractéristiques personnelles, ce qui les pousse à refuser ce statut, à entreprendre des actions valorisantes dans diverses sphères de leur vie, et à mobiliser des ressources extérieures au système judiciaire afin de prendre en charge leur rétablissement. L’exclusion et l’absence d’information sur les procédures en cours et sur les recours disponibles engendrent un sentiment d’impuissance chez les victimes. Garantir des droits d’information et de consultation lors des procédures pénales serait ainsi susceptible d’améliorer l’expérience des victimes d’actes criminels.

Au Québec, le législateur a décidé de confier la résolution des litiges naissant des baux résidentiels à un tribunal administratif, la Régie du logement, plutôt qu’aux tribunaux civils ordinaires. Par la Loi sur la Régie du logement, L.Q. 1979, c. 48, celle-ci se voit attribuer une compétence dévolue jusque-là à un autre tribunal administratif, la Commission des loyers, compétence qui s’exerçait principalement en matière de contrôle des loyers et d’exercice par le locataire de son droit au maintien dans les lieux loués. La Loi attribue également à la Régie le pouvoir de connaître toute demande relative au bail d’un logement qui était jusque-là de la compétence de la Cour provinciale : réclamation de loyer, résiliation de bail par exemple. En plus de ses attributions de type quasi judiciaire, la Régie se voit confier d’autres fonctions : information, conciliation, régulation. Ainsi, elle doit informer les locataires et les propriétaires sur leurs droits et obligations. Elle assume ce mandat de deux façons : par une information de masse faisant appel aux différents médias de communication : imprimé, radio, télévision, ..., et par une information personnalisée, par le biais d’une aide individuelle apportée à chaque personne qui en fait la demande. La Régie doit également tenter d’amener la solution des conflits par la voie de la conciliation. Ses efforts se sont jusqu’à maintenant concentrés surtout sur la conciliation en matière de détermination du loyer. Organisme de régulation, la Régie l’est par le rôle que l’État lui attribue en matière de contrôle des démolitions de logements, des transformations d’immeubles loués en copropriété et des aliénations d’immeubles situés dans des ensembles immobiliers où de tels gestes ne peuvent être posés que moyennant une autorisation préalable de la Régie. Celle-ci doit décider en fonction de l’opportunité compte tenu de l’intérêt public et de l’intérêt des parties. Pour rendre la Régie facilement accessible au justiciable, on y a prévu une procédure simplifiée et un coût réduit. Les règles de preuve qui s’appliquent sont celles du Code civil, avec un certain assouplissement, en particulier en matière d’admissibilité de la preuve testimoniale.

How much assistance should a trial judge provide a self-represented litigant [SRL] before the judge’s impartiality will be reasonably questioned? This question has been of continuing concern to both the bench and bar ever since the rise of the pro se litigation movement in the late 1990s, particularly in the context of “mixed” cases involving an SRL and a represented party. Case law and ethics codes provide inconsistent decisions and vague guidelines for judges, who must balance their duty to provide reasonable assistance with their duty to ensure a fair trial for all parties. This paper reports the results of a survey administered to 210 Canadian family law practitioners who were presented with 16 hypothetical scenarios involving an SRL and a represented party. Respondents indicated their views regarding the impartiality and helpfulness of the trial judge in each scenario, involving various procedural defaults by the SRL and different forms of judicial assistance or lack thereof. The results indicate that lawyers' perceptions of a judge's impartiality are affected, inter alia, by the favourability of the outcome for the SRL, and whether the assistance provided dealt with procedural or substantive matters. Future research is needed to determine whether a consensus can be established regarding perceptions of lawyers, lay persons, and judges regarding which forms of assistance are reasonable and required, permissible, or impermissible.Jusqu’à quel point un juge de première instance peut-il venir en aide à une partie qui se représente elle-même sans que son impartialité puisse raisonnablement être mise en doute? Cette question ne cesse de préoccuper les juges et les avocats depuis l’essor qu’a pris le phénomène de l’autoreprésentation à la fin des années 1990, en particulier dans le contexte des cas « mixtes », impliquant une partie qui se représente elle-même et une partie représentée par un avocat. La jurisprudence et les codes de déontologie fournissent des décisions contradictoires et des lignes directrices vagues aux juges, qui doivent trouver un équilibre entre leur devoir de fournir une aide raisonnable et leur obligation d’assurer un procès équitable à toutes les parties. Le présent article expose les résultats d’une enquête réalisée auprès de 210 spécialistes du droit de la famille du Canada, auxquels on a soumis 16 scénarios hypothétiques impliquant une partie se représentant elle-même et une partie représentée par un avocat. Les répondants ont indiqué leur point de vue quant à l’impartialité et à l’aide accordée par le juge de première instance dans chacun des scénarios. Les scénarios comportaient diverses erreurs de procédure commises par la partie se représentant elle-même et différentes formes d’aide judiciaire ou l’absence d’aide de cette nature. Les résultats indiquent que la façon dont les avocats perçoivent l’impartialité d’un juge est affectée, entre autres, par la mesure dans laquelle l’issue est favorable pour la partie se représentant elle-même et par le fait que l’aide a porté sur des procédures ou sur des questions de fond. Il faudra d’autres recherches pour déterminer si un consensus peut être atteint relativement à la façon dont les avocats, les non-initiés et les juges perçoivent les formes d’aide qui sont raisonnables et requises, autorisées ou interdites.

Résumé Bien qu'un nombre important de recherches, pourtant diversifiées, aient été réalisées auprès de femmes victimes de violence conjugale, les études portant spécifiquement sur les femmes qui ont recours au système judiciaire se font plutôt rares. Les écrits consultés ont permis d'identifier entre autres des facteurs facilitant le recours au processus judiciaire et des facteurs le freinant. Plus récemment, d'autres études ont porté de façon plus particulière sur les liens pouvant exister entre le fait pour une victime de s'engager dans le système judiciaire et son processus d'empowerment. L'étude qui est l'objet du présent article s'est intéressée de façon particulière au processus d'empowerment de femmes victimes de violence conjugale qui ont eu recours au système judiciaire. Elle porte sur l'analyse de 29 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des femmes victimes de violence conjugale, engagées ou non dans un processus judiciaire. Le paradigme que nous avons retenu pour l'analyse des données est le paradigme structurel. Trois caractéristiques généralement liées à la définition de la violence faite aux femmes ont déterminé ce choix : la violence est située dans un contexte de relations de pouvoir caractérisées par la domination ; le caractère discriminant de ces relations de pouvoir est lié au fait d'appartenir à un sexe plutôt qu'à un autre ; la dimension sociale et publique du problème de la violence est reconnue. Le modèle de l'empowerment tel que nous l'avions élaboré semble approprié pour l'étude de trajectoires de femmes victimes de violence conjugale et laisse présager que toute démarche d'aide peut aider les femmes à s'engager dans un processus d'empowerment. Nos données nous permettent également d'identifier des éléments qui facilitent ce processus : support émotionnel ou informationnel. Nous n'avons toutefois pas pu cerner des éléments spécifiques au système judiciaire, en tant qu'institution sociale, qui favoriseraient le processus d'empowerment. Toutes les répondantes ont identifié des facteurs aidants et des obstacles. Seul le discours de nature plus sociale des répondantes différencie celles qui ont complété le parcours dans le système judiciaire des autres répondantes. L'hypothèse que nous retenons à ce moment-ci est que le fait de mener à terme des démarches judiciaires est plutôt indicateur d'empowerment. Si ceci s'avérait juste, on devrait en conclure que quelles que soient les décisions prises par les femmes à toutes les étapes du processus judiciaire, celles-ci doivent être respectées. Par ailleurs, l'information donnée, tout particulièrement en maison d'hébergement, qui analyse la violence conjugale comme un problème social et qui cherche à développer un mouvement de solidarité entre les femmes, semble être un facteur important dans le processus d'empowerment identifié dans cette étude. Nous croyons que l'utilisation du modèle du processus d'empowerment que nous avons élaboré peut être un apport intéressant en ce qui concerne l'intervention auprès des femmes victimes de violence conjugale. Le modèle permet d'identifier l'étape du processus à laquelle la victime se situe et les besoins qu'elle manifeste (émotifs, cognitifs, comportementaux). On pourra alors lui proposer un type d'aide et d'informations plus pertinent à ses besoins. L'utilisation de ce modèle offre aussi l'avantage de comprendre qu'il n'est peut-être pas le moment de proposer à une femme d'entreprendre une démarche légale et qu'elle n'est peut être pas prête à persévérer en ce sens.

All nations in the modern era embraced democratic political systems and welfare state ideologies, giving administrative agencies broad latitude to act as they see fit. In the lack of clear rules, etc., using those powers frequently becomes subjective. In order to guarantee that "the rule of law" is present in all governmental operations, it is, therefore, imperative to restrict discretionary powers. The Indian judiciary has been correctly cited as an illustration of this worldwide trend as courts have gained authority in recent years. The Indian Court has, in many respects, evolved into a model for good governance that judges the rest of the Indian government. “On October 16, 2015, the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court) issued a landmark judgment in NJLC. The judgment held unconstitutional the Ninety-ninth Amendment to the Indian Constitution, which established National Judicial Appointments Commission. This Article argues that the Court has expanded its mandate as a result of the shortcomings of India’s representative institutions. The Indian Supreme Court’s institutional structure has also aided its rise and helps explain why the Court has gained more influence than most other judiciaries. This Article examines the development of India’s fundamental structure doctrine and the Court’s broad right-to-life jurisprudence to explore how the Court has enlarged its role.

The study investigated public perception of the judiciary as a fair plank of justice system in Nigeria democracy based on an analysis of the Enugu State Judiciary. Two hundred and sixteen (216) residents of Enugu State from 9 local government areas participated in the study. Participants comprised males and females categorized into 5 social groups - top civil servants above grade level 12, political office holders in the local government and the capital city; petti traders, the unemployed and the underemployed youths. Participants’ age ranged between 25 and 55 years with a mean age of 33.72 years. Data collection was aided by use of Judicial Perception Questionnaire (JPQ) developed by the researchers.Data analysis using two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicate significant influence of political class on perception of judiciary as a fair plank of justice system in Nigeria, F(1,212) = 8.15, p<.05. The study revealed non-significant influence of gender and non-significant interaction of political class and gender on the perception of the judiciary as a fair plank of justice system in Nigeria.The results were discussed in terms of their implications for citizen’s attitude change and unbiased judicial reform in Enugu State and Nigeria in general. Key words: Judiciary; Democracy; Public perception; corruption; Enugu State

RésuméLes procès de Nuremberg constituent le fondement du droit criminel international contemporain. Néanmoins, ces procès sont rarement étudiés dans un contexte social et conceptuel plus large. Cet article examine le contexte ainsi que le rôle du concept de «civilisation» tel qu'utilisé dans le cas deU.S. v. Altstoetter, c'est-à-dire le procès de 1947 des juges et administrateurs judiciaires nazis à Nuremberg. L'auteure place la référence au concept de «civilisation» telle qu'évoqué parAltstoetterau sein d'une tradition du droit international qui définit la loi et la civilisation comme étant «co-constitutives». La courAltstoetterconceptualisait l'Allemagne comme un pays essentiellenient civilisé tombant dans une violence barbare et anarchique. Cette représentation aide la cour à établir la culpabilité des accusés, à blâmer la violence nazie sur l'absence de loi ainsi qu'à établir sa propre autorité.

Este trabalho apresenta algumas idéias relativas ao impacto que as decisões judiciais causam no sistema político. Diferentemente do que se costuma destacar do trabalho dos tribunais em matéria de direitos sociais, quando se põem em relevo os padrões e formas em que os tribunais os concebem para satisfazer as demandas de justiciabilidade desses direitos, os autores - que se centram no caso chileno - mostram como o litígio estratégico pode causar, apesar de resultados judiciais adversos, um impacto positivo na satisfação dos direitos sociais. Esse impacto depende mais da sensatez do sistema político para levar em conta a situação desesperada em que se encontram muitos de seus cidadãos, ou o temor da pressão política, do que das possibilidades que oferecem as grandes declarações provenientes dos tribunais.

Judicial Review is the basic and essential feature of the Indian constitutional scheme entrusted to the judiciary. The supremacy of the Indian Constitution is maintained in large part by judicial review. Additionally, it aids in preserving the harmony between the state’s three organs so that no law can be passed without being subject to review. Perhaps the most significant advancement in public law in the latter half of this century has been the judicial review of administrative action, and this paper focuses precisely on that. Judiciary review thus seeks to safeguard citizens from the misuse or abuse of authority by any branch of the state. This paper tries to cover the nuances of judicial review, like the grounds of judicial review, the doctrine of ultra vires, writs, and finally, its distinction with an appeal.

Historically, judicial enforcement of constitutional rights to health care has played a fairly limited role in enabling access to health care, a trend particularly prevalent in North America, and reflected in many other regions. This trend is due in part to judicial resistance to recognizing socioeconomic rights like health as appropriately legal, or as appropriately enforceable in light of the doctrine of separation of powers. This resistance is evident in judicial deference to social and economic policy, a reluctance to view socioeconomic claims as invoking “fundamental values” that courts consider themselves authorized to protect: and a real reluctance to recognize and enforce “positive” obligations pertaining to social welfare. As a result, health has often fallen largely into the political rather than legal sphere, and domestic courts have been relatively reluctant to review health policies from a human rights perspective, given the belief that doing so would exceed the appropriate democratic function of the judiciary.

Este estudo visa examinar os processos judiciais relacionados à infecção pelo vírus da Aids durante a pratica sexual no Brasil e suas implicações para a atualização do estigma do HIV/Aids. A reflexão foi centrada na análise dos processos de transmissão do HIV registrados no Portal JusBrasil e na revisão da produção acadêmica e de reportagens da mídia sobre o tema. Os dados revelam a convergência das visões de juristas, órgãos governamentais e representantes da sociedade civil organizada acerca das implicações negativas da criminalização da transmissão do HIV. Revelam-se também avanços, expressos pela jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal acerca da transmissão do vírus como transmissão de moléstia grave (Artigo 131), e não como tentativa de homicídio, e pela definição da Aids como agravo crônico e não como "sentença de morte". Todavia, existem retrocessos, como a tentativa de implementar leis que criminalizam a transmissão do vírus com penas severas e desconsideram as atuais tecnologias de prevenção e tratamento e os receios do estigma da Aids. Diante da escassez de estudos nacionais acerca do assunto, recomenda-se fomentar o debate e a produção acadêmica sobre os efeitos da criminalização da transmissão do HIV à luz do atual cenário da Aids no Brasil e no mundo.

Résumé Près de 900 jeunes présentant une problématique sévère de toxicomanie ont été évalués lors de leur demande de service en centre spécialisé. Un portrait de leur consommation de substances psychoactives est dressé et comparé en fonction des types d’encadrement judiciaire auquel est soumis l’individu, mais aussi en fonction du sexe. On constate des variations importantes de consommation de drogues entre les groupes (jeunes contrevenants par rapport aux jeunes en situation de protection ou encore, sous aucun encadrement légal) permettant d’appuyer l’hypothèse de liens entre, d’une part, l’intensité et le type de consommation de substances psychoactives et, d’autre part, la gravité des activités délictueuses. On tente d’identifier la portion de délits commis pour des fins de consommation de substances psychoactives et, donc, d’évaluer la proportion de jeunes qui cesseraient probablement les activités délictueuses si on pouvait les aider à cesser cette consommation de drogues. Les différences entre les sexes sont également mises en évidence.

RÉSUMÉ Les jeunes immigrés doivent au Québec s'adapter en même temps que leurs familles aux changements que leur impose une société d'accueil elle-même aux prises avec des problêmes de minorités et des conflits linguistiques. Leurs parents qui ont pour eux de grands espoirs sont partagés entre leurs propres valeurs et celles du nouveau pays. Mais la méconnaissance de la langue et des services sociaux et scolaires, notamment chez les mères, empêche souvent d'éviter les pièges de l'étiquetage pédagogique et du système judiciaire. La discipline est souvent au coeur des difficultés avec les adolescents. Le conflit des générations prend des caractéristiques particulières, le jeune étant plus vite et plus facilement acculturé à la nouvelle société. Néanmoins, la valorisation des origines peut aider les jeunes à faire face au racisme et au rejet. Il faudrait davantage investir dans les services d'information pour les parents ainsi que dans l'école et dans son adaptation pédagogique et culturelle.

Les mudejars valenciens qui firent partie de l'ancien règne de Valencia pendant le bas Moyen Âge, conservèrent, parmi d’autres institutions correspondant à la période islamique, les tribunaux musulmans héritiers des cadis précédents, qui se chargèrent d’appliquer les normes islamiques dans les procès ou les plaignants étaient uniquement musulmans. La Cour des cadis prenaient conseil des Ulémas (docteurs de la loi) ou de juristes expérimentés en législation islamique de même que des autres juridictions. Il y eut des collaborateurs Je justice, tels les procureurs dans les procès et, aussi, des auxiliaires de justice comme les greffiers, les traducteurs, les anciens magistrats d' Aragon et les policiers, chargés, par le Conseil des cadis, de faciliter le déroulement de leurs fonctions. On aida aussi les juridictions de bourreaux et de geôliers, la plus part du temps très semblables à l'organisation judiciaire des privilèges valen­ciens. De toute cette organisation des tribunaux des juridictions musulmanes de Valencia, on peut remarquer que la caractéristique principale a été de préserver les aspects de base de la justice islamique tout en introduisant progressivement de notables influences issues de la justice valencienne et de ses privilèges.

La signature de l’accord de paix en 2016 a aidé à mettre fin au conflit armé interne et encouragé une paix stable entre le gouvernement de la Colombie et les forces armées révolutionnaires de la Colombie — armée du peuple (FARC-EP). Cependant, cette entente a engendré un autre défi, soit celui de respecter le principe d’égalité devant la loi. Afin que les révolutionnaires soient incités à déposer leurs armes, en échange, l’État accepte de se faire juger par une justice transitionnelle. Le pluralisme juridique permet d’expliquer pourquoi la « Juridiction spéciale de paix » (JSP) peut être en conformité avec les normes internationales. Le présent article propose une façon d’expliquer ce choix difficile entre le droit à la paix et le droit à l’égalité devant la loi en considérant les normes internationales des droits de la personne. Le texte suggère l’utilisation des contrôles de la constitutionnalité ainsi que ceux de la conventionnalité, comme étant les deux recours judiciaires appropriés permettant de vérifier la compatibilité des règles de droit national avec les principes internationaux relatifs aux droits de la personne. Ces contrôles judiciaires peuvent être utilisés pour analyser l’invalidité d’une norme nationale qui contrevient à une norme internationale relative aux droits de la personne, en se basant sur le principe de la primauté du droit international de type impératif. Finalement, il est conclu que l’égalité devant la loi n’est pas un critère absolu et que la justice transitionnelle devrait être le dernier recours, dans le cas où la guerre permanente se présenterait comme la seule autre option. Quant à la paix, elle est considérée comme étant un droit fondamental dans l’ordre juridique international et national, afin de garantir les conditions nécessaires au respect des autres droits et libertés de tous.

O avanço dos direitos humanos requer que os tribunais esclareçam o que entendem por direitos para grupos de pessoas. Quando as normas de direitos humanos internacionais e regionais são internalizadas mediante sua implementação num sistema doméstico, o campo se torna fértil para demandas judiciais de interesse público. Talvez a conclusão seja de que há uma evolução gradual quanto ao desenvolvimento de uma legislação de direitos humanos, do sistema internacional ao regional. O artigo enfoca a prática do litígio de interesse público na África do Sul discutindo, entre outras, questões de acesso a justiça, educação legal clínica e assistência jurídica à população. Como exemplo de estratégia em uma ação pública, o autor analisa o processo movido contra o governo por uma campanha de ação para o tratamento da aids.

This introduction outlines the Forum on stigma, discrimination, and health: policies and research challenges, including four articles and a final commentary. The first article reviews the development of international research on the relationship between discrimination and health. The second analyzes the recent Brazilian research output on AIDS, stigma, and discrimination. The third article addresses conceptual and methodological aspects of the relations between discrimination and health from an epidemiological perspective. The forth examines the process of affirming sexual rights in Brazil, involving the judiciary system, public policies, and the executive and legislative branches of government, among others. The fifth paper presents comments and questions on the contents discussed in the first four articles. The reflections aim to provide conceptual and methodological contributions for research and health policies on stigma and discrimination, given the gaps identified in the international and Brazilian literature.

For women seeking to extricate themselves from the web of entrapment woven together by the multiple threads that make up the coercive control repertoire of their abusive intimate partners, it is often difficult to avoid engagement with legal systems. Yet, the legal systems they encounter—criminal, family, child welfare, immigration among them—are frequently unwelcoming (if not hostile), controlling, demeaning, fragmented and contradictory. While there has been a recent explosion of interest in “access to justice,” little attention has been paid to how we might conceptualize access to justice in a manner that speaks meaningfully to the circumstances of women who experience abuse in their intimate relationships. For such women, access to justice is curtailed not only by lack of representation, delays, costs, and procedural complexities—the obstacles commonly associated with access to justice failings—but by three inter-related phenomena: the enduring hold of an incident-based understanding of domestic violence; the failure of legal actors to curb men’s strategic use of legal systems to further their power; and the host of complications—contradictory expectations, inconsistent orders, repetitious proceedings, sweeping surveillance—that arise when women are compelled to navigate multiple intersecting legal systems. What is required, I argue, is a conceptualization of access to justice that places women’s safety and well-being at its core. Dans la plupart des cas, les femmes qui veulent se sortir de l’enfer de la violence conjugale et échapper au contrôle de leur conjoint abusif n’ont d’autre choix que de se tourner vers les systèmes judiciaires. Pourtant, ceux qui s’offrent à elles, que ce soit en matière criminelle ou familiale, ou encore en matière d’immigration ou de protection de l’enfance, sont souvent peu accueillants (sinon hostiles), en plus d’être contrôlants, rabaissants, fragmentés et contradictoires. Malgré le très grand intérêt que suscite depuis quelque temps l’accès à la justice, une attention dérisoire a été accordée à la façon de conceptualiser cet accès afin de vraiment aider les femmes aux prises avec la violence conjugale. Pour ces femmes, l’accès à la justice est entravé non seulement par des services de représentation inadéquats ainsi que par les délais, les coûts et les complexités liés à la procédure, soit les obstacles habituellement associés aux failles de l’accès à la justice, mais également par trois phénomènes interdépendants : une perception tenace de la violence familiale axée sur l’incident; l’incapacité des intervenants juridiques de freiner les hommes qui se servent astucieusement des systèmes judiciaires pour accroître leur domination et la myriade de complications – attentes contradictoires, ordonnances incompatibles, procédures répétitives, surveillance envahissante – qui surviennent lorsque les femmes doivent naviguer dans les méandres de plusieurs systèmes judiciaires qui s’entrecroisent. À mon avis, il est impératif de parvenir à une conceptualisation de l’accès à la justice qui est axée d’abord et avant tout sur la sécurité et le bien-être des femmes.

Legislative intent is considered to be one of the aids to statutory interpretation. This article looks at the theoretical justifications behind usage of legislative intent as a tool of statutory interpretation. The monopoly of the legislature in law making is acknowledged by the judiciary when it examines the legislative intent in interpreting statutes. It is argued that this justification is obsolete and is being increasingly used as a cover for judicial lawmaking. Without getting into the pros and cons of judicial overreach, this article analyses the role of legislative intent-hunting in keeping alive the myth of legislative supremacy in India. This article calls for further research on the possibility of restriction of the use of terminology of ‘legislative intent’ in cases where it is clearly absent. On the contrary, where the gulf between statutory text and the intended effect is bridged using judicial standards and criteria, the said principle should be termed ‘judicial intention’.

The article refers to the life and creative career of an outstanding lawyer, translator, statesman, senator, privy councilor of Ukrainian origin – Serhiy Zarudny. The overview of his official career is given. The life history of Serhiy Zarudny is hard work, honesty, patience, purposefulness. Serhiy Zarudny was born on March 17, 1821 in the village of Kolodyazne, Kupyansk district, Kharkiv province. In 1842 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkiv University with a mathematician’s degree. However, the mathematician who dreamed to be an astronomer, by a twist of fate had to become a lawyer when he got hired by the Department of the Ministry of Justice. Thanks to his hard work, he quickly took a close look at Russian jurisprudence and began to study classical works of foreign legal literature. The lack of official legal education did not discourage S. Zarudny in any way – it was the area where he found his mission. In the Department of the Ministry of Justice, Zarudny served for almost 15 years holding various positions – from senior aide of the Head of the Department to senior legal adviser at the Ministry of Justice. He became an outstanding lawyer, translator, statesman, senator, privy councilor. He took an active part in the development of fundamental provisions of the Peasant Reform of 1861 and the Judiciary Reform of 1864. It is sad that later he had to observe the destruction of his life-work by reactionary forces. He remained steadfast to the last, defending achievements of the democratic principles in justice system and judicature.

Purpose Financial criminals commit crimes with such disconcerting ease that economic and social stability is threatened. Armed with intangible knowledge and backed by legal, financial and accounting expertise, criminals use their intellectual weapons to carry out their activities with impunity by operating in extra-territorial spaces such as tax havens. The purpose of this paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. Design/methodology/approach A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry. Questioning this panel of persons from different but associated horizons enabled the collection of practical, technical and professional information on how they perceive acts of financial crime in the practice of their mission. Findings It was possible to observe that financial crime is motive-driven and develops in specific spaces and contexts, aided by informational weapons. Research limitations/implications By promoting both financial optimisation and tax minimisation, non-cooperative territories provide the perfect breeding ground for innovative minds to distort social norms which uphold equal tax treatment and a common effort. Financial information is the recurring theme throughout, allowing ever more cunning offenders to distort the value of words and the meaning of economic results. Practical implications The ease with which financial crimes are committed remains striking. Understanding the reasons why financial criminals appear to enjoy relative impunity requires questioning the magistrates and actors involved in the combat against financial crime. The interviews conducted with these key players show that financial crime develops and flourishes on the basis of a threefold specificity: a specific motive linked to absolute enrichment without economic foundation, diffuse and imprecise spaces where economic crimes proliferate with total impunity and an intangible weapon in the form of financial information. Social implications The private appropriation of financial information leads to the misappropriation of public goods and its capture by private operators, thereby depriving the community of a source of knowledge and expertise. Originality/value This paper is based on interviews with key figures in the French judiciary and also French tax officials. A survey in the form of semi-directive interviews was conducted from March to July 2012 with auditors, judicial magistrates and a representative of a large trade union of the French Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry.

<p>At the end of the last century, transmission of viral diseases such as AIDS and HIV through blood transfusions to patients with ‘‘Hemophiliacs’’, to kick up a row the discussion about civil liability arising from contaminated blood transfusion in the case called ‘‘Hemophiliacs’’ end trying to get it drew Hemophiliacs material and moral damage prompted the judiciary . Among the many factors blood transfusion process are involved the responsibility of each of them is subject to certain regulation.</p><p>For example blood centers, hospitals, doctors, nurse who transfuse the infected blood and resulting that injured party forced to use the infected blood and at the end state because of providing and distribution of blood as a public service. Blood center has a safety commitment and mast distribute a blood to be free of and implication. So they are responsible. Just with transfusion unless they reveal other factors and causes in fact in this case, the most important issue is the way of compensation of injured parties. So not only material remedies resulting transfusion of infected blood is indemnify. But in this point view that no damages should not be remain compensation. In addition moral damages and ……..</p>So because of importance of the subject and importance of the compensation of injured parties, it’s essential to base on…. Theory, implication absolute liability and objective liability for state with assuming the direct role of the state in the management of medical procedures in public hospitals. And the possibility of the direct role of the state in their affliction and regarding the role of the state in public health.

The Interview Simulation for Police Officers (ISPO) is a serious game developed to train police officers in communication competencies related to the interview of victims, witnesses and suspects. It was developed by Gameware Europe in collaboration with the Portuguese Police (Policia Judiciaria) within the RAGE project. The ISPO serious game was created using the modern methodologies and practices that are used in real-life police interviews. The focus of the game is on the training of communication competencies regarding gathering information from both victims and offenders. In order to evaluate the training effectiveness of the game, we conducted a study with 194 participants where general subjective learning effectiveness, using the Perceived Competence subscale of the IMI questionnaire, and domain-specific subjective learning effectiveness using the Police Interview Competency Inventory (PICI) were measured. Overall, ISPO improved the self-perceived competence of its players. Additionally, participants changed their opinion about the attitude to conduct a successful interview. Participants’ level of importance attributed to being dominant diminished and the level of importance attributed to being more benevolent and communicative during police interviews increased. Effects were stronger in inexperienced users leading us to believe that the game is an added value for use in a police officer school.

Aim Religion in India continues to remain a male-bastion with men occupying positions of leadership in religious institutions and wielding inordinate control. Against this backdrop, this research analyses the recent emergence of women claiming their space in religion, with specific focus on decision making powers, accessibility to religious careers, and rights and entitlements to religious finances and accruements. Methods The review made use of extensive and in-depth analysis off secondary sources of research and informative materials available, specifically on the subject matters of religion, women and modern feminist campaigns. Major sources utilized were newspapers articles, journal articles, scholarly research on related topics and court hearings and judgments of relevant cases. Results The analysis reveals that there is clear progress by feminist movements in challenging inequality in religion, by demanding equal access to places of worship and questioning religious practices that exclude them. Women are calling out male leadership where they have abused their power under the guise of faith. Feminist movements are also demanding women’s participation in the financial endowments that accrues to religion. Women are also making determined entry into careers related to religion. The growing number of institutions that provide religious training to women are not only enabling women to take up priestly and other religious roles, but also equipping them to question patriarchal interpretation of scriptures. Conclusion While the rising feminist movement towards obtaining equality within religion becomes quite apparent, one of the contributing factors could be the consistency of the judiciary in upholding the constitutional rights granted to women. Specifically, the Supreme Court, with its judgements and progressive interpretations of religious laws, has aided the women in their struggle. Since the questioning of patriarchal control of religious structures is happening almost parallelly across all major religions in India, it can also be theorised that there is a rising feministic consciousness that underpins the quest for religious equality and equal treatment.

L’étude examine le point de vue de jeunes utilisateurs de services dans le souci de questionner l’efficience des services et des pratiques psychosociales québécoises en réadaptation juvénile. L’analyse du discours de dix jeunes dits « multiproblématiques » présentant une maladie mentale, un besoin de protection sociale et de fréquents épisodes de désorganisation violente a été réalisée aux termes d’une étude qualitative explorant leurs perceptions d’eux-mêmes, des intervenants, de ce qui les aide ou leur nuit, ainsi que des services reçus. Les résultats conduisent à revoir certains paradigmes cliniques et juridiques qui sous-tendent l’organisation des services inter-établissements, en appui et en amont du judiciaire.

Forensic Science is a discipline focused on gathering and analyzing evidences related to crime. It is carried out in a laboratory to provide unbiased report to the investigating agencies and to the judiciary. Forensic investigators collect genetic and non-genetic proof usually encountered in criminal cases. They do a careful analysis and prepare a report that aids the agencies in investigation. A Forensic Science Laboratory is a facility that carries out analytical work related to crime scenes. It works by analyzing the various types of evidential material found during a crime scene. This has been executed from the information gained from various already published research papers, conference proceedings and data available on the internet. The data is also collected from the survey conducted with the help of structured questions which have been asked in Google form online questionnaires on the subject matter.

Le droit et les arts de la scène sont ensemble depuis des siècles. Les tragédies grecques dépeignaient les affaires présentées devant les tribunaux démontrant un lien étroit entre les deux. Au fil des ans, les pièces reflètent souvent les incohérences des décisions judiciaires ou des lois appliquées injustement ou inefficacement. Les arts de la scène sont utilisés pour aider le droit de premier cycle à vivre l’expérience de la profession grâce à la simulation de tribunaux, de moniteurs où il y a un besoin de mise en scène. Cependant, il est souligné que l’intention est de préparer l’élève aux diverses situations que l’élève peut traverser l’exercice de ses activités. Dans ce contexte, les institutions publiques et leurs particularités sont observées. Celles-ci présentent une image usée face aux problèmes auxquels sont actuellement confrontés, tels que la corruption et l’inefficacité managériale qui sont abordées plus en profondeur dans la recherche de solutions possibles à la lenteur de la prestation des services. Enfin, il est à noter qu’il est possible de corréler le théâtre et les institutions publiques pour élucider le rôle de ses acteurs dans la gestion des services fournis. Mots-clés: théâtre, institution publique, lenteur.

The linkage between quality of institutions and economic performance of nations has generated a lot of interest among scholars, due to their influence on development of many countries and effective use of resources including foreign aid from multilateral organizations. Two strands of theories emerge on the institutions-multilateral aids nexus: those for benefits of aid to growth and development; and those for harms caused by aid. The research objective is to investigate the impact of institutional quality on multilateral aid in Nigeria. To do this, the study applied auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Data for the study were sourced from the ICRG data, WGI data, QoG database, Transparency International, and World Development Indicators (WDI). The findings show that institutional quality variables do not have any influence on the multilateral aid in Nigeria, except the ‘independence of judiciary’ which appeared statistically significant. In the short-run analysis, the disequilibrium in the long-run equilibrium is corrected for in the next quarter period by about 25%; almost all the variables are statistically and significantly influencing multilateral aid. It is therefore recommended that donor agencies should consider other factors that negatively influence official development assistance (ODA) such as politics, location and colonial history.

Abstract Background The global critical shortage of health workers prevents expansion of healthcare services and universal health coverage. Like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya’s healthcare workforce density of 13.8 health workers per 10,000 population falls below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of at least 44.5 doctors, nurses, and midwives per 10,000 population. In response to the health worker shortage, the WHO recommends task sharing, a strategy that can increase access to quality health services. To improve the utilization of human and financial health resources in Kenya for HIV and other essential health services, the Kenya Ministry of Health (MOH) in collaboration with various institutions developed national task sharing policy and guidelines (TSP). To advance task sharing, this article describes the process of developing, adopting, and implementing the Kenya TSP. Case presentation The development and approval of Kenya’s TSP occurred from February 2015 to May 2017. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) allocated funding to Emory University through the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Advancing Children’s Treatment initiative. After obtaining support from leadership in Kenya’s MOH and health professional institutions, the TSP team conducted a desk review of policies, guidelines, scopes of practice, task analyses, grey literature, and peer-reviewed research. Subsequently, a Policy Advisory Committee was established to guide the process and worked collaboratively to form technical working groups that arrived at consensus and drafted the policy. The collaborative, multidisciplinary process led to the identification of gaps in service delivery resulting from health workforce shortages. This facilitated the development of the Kenya TSP, which provides a general orientation of task sharing in Kenya. The guidelines list priority tasks for sharing by various cadres as informed by evidence, such as HIV testing and counseling tasks. The TSP documents were disseminated to all county healthcare facilities in Kenya, yet implementation was stopped by order of the judiciary in 2019 after a legal challenge from an association of medical laboratorians. Conclusions Task sharing may increase access to healthcare services in resource-limited settings. To advance task sharing, TSP and clinical practice could be harmonized, and necessary adjustments made to other policies that regulate practice (e.g., scopes of practice). Revisions to pre-service training curricula could be conducted to ensure health professionals have the requisite competencies to perform shared tasks. Monitoring and evaluation can help ensure that task sharing is implemented appropriately to ensure quality outcomes.

From elephants to ABBA fans, silicon to hormone, the following discussion uses a new research method to look at printed text, motion pictures and a teenage rebel icon. If by ‘print’ we mean a mechanically reproduced impression of a cultural symbol in a medium, then printing has been with us since before microdot security prints were painted onto cars, before voice prints, laser prints, network servers, record pressings, motion picture prints, photo prints, colour woodblock prints, before books, textile prints, and footprints. If we accept that higher mammals such as elephants have a learnt culture, then it is possible to extend a definition of printing beyond Homo sapiens. Poole reports that elephants mechanically trumpet reproductions of human car horns into the air surrounding their society. If nothing else, this cross-species, cross-cultural reproduction, this ‘ability to mimic’ is ‘another sign of their intelligence’. Observation of child development suggests that the first significant meaningful ‘impression’ made on the human mind is that of the face of the child’s nurturer – usually its mother. The baby’s mind forms an ‘impression’, a mental print, a reproducible memory data set, of the nurturer’s face, voice, smell, touch, etc. That face is itself a cultural construct: hair style, makeup, piercings, tattoos, ornaments, nutrition-influenced skin and smell, perfume, temperature and voice. A mentally reproducible pattern of a unique face is formed in the mind, and we use that pattern to distinguish ‘familiar and strange’ in our expanding social orbit. The social relations of patterned memory – of imprinting – determine the extent to which we explore our world (armed with research aids such as text print) or whether we turn to violence or self-harm (Bretherton). While our cultural artifacts (such as vellum maps or networked voice message servers) bravely extend our significant patterns into the social world and the traversed environment, it is useful to remember that such artifacts, including print, are themselves understood by our original pattern-reproduction and impression system – the human mind, developed in childhood. The ‘print’ is brought to mind differently in different discourses. For a reader, a ‘print’ is a book, a memo or a broadsheet, whether it is the Indian Buddhist Sanskrit texts ordered to be printed in 593 AD by the Chinese emperor Sui Wen-ti (Silk Road) or the US Defense Department memo authorizing lower ranks to torture the prisoners taken by the Bush administration (Sanchez, cited in ABC). Other fields see prints differently. For a musician, a ‘print’ may be the sheet music which spread classical and popular music around the world; it may be a ‘record’ (as in a ‘recording’ session), where sound is impressed to wax, vinyl, charged silicon particles, or the alloys (Smith, “Elpida”) of an mp3 file. For the fine artist, a ‘print’ may be any mechanically reproduced two-dimensional (or embossed) impression of a significant image in media from paper to metal, textile to ceramics. ‘Print’ embraces the Japanese Ukiyo-e colour prints of Utamaro, the company logos that wink from credit card holographs, the early photographs of Talbot, and the textured patterns printed into neolithic ceramics. Computer hardware engineers print computational circuits. Homicide detectives investigate both sweaty finger prints and the repeated, mechanical gaits of suspects, which are imprinted into the earthy medium of a crime scene. For film makers, the ‘print’ may refer to a photochemical polyester reproduction of a motion picture artifact (the reel of ‘celluloid’), or a DVD laser disc impression of the same film. Textualist discourse has borrowed the word ‘print’ to mean ‘text’, so ‘print’ may also refer to the text elements within the vision track of a motion picture: the film’s opening titles, or texts photographed inside the motion picture story such as the sword-cut ‘Z’ in Zorro (Niblo). Before the invention of writing, the main mechanically reproduced impression of a cultural symbol in a medium was the humble footprint in the sand. The footprints of tribes – and neighbouring animals – cut tracks in the vegetation and the soil. Printed tracks led towards food, water, shelter, enemies and friends. Having learnt to pattern certain faces into their mental world, children grew older and were educated in the footprints of family and clan, enemies and food. The continuous impression of significant foot traffic in the medium of the earth produced the lines between significant nodes of prewriting and pre-wheeled cultures. These tracks were married to audio tracks, such as the song lines of the Australian Aborigines, or the ballads of tramping culture everywhere. A typical tramping song has the line, ‘There’s a track winding back to an old-fashion shack along the road to Gundagai,’ (O’Hagan), although this colonial-style song was actually written for radio and became an international hit on the airwaves, rather than the tramping trails. The printed tracks impressed by these cultural flows are highly contested and diverse, and their foot prints are woven into our very language. The names for printed tracks have entered our shared memory from the intersection of many cultures: ‘Track’ is a Germanic word entering English usage comparatively late (1470) and now used mainly in audio visual cultural reproduction, as in ‘soundtrack’. ‘Trek’ is a Dutch word for ‘track’ now used mainly by ecotourists and science fiction fans. ‘Learn’ is a Proto-Indo-European word: the verb ‘learn’ originally meant ‘to find a track’ back in the days when ‘learn’ had a noun form which meant ‘the sole of the foot’. ‘Tract’ and ‘trace’ are Latin words entering English print usage before 1374 and now used mainly in religious, and electronic surveillance, cultural reproduction. ‘Trench’ in 1386 was a French path cut through a forest. ‘Sagacity’ in English print in 1548 was originally the ability to track or hunt, in Proto-Indo-European cultures. ‘Career’ (in English before 1534) was the print made by chariots in ancient Rome. ‘Sleuth’ (1200) was a Norse noun for a track. ‘Investigation’ (1436) was Latin for studying a footprint (Harper). The arrival of symbolic writing scratched on caves, hearth stones, and trees (the original meaning of ‘book’ is tree), brought extremely limited text education close to home. Then, with baked clay tablets, incised boards, slate, bamboo, tortoise shell, cast metal, bark cloth, textiles, vellum, and – later – paper, a portability came to text that allowed any culture to venture away from known ‘foot’ paths with a reduction in the risk of becoming lost and perishing. So began the world of maps, memos, bills of sale, philosophic treatises and epic mythologies. Some of this was printed, such as the mechanical reproduction of coins, but the fine handwriting required of long, extended, portable texts could not be printed until the invention of paper in China about 2000 years ago. Compared to lithic architecture and genes, portable text is a fragile medium, and little survives from the millennia of its innovators. The printing of large non-text designs onto bark-paper and textiles began in neolithic times, but Sui Wen-ti’s imperial memo of 593 AD gives us the earliest written date for printed books, although we can assume they had been published for many years previously. The printed book was a combination of Indian philosophic thought, wood carving, ink chemistry and Chinese paper. The earliest surviving fragment of paper-print technology is ‘Mantras of the Dharani Sutra’, a Buddhist scripture written in the Sanskrit language of the Indian subcontinent, unearthed at an early Tang Dynasty site in Xian, China – making the fragment a veteran piece of printing, in the sense that Sanskrit books had been in print for at least a century by the early Tang Dynasty (Chinese Graphic Arts Net). At first, paper books were printed with page-size carved wooden boards. Five hundred years later, Pi Sheng (c.1041) baked individual reusable ceramic characters in a fire and invented the durable moveable type of modern printing (Silk Road 2000). Abandoning carved wooden tablets, the ‘digitizing’ of Chinese moveable type sped up the production of printed texts. In turn, Pi Sheng’s flexible, rapid, sustainable printing process expanded the political-cultural impact of the literati in Asian society. Digitized block text on paper produced a bureaucratic, literate elite so powerful in Asia that Louis XVI of France copied China’s print-based Confucian system of political authority for his own empire, and so began the rise of the examined public university systems, and the civil service systems, of most European states (Watson, Visions). By reason of its durability, its rapid mechanical reproduction, its culturally agreed signs, literate readership, revered authorship, shared ideology, and distributed portability, a ‘print’ can be a powerful cultural network which builds and expands empires. But print also attacks and destroys empires. A case in point is the Spanish conquest of Aztec America: The Aztecs had immense libraries of American literature on bark-cloth scrolls, a technology which predated paper. These libraries were wiped out by the invading Spanish, who carried a different book before them (Ewins). In the industrial age, the printing press and the gun were seen as the weapons of rebellions everywhere. In 1776, American rebels staffed their ‘Homeland Security’ units with paper makers, knowing that defeating the English would be based on printed and written documents (Hahn). Mao Zedong was a book librarian; Mao said political power came out of the barrel of a gun, but Mao himself came out of a library. With the spread of wireless networked servers, political ferment comes out of the barrel of the cell phone and the internet chat room these days. Witness the cell phone displays of a plane hitting a tower that appear immediately after 9/11 in the Middle East, or witness the show trials of a few US and UK lower ranks who published prints of their torturing activities onto the internet: only lower ranks who published prints were arrested or tried. The control of secure servers and satellites is the new press. These days, we live in a global library of burning books – ‘burning’ in the sense that ‘print’ is now a charged silicon medium (Smith, “Intel”) which is usually made readable by connecting the chip to nuclear reactors and petrochemically-fired power stations. World resources burn as we read our screens. Men, women, children burn too, as we watch our infotainment news in comfort while ‘their’ flickering dead faces are printed in our broadcast hearths. The print we watch is not the living; it is the voodoo of the living in the blackout behind the camera, engaging the blood sacrifice of the tormented and the unfortunate. Internet texts are also ‘on fire’ in the third sense of their fragility and instability as a medium: data bases regularly ‘print’ fail-safe copies in an attempt to postpone the inevitable mechanical, chemical and electrical failure that awaits all electronic media in time. Print defines a moral position for everyone. In reporting conflict, in deciding to go to press or censor, any ‘print’ cannot avoid an ethical context, starting with the fact that there is a difference in power between print maker, armed perpetrators, the weak, the peaceful, the publisher, and the viewer. So many human factors attend a text, video or voice ‘print’: its very existence as an aesthetic object, even before publication and reception, speaks of unbalanced, and therefore dynamic, power relationships. For example, Graham Greene departed unscathed from all the highly dangerous battlefields he entered as a novelist: Riot-torn Germany, London Blitz, Belgian Congo, Voodoo Haiti, Vietnam, Panama, Reagan’s Washington, and mafia Europe. His texts are peopled with the injustices of the less fortunate of the twentieth century, while he himself was a member of the fortunate (if not happy) elite, as is anyone today who has the luxury of time to read Greene’s works for pleasure. Ethically a member of London and Paris’ colonizers, Greene’s best writing still electrifies, perhaps partly because he was in the same line of fire as the victims he shared bread with. In fact, Greene hoped daily that he would escape from the dreadful conflicts he fictionalized via a body bag or an urn of ashes (see Sherry). In reading an author’s biography we have one window on the ethical dimensions of authority and print. If a print’s aesthetics are sometimes enduring, its ethical relationships are always mutable. Take the stylized logo of a running athlete: four limbs bent in a rotation of action. This dynamic icon has symbolized ‘good health’ in Hindu and Buddhist culture, from Madras to Tokyo, for thousands of years. The cross of bent limbs was borrowed for the militarized health programs of 1930s Germany, and, because of what was only a brief, recent, isolated yet monstrously horrific segment of its history in print, the bent-limbed swastika is now a vilified symbol in the West. The sign remains ‘impressed’ differently on traditional Eastern culture, and without the taint of Nazism. Dramatic prints are emotionally charged because, in depicting Homo sapiens in danger, or passionately in love, they elicit a hormonal reaction from the reader, the viewer, or the audience. The type of emotions triggered by a print vary across the whole gamut of human chemistry. A recent study of three genres of motion picture prints shows a marked differences in the hormonal responses of men compared to women when viewing a romance, an actioner, and a documentary (see Schultheiss, Wirth, and Stanton). Society is biochemically diverse in its engagement with printed culture, which raises questions about equality in the arts. Motion picture prints probably comprise around one third of internet traffic, in the form of stolen digitized movie files pirated across the globe via peer-to-peer file transfer networks (p2p), and burnt as DVD laser prints (BBC). There is also a US 40 billion dollar per annum legitimate commerce in DVD laser pressings (Grassl), which would suggest an US 80 billion per annum world total in legitimate laser disc print culture. The actively screen literate, or the ‘sliterati’ as I prefer to call them, research this world of motion picture prints via their peers, their internet information channels, their television programming, and their web forums. Most of this activity occurs outside the ambit of universities and schools. One large site of sliterate (screen literate) practice outside most schooling and official research is the net of online forums at imdb.com (International Movie Data Base). Imdb.com ‘prints’ about 25,000,000 top pages per month to client browsers. Hundreds of sliterati forums are located at imdb, including a forum for the Australian movie, Muriel’s Wedding (Hogan). Ten years after the release of Muriel’s Wedding, young people who are concerned with victimization and bullying still log on to http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0110598/board/> and put their thoughts into print: I still feel so bad for Muriel in the beginning of the movie, when the girls ‘dump’ her, and how much the poor girl cried and cried! Those girls were such biartches…I love how they got their comeuppance! bunniesormaybemidgets’s comment is typical of the current discussion. Muriel’s Wedding was a very popular film in its first cinema edition in Australia and elsewhere. About 30% of the entire over-14 Australian population went to see this photochemical polyester print in the cinemas on its first release. A decade on, the distributors printed a DVD laser disc edition. The story concerns Muriel (played by Toni Collette), the unemployed daughter of a corrupt, ‘police state’ politician. Muriel is bullied by her peers and she withdraws into a fantasy world, deluding herself that a white wedding will rescue her from the torments of her blighted life. Through theft and deceit (the modus operandi of her father) Muriel escapes to the entertainment industry and finds a ‘wicked’ girlfriend mentor. From a rebellious position of stubborn independence, Muriel plays out her fantasy. She gets her white wedding, before seeing both her father and her new married life as hollow shams which have goaded her abandoned mother to suicide. Redefining her life as a ‘game’ and assuming responsibility for her independence, Muriel turns her back on the mainstream, image-conscious, female gang of her oppressed youth. Muriel leaves the story, having rekindled her friendship with her rebel mentor. My methodological approach to viewing the laser disc print was to first make a more accessible, coded record of the entire movie. I was able to code and record the print in real time, using a new metalanguage (Watson, “Eyes”). The advantage of Coding is that ‘thinks’ the same way as film making, it does not sidetrack the analyst into prose. The Code splits the movie print into Vision Action [vision graphic elements, including text] (sound) The Coding splits the vision track into normal action and graphic elements, such as text, so this Coding is an ideal method for extracting all the text elements of a film in real time. After playing the film once, I had four and a half tightly packed pages of the coded story, including all its text elements in square brackets. Being a unique, indexed hard copy, the Coded copy allowed me immediate access to any point of the Muriel’s Wedding saga without having to search the DVD laser print. How are ‘print’ elements used in Muriel’s Wedding? Firstly, a rose-coloured monoprint of Muriel Heslop’s smiling face stares enigmatically from the plastic surface of the DVD picture disc. The print is a still photo captured from her smile as she walked down the aisle of her white wedding. In this print, Toni Collette is the Mona Lisa of Australian culture, except that fans of Muriel’s Wedding know the meaning of that smile is a magical combination of the actor’s art: the smile is both the flush of dreams come true and the frightening self deception that will kill her mother. Inserting and playing the disc, the text-dominant menu appears, and the film commences with the text-dominant opening titles. Text and titles confer a legitimacy on a work, whether it is a trade mark of the laser print owners, or the household names of stars. Text titles confer status relationships on both the presenters of the cultural artifact and the viewer who has entered into a legal license agreement with the owners of the movie. A title makes us comfortable, because the mind always seeks to name the unfamiliar, and a set of text titles does that job for us so that we can navigate the ‘tracks’ and settle into our engagement with the unfamiliar. The apparent ‘truth’ and ‘stability’ of printed text calms our fears and beguiles our uncertainties. Muriel attends the white wedding of a school bully bride, wearing a leopard print dress she has stolen. Muriel’s spotted wild animal print contrasts with the pure white handmade dress of the bride. In Muriel’s leopard textile print, we have the wild, rebellious, impoverished, inappropriate intrusion into the social ritual and fantasy of her high-status tormentor. An off-duty store detective recognizes the printed dress and calls the police. The police are themselves distinguished by their blue-and-white checked prints and other mechanically reproduced impressions of cultural symbols: in steel, brass, embroidery, leather and plastics. Muriel is driven in the police car past the stenciled town sign (‘Welcome To Porpoise Spit’ heads a paragraph of small print). She is delivered to her father, a politician who presides over the policing of his town. In a state where the judiciary, police and executive are hijacked by the same tyrant, Muriel’s father, Bill, pays off the police constables with a carton of legal drugs (beer) and Muriel must face her father’s wrath, which he proceeds to transfer to his detested wife. Like his daughter, the father also wears a spotted brown print costume, but his is a batik print from neighbouring Indonesia (incidentally, in a nation that takes the political status of its batik prints very seriously). Bill demands that Muriel find the receipt for the leopard print dress she claims she has purchased. The legitimate ownership of the object is enmeshed with a printed receipt, the printed evidence of trade. The law (and the paramilitary power behind the law) are legitimized, or contested, by the presence or absence of printed text. Muriel hides in her bedroom, surround by poster prints of the pop group ABBA. Torn-out prints of other people’s weddings adorn her mirror. Her face is embossed with the clown-like primary colours of the marionette as she lifts a bouquet to her chin and stares into the real time ‘print’ of her mirror image. Bill takes the opportunity of a business meeting with Japanese investors to feed his entire family at ‘Charlie Chan’’s restaurant. Muriel’s middle sister sloppily wears her father’s state election tee shirt, printed with the text: ‘Vote 1, Bill Heslop. You can’t stop progress.’ The text sets up two ironic gags that are paid off on the dialogue track: “He lost,’ we are told. ‘Progress’ turns out to be funding the concreting of a beach. Bill berates his daughter Muriel: she has no chance of becoming a printer’s apprentice and she has failed a typing course. Her dysfunction in printed text has been covered up by Bill: he has bribed the typing teacher to issue a printed diploma to his daughter. In the gambling saloon of the club, under the arrays of mechanically repeated cultural symbols lit above the poker machines (‘A’ for ace, ‘Q’ for queen, etc.), Bill’s secret girlfriend Diedre risks giving Muriel a cosmetics job. Another text icon in lights announces the surf nightclub ‘Breakers’. Tania, the newly married queen bitch who has made Muriel’s teenage years a living hell, breaks up with her husband, deciding to cash in his negotiable text documents – his Bali honeymoon tickets – and go on an island holiday with her girlfriends instead. Text documents are the enduring site of agreements between people and also the site of mutations to those agreements. Tania dumps Muriel, who sobs and sobs. Sobs are a mechanical, percussive reproduction impressed on the sound track. Returning home, we discover that Muriel’s older brother has failed a printed test and been rejected for police recruitment. There is a high incidence of print illiteracy in the Heslop family. Mrs Heslop (Jeannie Drynan), for instance, regularly has trouble at the post office. Muriel sees a chance to escape the oppression of her family by tricking her mother into giving her a blank cheque. Here is the confluence of the legitimacy of a bank’s printed negotiable document with the risk and freedom of a blank space for rebel Muriel’s handwriting. Unable to type, her handwriting has the power to steal every cent of her father’s savings. She leaves home and spends the family’s savings at an island resort. On the island, the text print-challenged Muriel dances to a recording (sound print) of ABBA, her hand gestures emphasizing her bewigged face, which is made up in an impression of her pop idol. Her imitation of her goddesses – the ABBA women, her only hope in a real world of people who hate or avoid her – is accompanied by her goddesses’ voices singing: ‘the mystery book on the shelf is always repeating itself.’ Before jpeg and gif image downloads, we had postcard prints and snail mail. Muriel sends a postcard to her family, lying about her ‘success’ in the cosmetics business. The printed missal is clutched by her father Bill (Bill Hunter), who proclaims about his daughter, ‘you can’t type but you really impress me’. Meanwhile, on Hibiscus Island, Muriel lies under a moonlit palm tree with her newly found mentor, ‘bad girl’ Ronda (Rachel Griffiths). In this critical scene, where foolish Muriel opens her heart’s yearnings to a confidante she can finally trust, the director and DP have chosen to shoot a flat, high contrast blue filtered image. The visual result is very much like the semiabstract Japanese Ukiyo-e woodblock prints by Utamaro. This Japanese printing style informed the rise of European modern painting (Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso, etc., were all important collectors and students of Ukiyo-e prints). The above print and text elements in Muriel’s Wedding take us 27 minutes into her story, as recorded on a single page of real-time handwritten Coding. Although not discussed here, the Coding recorded the complete film – a total of 106 minutes of text elements and main graphic elements – as four pages of Code. Referring to this Coding some weeks after it was made, I looked up the final code on page four: taxi [food of the sea] bq. Translation: a shop sign whizzes past in the film’s background, as Muriel and Ronda leave Porpoise Spit in a taxi. Over their heads the text ‘Food Of The Sea’ flashes. We are reminded that Muriel and Ronda are mermaids, fantastic creatures sprung from the brow of author PJ Hogan, and illuminated even today in the pantheon of women’s coming-of-age art works. That the movie is relevant ten years on is evidenced by the current usage of the Muriel’s Wedding online forum, an intersection of wider discussions by sliterate women on imdb.com who, like Muriel, are observers (and in some cases victims) of horrific pressure from ambitious female gangs and bullies. Text is always a minor element in a motion picture (unless it is a subtitled foreign film) and text usually whizzes by subliminally while viewing a film. By Coding the work for [text], all the text nuances made by the film makers come to light. While I have viewed Muriel’s Wedding on many occasions, it has only been in Coding it specifically for text that I have noticed that Muriel is a representative of that vast class of talented youth who are discriminated against by print (as in text) educators who cannot offer her a life-affirming identity in the English classroom. Severely depressed at school, and failing to type or get a printer’s apprenticeship, Muriel finds paid work (and hence, freedom, life, identity, independence) working in her audio visual printed medium of choice: a video store in a new city. Muriel found a sliterate admirer at the video store but she later dumped him for her fantasy man, before leaving him too. One of the points of conjecture on the imdb Muriel’s Wedding site is, did Muriel (in the unwritten future) get back together with admirer Brice Nobes? That we will never know. While a print forms a track that tells us where culture has been, a print cannot be the future, a print is never animate reality. At the end of any trail of prints, one must lift one’s head from the last impression, and negotiate satisfaction in the happening world. References Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “Memo Shows US General Approved Interrogations.” 30 Mar. 2005 http://www.abc.net.au>. 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