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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Botswana – Epidemiology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wright, Caradee Y., D. Jean du Preez, Danielle A. Millar, and Mary Norval. "The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031017.

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Skin cancer is a non-communicable disease that has been underexplored in Africa, including Southern Africa. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The countries which comprise Southern Africa are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. They differ in population size and composition and experience different levels of solar UVR. Here, the epidemiology and prevalence of skin cancer in Southern African countries are outlined. Information is provided on skin cancer prevention campaigns in these countries, a

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2

Kandala, N., E. Campbell, D. Rakgoasi, and B. Madi. "The geography of HIV/AIDS infection in Botswana." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, Suppl 2 (2011): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.143586.78.

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3

Tajima, Kazuo, and Kenji Soda. "Infectious Disease Epidemiology of AIDS/HIV in Japan." Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 3sup (1996): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.3sup_67.

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4

FISHER, STACY D., and STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ. "Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Involvement in HIV Disease and AIDS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 946, no. 1 (2001): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03900.x.

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5

HEALD, SUZETTE. "ABSTAIN OR DIE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIV/AIDS POLICY IN BOTSWANA." Journal of Biosocial Science 38, no. 1 (2005): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005000933.

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This paper traces the development of policies dealing with HIV/AIDS in Botswana from their beginning in the late 1980s to the current programme to provide population-wide anti-retroviral therapy (ARV). Using a variety of source material, including long-term ethnographic research, it seeks to account for the failure of Western-inspired approaches in dealing with the pandemic. It does this by looking at the cultural and institutional features that have created resistance to the message and inhibited effective implementation. The negative response to the first educational campaign stressing condo

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Martinez, S. S., A. Campa, H. Bussmann, et al. "Effect of BMI and fat mass on HIV disease progression in HIV-infected, antiretroviral treatment-naïve adults in Botswana." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 12 (2016): 2114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516001409.

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AbstractAn obesity paradox has been proposed in many conditions including HIV. Studies conducted to investigate obesity and its effect on HIV disease progression have been inconclusive and are lacking for African settings. This study investigated the relationship between overweight/obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2) and HIV disease progression in HIV+ asymptomatic adults not on antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Botswana over 18 months. A cohort study in asymptomatic, ART-naïve, HIV+ adults included 217 participants, 139 with BMI of 18·0–24·9 kg/m2 and seventy-eight participants with BMI≥25 kg/m2. The prim

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Greenhalgh, Scott, Rebecca Schmidt, and Troy Day. "Fighting the Public Health Burden of AIDS With the Human Pegivirus." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (2019): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz139.

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Abstract Highly active antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). From its current global rollout, HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality has been greatly reduced, yet there exists substantial interest in the development of new therapies to further mitigate the HIV/AIDS health burden and to inhibit any fallout from the development of antiretroviral drug resistance. One potential intervention is the human pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is not known to cause disease, and most remarkably it is shown to delay the prog

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8

Duesberg, P. H. "AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency virus and with infectious disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 4 (1991): 1575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.4.1575.

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9

Mathangwane, Joyce T. "People's perceptions of HIV/AIDS as portrayed by their labels of the disease: the case of Botswana." SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 8, no. 4 (2011): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2011.9725004.

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10

Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 3 (1989): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030077.

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Cryptococcosis is not a commonly diagnosed disease. Records of its occurrence in Britain are virtually non-existent before 1945. when the Mycological Reference Laboratory (MRL) of the Public Health Laboratory Service was first established

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11

Fontana, D., F. Porpiglia, I. Morra, L. Boario, P. Destefanis, and G. Cristaldi. "Tuberculosis epidemiology." Urologia Journal 65, no. 1 (1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039806500140.

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A gradual return of tuberculosis has been noted in industrialised countries since the late eighties. The real world-wide trend of the disease is, however, still widely underrated, as shown by the discrepancy between the number of cases reported to the WHO and those estimated by the same on the basis of the annual risk of tuberculotic infections (ARTI). According to these calculations, it is forecast that by the year 2000 approx. 13,000,000 persons world-wide will have the disease. Also in Italy the disease has been on the increase since the late eighties and in 1995 the incidence rate estimate

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Lazenby, Mark, Tony Ma, Howard J. Moffat, Marjorie Funk, M. Tish Knobf, and Ruth McCorkle. "Influences on place of death in Botswana." Palliative and Supportive Care 8, no. 2 (2010): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951509990939.

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AbstractObjective:There is an emerging body of research aimed at understanding the determinants of place of death, as where people die may influence the quality of their death. However, little is known about place of death for people of Southern Africa. This study describes place of death (home or hospital) and potential influencing factors (cause of death, age, gender, occupation, and district of residence).Method:We collected the death records for years 2005 and 2006 for all adult non-traumatic deaths that occurred in Botswana, described them, and looked for associations using bivariate and

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CHOPRA, R. D., and M. S. DWORKIN. "Descriptive epidemiology of enteric disease in Chennai, India." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 5 (2012): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001409.

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SUMMARYThere are very few data on the prevalence of coccidian enteric parasites among low-income adults hospitalized in Chennai, India. Stool samples from 200 patients were screened for selected parasites, enteric bacterial pathogens, and other protozoa over a 3-month period. The study identified 42 (21%) Cryptosporidium, 36 (18%) V. cholerae, 17 (9%) Salmonellla, 12 (6%) Isospora, six (3%) helminths, five (3%) Shigella, one (1%) Cyclospora, one (1%) other protozoan, and 0% V. parahaemolyticus cases. Co-infection was present in 21 patients. Cryptosporidium was detected in 17 (81%) of co-infect

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Ichinose, Lester Y. "Chimpanzees in AIDS Research." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (1995): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300509.

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Although the chimpanzee displays an immunological response to an HIV-1 challenge, it is a deficient animal model in AIDS research since it never develops the progressive symptoms of the disease. The continued use of the chimpanzee is also precluded because of its endangered status in the wild, the high cost per animal, and its failure to exhibit a CD4 decline (apoptosis) while infected. However, it is likely that the chimpanzee model will continue to be used in investigations relating to the epidemiology and mucosal transmission of the human AIDS virus.

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Martín, Vicente, Patricia García de Olalla, Angels Orcau, and Joan A. Caylà. "Factors Associated With Tuberculosis as an AIDS-Defining Disease in an Immigration Setting." Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100072.

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Petrulionienė, Agnė, Daiva Radzišauskienė, Arvydas Ambrozaitis, Saulius Čaplinskas, Algimantas Paulauskas, and Algirdas Venalis. "Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in a Highly Endemic European Zone." Medicina 56, no. 3 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030115.

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Background and objective: Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis (LB), is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia. The risk of infection depends on the geographical area, ecological factors, and human behavior. Clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis have a wide range, but the most frequent clinical symptom, which is also a diagnostic symptom, is a skin rash called erythema migrans (EM). The disease is very common worldwide. In Lithuania, the disease frequency is 99.9 cases per 100,000 population (Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, Lithuania

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Lamptey, Peter, and Rebecca Dirks. "Building on the AIDS Response to Tackle Noncommunicable Disease." Global Heart 7, no. 1 (2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2012.01.010.

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18

Peters, Jean. "AIDS in the Twenty-first Century. Disease and Globilization." Annals of Human Biology 30, no. 4 (2003): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0301446031000115344.

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19

Garibaldi, Richard A. "Transmission of Hepatitis B and AIDS." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (1986): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006567x.

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Hepatitis B virus and HTLV-III are quite dissimilar in virology, organ tropism and clinical consequences. However, they are remarkably similar in epidemiology, modes of transmission, affected risk groups, and potentials for nosocomial infection. Presently, the two diseases pose much different problems for hospital epidemiologists. Over the past 10 years, the risks of nosocomial hepatitis B have dropped off sharply. In fact, hepatitis B is now theoretically a totally preventable disease. On the other hand, the epidemic of HTLV-III infection in high-risk groups continues unabated. The fear of ac

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Becker, SL. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection. Approaching the second decade." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 1 (1990): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-1-3.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can be transmitted through sexual activity, blood products, and perinatal exposure. The virus is composed of core, transmembrane, and envelope proteins. Cells of the immune system are the primary target of HIV, and destruction of the immune response is characteristic of end-stage disease. Although male homosexuals continue to represent the largest population of persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transmission among intravenous drug users accounts for the rapidly growing incidence of pediatric and heterosexual AIDS pati

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Franceschi, Silvia, and Marco Geddes. "Epidemiology of Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma, with Special Reference to Mediterranean Population." Tumori Journal 81, no. 5 (1995): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100502.

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An excess of classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in individuals of southern European ancestry has long been suspected and recently quantified in terms of age-standardized rates. In Italy and most notably in southern Italy for the period 1976-84, prior to the AIDS epidemic, KS incidence rates were two-to-three-fold higher than in the United States and Sweden and many ten-fold higher than in England and Wales and Australia. A high frequency of classic KS has also been documented in Israel and, in low-risk countries, in individuals born in southern Europe and the Middle East. Many infections have been

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22

Yousuf, Abdilahi, Siti Roshaidai Mohd Arifin, Ramli Musa, and Muhammad Lokman Md. Isa. "Depression and HIV Disease Progression: A Mini-Review." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (2019): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010153.

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Background: Depression is the most common mental disorder and a leading cause of disability, which commonly presents unexplained psychological and physical symptoms. Depression and HIV/AIDS are commonly comorbid. This review provides an insight into the effect of depression on disease progression among people living with HIV. Methods: A search for relevant articles was conducted using a database like MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed English journals published between 2015 and 2019 were included in the review. Results: A total of eight studies conducted in different settings

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Benson, Constance A. "Disease Due to the Mycobacterium avium Complex in Patients with AIDS: Epidemiology and Clinical Syndrome." Clinical Infectious Diseases 18, Supplement_3 (1994): S218—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.supplement_3.s218.

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24

Goubau, Patrick, Ignace Surmont, and Peter Piot. "Le Sida en Afrique." Afrika Focus 3, no. 3-4 (1987): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0030304002.

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Aids in Africa AIDS (Acquired Immunization Deficiency Syndrome), first described in 1981 in the United States, is at present ascertained on every continent. Since its description, our knowledge about AIDS has advanced with giant steps, with regard to its causal agent, clinical image, biological effects and epidemiology. Although it is everywhere the same disease, its epidemiology and impact on society vary from one continent to another depending on the human, social and economic conditions of the countries which are affected. The first African cases were noticed in 1983. Since then the presenc

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Smallman-Raynor, M. R., and A. D. Cliff. "Civil war and the spread of AIDS in Central Africa." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (1991): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880004869x.

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SUMMARYUsing ordinary least squares regression techniques this paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the classic association of war and disease substantially accounts for the presently observed geographical distribution of reported clinical AIDS cases in Uganda. Both the spread of HIV 1 infection in the 1980s, and the subsequent development of AIDS to its 1990 spatial pattern, are shown to be significantly and positively correlated with ethnic patterns of recruitment into the Ugandan National Liberation Army (UNLA) after the overthrow of Idi Amin some 10 years earlier in 1979. This corr

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Piggott, Thomas William. "Globalisation, collaboration, and indigenous alcohol abuse." SURG Journal 4, no. 2 (2011): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v4i2.1184.

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Alcohol abuse is attributed to four percent of the global burden of disease and associated with over 60 medical conditions. This burden is borne disproportionately by the indigenous peoples of our world. Two such indigenous populations, albeit far from one another, who are suffering from alcohol abuse are the San in Botswana and the First Nations in Canada. Both marginalised populations have high rates of alcohol abuse; however, there is a clear need for more research into the epidemiology. The public health response to alcohol abuse in indigenous populations is at a different stage in Canada

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Levy, LA. "History and epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 85, no. 7 (1995): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-85-7-346.

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first noticed in the US in 1981 and continue to spread today. Initially a disease associated completely with homosexual males, it is increasing in incidence and prevalence among heterosexual males and females, particularly, but not limited to, injection drug users. This disease is much more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics. Podiatric physicians are at risk of acquiring the disease as a result of their frequent use of injections and surgical intervention, particularly involving bone. In addition, the foot

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Boshoff, Chris, and Robin A. Weiss. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1408 (2001): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0778.

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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurs in Europe and the Mediterranean countries (classic KS) and Africa (endemic KS), immunosuppressed patients (iatrogenic or post–transplant KS) and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially among those who acquired human immunodeficiency virus sexually (AIDS–KS). KS–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV–8) is unusual among herpesviruses in having a restricted geographical distribution. Like KS, which it induces in immunosuppressed or elderly people, the virus is prevalent in Africa, in Mediterranean countries, among Jews and Arabs and certain Amer

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BLAXHULT, A., Z. FOX, R. COLEBUNDERS, et al. "Regional and temporal changes in AIDS in Europe before HAART." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (2002): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007719.

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In a prospective observational study 4485 patients from 46 clinical centres in 17 European countries were followed between April 1994 and November 1996. Information on AIDS-defining events (ADEs) were collected together with basic demographic data, treatment history and laboratory results. The centres were divided into four geographical regions (north, central, south-west and south-east) so that it was possible to identify any existing regional differences in ADEs. The regional differences that we observed included a higher risk of all forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (Tb) and wa

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Shaheen, Abdel AM, Ranjani Somayaji, Robert Myers, and Christopher H. Mody. "Epidemiology and trends of cryptococcosis in the United States from 2000 to 2007: A population-based study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 5 (2017): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417732649.

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Cryptococcal disease, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but limited data exist on its incidence and impact. A study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2007 to examine the epidemiology and impact of cryptococcal disease in the United States was undertaken. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Version code was used to identify hospital discharges with diagnosis of Cryptococcus (117.5). Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of cryptococcal admissions. The impact of AIDS, age, and s

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Jarrin, Inmaculada, Ronald Geskus, Krishnan Bhaskaran, et al. "Gender Differences in HIV Progression to AIDS and Death in Industrialized Countries: Slower Disease Progression Following HIV Seroconversion in Women." American Journal of Epidemiology 168, no. 5 (2008): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn179.

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Petoumenos, Kathy, and Signe W. Worm. "HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention." Sexual Health 8, no. 4 (2011): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11020.

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In the developed world, HIV infection is now well managed with very effective and less toxic antiretroviral treatment. HIV-positive patients therefore are living longer, but are now faced by challenges associated with aging. Several non-AIDS associated morbidities are increased in this population, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is suggested that CVD occurs earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed to contribute to this. First, the traditional CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in this populat

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Eisenberg, Leon. "There's no Quick Fix for AIDS." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (1991): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109062631.

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The epidemiology of AIDS reflects interactions among biological, psychological and social factors. The immune response to the infectious agent is relatively ineffectual; the course of the disease it produces is chronic. The long interval between HIV infection and the appearance of clinical disease maximizes “silent” transmission. The infection is transmitted behaviourally; that is, primarily via specific sexual acts and contaminated paraphernalia employed by IV drug users. The virus entered human populations in an era when such behaviours had become very much more prevalent in response to soci

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van Nes, A. "Epidemiology: Mathematical modelling of pseudorabies virus (Syn. Aujeszky's disease virus) outbreaks aids eradication programmes: A review." Veterinary Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2001): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2001.9695070.

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Taylor, D. L., D. Taylor-Robinson, D. J. Jeffries, and A. S. Tyms. "Characterization of cytomegalovirus isolates from patients with AIDS by DNA restriction analysis." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 3 (1988): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880002937x.

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SUMMARYThirty-seven isolates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) were obtained from a group of 20 promiscuous homosexual men, either suffering from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the time of CMV isolation, or who developed AIDS subsequently. The isolates of CMV were characterized by the method of DNA restriction analysis. All epidemiologically unrelated strains of CMV exhibited different fragment migration patterns and no one strain appeared to be associated with AIDS or any particular disease pattern in these patients.Sequential isolates of CMV were obtained from nine patients in the s

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Najafi, Zeinab, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand, and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi. "Epidemiology of HIV in Iran." Current HIV Research 18, no. 4 (2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200605152317.

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: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key

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Levy, LA. "Epidemiology of onychomycosis in special-risk populations." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 12 (1997): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-12-546.

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A person's susceptibility to onychomycosis and the course of the disease once the nails are infected are functions of the interaction of the fungal agent, the host, and environmental factors. The disease is reported to have an overall prevalence of 2% to 13%, but the prevalence is much higher in certain populations, such as older people and those with immunosuppressive conditions. Although onychomycosis may be merely a nuisance and an embarrassment for healthy individuals, some morbidity is seen with all population groups, but especially high-risk patients: diabetics, patients infected with hu

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Wittmann, Mark Matthias, Annemarei Wittmann, and Dietmar H. Wittmann. "AIDS, Emergency Operations, and Infection Control." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (1996): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700004768.

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AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may turn out to be the largest lethal epidemic of infection ever. The estimated global number of HIV-infected adults in 1993 was 13 million, with projections of up to 40 million by the year 2000. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and AIDS are relevant to surgeons with respect to the surgical management of AIDS patients in general, the treatment of the increasingly long list of surgical complications specific to AIDS patients in particular, and the risks of patient-to-surgeon and surgeon-to-

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Lai, Yun-Ju, Yu-Yen Chen, Hsin-Hui Huang, Ming-Chung Ko, Chu-Chieh Chen, and Yung-Feng Yen. "Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide HIV/AIDS patient cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 16 (2018): 2066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002339.

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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) in Taiwan. PLWHA were identified from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control HIV Surveillance System between 2000 and 2014. To examine the effect of active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CVD incidence, incidence densities and standardised incidence rates (SIRs) of CVD were calculated after stratifying PLWHA by HAART. Of 26 272 PLWHA (mean age, 32.3 years) identified, 73.4% received HAART. Compar

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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.

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Abstract To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic fa

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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.301_301_308.

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To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, pr

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Sepkowitz, K. A., J. Raffalli, L. Riley, T. E. Kiehn, and D. Armstrong. "Tuberculosis in the AIDS era." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 2 (1995): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.2.180.

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A resurgence of tuberculosis has occurred in recent years in the United States and abroad. Deteriorating public health services, increasing numbers of immigrants from countries of endemicity, and coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have contributed to the rise in the number of cases diagnosed in the United States. Outbreaks of resistant tuberculosis, which responds poorly to therapy, have occurred in hospitals and other settings, affecting patients and health care workers. This review covers the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and tr

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Floyd, Katherine, Mario Raviglione, and Philippe Glaziou. "Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 03 (2018): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651492.

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AbstractTuberculosis (TB) was the underlying cause of 1.3 million deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative people in 2016, exceeding the global number of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths. In addition, TB was a contributing cause of 374,000 HIV deaths. Despite the success of chemotherapy over the past seven decades, TB is the top infectious killer globally. In 2016, 10.4 million new cases arose, a number that has remained stable since the beginning of the 21th century, frustrating public health experts tasked to design and implement interventions to reduce t

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FAREWELL, V. T., R. A. COATES, M. M. FANNING, et al. "The Probability of Progression to AIDS in a Cohort of Male Sexual Contacts of Men with HIV Disease." International Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (1992): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/21.1.131.

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Sullivan, Ryan J., Liron Pantanowitz, Corey Casper, Justin Stebbing, and Bruce J. Dezube. "HIV/AIDS: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Disease: Kaposi Sarcoma, Primary Effusion Lymphoma, and Multicentric Castleman Disease." Clinical Infectious Diseases 47, no. 9 (2008): 1209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592298.

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Brody, Stuart, and John J. Potterat. "Assessing the role of anal intercourse in the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 7 (2003): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203322025704.

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Public health authorities have long believed that the preponderance of AIDS cases in Africa are attributable to 'heterosexual transmission'; most people silently assume this rubric to indicate penile–vaginal intercourse only. Recent epidemiologic analyses suggest that the majority of HIV cases in sub-Saharan Africa may be due to non-sterile health care practices. The present paper reviews the anthropological, proctologic, and infectious disease literature, and argues that both homosexuality and heterosexual anal intercourse are more prevalent in Africa than has traditionally been believed. The

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TYRER, F., A. S. WALKER, J. GILLETT, and K. PORTER. "The relationship between HIV seroconversion illness, HIV test interval and time to AIDS in a seroconverter cohort." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 3 (2003): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001377.

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Seroconversion illness is known to be associated with more rapid HIV disease progression. However, symptoms are often subjective and prone to recall bias. We describe symptoms reported as seroconversion illness and examine the relationship between illness, HIV test interval (time between antibody-negative and anibody-positive test dates) and the effect of both on time to AIDS from seroconversion. We used a Cox model, adjusting for age, sex, exposure group and year of estimated seroconversion. Of 1820 individuals, information on seroconversion illness was available for 1244 of whom 423 (34%) re

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Manaye, Gizachew Ayele, Dejene Derseh Abateneh, and Wondwossen Niguse. "Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Factors Among HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART in Ethiopia." HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Volume 12 (October 2020): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/hiv.s276356.

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Maroun, Daniel. "Forty years of HIV/AIDS narratives: what’s next?" Contemporary French Civilization: Volume 46, Issue 2 46, no. 2 (2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2021.10.

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This essay proposes to look across HIV/AIDS narratives in order to trace a larger relationship between the onset, development, and perceived disappearance of both HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS literature - what I dub its literary epidemiology. I aim to trace and compare both the literary transmission and depiction of HIV/AIDS in the major novels of this genre by authors like Hélène Laygues, Michel Simonin, Hervé Guibert, Erik Rémès, Guillaume Dustan, Tristan Garcia, and Camille Genton. Such a study affords a better understanding of the concepts of life, death, and what the future holds for a literatur

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Folayan, M. O. "The Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Associated with Malnutrition." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (2004): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-3-28.

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Abstract Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingitivitis (ANUG) is a distinct and specific disease. This disease entity has been described as far back as the days of Hippocrates and is known by many synonyms. With the advent of antibiotics and with improved nutritional status, the incidence has decreased and even become extinct in developed countries. However, with the increasing incidence of severe immunodeficiency states such as seen in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) the lesion has once more, become a well recognized and often encountered clinical entity in developed countries. In devel

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