Journal articles: 'AIDS (Disease) Cameroon Epidemiology'

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Dzudie, Anastase, Donald Hoover, Hae-Young Kim, Rogers Ajeh, Adebola Adedimeji, Qiuhu Shi, Walter Pefura Yone, et al. "Hypertension among people living with HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: A cross-sectional analysis from Central Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0253742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253742.

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Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) success has led people to live longer with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and thus be exposed to increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Hypertension (HTN), the biggest contributor to CVD burden, is a growing concern among PLWH. The current report describes the prevalence and predictors of HTN among PLWH in care in Cameroon. Methods This cross-sectional study included all PLWH aged 20 years and above who received care between 2016 and 2019 at one of the three Central Africa International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (CA-IeDEA) sites in Cameroon (Bamenda, Limbe, and Yaoundé). HTN was defined as blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mm Hg or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. Logistic regressions models examined the relationship between HTN and clinical characteristics, and HIV-related factors. Results Among 9,839 eligible PLWH, 66.2% were women and 25.0% had prevalent HTN [age-standardized prevalence 23.9% (95% CI: 22.2–25.6)], among whom 28 (1.1%) were on BP lowering treatment, and 6 of those (21.4%) were at target BP levels. Median age (47.4 vs. 40.5 years), self-reported duration of HIV infection (5.1 vs 2.8 years years), duration of ART exposure (4.7 vs 2.3 years), and CD4 count (408 vs 359 cell/mm3) were higher in hypertensives than non-hypertensives (all p<0.001). Age and body mass index (BMI) were independently associated with higher prevalent HTN risk. PLWH starting ART had a 30% lower risk of prevalent HTN, but this advantage disappeared after a cumulative 2-year exposure to ART. There was no significant association between other HIV predictive characteristics and HTN. Conclusion About a quarter of these Cameroonian PLWH had HTN, driven among others by age and adiposity. Appropriate integration of HIV and NCDs services is needed to improve early detection, treatment and control of common comorbid NCD risk factors like hypertension and safeguard cardiovascular health in PLWH.

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Awah-Ndukum, J., AC Kudi, G. Bradley, I. Ane-Anyangwe, VPK Titanji, S. Fon-Tebug, and J. Tchoumboue. "Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 2 (February 27, 2012): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5252-vetmed.

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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an important neglected zoonosis in Cameroon, where many communities depend on their livestock for livelihood and the incidence of human TB and TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection are high and increasing annually. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bovine TB in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon. The magnitude and trend of detecting TB lesions in slaughtered cattle (1994 to 2010) and tuberculin skin tests (TST) in 2853 cattle (84 herds) of 39 livestock rearing communities were analysed. Of 129 165 slaughtered cattle inspected, 599 (0.46%; 95% CI: 0.43%–0.50%) showed suspected TB lesions among a total of 983 (0.76%; 95% CI: 0.71%–0.81%) identified pathologies. The monthly TB detection rates ranged from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.20%–0.40%) to 0.81% (95% CI: 0.64%–0.98%) and annual rates from 0.04% (95% CI: 0%–0.11%) to 1.46% (95% CI: 1.22%–1.69%). The rates were not affected (P < 0.05) by season and fluctuating peaks were also recorded. The comparative TST revealed that bovine TB was widely distributed in live cattle (4.67%; 95% CI: 3.89%–5.44%) and was higher (χ2 = 17.50, P ≤ 0.001) in the Western highlands than Adamawa plateaux. Comparative TST bovine TB reactors were higher (P < 0.05) in cattle managed in semi-intensive and beef production systems compared to the others. Animals in small herds showed higher (χ2 = 4.283, P = 0.038) rates than those in large herds. Bovine TB prevalence in exotic/upgraded cattle was comparable to that of the Red Bororo zebu but higher than the rates in Guadali (χ2 = 4.971, P = 0.026) and White Fulani (χ2 = 5.6, P = 0.018) zebus. Among the indigenous zebus, the rate was higher in Red Bororo than the Guadali (χ2 = 6.244, P = 0.012) and White Fulani (χ2 = 6.568, P = 0.010). Sex did not influence (χ2 = 0.410, P = 0.522) bovine TB prevalence in this study but diagnosis of the disease was higher (χ2 = 5.787; P = 0.016) among adult/older cattle than in younger animals. Further analysis of the TST responses revealed that atypical mycobacterial infections was widespread and 6.83% of tested animals showed positive reactions at both bovine and avian tuberculin injection sites and a strong association (χ2 = 2.512; P = 0.113) between skin responses to both tuberculins. The study confirms that bovine TB is prevalent in live cattle and meat production abattoirs in Cameroon and we recommend strict a interpretation of TST results for maximum diagnosis of the disease in the local environment. A need for comprehensive investigation of the molecular epidemiology, zoonotic risks and the public health importance of bovine TB in Cameroon cannot be overemphasised.

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Véras, Nazle Mendonca Collaço, Maria Mercedes Santoro, Rebecca R. Gray, Andrew J. Tatem, Alessandra Lo Presti, Flaminia Olearo, Giulia Cappelli, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 CRF02_AG in Cameroon and African Patients Living in Italy." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 27, no. 11 (November 2011): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0333.

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Mbanya, Dora Ngum, Roger Zebaze, Etienne-Magloire Minkoulou, Fidele Binam, Sinata Koulla, and Akong Obounou. "Clinical and epidemiologic trends in HIV/AIDS patients in a hospital setting of Yaounde, Cameroon: a 6-year perspective." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 6, no. 2 (June 2002): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(02)90075-5.

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Tajima, Kazuo, and Kenji Soda. "Infectious Disease Epidemiology of AIDS/HIV in Japan." Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 3sup (1996): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.3sup_67.

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Kouanfack, Ornella Sybile D., Charles Kouanfack, Serges Clotaire Billong, Samuel N. Cumber, Claude N. Nkfusai, Fala Bede, Emerson Wepngong, Chombong Hubert, Georges N. K. Tsague Georges, and Madeleine N. Singwe. "Epidemiology of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infected Patients on Treatment in Accredited HIV Treatment Centers in Cameroon." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 8, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.302.

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Background: The African continent accounts for over 70% of people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The HIV sero-prevalence rate in Africa is estimated at 4.3%. In developed countries, such as France, pneumocystis is indicative of AIDS in 30% of patients; however, in Africa, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the most-documented opportunistic infection (OI) and the leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients. In 2016, Cameroon had 32,000 new cases of OI and 29,000 deaths as a result of these infections. However, there is little existing data on the epidemiological profile of OIs in Cameroon, which is why we conducted this study in accredited HIV treatment centers and care/ treatment units in the two cities of Douala and Yaounde, Cameroon. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive and analytical study carried out in 12 accredited HIV treatment centers in the cities of Yaound

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FISHER, STACY D., and STEVEN E. LIPSHULTZ. "Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Involvement in HIV Disease and AIDS." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 946, no. 1 (November 2001): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03900.x.

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Cumber, Samuel Nambile, Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni, Ndenkeh N. Jackson Jr, and Rosaline Yumumkah Kanjo-Cumber. "HIV/AIDS amongst street children in Cameroon: their relative knowledge, attitudes and sexual experience." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171754.

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Background: Street children are victims of society and are up to 10 - 25 times more vulnerable and affected by HIV/AIDS than their counterparts who live with their families. Objective of study: To examine the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and sexual experience amongst street children in Cameroon.Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional survey conducted during the year 2015 through the administration of questionnaires to 399 street children that had been homeless for at least a month.Results: Out of the 399 participants interviewed, more than 90% of them reported to have heard about HIV/AIDS. Though only 14% of the participants knew about the importance of HIV screening, an even smaller proportion of about 6.02% of them reported having been HIV screened before. Most of them stated that HIV could be transmitted through kissing, mosquito bites, eating utensils and through a hand-shake as well as believed that screening and use of Voluntary Confidentiality Counseling and Testing (VCCT) could help prevent its transmission. Many of them also thought of HIV/AIDS as a punishment from God for sins or as witchcraft; and that the disease could be cured through believing in God or even by a traditional practitioner.Conclusions: The level of HIV/AIDS knowledge among street children in the study setting is sub-optimal. Their negative attitudes and incorrect beliefs about the disease could make them even more vulnerable to HIV infection. The use of peer educators would be an effective strategy to implement among this hard to reach population

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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.

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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.

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Greenhalgh, Scott, Rebecca Schmidt, and Troy Day. "Fighting the Public Health Burden of AIDS With the Human Pegivirus." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 9 (May 30, 2019): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz139.

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Abstract Highly active antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). From its current global rollout, HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality has been greatly reduced, yet there exists substantial interest in the development of new therapies to further mitigate the HIV/AIDS health burden and to inhibit any fallout from the development of antiretroviral drug resistance. One potential intervention is the human pegivirus (HPgV). HPgV is not known to cause disease, and most remarkably it is shown to delay the progression of HIV to AIDS. However, the health benefit of increasing HPgV prevalence in the community of HIV-infected men remains unknown at the public health level. We evaluated the utility of HPgV biovaccination for mitigating the HIV/AIDS health burden using mathematical models. Importantly, our work considers the potential concern that HPgV will, itself, evolve to become disease-causing by permitting mutant disease-causing HPgV strains to potentially arise during treatment. Our findings show that HPgV biovaccination rates of 12.5%–50% annually could prevent 4.2–23.6 AIDS incidences and 3.3–18.8 AIDS deaths, and could save 2.9–18.6 disability-adjusted life years per 1,000 people. Together, these findings indicate that HPgV biovaccination could be an effective therapy for reducing HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, and thus warrants further exploration.

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Duesberg, P. H. "AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency virus and with infectious disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88, no. 4 (February 15, 1991): 1575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.4.1575.

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Bronsvoort, B. M. d. C., A. D. Radford, V. N. Tanya, C. Nfon, R. P. Kitching, and K. L. Morgan. "Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 2186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.5.2186-2196.2004.

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Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era." Epidemiology and Infection 102, no. 3 (June 1989): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030077.

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Cryptococcosis is not a commonly diagnosed disease. Records of its occurrence in Britain are virtually non-existent before 1945. when the Mycological Reference Laboratory (MRL) of the Public Health Laboratory Service was first established

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Luma, Henry Namme, Servais Albert Fiacre Bagnaka Eloumou, Domin Sone Majunda Ekaney, Fernando Kemta Lekpa, Olivier Donfack-Sontsa, Bertrand Hugo Mbatchou Ngahane, and Yacouba Njankouo Mapoure. "Sero-prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B and C Co-infection Among HIV-infected Individuals in Two Regional Hospitals in Cameroon." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010199.

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Background:Liver disease related to Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Data on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in Cameroon remains inconclusive.Objective:We aimed to determine the sero-prevalence and correlates of Hepatitis markers in HIV/AIDS patients in two Regional Hospitals.Methods:A cross-sectional study carried out from December 2014 to March 2015. HIV/AIDS patients aged 21 were included and above, receiving care at HIV treatment centres. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to screen for Hepatitis with HBsAg and anti HCV antibody rapid immunochromatographic test kits. Correlates of hepatitis were investigated by logistic regression. STATA was used for data analysis.Results:We included 833 HIV/AIDS patients,78.8% (657) were female. Mean age was 44(SD 11) years. Prevalence of Hepatitis in general (total of two viral markers tested) was 8.9% (74/833), with 6.1% for HBsAg and 2.8% for Anti-HCV antibodies. From multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having hepatitis was independently increased by a history of surgical interventions [OR: 1.82(1.06-3.14)], and of sexually transmitted infections [OR: 2.20(1.04-4.67)].Conclusion:Almost one in ten participants with HIV/AIDS attending the BRH and LRH tested positive for either HBsAg or anti HCV antibodies. Screening for HBV and HCV should therefore be integrated to the existing guidelines in Cameroon as it can influence management. More studies are needed to evaluate the extent of liver disease and magnitude of HIV suppression in hepatitis and HIV coinfection in this setting.

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Ngu Ngwa, Victor, Abdelrazak Abouna, André Pagnah Zoli, and Anna-Rita Attili. "Epidemiology of African Swine Fever in Piggeries in the Center, South and South-West of Cameroon." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030123.

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African Swine Fever (ASF) is enzootic in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the center, south and south-west regions of Cameroon in order to determine: the knowledge, skills and practices at risk of pig breeders; the prevalence of the disease in piggeries; the genome of the circulating virus. A total of 684 blood samples were collected in 209 farms for RT-PCR and ELISA analyses at the National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) annex in Yaoundé. Prevalences of 15.2% (95CI: 12.5–17.9%) by ELISA, 23.8% (95CI: 20.6–27.0%) by RT-PCR, and 15.2% (95CI: 12.5–17.9%) by ELISA-PCR, were recorded. Of the farmers surveyed, 90% knew about the ASF and 55.3% have already experienced it. The 47.4% of them would not be able to recognize ASF if it occurred and, according to them, the risk of the disease introduction in farms would be 32% linked to the animal health personnel who work on farms. Molecular characterization revealed that only ASF genotype-I variable 19T-RSs is circulating. ASF is still hovering at a risky rate over the pig sector of Cameroon. The control of ASF needs an epidemiological surveillance, a better involvement of all stakeholders, sensitization of breeders and an effective State support for producers.

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Fontana, D., F. Porpiglia, I. Morra, L. Boario, P. Destefanis, and G. Cristaldi. "Tuberculosis epidemiology." Urologia Journal 65, no. 1 (February 1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039806500140.

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A gradual return of tuberculosis has been noted in industrialised countries since the late eighties. The real world-wide trend of the disease is, however, still widely underrated, as shown by the discrepancy between the number of cases reported to the WHO and those estimated by the same on the basis of the annual risk of tuberculotic infections (ARTI). According to these calculations, it is forecast that by the year 2000 approx. 13,000,000 persons world-wide will have the disease. Also in Italy the disease has been on the increase since the late eighties and in 1995 the incidence rate estimated by the WHO was 18/100,000. In the last decade, however, the increase has been different for the various forms: 13% and 35% for pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis respectively. The causes contributing to this increase in western countries may be attributed to the decline in control programmes, migration from areas of high incidence and the spread of AIDS.

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CHOPRA, R. D., and M. S. DWORKIN. "Descriptive epidemiology of enteric disease in Chennai, India." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 5 (July 17, 2012): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001409.

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SUMMARYThere are very few data on the prevalence of coccidian enteric parasites among low-income adults hospitalized in Chennai, India. Stool samples from 200 patients were screened for selected parasites, enteric bacterial pathogens, and other protozoa over a 3-month period. The study identified 42 (21%) Cryptosporidium, 36 (18%) V. cholerae, 17 (9%) Salmonellla, 12 (6%) Isospora, six (3%) helminths, five (3%) Shigella, one (1%) Cyclospora, one (1%) other protozoan, and 0% V. parahaemolyticus cases. Co-infection was present in 21 patients. Cryptosporidium was detected in 17 (81%) of co-infected patients. Our findings highlighted the relatively high proportion of patients in this population with Cryptosporidium and Isospora and suggest that further study be undertaken to determine the utility of broader use of diagnostic testing for coccidian parasites in India. Detection may be beneficial because isosporiasis is treatable and both Isospora and Cryptosporidium are important pathogens in AIDS patients.

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Ebwanga, Ebanja Joseph, Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu, and Jan Paeshuyse. "African Swine Fever in Cameroon: A Review." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040421.

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African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic contagious porcine disease caused by the African swine fever virus. The disease poses enormous problems to the pork industry with pig mortality ranging from 30% to 100%, depending on the virulence of the virus circulating. Cameroon, situated in Central Africa is one of the countries in which the African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been endemic since its first outbreak in 1982. The disease is a major problem to the pig industry causing huge economic losses. A clear and concise review on ASF in Cameroon relating to the entry and current genotype of the virus, epidemiology, pathogenesis and economic impact is lacking. A thorough literature search revealed: (1) The virus entered the country in 1982 and caused the death of 80% of the pigs. (2) All isolates belong to serogroup I and only Genotype I is circulating in Cameroon principally in the domestic cycle as there are neither soft ticks nor warthog in the pig production regions sampled. (3) 70% of the pig farmers are involved in the traditional system of production with local and hybrid breeds of pigs with minimal input. (4) The country is endemic to the virus with huge economic losses. (5) So far, very little research has been effected on ASFV in Cameroon. This review gives a detailed overview of the situation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the country along with potential avenues for future research into ASFV in Cameroon.

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Ichinose, Lester Y. "Chimpanzees in AIDS Research." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (September 1995): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300509.

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Although the chimpanzee displays an immunological response to an HIV-1 challenge, it is a deficient animal model in AIDS research since it never develops the progressive symptoms of the disease. The continued use of the chimpanzee is also precluded because of its endangered status in the wild, the high cost per animal, and its failure to exhibit a CD4 decline (apoptosis) while infected. However, it is likely that the chimpanzee model will continue to be used in investigations relating to the epidemiology and mucosal transmission of the human AIDS virus.

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Martín, Vicente, Patricia García de Olalla, Angels Orcau, and Joan A. Caylà. "Factors Associated With Tuberculosis as an AIDS-Defining Disease in an Immigration Setting." Journal of Epidemiology 21, no. 2 (2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20100072.

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Petrulionienė, Agnė, Daiva Radzišauskienė, Arvydas Ambrozaitis, Saulius Čaplinskas, Algimantas Paulauskas, and Algirdas Venalis. "Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in a Highly Endemic European Zone." Medicina 56, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030115.

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Background and objective: Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis (LB), is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia. The risk of infection depends on the geographical area, ecological factors, and human behavior. Clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis have a wide range, but the most frequent clinical symptom, which is also a diagnostic symptom, is a skin rash called erythema migrans (EM). The disease is very common worldwide. In Lithuania, the disease frequency is 99.9 cases per 100,000 population (Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS, Lithuania, 2017). The main aim of this study was to obtain the baseline characteristics of the disease regarding the infected Lithuanian population. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS about all Lyme disease (A69.2) diagnosed patients over a three-year period (from 2014 to 2016) in Lithuania. Results: In 2014–2016, 7424 (crude incidence rate 85.4) cases with LB were diagnosed in Lithuania. Most of them (4633 (62.4%)) were identified in women. Older people were more likely to suffer from LB. Urban residents were 2.6 times more often affected that those living in villages. Tick bites were primarily observed in high season months, from May to September (90%), with the highest peak in July. There was a higher number of observed tick bites (p = 0.003) in the urban residents. Erythema migrans occurred in 75.6% LB cases, while other symptoms did not exceed a quarter of all LB cases. There were 7353 (99.6%) cases where LB was confirmed via clinical symptoms and/or laboratory tests. Also, 1720 (23.2%) patients were tested for LB immunoglobulins. Conclusions: This study found a high incidence of Lyme disease in Lithuania. We elucidated the baseline characteristics regarding the infected Lithuanian population which may ease medical clinicians’ work on new Lyme diagnoses.

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Lamptey, Peter, and Rebecca Dirks. "Building on the AIDS Response to Tackle Noncommunicable Disease." Global Heart 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2012.01.010.

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Jacobi, Christoph Arnim, Pascal Nji Atanga, Leonard Kum Bin, Akenji Jean Claude Fru, Gerd Eppel, Victor Njie Mbome, Hannah Etongo Mbua Etonde, Johannes Richard Bogner, and Peter Malfertheiner. "“My Friend with HIV Remains a Friend”: HIV/AIDS Stigma Reduction through Education in Secondary Schools—A Pilot Project in Buea, Cameroon." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 19 (January 1, 2020): 232595821990071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219900713.

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The universal access to treatment and care for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) is still a major problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where 70% of HIV-infected people live. Equally important is the fact that HIV/AIDS-related stigma is recognized to be a major obstacle to successfully control the spread of this disease. We devised a pilot project (titled “My friend with HIV remains a friend”) to fight the HIV/AIDS stigmatization through educating secondary school students by openly HIV-positive teachers. In a first step, we have measured the amount and type of stigma felt by the PLWHIV in Buea/Cameroon using the “The people living with HIV Stigma Index” from Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Gossiping and verbal insults were experienced by 90% of the interviewees, while 9% have experienced physical assaults. Using these data and material from the “Toolkit for action” from the “International Centre for the Research on Women,” the teachers educated the students on multiple aspects of HIV/AIDS and stigma. The teaching curriculum included role-plays, picture visualizations, drawing, and other forms of interactions like visits to HIV and AIDS treatment units. Before and after this intervention, the students undertook “True/False” examinations on HIV/AIDS and stigma. We compared these results with results from students from another school, who did not participate in this intervention. We were able to show that the students taking part in the intervention improved by almost 20% points in comparison to the other students. Their results did not change.

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Peters, Jean. "AIDS in the Twenty-first Century. Disease and Globilization." Annals of Human Biology 30, no. 4 (January 2003): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0301446031000115344.

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Garibaldi, Richard A. "Transmission of Hepatitis B and AIDS." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (February 1986): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006567x.

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Hepatitis B virus and HTLV-III are quite dissimilar in virology, organ tropism and clinical consequences. However, they are remarkably similar in epidemiology, modes of transmission, affected risk groups, and potentials for nosocomial infection. Presently, the two diseases pose much different problems for hospital epidemiologists. Over the past 10 years, the risks of nosocomial hepatitis B have dropped off sharply. In fact, hepatitis B is now theoretically a totally preventable disease. On the other hand, the epidemic of HTLV-III infection in high-risk groups continues unabated. The fear of acquiring infection has precipitated panic reactions among some groups of health care workers and the lay public.

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Becker, SL. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection. Approaching the second decade." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-1-3.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can be transmitted through sexual activity, blood products, and perinatal exposure. The virus is composed of core, transmembrane, and envelope proteins. Cells of the immune system are the primary target of HIV, and destruction of the immune response is characteristic of end-stage disease. Although male homosexuals continue to represent the largest population of persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transmission among intravenous drug users accounts for the rapidly growing incidence of pediatric and heterosexual AIDS patients. Control of the epidemic among intravenous drug users is the major challenge in the US today.

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Franceschi, Silvia, and Marco Geddes. "Epidemiology of Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma, with Special Reference to Mediterranean Population." Tumori Journal 81, no. 5 (September 1995): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169508100502.

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An excess of classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in individuals of southern European ancestry has long been suspected and recently quantified in terms of age-standardized rates. In Italy and most notably in southern Italy for the period 1976-84, prior to the AIDS epidemic, KS incidence rates were two-to-three-fold higher than in the United States and Sweden and many ten-fold higher than in England and Wales and Australia. A high frequency of classic KS has also been documented in Israel and, in low-risk countries, in individuals born in southern Europe and the Middle East. Many infections have been suspected to play a role in the etiology of KS, including cytomegalovirus, malaria and, most recently, a new virus of the herpes family, identified in AIDS-associated and classic KS. The present review deals with epidemiologic data concerning KS in the Mediterranean and stresses the opportunity to combine the study of KS in AIDS as well as non-AIDS patients in order to shed light on this no longer rare disease.

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Yousuf, Abdilahi, Siti Roshaidai Mohd Arifin, Ramli Musa, and Muhammad Lokman Md. Isa. "Depression and HIV Disease Progression: A Mini-Review." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010153.

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Background: Depression is the most common mental disorder and a leading cause of disability, which commonly presents unexplained psychological and physical symptoms. Depression and HIV/AIDS are commonly comorbid. This review provides an insight into the effect of depression on disease progression among people living with HIV. Methods: A search for relevant articles was conducted using a database like MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Peer-reviewed English journals published between 2015 and 2019 were included in the review. Results: A total of eight studies conducted in different settings were included in the review. This review has found that psychosocial, neurohormonal and virologic factors associated with depression affect HIV disease progression. Yet, the chronicity of depression, absence of the hormones that have a buffer effect on depression and lack of examination if depression is a predictor, or an outcome of disease progression, were some of the gaps that require further investigation. Conclusion: Considerably, more research is needed to better understand the effect of mental disorder, especially depression, on HIV disease progression to AIDS and future interventions should, therefore, concentrate on the integration of mental health screening in HIV clinical setup.

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Benson, Constance A. "Disease Due to the Mycobacterium avium Complex in Patients with AIDS: Epidemiology and Clinical Syndrome." Clinical Infectious Diseases 18, Supplement_3 (April 1, 1994): S218—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.supplement_3.s218.

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Goubau, Patrick, Ignace Surmont, and Peter Piot. "Le Sida en Afrique." Afrika Focus 3, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1987): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0030304002.

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Aids in Africa AIDS (Acquired Immunization Deficiency Syndrome), first described in 1981 in the United States, is at present ascertained on every continent. Since its description, our knowledge about AIDS has advanced with giant steps, with regard to its causal agent, clinical image, biological effects and epidemiology. Although it is everywhere the same disease, its epidemiology and impact on society vary from one continent to another depending on the human, social and economic conditions of the countries which are affected. The first African cases were noticed in 1983. Since then the presence of AIDS has been confirmed in numerous sub-Saharan African countries. Our goal is to present here some characteristic features of the AIDS-epidemic in Africa and to offer some points of reflection for future action.

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Smallman-Raynor, M. R., and A. D. Cliff. "Civil war and the spread of AIDS in Central Africa." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (August 1991): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880004869x.

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SUMMARYUsing ordinary least squares regression techniques this paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the classic association of war and disease substantially accounts for the presently observed geographical distribution of reported clinical AIDS cases in Uganda. Both the spread of HIV 1 infection in the 1980s, and the subsequent development of AIDS to its 1990 spatial pattern, are shown to be significantly and positively correlated with ethnic patterns of recruitment into the Ugandan National Liberation Army (UNLA) after the overthrow of Idi Amin some 10 years earlier in 1979. This correlation reflects the estimated mean incubation period of 8–10 years for HIV 1 and underlines the need for cognizance of historical factors which may have influenced current patterns of AIDS seen in Central Africa. The findings may have important implications for AIDS forecasting and control in African countries which have recently experienced war. The results are compared with parallel analyses of other HIV hypotheses advanced to account for the reported geographical distribution of AIDS in Uganda.

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Levy, LA. "History and epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 85, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-85-7-346.

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first noticed in the US in 1981 and continue to spread today. Initially a disease associated completely with homosexual males, it is increasing in incidence and prevalence among heterosexual males and females, particularly, but not limited to, injection drug users. This disease is much more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics. Podiatric physicians are at risk of acquiring the disease as a result of their frequent use of injections and surgical intervention, particularly involving bone. In addition, the foot is a potential portal of entry for HIV infection because of contamination by blood on the feet of podiatric surgeons and their assistants during surgery.

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Boshoff, Chris, and Robin A. Weiss. "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1408 (April 29, 2001): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0778.

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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurs in Europe and the Mediterranean countries (classic KS) and Africa (endemic KS), immunosuppressed patients (iatrogenic or post–transplant KS) and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially among those who acquired human immunodeficiency virus sexually (AIDS–KS). KS–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV–8) is unusual among herpesviruses in having a restricted geographical distribution. Like KS, which it induces in immunosuppressed or elderly people, the virus is prevalent in Africa, in Mediterranean countries, among Jews and Arabs and certain Amerindians. Distinct KSHV genotypes occur in different parts of the world, but have not been identified as having a differential pathogenesis. KSHV is aetiologically linked to three distinct neoplasms: (i) KS, (ii) primary effusion lymphoma, and (iii) plasmablastic multicentric Castleman's disease. The histogenesis, clonality and pathology of the tumours are described, together with the epidemiology and possible modes of transmission of the virus.

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Kouam, Marc K., Honorine N. Tchouankui, and Arouna Njayou Ngapagna. "Epidemiological Features of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Cameroon." Veterinary Medicine International 2019 (January 27, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3796369.

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The epidemiology of avian influenza is unknown in Cameroon despite the two outbreaks that occurred in 2006 and 2016-2017, respectively. In order to fill the gap, an attempt was made to provide some basic information on the epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Cameroon. Thus, data were collected from follow-up reports of the second HPAI outbreaks prepared by the veterinary health officials of Cameroon and sent to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Two HPAI virus strains (H5N1 and H5N8) turned out to occur, with H5N1 virus involved in the Center, South, West, and Adamawa regions outbreaks and H5N8 involved in the Far North outbreak only. The affected hosts were the laying hens, backyard chickens, turkeys, guinea fowls, ducks, broiler and layer breeders, and geese for the H5N1 virus and the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), pigeon, ducks, backyard chickens, and guinea fowls for the H5N8 virus. The first outbreak took place in Mvog-Betsi poultry complex in the Center region on the 20th May 2016 and spread to other regions. The mortality rate varied from 8% to 72% for H5N1 virus and was 96.26% for the H5N8 strain in Indian peafowl. No human case was recorded. The potential supporting factors for disease dissemination identified on the field were the following: poultry and eggs dealers moving from one farm, market, or town to another without any preventive care; poor biosecurity measures on farms and live poultry markets. After the first HPAI H5N1 virus outbreak in 2006, the second HPAI outbreak ten years later (2016-2017) involving two virus strains is a cause of concern for the poultry industry. The Cameroon Epidemio-Surveillance Network needs to be more watchful.

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BLAXHULT, A., Z. FOX, R. COLEBUNDERS, P. FRANCIOLI, Z. BEN-ISHAI, G. FÄTKENHEUER, J. M. PARKIN, et al. "Regional and temporal changes in AIDS in Europe before HAART." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (December 2002): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007719.

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In a prospective observational study 4485 patients from 46 clinical centres in 17 European countries were followed between April 1994 and November 1996. Information on AIDS-defining events (ADEs) were collected together with basic demographic data, treatment history and laboratory results. The centres were divided into four geographical regions (north, central, south-west and south-east) so that it was possible to identify any existing regional differences in ADEs. The regional differences that we observed included a higher risk of all forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections (Tb) and wasting disease in the south-west and an increased risk of infections with the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in the north. In Cox multivariable analyses, where north was used as the reference group, we observed hazard ratios of 6·87, 7·77, 2·29 and 0·16 (P<0·05 in all cases) for pulmonary Tb, extrapulmonary Tb, wasting disease and MAC respectively in the south-west. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was less commonly diagnosed in the central region (RH=0·51, 95% CI 0·32–0·79, P=0·003) and most common in the south-east (RH=1·04, 95% CI 0·71–1·51, P=0·85). Comparisons with a similar ‘AIDS in Europe’ study that concentrated on the early phase of the epidemic reveal that most of the regional differences that were observed in the 1980s still persist in the mid-1990s.

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Shaheen, Abdel AM, Ranjani Somayaji, Robert Myers, and Christopher H. Mody. "Epidemiology and trends of cryptococcosis in the United States from 2000 to 2007: A population-based study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 5 (October 3, 2017): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417732649.

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Cryptococcal disease, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but limited data exist on its incidence and impact. A study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2007 to examine the epidemiology and impact of cryptococcal disease in the United States was undertaken. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Version code was used to identify hospital discharges with diagnosis of Cryptococcus (117.5). Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of cryptococcal admissions. The impact of AIDS, age, and sex on hospitalization rates, mortality, and costs was assessed. The results showed that a total of 10,077 hospitalizations for cryptococcosis occurred corresponding to a weighted estimate of 49,010 cases. The median age was 43 years (interquartile range 34–54), and 26% were female. Approximately 64% of cases occurred in persons with AIDS. Although rates declined overall, age-adjusted rates were significantly higher in males with AIDS than in uninfected persons (p < 0.001). The mortality rate decreased but was greater in HIV-uninfected versus infected cohorts (12% versus 10%, p < 0.001). Conversely, hospital costs were greater in persons with AIDS ($40,671 versus $40,096, p=0.02). Although cryptococcal disease rates are decreasing over time, the associated mortality and costs remain concerning.

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Ketchen, D. "Epidemiology and Treatment Outcome of Lymphomas in Children: A Study From a Developing Area in Cameroon." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 12s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.20400.

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Background: Lymphoma makes up about 12% of all childhood malignancies and it is the third most frequent cancer, after leukemia and brain tumors, in developed countries. When treated appropriately, cure rates exceed 90% for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and over 80% for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, there is scarcity of data on pediatric lymphomas in Cameroon and several other African countries. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic pattern and assess the treatment outcome of lymphoma in children at the Mother and Child Centre (MCC), which is the sole pediatric oncologic treatment center in Cameroon. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records from January 2008 to December 2015 was conducted in all cases admitted into the MCC with a diagnosis of lymphoma. Data were analyzed using Epi Info 7 software. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier methods. P value < 0.05 were used to declare statistical association. Results: Of the 1080 files studied, lymphoma was the most common childhood cancer, representing 36% of all (390 of 1080 cases studied). There was a decrease annual incidence of pediatric lymphoma from 2.2 to 1.0 per 1000 children. The age at presentation ranged between 2 and 15 years, with a mean age of 10.7±3.3 years for HL and 8.5±3.4 for NHL. Males were more frequently affected, sex ratio: 1.7:1. Of the 390 cases, 362 (93%) were NHL while 28 (7%) were HL. The most common histopathologic subtype was nodular sclerosis (76%) for HL and Burkitt lymphoma for NHL (72%). The cervico-maxillary region was the most common tumor localization (54%). Nodal involvement (70%) was more predominant than extra nodal (30%). Most patients (79%) presented at advanced stages of the disease (stage III/IV). The treatment protocol used was the GFAOP (Groupe Franco-Africain d'Oncologie Pédiatrique) with median duration of 4 months (range 1-38 months). The five-year overall survival rate for HL was 74% and 51% for NHL. The stage of disease had a significant association with the overall survival ( P = 0.002). Conclusion: This study revealed a decreased annual incidence of pediatric lymphomas in Cameroon over the 8-year study period. Males were more susceptible and most patients present at the advanced stage of the disease. The treatment outcome of Hodgkin lymphoma is better than non-Hodgkin lymphoma, however, remains low when compared with high survival rates in developed countries.

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Jarrin, Inmaculada, Ronald Geskus, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Maria Prins, Santiago Perez-Hoyos, Roberto Muga, Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado, Laurence Meyer, Kholoud Porter, and Julia del Amo. "Gender Differences in HIV Progression to AIDS and Death in Industrialized Countries: Slower Disease Progression Following HIV Seroconversion in Women." American Journal of Epidemiology 168, no. 5 (July 28, 2008): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn179.

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Petoumenos, Kathy, and Signe W. Worm. "HIV infection, aging and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and prevention." Sexual Health 8, no. 4 (2011): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11020.

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In the developed world, HIV infection is now well managed with very effective and less toxic antiretroviral treatment. HIV-positive patients therefore are living longer, but are now faced by challenges associated with aging. Several non-AIDS associated morbidities are increased in this population, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is suggested that CVD occurs earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed to contribute to this. First, the traditional CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in this population. High rates of smoking, dyslipidaemia and a family history of CVD have been reported. This population is also aging, with estimates of more than 25% of HIV-positive patients in the developed world being over the age of 50. Antiretroviral treatment, both through its effect on lipids and through other, sometimes less well understood, mechanisms, has been linked to increased CVD risk. HIV infection, especially untreated, is a further contributing factor to increased CVD risk in HIV-positive patients. As the HIV-positive population continues to age, the risk of CVD will continue to increase. Guidelines for the management and prevention of CVD risk have been developed, and are largely modelled on those used in the general population. However, the data currently suggest that these interventions, such as the use of lipid-lowering medications and smoking cessation programs, remain quite low. A better understanding the mechanisms of CVD risk in this aging population and further efforts in improving uptake of prevention strategies will remain an important research area.

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Eisenberg, Leon. "There's no Quick Fix for AIDS." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109062631.

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The epidemiology of AIDS reflects interactions among biological, psychological and social factors. The immune response to the infectious agent is relatively ineffectual; the course of the disease it produces is chronic. The long interval between HIV infection and the appearance of clinical disease maximizes “silent” transmission. The infection is transmitted behaviourally; that is, primarily via specific sexual acts and contaminated paraphernalia employed by IV drug users. The virus entered human populations in an era when such behaviours had become very much more prevalent in response to social change. The public health response to the epidemic was seriously compromised by the stigma attached to the persons victimized by the disease; thus, the mobilization of adequate resources was markedly delayed. Irrational fears of contamination led to proposals for mandatory population-wide screening, in utter disregard of the high false to true positive ratio in screening tests when prevalence is low. Welcome as a vaccine to prevent HIV infection would be, it is not likely to be available, if it can be produced at all, before the end of the century. Control of the epidemic demands that stigma be vigorously combated and that all groups of the population be educated about ways to minimize the likelihood of becoming infected and of transmitting the virus.

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van Nes, A. "Epidemiology: Mathematical modelling of pseudorabies virus (Syn. Aujeszky's disease virus) outbreaks aids eradication programmes: A review." Veterinary Quarterly 23, no. 1 (January 2001): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2001.9695070.

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Taylor, D. L., D. Taylor-Robinson, D. J. Jeffries, and A. S. Tyms. "Characterization of cytomegalovirus isolates from patients with AIDS by DNA restriction analysis." Epidemiology and Infection 101, no. 3 (December 1988): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880002937x.

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SUMMARYThirty-seven isolates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) were obtained from a group of 20 promiscuous homosexual men, either suffering from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the time of CMV isolation, or who developed AIDS subsequently. The isolates of CMV were characterized by the method of DNA restriction analysis. All epidemiologically unrelated strains of CMV exhibited different fragment migration patterns and no one strain appeared to be associated with AIDS or any particular disease pattern in these patients.Sequential isolates of CMV were obtained from nine patients in the study group either from different sites at the same time or from the same site on different dates. In the case of seven of the men, viruses with minor differences in restriction profile were obtained, possiblyrepresenting sub-populations of an endogenous strain of CMV. In two of the patients, reinfection with different strains was apparent. We conclude that reinfections with CMV in AIDS patients can occur, but the isolation of strains exhibiting major differences in genome structure seen by restriction enzyme analysis was uncommon.

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Najafi, Zeinab, Leila Taj, Omid Dadras, Fatemeh Ghadimi, Banafsheh Moradmand, and SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi. "Epidemiology of HIV in Iran." Current HIV Research 18, no. 4 (September 8, 2020): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x18666200605152317.

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: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

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Levy, LA. "Epidemiology of onychomycosis in special-risk populations." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 87, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-87-12-546.

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A person's susceptibility to onychomycosis and the course of the disease once the nails are infected are functions of the interaction of the fungal agent, the host, and environmental factors. The disease is reported to have an overall prevalence of 2% to 13%, but the prevalence is much higher in certain populations, such as older people and those with immunosuppressive conditions. Although onychomycosis may be merely a nuisance and an embarrassment for healthy individuals, some morbidity is seen with all population groups, but especially high-risk patients: diabetics, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and patients with other types of immunosuppression (eg, transplant recipients and patients on long-term corticosteroid therapy). Whether the increased prevalence of onychomycosis in the elderly (up to 30% by age 60) is related to changes in immune function is not known.

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Wittmann, Mark Matthias, Annemarei Wittmann, and Dietmar H. Wittmann. "AIDS, Emergency Operations, and Infection Control." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700004768.

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AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may turn out to be the largest lethal epidemic of infection ever. The estimated global number of HIV-infected adults in 1993 was 13 million, with projections of up to 40 million by the year 2000. Human immunodeficiency virus infections and AIDS are relevant to surgeons with respect to the surgical management of AIDS patients in general, the treatment of the increasingly long list of surgical complications specific to AIDS patients in particular, and the risks of patient-to-surgeon and surgeon-to-patient HIV transmission. Because of migration of individuals and populations throughout the world, even surgeons practicing in relatively unaffected regions should be familiar with the potential surgical implications of AIDS. Ethical considerations arise, as well. Are surgeons obliged to operate on HIV-positive or AIDS patients? Some surgeons adhere strictly to the Hippocratic Oath, whereas others reserve the right to be selective on whom they operate, except in emergencies. Other common ethical considerations in the AIDS patient are similar to those arising in the terminal cancer case: whether to operate or not; whether to provide advanced support such as total parenteral nutrition or hemodialysis. Answers are not simple and require close collaboration between the surgeon, the AIDS specialist, and involved members of other specialties. Emergency operations become necessary to treat AIDS independent disease such as acute cholecystitis and appendicitis or AIDS-related life-threatening conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, perforation, or ischemia complicating Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and cytomegalovirus or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Delays and errors in diagnosis are frequent. Poor nutritional state with weight loss, low serum albumin, and leukocyte count prevails in most patients requiring emergency operations and account for a high mortality. By applying solid judgment and selecting management appropriately, the surgeon has the ability to prolong life and to improve the quality of life for these unfortunate patients, and to do so with extremely minimal risk to himself and his team.

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Lai, Yun-Ju, Yu-Yen Chen, Hsin-Hui Huang, Ming-Chung Ko, Chu-Chieh Chen, and Yung-Feng Yen. "Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide HIV/AIDS patient cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014." Epidemiology and Infection 146, no. 16 (August 30, 2018): 2066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818002339.

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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) in Taiwan. PLWHA were identified from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control HIV Surveillance System between 2000 and 2014. To examine the effect of active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CVD incidence, incidence densities and standardised incidence rates (SIRs) of CVD were calculated after stratifying PLWHA by HAART. Of 26 272 PLWHA (mean age, 32.3 years) identified, 73.4% received HAART. Compared with general population, SIRs (95% confidence interval) were higher for incident coronary artery disease (1.11 (1.04–1.19)), percutaneous coronary intervention (1.32 (1.18–1.47)), coronary artery bypass surgery (1.47 (1.29–1.66)), sudden cardiac death (3.01 (2.39–3.73)), heart failure (1.50 (1.31–1.70)) and chronic kidney disease (1.95 (1.81–2.10)), but was lower for incident atrial fibrillation (0.53 (0.37–0.73)). Considering the effect of HAART on incident CVD, the SIRs for all-cause, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke were higher in PLWHA who did not receive HAART, but were lower in PLWHA who received HAART. PLWHA had higher risks of incident coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, sudden cardiac death, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. HAART reduces risks of incident CVD in PLWHA.

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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.

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Abstract To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/μm or CD4 percentage of <14 but not clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count of ≥200 cells/μL at the beginning of the survival analysis, the risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [CI], 114 to 188) greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4 count was <200 cells/μL, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to 71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203) greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection, and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease, prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex. Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients.

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Sullivan, Patrick S., Debra L. Hanson, Susan Y. Chu, Jeffrey L. Jones, John W. Ward, and the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. "Epidemiology of Anemia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected Persons: Results From the Multistate Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Surveillance Project." Blood 91, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v91.1.301.301_301_308.

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To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/μm or CD4 percentage of <14 but not clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count of ≥200 cells/μL at the beginning of the survival analysis, the risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [CI], 114 to 188) greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4 count was <200 cells/μL, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to 71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203) greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection, and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease, prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex. Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients.

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Sepkowitz, K. A., J. Raffalli, L. Riley, T. E. Kiehn, and D. Armstrong. "Tuberculosis in the AIDS era." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.8.2.180.

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A resurgence of tuberculosis has occurred in recent years in the United States and abroad. Deteriorating public health services, increasing numbers of immigrants from countries of endemicity, and coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have contributed to the rise in the number of cases diagnosed in the United States. Outbreaks of resistant tuberculosis, which responds poorly to therapy, have occurred in hospitals and other settings, affecting patients and health care workers. This review covers the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. In addition, public health and hospital infection control strategies are detailed. Newer approaches to epidemiologic investigation, including use of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, are discussed. Detailed consideration of the interaction between HIV infection and tuberculosis is given. We also review the latest techniques in laboratory evaluation, including the radiometric culture system, DNA probes, and PCR. Current recommendations for therapy of tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, are given. Finally, the special problem of prophylaxis of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is considered.

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Floyd, Katherine, Mario Raviglione, and Philippe Glaziou. "Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 39, no. 03 (June 2018): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651492.

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AbstractTuberculosis (TB) was the underlying cause of 1.3 million deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative people in 2016, exceeding the global number of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths. In addition, TB was a contributing cause of 374,000 HIV deaths. Despite the success of chemotherapy over the past seven decades, TB is the top infectious killer globally. In 2016, 10.4 million new cases arose, a number that has remained stable since the beginning of the 21th century, frustrating public health experts tasked to design and implement interventions to reduce the burden of TB disease worldwide. Ambitious targets for reductions in the epidemiological burden of TB have been set within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the End TB Strategy. Achieving these targets is the focus of national and international efforts, and demonstrating whether or not they are achieved is of major importance to guide future and sustainable investments. This article reviews epidemiological facts about TB, trends in the magnitude of the burden of TB and factors contributing to it, and the effectiveness of the public health response.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) Cameroon Epidemiology'

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