Journal articles: 'AIDS (Disease) – Diagnosis – Nigeria'

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FAKOLADE, R., S. B. ADEBAYO, J. ANYANTI, and A. ANKOMAH. "THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGNS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON LEVELS AND TRENDS OF HIV-RELATED STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION IN NIGERIA: TOOLS FOR ENHANCING EFFECTIVE HIV PREVENTION PROGRAMMES." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 3 (December 17, 2009): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009990538.

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SummaryPeople living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) often face stigma and discrimination, especially in developing countries. HIV-related stigma is expressed through social ostracism, personal rejection, direct and indirect discrimination, and denial from families and friends. Consequently, it is associated with reduced adoption of preventive and care behaviours, including condom use, seeking for HIV test and care-seeking behaviour subsequent to diagnosis. Ignorance about the epidemiology of the disease on modes of transmission and prevention aggravates HIV-related stigma in Nigeria. Behaviour change communication activities through mass media have been shown to be an effective approach in improving people's knowledge about the disease. This paper monitors trends in the level of accepting attitudes towards PLWHAs in Nigeria between 2003 and 2007. It also evaluates the impact of exposure to mass media and social support on the levels of accepting attitudes towards PLWHAs. A significant and positive trend was evident between 2003 and 2007 (p<0.0001). Furthermore, exposure to mass media communications on HIV and AIDS issues and social support were significantly related to the reduced stigma and discrimination against PLWHAs (p<0.0001).

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Muhammad, YA. "Prevalence and Pattern of Skin Disorders among Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Kano, Nigeria." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1211.

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Introduction: In HIV infected children, skin disorders are important as they serve as clue to diagnosis of the HIV disease. The Skin is one of the early systems affected by HIV/AIDS, which can affect almost all organs and systems in the body. Prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children is up to 90% in some studies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin manifestations among HIV infected children attending paediatric infectious disease clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. A total of 223 HIV infected participants aged 6weeks to14 years were recruited for this study. Results: The prevalence of skin disorders among HIV infected children was 78.0%. The leading categories were infections and infestations accounting for 55.1% then inflammatory skin disorders (20.6%) Dermatophytoses were the commonest specific skin disorders observed. Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence of skin disorder among HIV infected children in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital is high (78%). Infections and infestations were the commonest category found followed by inflammatory skin disorders.

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Olusegun, Busari. "Point of Care (POC) for Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) in Nigeria? Healthcare Workers Opinion." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.01.art009.

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Without access to life-saving drugs, including antiretroviral, about one-third of HIV exposed infants (HEI) will die by age 1 year and 50% by age 2 years. A 75% reduction in disease progression and 76% reduction in HIV mortality in infants has been attributed to early diagnosis of HIV and early commencement on ART. Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV aids timely commencement on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Several challenges have been identified with the current process. Point of care (POC) technologies are recommended as a veritable means of addressing these challenges and improving EID uptake. With the aim of assessing the standard of care and the acceptability of POC for the provision of EID. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted across eight healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The survey was conducted among 72 healthcare workers using self-administered questionnaire; with a recovery rate of 61(84.7%). Analysis of participants’ responses indicate that 100% of the respondents believes there is a need for EID. Most respondent reported an average turnaround time (TAT) of 3-4 weeks (35.8%) and >6 weeks (34.0%). Most respondents identified distance to the PCR laboratories (45.7%) and long TAT (34.8%) as key issues affecting the conduct of EID. On the benefit of POC for EID; 90.2% of respondent believe it is beneficial; while 81.5% of respondent believe that with the introduction and use of POC for EID there will be an increase in EID uptake. The POC is a viable and acceptable alternative for EID to increase uptake.

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Olaseni, A. O. "Longitudinal Analysis of HIV Disclosure Intention: The Implication of Duration of Diagnosis Knowledge and CD4 Counts Among Asymptomatic Treatment-seeking People Living with HIV/AIDS." Open AIDS Journal 14, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613602014010084.

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Introduction: The spate of non-disclosure among individuals diagnosed with Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus and Acquired-Immune-Deficiency-Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has continually been a primary global concern, especially in developing countries. Meta-analysis findings in Nigeria reported poor disclosure rates of 12.5% - 39.5%, which were far below the average disclosure benchmark of 79.0% standard stipulated for developing nations by the World Health Organization. There is no consensus regarding the roles of CD4 counts in disclosure intention. In Nigeria, there is a paucity of literature providing detailed understanding of the predictors of disclosure intention by the duration of diagnosis knowledge and CD4 counts. Methods: This study, therefore, investigated the implication of duration of diagnosis knowledge and CD4 counts in the prediction of HIV disclosure intention among people seeking HIV treatment. Longitudinal survey research designs were adopted. 390 participants were purposively selected to respond to HIV Self-Disclosure Intention Index (α=0.92), while information on CD4 counts and Duration of Diagnosis Knowledge was obtained from the selected respondents’ case files periodically. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyze data at 0.05. Respondents’ mean age was 39.5±10.5 years. Results: Findings revealed that the duration of diagnosis knowledge and CD4 counts interactively predicted the outcome of disclosure intention among treatment-seeking PLHIV. (χ2 = 12.78, df = 2, p < 0.001) and further showed that the likelihood of disclosing HIV positive status increases by 13% between Time 1 (OR = -0.49, p < 0.01; 95%CI = 01.14-12.74) and Time 2 (OR = -0.36, p < 0.05; 95%CI = 01.11-10.93). Increase in CD4 counts was also found to increase the likelihood of HIV self-disclosure by 15% between Time 1 (OR = - 0.84, p < 0.01; 95%CI = 01.09-03.06) and Time 2 (OR = - 0.99, p < 0.01; 95%CI = 00.29-03.06). Conclusion: It was concluded that the duration of diagnosis knowledge and CD4 counts have significant implications in determining the intention to disclose HIV positive status. The study limitations and recommendations were further discussed.

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Oladele, Rita, Folasade Ogunsola, Alani Akanmu, Katie Stocking, David W Denning, and Nelesh Govender. "Opportunistic fungal infections in persons living with advanced HIV disease in Lagos, Nigeria; a 12-year retrospective study." African Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 1573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i4.9.

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Introduction: Nigeria has a large estimated burden of AIDS-related mycoses. We aimed to determine the proportion of pa- tients with AIDS-related opportunistic fungal infections (OFIs) at an urban antiretroviral treatment (ART) centre in Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a cohort of ART-naïve, HIV-infected patients, assessed for ART eligibility and ART- experience at the PEPFAR outpatient clinic at Lagos University Teaching Hospital over a 12-year period (April 2004-Feb- ruary 2016) was conducted. Results: During this period, 7,034 patients visited the clinic: 4,797 (68.2%) were female; 6161 patients had a recorded base- line CD4 count, and the median CD4 count was 184 cells/µl (IQR, 84-328). A baseline HIV-1 viral load (VL) was recorded for 5,908 patients; the median VL was 51,194 RNA copies/ml (IQR, 2,316-283,508) and 6,179/7046(88%) had initiated ART. Some 2,456 (34.9%) had a documented opportunistic infections, of whom 1,306 (18.6%) had an opportunistic fungal infection. The total number of OFI episodes was 1,632: oral candidiasis (n=1,473, 90.3%), oesophageal candidiasis (n=118; 8%), superficial mycoses (n=23; 1.6%), Pneumocystis pneumonia (PJP) (n=13; 0.8%), and cryptococcal meningitis(CM) (n=5; 0.4%). 113 (1.6%) were known to have died in the cohort. Conclusion: Approximately 1 in 5 HIV-infected patients in this retrospective cohort, most of whom had initiated ART, were clinically diagnosed with an OFI. Improved access to simple accurate diagnostic tests for CM and PJP should be pri- oritised for this setting. Keywords: Opportunistic fungal infections; ART Adherence; Advanced HIV disease.

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Bisong, Elvis Mbu, Chidi John Okafor, Agam Ebaji Ayuk, Udeme Essien Asibong, and Henry Ohem Okpa. "Depression and suicidal ideation among HIV seropositive patients attending the special treatment clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 4 (February 12, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_27_2020.

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Objectives: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and innovations in healthcare has contributed in improving the lives of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AID. Patients infected with HIV are more susceptible to develop psychiatric illnesses. Depression is common among patients suffering from chronic illness such as HIV/AIDS and can exacerbate these illnesses. Depression has been observed to be twice as common in HIV seropositive individuals than in the general population. Undiagnosed and untreated depression in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS could lead to poor adherence to medications and lower quality of life. Depression is associated with rapid HIV disease progression. The diagnosis of HIV infection may be associated with feelings of anger, denial, sadness, guilt feelings, loss of self-esteem among others. These negative feelings could lead to suicidal ideation and attempted suicide or suicide. We sought to determine the prevalence rates, sociodemographics and predictors, of depression and suicidal ideation among study participants. Material and methods: Two hundred and two adult participants who met the inclusion criteria were recruited into the study. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview English version 6.0.0 was employed to diagnose depression and suicidal ideation. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Significant levels were set at P < 0.05. Results: This study revealed prevalence rates of 11.4% for depression and 7.9% for suicidal ideation among study participants. Majority of the participants were females in the young age group category of 30–40 years (45%) with mostly secondary education (47.8%), most had a higher CD4 count greater than 200 cells/µL (82.6%) and were mainly on zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine combination therapy (56.5%). Mean age, CD4 count, and viral load levels were lower in HIV patients with depression but were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CD4 count and viral load were not significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Lower age (30–40 years) was significantly associated with suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). Suicidal ideation is a predictor of depression in the same way depression is a predictor of suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Routine screening for depression and suicidal ideation especially among younger HIV/AIDS patients is recommended in the clinic setting.

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Aliyu, Zakari Y., Sachdev Vandana, Aisha I. Mamman, Aliyu Babadoko, Peter Akpanpe, Ester Attah, Yusuf Suleiman, et al. "Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults and Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Nigeria: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics and Role of Endemic Tropical Infections." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3793.3793.

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Abstract Pulmonary hypertension has a prevalence of 30% in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the United States with mortality rates of 40% at 40 months after diagnosis. The global burden of SCD is highest in sub-Saharan Africa where more than 200,000 children are born with the disease annually. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension among individuals with SCD in Africa has not been previously reported. We performed Doppler echocardiographic assessments of pulmonary-artery systolic pressure in 206 consecutive hydroxyurea sickle cell patients at steady state in Nigeria, West Africa (101 males and 105 females; age range 10–52, mean [+/−SD] age, 21.5 +/− 7.7 years; 196 homozygous sickle cell and 10 compound heterozygotes SC). A control group consisted of 93 healthy Nigerians. Hemoglobin gentotype was determined by electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Pulmonary hypertension was defined prospectively as a tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) of at least 2.5 m per second. We collected clinical data on the patients and controls, and blood specimens for clinical laboratory measurements. Doppler-defined pulmonary hypertension occurred in 25% of sickle cell patients (21% with TRV 2.5 – 2.9 m/sec, 4% with TRV ≥ 3 m/sec). The presence of pulmonary hypertension was inversly associated with age (p=0.04) and hemoglobin (p=0.0016), and positively associated with reticulocyte count, serum levels of lactose dehydrogenase (p=0.03), creatine kinase, and blood urea nitrogen and systolic (p=0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002) in bivariate analyses. In a multivariate linear regression model age, diastolic blood pressure and blood urea nitrogen had significant independent associations with pulmonary hypertension. There were no significant associations of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C co infections and malarial parasitemia rate with pulmonary hypertension. Our findings suggest that pulmonary hypertension is common among sickle cell patients in Africa and it appears to be a complication of chronic hemolysis and vasculopathy. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension decreases with age in Nigerian SCD patients, in sharp contrast to U.S. SCD patients, who demonstrate increasing prevalence with age. The public health implications of this finding are significant considering the potential number of individuals at risk for this complication. Large prospective cohort studies to determine the outcome of pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell patients in Africa are needed.

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Adamolekun, Kemi. "Openness of Health Professionals about Death and Terminal Illness in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5f95-l2f6-elr6-0466.

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Most physicians in developed countries are reported to have a sense of responsibility to inform a patient about the facts of his or her life-threatening condition. This study reports doctors' and nurses' responsibility to their terminally ill patients in an African environment. Since, by local tradition, doctors are not supposed to convey bad news and the patients do not see themselves as dying of illness, the doctors are not enthusiastic about informing the patients that their disease is terminal. Though doctors and nurses are of the opinion that patients or relatives should be informed of patients' diagnoses, the majority of these professionals do not discuss the prognosis with terminally ill patients. The need to discuss the diagnosis and prognosis according to the desire of each patient was examined. This is more relevant to the practice of medicine in the developing countries with the likelihood that more terminally ill patients would use the hospitals in the face of HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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Ogoina, Dimie, Reginald O. Obiako, Haruna M. Muktar, Mukhtar Adeiza, Aliyu Babadoko, Abdulaziz Hassan, Isa Bansi, Henry Iheonye, Matthew Iyanda, and Eric Tabi-Ajayi. "Morbidity and Mortality Patterns of Hospitalised Adult HIV/AIDS Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A 4-year Retrospective Review from Zaria, Northern Nigeria." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/940580.

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Background. This study, undertaken in major tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria, examined the morbidity and mortality patterns of hospitalised adult HIV/AIDS patients in the HAART era.Methods. Between January 2006 and December 2009, admission records and causes of deaths of hospitalised medical HIV-infected patients were retrieved and analysed according to antiretroviral (ART) status.Results. Of the 207 HIV/AIDS patients reviewed, majority were newly diagnosed (73.4%), and most were hospitalised and died from various AIDS-defining illnesses, mainly disseminated tuberculosis and sepsis. Immune-inflammatory-reconstitution-syndrome, ART-toxicity and ART-failure, contributed to morbidity and mortality in patients receiving ART. Sixty six (31.9%) patients died, with higher mortality in males and in those with lower CD4-cell count, lower PCV, and shorter hospital stay. However, hospital stay ≤3 days and severe anaemia (PCV < 24%) were independent predictors of mortality.Conclusion. In the current HAART era, late presentation and tuberculosis continue to fuel the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa, with emerging challenges due to ART-related complications.

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Mönkemüller, Klaus E., and C. Mel Wilcox. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Colonic Disease in AIDS." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 889–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(18)30238-1.

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Cheong, I., P. J. Flegg, R. P. Brettle, P. D. Welsby, S. M. Burns, B. Dhillon, C. L. S. Leen, and J. A. Gray. "Cytomegalovirus Disease in AIDS: The Edinburgh Experience." International Journal of STD & AIDS 3, no. 5 (September 1992): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249200300504.

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Retrospective analysis of medical records of 557 HIV positive patients (including 113 with AIDS) revealed 17 patients with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. This group comprised 7 injection drug users (2 male and 5 female) and 10 homosexual men. Males were significantly older than females, and homosexual men were significantly older than drug users at the time of diagnosis of CMV. All 17 patients had evidence of retinitis, and 6 also had evidence of extraocular disease. CMV retinitis was the AIDS defining diagnosis in two patients, and the attack rate of CMV in all AIDS patients progressively increased with time, with a 3-year CMV-free survival of 57%. Fifteen patients with CMV disease had evidence of previous CMV infection (CMV IgG positive), with 7 also having a positive CMV IgM and 10 a positive viral culture. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count at diagnosis of CMV was 17 cells/mm3, compared with 68 cells/mm3 at diagnosis of AIDS. Therapy was unsatisfactory, often being complicated by marrow suppression. Relapse occurred in 11 patients after initial improvement but despite this only 3 patients died with severe visual impairment. The mean survival after a diagnosis of CMV was 10.5 months. This study confirms that disease caused by CMV is usually a late manifestation of AIDS, and the increasing prevalence among patients with AIDS implies that, the longer the survival, the greater the risk of disease. Frequent fundoscopy in HIV positive patients is of paramount importance particularly in patients who have a CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 100 cells/mm3.

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Bonacini, Maurizio, and Loren A. Laine. "Esophageal Disease in Patients with AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(18)30233-2.

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Gottlieb, M. S., R. Detels, and J. L. Fahey. "T-cell phenotyping in the diagnosis and management of AIDS and AIDS-related disease." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Immunologie 138, no. 2 (January 1987): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0769-2625(87)80074-0.

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Guccion, J. "Aids/Opportunistic Infections." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1096–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018808.

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Use of TEM in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients is indicated in three situations. First, when an opportunistic infection is suspected, but an infectious agent is not visible in tissue sections studied by light microscopy (LM). This situation is illustrated by the following case.(1) A 33-year-old man with AIDS presented with fever, nightsweats, generalized lymphadenopathy, and a 30 lb. weight loss. An inguinal lymph node biopsy was performed. There was no consensus as to the diagnosis among the pathologists who studied H&E sections of the biopsy. An obscure infectious disease, a B-cell lymphoma with amyloid stroma, and possibly Hodgkin's disease were the major considerations. TEM study revealed unexpected clusters of small, pleomorphic, coccobacillary bacteria in vascular walls typical of cat scratch disease. These bacteria were later further identified by polymerase chain reaction as belonging to the genus Rochalimaea(now Bartonella), an important cause of cat scratch disease.

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Edwin, Chinagozi P., Sadiq Hassan, Philips I. Ebisike, Saudat G. Habib, Taiwo G. Amole, and Rasheed A. Bakare. "Human cytomegalovirus infection, viraemia and retinitis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, North-Western Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213061.

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Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. HCMV viraemia is an active infection marker and prelude to end-organ diseases (EODs), such as retinitis. The aim of the study was to assess the burden and associated factors of HCMV infection, viraemia and retinitis among HIV-infected patients in Nigeria.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of 160 HIV-infected adults, comprising 80 participants in each of <100/mm3 and ≥100 cells/mm3 CD4+ cell count groups, who attended HIV clinic at a tertiary hospital located in a major Nigerian city. A questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible consenting participants and their case files. Sera from all participants were tested for anti-HCMV IgG using ELISA method, and plasma of seropositive participants were subjected to PCR for HCMV viraemia. Participants whose samples were HCMV viraemic were examined for HCMV retinitis using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Data was analyzed using Minitab vs 14.1.1PP.Results: All 160 participants tested positive for anti-HCMV IgG. HCMV viraemia was 14.4% (23 of 160) generally, but comparatively more among <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (18.8%; 15 of 80) than in ≥100 cells/mm3 patient group (10%; 8 of 80). Only HCMV viraemic patients in <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (20%; 3 of 15) were diagnosed with HCMV retinitis. WHO stage was associated with HCMV viraemia (χ2= 7.79, p=0.05) and HCMV retinitis (χ2= 4.60, p=0.03). The only predictor of HCMV retinitis was WHO staging I and II [aOR = 0.04, 95%CI (0.01- 0.52)]. Conclusions: Evidence of previous and active HCMV infection is prevalent among PLWHA in Nigeria with WHO staging being associated and a predictor of HCMV viraemia and retinitis, respectively.

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Bhatia, Neha S., Jiin Ying Lim, Carine Bonnard, Jyn-Ling Kuan, Maggie Brett, Heming Wei, Breana Cham, et al. "Singapore Undiagnosed Disease Program: Genomic Analysis aids Diagnosis and Clinical Management." Archives of Disease in Childhood 106, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319180.

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ObjectiveUse next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to improve our diagnostic yield in patients with suspected genetic disorders in the Asian setting.DesignA diagnostic study conducted between 2014 and 2019 (and ongoing) under the Singapore Undiagnosed Disease Program. Date of last analysis was 1 July 2019.SettingInpatient and outpatient genetics service at two large academic centres in Singapore.PatientsInclusion criteria: patients suspected of genetic disorders, based on abnormal antenatal ultrasound, multiple congenital anomalies and developmental delay. Exclusion criteria: patients with known genetic disorders, either after clinical assessment or investigations (such as karyotype or chromosomal microarray).InterventionsUse of NGS technology—whole exome sequencing (WES) or whole genome sequencing (WGS).Main outcome measures(1) Diagnostic yield by sequencing type, (2) diagnostic yield by phenotypical categories, (3) reduction in time to diagnosis and (4) change in clinical outcomes and management.ResultsWe demonstrate a 37.8% diagnostic yield for WES (n=172) and a 33.3% yield for WGS (n=24). The yield was higher when sequencing was conducted on trios (40.2%), as well as for certain phenotypes (neuromuscular, 54%, and skeletal dysplasia, 50%). In addition to aiding genetic counselling in 100% of the families, a positive result led to a change in treatment in 27% of patients.ConclusionGenomic sequencing is an effective method for diagnosing rare disease or previous ‘undiagnosed’ disease. The clinical utility of WES/WGS is seen in the shortened time to diagnosis and the discovery of novel variants. Additionally, reaching a diagnosis significantly impacts families and leads to alteration in management of these patients.

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Vrabec, Tamara R. "Advances in the diagnosis and management of AIDS-related eye disease." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 9, no. 6 (December 1998): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199812000-00017.

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Cerezo, Lizardo, Marcelino Alvarez, and George Price. "Electron microscopic diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis." Journal of Neurosurgery 63, no. 3 (September 1985): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.3.0470.

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✓ Rapid and specific diagnosis of infections involving patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is imperative. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most frequent causes of central nervous system disease in these patients. The authors present a case of cerebral toxoplasmosis in an AIDS patient, diagnosed by electron microscopy of brain biopsy tissue using rapid techniques.

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Johanson, John F. "Diagnosis and Management of AIDS-related Diarrhea." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 10, no. 7 (1996): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/739845.

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The spectrum of illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been increasing since the initial description in 1981. While virtually all organ systems may be affected, the gastrointestinal tract appears to be a major target. Diarrhea is the most common symptom, affecting up to half of all AIDS patients during the course of their disease. Although diarrhea occurs frequently, its optimal management remains controversial. An extensive evaluation including stool studies and endoscopic biopsies of both the colon and small intestine has been widely recommended to identify all potential pathogenic organisms. An alternative approach is a more limited evaluation consisting of stool and blood cultures followed by symptomatic treatment with antidiarrheal agents if no specific organisms are identified. The clinical presentation of the most common opportunistic pathogens are reviewed, including several recently discovered organisms. Recommendations for treatment are followed by a brief discussion of management strategies used to care for patients with AIDS-related diarrhea.

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O. Arowojolu, A. O. Ilesanmi, A. "Clinical and laparoscopy diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in Nigeria." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 18, no. 3 (January 1998): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443619867515.

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Martin, Stephen K., and Lillian M. Range. "Extenuating Circumstances in Perceptions of Suicide: Disease Diagnosis (Aids, Cancer), Pain Level, and Life Expectancy." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 22, no. 3 (May 1991): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cx7q-lq1y-bg6k-8xkf.

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If a person is terminally ill, people are more tolerant of the suicide. To see if illness type, pain level, and life expectancy affected reactions toward a terminal illness suicide, 160 undergraduates completed community support, social interaction, and suicide scales about Pat, who had either AIDS or cancer, a lot or a little pain, and six months or two years to live. A 2 (Diagnosis) × 2 (Pain Level) × 2 (Life Expectancy) MANOVA yielded significant main effects for diagnosis and pain level, a trend for life expectancy, and no interactions. Follow-up ANOVAs indicated more social stigma associated with AIDS and a lot of pain, but less social stigma associated with AIDS and a lot of pain suicides. Increased education about AIDS may help alleviate the social stigma associated with the disease and diminish tolerance towards AIDS-related suicides.

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Olufemi Olaniyi, Taiwo, and Pam Sunday. "Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 36 Nigerian children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.1.a75w1602n0x6577r.

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Oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS are early and common clinical indicators of HIV infection. There has been no report on the clinical prevalence of oral lesions associated with HIV infection in children in sub-Saharan Africa.We report the findings of a cross sectional study of 36 Nigerian children seen at the Pediatrics Infectious Disease Clinic of the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN), Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) Jos, Nigeria.

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Owotade, Foluso J., Olawunmi A. Fatusi, Kehinde E. Adebiyi, Sunday O. Ajike, and Morenike O. Folayan. "Clinical Experience with Parotid Gland Enlargement in HIV Infection: A Report of Five Cases in Nigeria." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 1 (2005): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-1-136.

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Abstract A changing picture of oral lesions associated with HIV/AIDS has been documented. With the use of antiretroviral therapy, salivary gland swellings and other less common conditions associated with HIV/AIDS are now becoming more common. Our review of the literature showed the presence of parotid swelling in HIV-1 infection has increased from a range of 5-10% to 20% in AIDS. However, to the best of our knowledge, none from sub-Saharan Africa, which is the epicenter of the HIV infection and where access to antiretroviral therapy is poorest, has been primarily reported in literature. This report documents five cases of bilateral parotid gland enlargement as the presenting clinical manifestation of HIV/AIDS. The combination of a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, ultrasound imaging, and histological diagnosis increased the accuracy of diagnosis. While two patients had access to antiretroviral therapy, other modes of management were cystic aspiration and parotidectomy. One of the patients treated with parotidectomy had facial nerve injury, and the short-term aesthetic outcome between surgical treatment and antiretroviral therapy did not appear different. However, all our patients were lost to follow-up within a 2-year period. For a resource-constrained environment like Nigeria where stigma and discrimination is high and access to antiretroviral therapy is limited, there is a need to understand how best to manage a lymphoepithelial lesion in HIV/AIDS patients. Citation Owotade FJ, Fatusi OA, Adebiyi KE, Ajike SO, Folayan MO. Clinical Experience with Parotid Gland Enlargement in HIV Infection: A Report of Five Cases in Nigeria. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:136-145.

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Maclean, Hunter, and Baljean Dhillon. "Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Diagnosis and Treatment." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 6 (November 1993): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400603.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a non-pathogenic organism in the immunocompetent, but is a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst patients with AIDS, and the retina is the commonest site of infection1. If left untreated, patients with CMVR will develop disease in their second eye and ultimately become blind2. However, with correct diagnosis and treatment useful vision can be maintained in the majority of cases. Fifteen to 20% of patients with AIDS will contract cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR)3−7 and this may be the AIDS-defining diagnosis though more commonly it occurs months after the diagnosis of AIDS. Given the increasing number of HIV positive patients and their longer survival, it is likely that CMVR will become an increasingly prevalent condition. In these patients loss of sight from CMVR has devastating consequences in terms of loss of independence and quality of life and therefore ophthalmologists and physicians should be aware of the presenting characteristics of CMVR, be familiar with therapy and its complications, and be able to recognize relapsing infection.

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Coker, R. J., and D. M. Mitchell. "The Role of Bronchoscopy in Patients with HIV Disease." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 3 (May 1994): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500303.

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Pulmonary involvement is a frequent feature of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is still the commonest AIDS defining diagnosis despite the advent of effective prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment. Other pulmonary manifestations of AIDS, including tuberculosis, may pose a greater problem in the future. The clinical manifestations of HIV-disease are many and varied, and changing as the disease is modified by therapeutic interventions. With specific and increasingly effective treatments the need for definitive diagnosis is obvious. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is a well established tool for the diagnosis of HIV-related pulmonary complications. This article aims to give an account on the use of bronchoscopy in a unit providing care for many HIV seropositive patients.

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Ogunbodede, E. O., M. O. Folayan, and M. A. Adedigba. "Oral health-care workers and HIV infection control practices in Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0049475054620707.

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The first case of HIV infection was reported in Nigeria in1986. Since then, the prevalence has risen from less than 0.1% in 1987 to 5.8% in 2002, and an estimated 3.6 million Nigerians now live with HIV/AIDS. More than 40 oral manifestations of HIV infection have been recorded and between 70% and 90% of persons with HIV infection will have at least one oral manifestation at sometime during the course of their disease. Oral health-care workers (OHCWS) are expected to play active roles in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. In this study, a one-day workshop was organized for 64 oral health workers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, focusing on the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, the oral manifestations, control and prevention of HIV in a dental environment, oral care of the infected patient and the ethical, legal and social aspects of HIV/AIDS. Participants' knowledge and practices of infection control were assessed with an infection control checklist administered pre- and post-workshop. Sixty (90.8%) respondents believed that HIV/AIDS was not yet a problem in Nigeria, and 58 (90.6%) believed that drugs have been developed which can cure HIV infection and AIDS. The men complied more with waste disposal regulations than women ( P=0.010). Twenty-nine of 58 (50.0%) did not discard gloves which were torn, cut or punctured. Seven (12.1%) did not change gloves between patients' treatment. Conscious efforts should be made to train OHCWS on all aspects of HIV/AIDS prevention and care. It must never be assumed that adequate information will be acquired through tangential sources.

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Thornton, S., M. Troop, A. P. Burgess, J. Button, R. Goodall, R. Flynn, B. G. Gazzard, J. Catalán, and P. J. Easterbrook. "The relationship of psychological variables and disease progression among long-term HIV-infected men." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915165.

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This study investigated the contribution of psychological factors to disease progression among long-term HIV-1 infected gay men. Participants completed self-report measures including coping strategies, life events, social support, personality and psychological morbidity and were followed clinically for up to 30 months. Cox proportional hazards survival analyses were carried out to CD4 < 200 × 106/l and AIDS-related complex (ARC) or AIDS diagnosis controlling for viral load, antiretroviral drug use and CD4 count. Only acceptance coping was a significant predictor of time to ARC or AIDS diagnosis: the risk of ARC or AIDS was almost 5 times greater for those scoring within the lowest tertile compared with those scoring in the highest tertile (HR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.8-12.3).

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Dlamini, Zodwa, Mzwandile Mbele, Tshepiso J. Makhafola, Rodney Hull, and Rahaba Marima. "HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers: A Requirement for Early Diagnosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158127.

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Globally, HIV/AIDS and cancer are increasingly public health problems and continue to exist as comorbidities. The sub-Saharan African region has the largest number of HIV infections. Malignancies previously associated with HIV/AIDS, also known as the AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) have been documented to decrease, while the non-AIDS defining cancer (NADCs) are on the rise. On the other hand, cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and precision oncology as the most effective cancer therapy is gaining attraction. Among HIV-infected individuals, the increased risk for developing cancer is due to the immune system of the patient being suppressed, frequent coinfection with oncogenic viruses and an increase in risky behavior such as poor lifestyle. The core of personalised medicine for cancer depends on the discovery and the development of biomarkers. Biomarkers are specific and highly sensitive markers that reveal information that aid in leading to the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of the disease. This review focuses mainly on the risk assessment, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role of various cancer biomarkers in HIV-positive patients. A careful selection of sensitive and specific HIV-associated cancer biomarkers is required to identify patients at most risk of tumour development, thus improving the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

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Ezeala-Harrison, Fidel. "Structural Re-Adjustment in Nigeria: Diagnosis of a Severe Dutch Disease Syndrome." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 52, no. 2 (April 1993): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1993.tb02533.x.

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Muhammad, L. J., and Ebrahem A. Algehyne. "Fuzzy based expert system for diagnosis of coronary artery disease in nigeria." Health and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12553-021-00531-z.

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Brown, Biobele J., Regina E. Oladokun, Babatunde O. Ogunbosi, and Kikelomo Osinusi. "Blood Transfusion–Associated HIV Infection in Children in Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957413500990.

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Introduction: This study describes the epidemiologic features and clinical course of children with blood transfusion-associated HIV infection (TAHI) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology: All children diagnosed to have TAHI at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, were studied and compared with children who acquired HIV vertically using the pediatric HIV database in the hospital. Results: Transfusion-associated HIV infection accounted for 14 (2.3%) of the 597 children diagnosed to have HIV infection between January 2004 and December 2011. The mean age at diagnosis of TAHI was 10.2 years and that of vertically acquired HIV infection was 3.9 years ( P < .001). In 9 cases, blood transfusion took place in private hospitals and in 5 cases in public hospitals. Median interval between infection and diagnosis of AIDS was 84 months in cases with TAHI and 48 months in vertically acquired cases ( P = .542). Conclusion: Optimal blood safety practices are advocated for prevention of TAHI in Nigeria.

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Chen, Can, and Yanni Xiao. "Modeling Saturated Diagnosis and Vaccination in Reducing HIV/AIDS Infection." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/414383.

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A mathematical model is proposed to consider the effects of saturated diagnosis and vaccination on HIV/AIDS infection. By employing center manifold theory, we prove that there exists a backward bifurcation which suggests that the disease cannot be eradicated even if the basic reproduction number is less than unity. Global stability of the disease-free equilibrium is investigated for appropriate conditions. When the basic reproduction number is greater than unity, the system is uniformly persistent. The proposed model is applied to describe HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Yunnan province, China. Numerical studies indicate that new cases and prevalence are sensitive to transmission rate, vaccination rate, and vaccine efficacy. The findings suggest that increasing vaccination rate and vaccine efficacy and enhancing interventions like reducing share injectors can greatly reduce the transmission of HIV among IDUs in Yunnan province, China.

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Nwankwo, Kenneth Chima, and Emmanuel Ezeome. "Cancer patients’ information needs in Nigeria." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e19572-e19572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e19572.

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e19572 Background: The attitudes of Nigerian cancer patients on cancer diagnosis and prognosis were studied to ascertain what diagnostic and prognostic information were disclosed to them by their physicians, and what they wanted to know about their cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered on all consenting cancer patients that were managed at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu (UNTH-E) between July and October 2011. The data collected were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 18. Results: Two hundred and forty four (244) patients participated in the study. While 95% of the participants wanted to know the nature of their diagnosis, only76.7% admitted to being informed of the diagnosis by their doctors. Nearly 54% of participants will like to be informed of a bad prognosis when death is imminent. The word “cancer” was used to disclose the diagnosis to 69.4% of the patients. Hundred and eight (44.3%) of the patients did not have any idea what “cancer” meant or did not know how to explain it while 39.8% knew it as a deadly, incurable or a painful disease and 8.6% described it as a tumour or abnormal growth. The nature of the disease was explained to 155(66.0%) of the patients among whom 114(76%) felt they received adequate or more than adequate explanation of their cancer to enable them undergo treatment. Patient factors that significantly improved the disclosure of diagnostic information were education (p=0.044) and site of the cancer (p=0.043). There was no statistically significant association between the desire for diagnostic and prognostic information and the patients’ age, gender, educational attainment or site of the cancer. Conclusions: Most of the surveyed cancer patients in Nigeria desire to know the truth about the diagnosis of their disease and more than 50% of them desire to know when the cancer stage becomes terminal and death imminent. Physicians in Nigeria should consider the information needs of the individual patients and satisfy them.

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Olugbenga, Ijaodola Aremu. "Disease Severity, Health Beliefs, and Medication Adherence among HIV Patients in a Tertiary Hospital Abuja, Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.02.art008.

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Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Has Decreased The Mortality And Morbidity Of HIV/AIDS. Several Medicines Are Prescribed For Disease Management; However, Adherence To Long-Term Therapy Remains Poor. Disease Severity And Health Beliefs About Medications Ultimately Influence Adherence To Treatment. There Is A Paucity Of Data With Regard To Disease Severity, Health Beliefs And Medication Adherence Among HIV Patients. The Purpose Of The Study Was To Investigate The Relationship Between Disease Severity, Health Beliefs, And Medication Adherence Among HIV Patients. A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Survey Was Used. Data Were Collected Among 400 HIV-Infected Patients On ARV Who Received Pretreatment And Ongoing Adherence Counseling And Education Since 2010 Using A Self-Administered Questionnaire. The Data Were Analyzed Using Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings Showed That 68.3 % Believed That There Is A Great Chance Of Developing AIDS-Related Complications If ARV Is Not Taken As Directed, While 3.3% Do Not Agree That Taking HIV Medication As Prescribed Can Prolong Life. The Majority (95.5%) Reported Three Is No Difficulty With The Prescribed Regimen While 96.7% Felt Weird Like A ‘Zombie’ On Medication And 95% Agreed With The Fact That ART Medication Can Prevent The Development Of AIDS. Medication Adherence Is A Complex, Multifaceted Issue And Patient Beliefs About Medications Contribute Significantly, Although To Adherence. It Is Important To Assess Health Beliefs For Individual Patients. When Individual Beliefs Appear Likely To Undermine Adherence, It May Be Useful To Undertake Educational Interventions To Try To Modify Them.

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Antunes, Apio Claudio Martins, Felipe Martins de Lima Cecchini, Fernando von Bock Bolli, Patricia Polanczyk de Oliveira, Ricardo Gurgel Rebouças, Thais Lampert Monte, and Daniele Fricke. "Cerebral trypanosomiasis and AIDS." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 60, no. 3B (September 2002): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000500009.

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A 36 year-old black female, complaining of headache of one month's duration presented with nausea, vomiting, somnolence, short memory problems, loss of weight, and no fever history. Smoker, intravenous drugs abuser, promiscuous lifestyle. Physical examination: left homonimous hemianopsia, left hemiparesis, no papilledema, diffuse hyperreflexia, slowness of movements. Brain CT scan: tumor-like lesion in the splenium of the corpus calosum, measuring 3.5 x 1.4 cm, with heterogeneous enhancing pattern, sugesting a primary CNS tumor. Due to the possibility of CNS infection, a lumbar puncture disclosed an opening pressure of 380 mmH(2)0; 11 white cells (lymphocytes); glucose 18 mg/dl (serum glucose 73 mg/dl); proteins 139 mg/dl; presence of Trypanosoma parasites. Serum Elisa-HIV tests turned out to be positive. Treatment with benznidazole dramatically improved clinical and radiographic picture, but the patient died 6 weeks later because of respiratory failure. T. cruzi infection of the CNS is a rare disease, but we have an increasing number of cases in HIV immunecompromised patients. Diagnosis by direct observation of CSF is uncommon, and most of the cases are diagnosed by pathological examination. It is a highly lethal disease, even when properly diagnosed and treated. This article intends to include cerebral trypanosomiasis in the differential diagnosis of intracranial space-occupying lesions, especially in immunecompromised patients from endemic regions.

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Wahab, Kolawole Wasiu. "The Burden of Stroke in Nigeria." International Journal of Stroke 3, no. 4 (November 2008): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00217.x.

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Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is likely to worsen in developing countries over the next two decades based on the projections by the World Health Organization (WHO). With the current scourge of HIV/AIDS and the battle against other communicable diseases like multi-drug resistant malaria and tuberculosis; Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world, stands to risk the further straining of its resources as a result of the increasing prevalence of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases due to epidemiological transition. The current prevalence of stroke in Nigeria is 1.14 per 1000 while the 30-day case fatality rate is as high as 40%. Management of the disease is largely conservative while there is little or no funding for high-quality research. Primary prevention is the key to reducing the burden of the disease in a country with such poor resources.

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Ginocchio, Christine C. "Laboratory diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) central nervous system disease in AIDS patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 16, no. 4 (December 2000): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00274-0.

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Howell, D. N., and L. A. Szczech. "Contributions of Microscopy to the Diagnosis and Investigation of Aids-Associated Renal Disease." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1094–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018791.

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Microscopy has had a major role in the analysis of renal disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, both as a diagnostic method and as a means of studying pathogenic mechanisms. In the diagnostic realm, microscopic analysis of renal tissue obtained at biopsy and autopsy is a mainstay for the detection of a wide range of glomerular, vascular, and tubulointerstitial diseases. As an investigative tool, microscopy has made an important, albeit somewhat controversial, contribution to our understanding of the pathogenesis of at least one HIV-associated renal lesion.A variety of ultrastructural alterations have been documented in association with HIV infection. These include tubuloreticular inclusions (most commonly seen in vascular endothelial cells and mononuclear leukocytes)(Fig. la), cylindrical confronting cisternae (typically found in mononuclear leukocytes) (Fig. lb), and nuclear abnormalities such as nuclear bodies and granular change (most often in tubulointerstitial cells) (Fig. lc).

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Peters, Rory, George Goodchild, Harry Martin, Tamsin Cargill, Adetokunbo Fadipe, Maria Leandro, Adam Bailey, et al. "A multi-disciplinary approach to igG4 related disease aids in diagnosis and management." Journal of Hepatology 73 (August 2020): S487—S488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(20)31455-0.

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Gouveia, Josiana, Edvaldo Souza, and Ana Falbo. "Late-stage HIV/AIDS among children: the missing diagnosis of a preventable disease." Tropical Doctor 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2008.080074.

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Kennedy, P. G. E., D. Kennedy, C. Love, M. G. T. Dow, and I. Bone. "Neurological Features of HIV-Related Disease in Glasgow." Scottish Medical Journal 34, no. 2 (April 1989): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693308903400207.

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The neurological features of 10 patients with HIV-related disease seen in Glasgow between July 1984 and May 1988 are described. Two of these patients presented with ARC and eight with AIDS. Six patients showed features consistent with a diagnosis of AIDS-dementia complex, one had cerebral toxoplasmosis, one had CNS lymphoma, one had a probable drug-induced encephalopathy and one patient had a meningoencephalitis of undetermined cause. Seven of these patients have now died. The implications of these findings are discussed.

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Nassoro, David D., Mkhoi L. Mkhoi, Issa Sabi, Alfred J. Meremo, Paul S. Lawala, and Issakwisa Habakkuk Mwakyula. "Adrenal Insufficiency: A Forgotten Diagnosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Developing Countries." International Journal of Endocrinology 2019 (June 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2342857.

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Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is one of the most common endocrine disease in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to high morbidity and mortality in HIV patients who become critically ill. Various etiologies are associated with the condition, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and drugs such as rifampin, among others. HIV patients with advanced disease develop relative cortisol deficiency largely due to the reduction of cortisol reserve, which predisposes patients to adrenal crisis in periods of stress or critical illness. The prevalence of AI in HIV/AIDS patients during HAART era is higher in developing than developed countries, probably due to limited access to both diagnosis and adequate treatments which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. The clinical features of functional adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients can be masked by various infectious, noninfectious, and iatrogenic causes, which reduce clinical recognition of the condition. Development of simple screening algorithms may help clinicians reach the diagnosis when approaching these patients. In many low-income countries, most HIV patients are diagnosed with advanced disease; thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients and the condition’s impact on mortality in this population.

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Sanyal, Mousumi, F. Aaysha Cader, Muhammed Al Amin, Aparna Das, and M. Azizul Kahhar. "AIDS with Disseminated Tuberculosis." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 34, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v34i3.32351.

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Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been closely linked since the emergence of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS). Worldwide, TB is the most common opportunistic infection affecting HIV-seropositive individuals,and it remains the most common cause of death in patients with AIDS. By producing a progressive decline in cell-mediated immunity, HIV alters the pathogenesis of TB, greatly increasing the risk of disease from TB in HIV-coinfected individuals, and leading to more frequent extrapulmonary involvement, atypical radiographic manifestations, and paucibacillary disease, which can impede timely diagnosis. Although HIV-related TB is both treatable and preventable, incidence continues to climb in developing nations, wherein HIV infection and TB are endemic and resources are limited. We report the case of a 45 year old gentleman who presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, whose lymphnode biopsy was consistent with TB; however following poor response to anti-TB treatment, he was found to be serologically positive for HIV.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(3): 168-171

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Oladepo, Oladimeji, Joseph Esu Usendiah, and Ademola Johnson Ajuwon. "Christian Religious Leaders' Knowledge and State of Preparedness for AIDS Education in an Urban Area in Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 18, no. 3 (October 1998): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5kxd-69nb-6ha7-qy6j.

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An exploratory survey assessed Christian religious leaders' knowledge, state of preparedness, and current level of involvement in AIDS education in Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to providing baseline information upon which AIDS education programs can be developed for churches. A total of 306 Christian leaders, who were selected from half (78) of the churches in Ibadan through multi-stage sampling, were interviewed. In addition, the church records kept by the Christian leaders were reviewed to document AIDS educational activities carried out by the churches. Results showed that almost all (97.7%) of the Christian leaders have heard about AIDS, with the mass media being the primary source of information (78.3%). Despite a high level of awareness, only 6 percent of the Christian leaders correctly identified HIV as the causative agent of AIDS. Knowledge regarding unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners as a way by which the virus is transmitted was high (88.3%). Only 37.8% of the leaders had ever carried out any AIDS educational activity in their respective churches, while the majority (62.2%) had not. The preaching of sermons (38.9%), presentation of seminar papers at workshops (21.2%), and counseling (15.8%) were the main educational programs carried out by the Christian leaders. Of those who have heard about AIDS but had not educated their congregation, a lack of basic knowledge on the disease was cited as the principal barrier (27%) to action. However, a majority (79.4%) are favorably disposed toward playing a pro-active role in AIDS educational programs in Nigeria. The implications of these findings for AIDS control efforts are discussed.

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Oramasionwu, Christine U., Jonathan M. Hunter, Carolyn M. Brown, Gene D. Morse, Kenneth A. Lawson, Jim M. Koeller, and Christopher R. Frei. "Cardiovascular Disease in Blacks with HIV/AIDS in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Open AIDS Journal 6, no. 1 (April 26, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010029.

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Objectives: Blacks in the United States bear a disproportionate burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has been demonstrated that HIV/AIDS itself and HIV/AIDS-related therapies may predispose patients to early onset of CVD. It is also possible that Black patients may be at greater risk for this interaction. Thus, the objective of this literature review was to identify and critically evaluate disparities in CVD between Black and White patients with HIV/AIDS. Design: A MEDLINE search (January 1, 1950 to May 31, 2010) was performed to identify original research articles published in the English language. The search was limited to articles that evaluated race-based disparities for CVD among patients with HIV/AIDS. Results: Of the five publications included in this review, a CVD diagnosis was the primary focus for only three of the studies and was a secondary objective for the remaining two studies. Two studies concluded that Blacks were more likely than Whites to have a CVD diagnosis at time of hospital admission, whereas, the other three studies did not detect any race-based disparities. Conclusions: Few studies have addressed the issue of Black race, HIV/AIDS, and CVD, highlighting the need for future research in this area.

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Oninla, Olumayowa Abimbola. "Mucocutaneous Manifestations of HIV and the Correlation with WHO Clinical Staging in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria." AIDS Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360970.

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Skin diseases are indicators of HIV/AIDS which correlates with WHO clinical stages. In resource limited environment where CD4 count is not readily available, they can be used in assessing HIV patients. The study aims to determine the mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV positive patients and their correlation with WHO clinical stages. A prospective cross-sectional study of mucocutaneous conditions was done among 215 newly diagnosed HIV patients from June 2008 to May 2012 at adult ART clinic, Wesley Guild Hospital Unit, OAU Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria. There were 156 dermatoses with oral/oesophageal/vaginal candidiasis (41.1%), PPE (24.4%), dermatophytic infections (8.9%), and herpes zoster (3.8%) as the most common dermatoses. The proportions of dermatoses were 4.5%, 21.8%, 53.2%, and 20.5% in stages 1–4, respectively. A significant relationship (using Pearson’s Chi square withPvalue<0.05) was obtained between dermatoses and WHO clinical stages. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation between the number of dermatoses and the WHO clinical stages. Dermatoses can therefore serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in resource limited settings to initiate HAART in clinical stages 3 and 4.

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Mohata, Nehal Nareshkumar, Saud Gafur Deshmukh, Sudhir Sudhakar Pendke, Akshay Rajeshwar Padgilwar, and Sunil Devrao Dokhale. "Ocular manifestation in human immunodeficiency virus patients presenting to tertiary eye care centre in rural area." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2021.071.

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The ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS may lead to visual impairment or blindness. The need of hour is an understating of ocular sequelae of HIV infection leading to an early diagnosis of AIDS so that we can start early and effective treatment as per conditions.1. To study the prevalence of ocular manifestations in HIV patients; 2. To study relation of CD4 T Cell count with ocular diseases. The study concluded that HIV/AIDS is a significant cause of ocular disease. Almost around 39% patients having HIV/AIDS have eye disease. HIV Retinopathy is most common in posterior segment and lens involvement is most common in anterior segment manifestations. Usually, early presentation of ocular manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients is asymptomatic or with very less symptoms, which leads to delay in diagnosis and treatment.

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Linstrom, Christopher J., Robert L. Pincus, Eric B. Leavitt, and Mariana C. Urbina. "Otologic Neurotologic Manifestations of HIV-Related Disease." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 108, no. 6 (June 1993): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989310800609.

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Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has reached worldwide epidemic proportions and is Increasing. Otologists, neurotologlsts, and audiologists practicing in metropolitan centers in North America can expect to encounter patients with HIV-related illnesses, including patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC) and AIDS. Five representative cases are presented: Chronic otitis media, facial palsy, Gradenigo's syndrome with facial paralysis, otosyphilis, and Kaposi sarcoma of the mastoid. The common link in all cases was HIV Infection. This presentation discusses the management of several HIV-infected patients with otologic and neurotologic findings. HIV Infection has extended to all parts of North America. The worldwide incidence is Increasing. As the epidemic continues to unfold, new challenges to both the diagnosis and treatment of otologic and neurotologic disease in HIV-positive patients will confront the audiologist and otolaryngologist. Recommendations for the safety of the examining audiologist and treating physician are given.

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Rocha, Ademir, Marcelo S. Ferreira, Sergio A. Nishioka, Marcos Silva, Marcius K. N. Burgarelli, Arnaldo M. Silva, Leandro P. Moura, Reinaldo Ugrinovich, and César N. Raffin. "Trypanosoma cruzi meningoencephalitis and myocarditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 35, no. 2 (April 1993): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651993000200014.

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We report the case of a 52-year-old male heterosexual patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and reactivation of Chagas' disease manifested by meningoencephalitis and myocarditis, diagnosed post-mortem. Unexplained reactivation of Chagas' disease should be included among the diagnostic criteria of AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. On the other hand, AIDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unexplained reactivation of Chagas' disease.

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Mayaud, C. "A persistent challenge: the diagnosis of respiratory disease in the non-AIDS immunocompromised host." Thorax 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.55.6.511.

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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Diagnosis – Nigeria'

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