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1
Orchard, Treena. "Strategies for Sustainability Among HIV/AIDS-Related NGOS in Canada and India." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.kn11l2l008657371.
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Anthropologists have been involved in the implementation of culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS intervention programs since the advent of the disease. The tradition of applied research in areas like health in "developing" countries and urban "street cultures" (e.g., homeless and low income people, various drug scenes) since the 1950s make it a discipline well-suited to the study of HIV/AIDS, which is often associated with poor and socially marginalized groups. However, the stigma connected to the disease and the lack of political will to initiate structural changes to effectively deal with HIV/AIDS are two key factors prohibiting the establishment of long-term social and policy changes for communities at risk. These conditions have attributed to the growth of HIV/AIDS- related non-government organizations (NGOs), which have been instrumental in dealing with many aspects of the disease. Yet these groups are often faced with the challenge of balancing their clients' needs with program requirements of funding agencies. My involvement with NGOs in a western Canadian city and rural south India exposed some of the tensions these groups experience as they try to meet the demands of clients and funders. Some of these tensions reveal similar problems within NGO environments and others highlight different strategies for sustainability that reflect local constraints as well as strengths. Thus, the comparison of these cases should be of use to a discussion of HIV/AIDS research within applied anthropology and the broader discourse of NGO responses to the epidemic.
2
Tsasis, P. "HIV/AIDS Challenges the Normative Model of Healthcare Delivery in Canada." Health Services Management Research 14, no. 1 (February 2001): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480101400107.
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With advances in therapeutics, effective therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has shifted the focus of HIV care from an acute illness to a chronic disease requiring the services of several disciplines in a primary care setting. This article describes a collaborative model in the delivery of HIV care for HIV-infected individuals who remain fragile, both physically and psychosocially.
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Tsasis, P. "HIV/AIDS challenges the normative model of healthcare delivery in Canada." Health Services Management Research 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0951484011912537.
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With advances in therapeutics, effective therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has shifted the focus of HIV care from an acute illness to a chronic disease requiring the services of several disciplines in a primary care setting. This article describes a collaborative model in the delivery of HIV care for HIV-infected individuals who remain fragile, both physically and psychosocially.
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ROSAASEN, K. A., and J. S. LOKKEN. "ECONOMIC, MARKETING AND POLICY CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-095.
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The current economic, marketing and policy constraints facing the animal production industry in Canada are examined. An historical review indicates the consequences (sometimes unintended) of economic or policy changes in the past in the areas of land settlement, marketing and grading. Natural factors constraining production such as gestation periods and climate and human factors such as consumption potential both physically and socially are considered. Government policy is identified as a key determinant in the animal production industry and an alternative explanation of the activity of government in the economy is outlined. The effect of economic and policy variables including interest rates, feed prices, economies of scale, productivity gains, trade policy, tax policy, grain and livestock marketing and stabilization on animal production are described. Throughout, the importance of government policy in determining the development of the animal production industry is emphasized. The major areas of tax policy and grain support programs in Western Canada are key determinants of regional livestock production patterns. The future of these policies is uncertain and this uncertainty is a major constraint to animal production in Canada. Uncertainty has always been a major constraint on animal production. Producers have developed mechanisms to deal with market variation, biological factors such as disease, fluctuating interest rates and the whims of the environment. However, a major source of uncertainty has not been addressed: — government policy. In part, this uncertainty is due to the on-again, off-again policies governments have followed. But history indicates it is foolish to believe that all important variables are within the control of government. Policy evolves through a political process that often reflects the interests of special interest groups rather than the long-term interests of producers or consumers. Change occurs slowly, impeded by resistance from those in favored positions within the current system. Policy uncertainty remains as a key variable to be addressed by the livestock industry in Canada. Key words: Animal production, economic constraints, policy constraints, policy uncertainty
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Marchildon, Gregory P., and Carolyn H. Tuohy. "Expanding health care coverage in Canada: a dramatic shift in the debate." Health Economics, Policy and Law 16, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133121000062.
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AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shifted the health policy debate in Canada. While the pre-pandemic focus of policy experts and government reports was on the question of whether to add outpatient pharmaceuticals to universal health coverage, the clustering of pandemic deaths in long-term care facilities has spurred calls for federal standards in long-term care (LTC) and its possible inclusion in universal health coverage. This has led to the probability that the federal government will attempt to expand medicare as Canadians have known it for the first time in over a half century. However, these efforts are likely to fail if the federal government relies on the shared-cost federalism that marked the earlier introduction of medicare. Two alternative pathways are suggested, one for LTC and one for pharmaceuticals, that are more likely to succeed given the state of the Canadian federation in the early 21st century.
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Low, Nicola, Matthias Egger, Anna Gorter, Peter Sandiford, Alcides González, Johanna Pauw, Jane Ferrie, and George Davey Smith. "Aids in Nicaragua: Epidemiological, Political, and Sociocultural Perspectives." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1p6n-bpdw-m7bm-p2dr.
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The AIDS epidemic in Nicaragua is several years behind that in the United States and neighboring countries of Central and South America. A combination of events, including the isolation caused by the war of the U.S.-backed Contra army against the Sandinista government, the complete economic embargo imposed on Nicaragua by the United States in 1985, self-sufficiency for blood products, and a low rate of recreational injectable-drug use, have contributed to this situation. Since the Sandinistas were defeated in the general election of 1990, people have returned to Nicaragua from areas where HIV is more prevalent, such as Honduras and the United States. It is probable that many HIV-infected persons have now entered the country. Because of the high rates of sexually transmitted diseases and cultural factors such as “machismo,” HIV is likely to spread rapidly by heterosexual transmission, unless effective, culturally appropriate education and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs are implemented now.
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Lee, Marilyn B. "Everyday and Exotic Foodborne Parasites." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 11, no. 3 (2000): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/120498.
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Everyday foodborne parasites, which are endemic in Canada, include the protozoansEntamoeba histolytica,Giardia lambliaandCryptosporidium parvum.However, these parasites are most frequently acquired through unfiltered drinking water, homosexual activity or close personal contact such as in daycare centres and occasionally via a food vehicle. It is likely that many foodborne outbreaks from these protozoa go undetected. Transmission of helminth infections, such as tapeworms, is rare in Canada because of effective sewage treatment. However, a common foodborne parasite of significance isToxoplasma gondii. Although infection can be acquired from accidental ingestion of oocysts from cat feces, infection can also result from consumption of tissue cysts in undercooked meat, such as pork or lamb. Congenital transmission poses an immense financial burden, costing Canada an estimated $240 million annually. Also of concern is toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients, which may lead to toxoplasmosis encephalitis, the second most common AIDS-related opportunistic infection of the central nervous system. Exotic parasites (ie, those acquired from abroad or from imported food) are of growing concern because more Canadians are travelling and the number of Canada?s trading partners is increasing. Since 1996, over 3000 cases ofCyclosporainfection reported in the United States and Canada were epidemiologically associated with importation of Guatemalan raspberries. Unlike toxoplasmosis, where strategies for control largely rest with individual practices, control of cyclosporiasis rests with government policy, which should prohibit the importation of foods at high risk.
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Mervis, Zungura. "The Role Played By NGOs in Augmenting Government Efforts towards the Achievement of Millennium Development Goal of Combating HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 4 (November 20, 2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i4.2732.
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This article examines the role of NGOs in complementing government efforts towards the achievement of millennium development goal of combating HIV and AIDS by 2015. Documentary research, key informant interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to investigate the extent to which government and NGOs coordinate their functions to avoid duplication of functions in their areas of operation as well as examining the net effect of NGO involvement in HIV/AIDS programmes. Evidence from researches points tovisible Government commitment to the eradication of the disease as evidenced by the formulation of the National Aids policy and the formation of the parliamentary portfolio committee on health. NGOs have also played a pivotal role in HIV and AIDS programmes by implementing government policies both in urban and rural areas of Zimbabwe. Notwithstanding this, lack of coordination of functions between NGOs and government has derailed the national response as studies highlight concentration of HIV/AIDS programmes in some areas whilst other areas have no programmes at all. Government’s requirement that NGOs must submit their work plans has not been adhered to by NGOs leading to mutual suspicion between the two. NGOs should comply with government demands to avoid cancellation of their contracts and the government must create a conducive working environment for NGOs for the attainment of MDG six.
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Sass, Robert. "Workplace Health and Safety: Report from Canada." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 4 (October 1986): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/p4n4-d0nm-m5cy-ylnj.
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This article represents a critical analysis of the major policy responses to workplace health and safety in Canada. It examines the deficiencies inherent in the legislative development of Joint Health and Safety Committees in most Canadian jurisdictions, the limitations regarding standard-setting of worker exposure to contaminants, and disincentive for employers to positively improve the workplace because of Workers Compensation legislation. Collective bargaining agreements in Canada have had only limited positive effects, while the ultimate legal sanction of criminal prosecution by the regulatory agencies has weakened enforcement and compliance of existing regulations. There has never been a successful criminal prosecution of an employer in Canada, even for multiple deaths. The article suggests the following four reasons for this “underdevelopment” of occupational health and safety in Canada: (1) the concealment of the dimension of the incidence of industrial disease based on Workers Compensation Board statistics; (2) the application of an incorrect theory of causation of both industrial disease and injury by both managers and government administrators of occupational health and safety programs; (3) the resistance of both senior and middle managers against increased worker participation in both work organization and job design questions; and (4) the general “moral underdevelopment,” rather than ignorance, of managers in favoring economic considerations or values at the expense of worker health and safety. In light of the magnitude of the problem and the deficiencies of existing policy approaches, the author proposes the need for greater workplace democratization of production and industry as a necessary and sufficient reform of workplace health and safety.
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Suharto, Suharto, Fitriani Pramita Gurning, Muchti Yuda Pratama, and Emdat Suprayitno. "Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Puskesmas Teladan." Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan 4, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v4i2.147.
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One of the diseases that is now considered a problem that has received enough attention from the government is HIV and AIDS. Talking about HIV and AIDS means it discusses health issues that are currently quite sensitive to talk about. This relates to the unique nature of this disease. Besides the case which is like an iceberg phenomenon, namely the spread of HIV and AIDS cases that cannot be predicted at the initial phase and also has not found a cure to cure it. The purpose of this study is to obtain in-depth data on the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in the Model Health Center, whether the policies made by the government run well or not in the field. This research uses a qualitative research method with descriptive research type on June 28, 2019, by interviewing informants and distributing questionnaires. As for the total overall value of the Government Policy Implementation is 235. The value of the implementation of government policies, amounting to 78.33% of the 100% expected results. The overall total value of HIV and AIDS is 83. HIV/AIDS counts in the working area of the Exemplary Health Center, which is 92.22% of the 100% expected results. Conclusions policy implementation has been going well and has been socialized to the community and health services, people at risk and sufferers of HIV/AIDS in the work area of the Community Health Center already has its own organization where this organization is expected to help achieve the goals of this HIV/AIDS program, and to achieve this goal the Community Health Center conducts activities in the form of mobile clinics where the exemplary Community Health Center goes directly to conduct examinations to the community, and in terms of treatment for patients so far it can be said to be in good category and runs smoothly but there are obstacles where sufferers continue to do things that can trigger the development of the HIV virus although in addition patients continue to take drugs to inhibit and minimize the development of the HIV virus.
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Mehta, Ambar, and Thomas C. Quinn. "Addressing Future Epidemics: Historical Human Rights Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic." Pathogens and Immunity 1, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v1i1.60.
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Introduction: The Ebola epidemic in West Africa sparked many ethical and polarizing public health questions on how to adequately control transmission of the virus. These deliberations had and will continue to influence patients, healthcare workers, public perceptions of disease, and governmental responses. Such extensive and potential ramifications warranted an analysis of prior epidemics to sufficiently inform policy makers and prepare them and other authorities for future epidemics. We analyzed how the general public, medical institutions, federal government, and patients themselves responded during the early stages of the AIDS pandemic in two different countries and cultures, the United States and India.Discussion: Our analysis identified four key findings pertaining to the human rights of patients and healthcare workers and to the crucial roles of the government and medical community. The first demands that authoritative officials acknowledge the presence of high-risk behaviors and properly educate the public without stigmatizing groups of individuals. For this task, the medical community and federal government must form and display to the public a respectful and collaborative partnership towards battling the epidemic. These two synergistic endeavors will then allow appropriate officials to implement effective, yet civil, interventions for limiting transmission. Finally, the same officials must ensure that their interventions maintain the human rights of high-risk populations and of healthcare workers.Conclusions: Applying these findings to future epidemics of infectious diseases can aid policy makers in navigating complicated ethical and public health questions, and help prevent them from repeating past mistakes in handling epidemics.
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Jacobson, Laura E. "President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Policy Process and the Conversation around HIV/AIDS in the United States." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 5, no. 2 (July 2020): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133320952210.
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In 2003, the George W. Bush administration passed the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government initiative to address the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic primarily in Africa. PEPFAR’s US$18 billion budget remains the largest commitment from any nation towards a single disease and has saved countless lives. Given the historical and current political resistance to foreign aid, PEPFAR’s drastic spike in spending on HIV/AIDS raises questions over how the policy process resulted in bipartisan support. Using two policy process theories, punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), this analysis helps explain the framing of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the factors that resulted in the creation of PEPFAR. The analysis of the PEPFAR policy process reveals a ‘tipping point’ in the early 2000s, when political actors, the media and advocacy coalitions benefitted from issue framing, narrative change and measures of political attention to elevate the global HIV/AIDS crisis to the public agenda. The findings highlight an increase in presidential attention, the evolution of the HIV/AIDS narrative away from stigma and the formation of powerful coalitions. Looking back on the combination of policy process factors that led to PEPFAR’s bipartisan success might lead to insights for dismantling the grand public health challenges of the present and future. This study’s findings have implications for currently stigmatised public health crises, such as the opioid epidemic.
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Komatsu, Ryuichi, and Takashi Sawada. "The Role of International Migration in Infectious Diseases: The HIV Epidemic and its Trends in Japan." International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.37.4.j.
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Globalization and its associated international migrations facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. This article reports trends in and discusses the relation between international migration and HIV infection in Japan. The authors analyze relevant literature, drawing on government and other sources. Among foreigners in Japan, there were 27.0 reported HIV and 9.3 reported AIDS cases per million in 1990, and 52.9 HIV and 38.8 AIDS cases per million in 2000. These rates were initially 45 to 90 times the population prevalence of HIV and AIDS among Japanese, but are now only 10 to 20 times the prevalence among Japanese, as HIV becomes an increasing problem for the Japanese population. HIV-infected foreigners who are uninsured are at a disadvantage for diagnosis, counseling, and treatment compared with insured persons, and at a significantly higher risk for low CD4 counts. For all sections of Japan's population, counseling and testing are inadequate, and surveillance of behavioral risk, infection, and disease is limited. International migrants are at increased risk for HIV transmission and at a disadvantage for care and treatment. Japan needs both to develop policies that assist migrants and to respond to the growing threat among its nonmigrant population.
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Memarpour, Pegah, Rose Ricciardelli, and Pauline Maasarjian. "Government reports versus offenders’ experiences: toward the resolution of discrepancies in healthcare and healthcare delivery." International Journal of Prisoner Health 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2015): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-02-2015-0006.
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Purpose – Canadian literature on federal correctional institutions and prison living indicate a shortage inadequate and available healthcare services to meet the needs of the prison population, despite prisoners higher rates of health challenges (e.g. mental health, addictions, HIV/AIDS) in comparison to the general population. With fewer resources, concerns arise about the delivery, quantity, and quality of penal healthcare provision. Thus, the authors examines former prisoners’ experiences of, in comparison to government reports on, wait-times, and request processes for healthcare services, as well as issues of access, quality of interactions with healthcare professionals and the regulations and policies governing healthcare provision. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors compare data gathered from interviews with 56 former-federal prisoners with publicly available Correctional Services Canada reports on healthcare delivery, staff-prisoner interactions, programmes and services, and overall physical and mental health to identify consistencies and inconsistencies between the government’s and former prisoners’ understandings of penal healthcare. Findings – Discrepancies exist between prisoners reported experiences of healthcare provision and government reports. Prisoners are dissatisfied with healthcare provision in more secure facilities or when they feel their healthcare needs are not met yet become more satisfied in less secure institutions or when their needs are eventually met. Originality/value – Theories of administrative control frame the analyses, including discrepancies between parolee experiences and Correctional Service Canada reports. Policy recommendations to improve healthcare provision are highlighted.
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Poudel, Ak Narayan, David Newlands, and Padam Simkhada. "Economic Burden of HIV/AIDS upon Households in Nepal: A Critical Review." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 5, no. 3 (October 5, 2015): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v5i3.13608.
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Thousands of people are infected with HIV/AIDS in Nepal and most of them are adults of working age. Therefore, HIV/AIDS is a big burden in Nepal. This review was conducted to find the existing knowledge gap about the economic burden of HIV/AIDS at the household level in Nepal, the extent of economic burden exerted by the disease, and to provide policy recommendations. It is concluded that there was a considerable knowledge gap about the issue, and the economic burden exerted by HIV/AIDS was big enough to push the affected households into poverty. It is suggested that more studies need to be conducted to fill the knowledge gap. Similarly, Government of Nepal and other organisations working in the field of HIV/AIDS need to provide economic supports (e.g.- support for travel costs) to the HIV positive people and need to increase the awareness level among general population for reducing stigma and discrimination, and reducing economic burden on them.
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Amusa, S. B. "Towards Promoting An African Medical System: A critique of government responses to claims of a cure for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, 1986-2007." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.111.
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been described as the greatest health challenge of our era. Aside from Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), the virus has defied any other form of permanent cure or disease control. The continents of Africa and Asia are the worst-hit areas by the scourge of the pandemic. Yet in Africa, there have been claims of HIV/AIDS being cured by African indigenous medical practitioners. Our paper examines the official responses of the Federal Government of Nigeria to such claims. We will examine the emergence and national responses to the epidemic in Nigeria and assess the government’s contempt for the efforts of indigenous medical practitioners in the quest for a viable cure. We conclude by asserting that until African governments realize, recognize and appropriate indigenous medical achievements into mainstream health strategy and policy, Africa will not only remain at the periphery of global health systems but will also continue to be ravaged by HIV/AIDS.
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Magaisa, Alex Tawanda. "CASE NOTES." Journal of African Law 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855303002013.
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Clearly, one of the greatest challenges that faces sub–Saharan Africa is the AIDS pandemic. The Human Immuno–Deficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, continues to spread at an alarming rate. In South Africa the statistics relating to the AIDS disease are staggering. With the greatest impact on the young and economically active population, it is estimated that without firm action, it will be an epidemic of catastrophic proportions, which will break up the foundations of socio–economic life. Against this background, the need for combative measures and strategies to deal with the problem is not in doubt. Civil society groups have taken an active interest in this issue and some, like Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), have conducted campaigns for access to quality health services. Recently, the Constitutional Court of South Africa was faced with an important case involving AIDS, pitting civil society groups on one side and the government of South Africa on the other. At the centre of the dispute was the South African government's response and policy towards combating the spread of the disease through mother–to–child transmission at birth.
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Liddy, C., and K. Mill. "An environmental scan of policies in support of chronic disease self-management in Canada." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 34, no. 1 (February 2014): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.34.1.08.
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Introduction The evidence supporting chronic disease self-management warrants further attention. Our aim was to identify existing policies, strategies and frameworks that support self-management initiatives. Methods This descriptive study was conducted as an environmental scan, consisting of an Internet search of government and other publicly available websites, and interviews with jurisdictional representatives identified through the Health Council of Canada and academic networking. Results We interviewed 16 representatives from all provinces and territories in Canada and found 30 publicly available and relevant provincial and national documents. Most provinces and territories have policies that incorporate aspects of chronic disease self-management. Alberta and British Columbia have the most detailed policies. Both feature primary care prominently and are not disease specific. Both also have provincial level implementation of chronic disease self-management programming. Canada's northern territories all lacked specific policies supporting chronic disease self-management despite a significant burden of disease. Conclusion Engaging patients in self-management of their chronic diseases is important and effective. Although most provinces and territories have policies that incorporate aspects of chronic disease self-management, they were often embedded within other initiatives and/or policy documents framed around specific diseases or populations. This approach could limit the potential reach and effect of self-management.
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Grose, Elysia, Sarah Chiodo, Marc Levin, Antoine Eskander, Vincent Lin, Brad Hubbard, and Albino Chiodo. "Patient Perspectives on Removing Adult Tonsillectomy and Septoplasty from the Government Health Insurance Plan in a Publicly Funded Health Care System." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211005193.
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In several publicly funded health care systems, including Ontario, Canada, adult tonsillectomies and septoplasties have been suggested to be removed or “delisted” from the government health insurance plan. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore patient perspectives regarding out of pocket (OOP) payment for these procedures. An anonymous survey was administered to patients consented to undergo a tonsillectomy or septoplasty at a community otolaryngology—head and neck surgery (OHNS) practice. The survey asked patients if they would pay the projected cost for their surgery OOP and the maximum amount of time they would wait for their surgery. The survey also contained questions on socioeconomic status and disease severity. Seventy-one patients were included. Overall, 21% of patients were willing to pay OOP for their surgery. Forty-nine percent of patients reported that the maximum amount of time they would be willing to wait for their surgery was 2 to 6 months. There was no significant correlation found between any of the demographic variables or disease severity and willingness to pay OOP for these surgeries. In this study, a small percentage of patients who met the clinical indications for a tonsillectomy or a septoplasty would pay for their surgery in the event that it was not covered by the government health insurance plan. These surgeries are common operations and delisting them could potentially decrease the provision of these services and have a significant impact on Canadian OHNS practices.
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Silvi, Rini. "Analisis Cluster dengan Data Outlier Menggunakan Centroid Linkage dan K-Means Clustering untuk Pengelompokkan Indikator HIV/AIDS di Indonesia." Jurnal Matematika "MANTIK" 4, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/mantik.2018.4.1.22-31.
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Cluster analysis is a method to group data (objects) or observations based on their similarities. Objects that become members of a group have similarities among them. Cluster analyses used in this research are K-means clustering and Centroid Linkage clustering. K-means clustering, which falls under non-hierarchical cluster analysis, is a simple and easy to implement method. On the other hand, Centroid Linkage clustering, which belongs to hierarchical cluster analysis, is useful in handling outliers by preventing them skewing the cluster analysis. To keep it simple, outliers are often removed even though outliers often contain important information. HIV/AIDS is a serious challenge for global public health since HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease attacking body’s immune system that in turn lowering the ability to fight infections which in the end causing death. HIV/AIDS indicators data in Indonesia contain outliers. This research uses gap statistic to define the number of clusters based on HIV/AIDS indicators that groups Indonesia provinces into 7 clusters. By comparing Sw/Sb ratio, Centroid Linkage clustering is more homogenous than K-means clustering. Using clustering, the government shall be able to create a better policy for fighting HIV/AIDS based on the dominant indicators in each cluster.
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Mueller, Daren S., Kiersten A. Wise, Adam J. Sisson, Tom W. Allen, Gary C. Bergstrom, D. Bruce Bosley, Carl A. Bradley, et al. "Corn Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada from 2012 to 2015." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 3 (January 2016): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-16-0030.
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Annual decreases in corn yield caused by diseases were estimated by surveying members of the Corn Disease Working Group in 22 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2012 through 2015. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state and year. In general, foliar diseases such as northern corn leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and Goss's wilt commonly caused the largest estimated yield loss in the northern United States and Ontario during non-drought years. Fusarium stalk rot and plant-parasitic nematodes caused the most estimated loss in the southern-most United States. The estimated mean economic loss due to yield loss by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2012 to 2015 was $76.51 USD per acre. The cost of disease-mitigating strategies is another potential source of profit loss. Results from this survey will provide scientists, breeders, government, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management. Accepted for publication 26 August 2016.
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Smartson. P. NYONI and Thabani NYONI. "Pediatric HIV outbreak in Pakistan: policy implications from generalized arima analysis." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 5 (October 2, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.5.50.
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HIV/AIDS is increasingly becoming a nightmare in Pakistan. If left uncontrolled now, the country’s limited resources could be overwhelmed by 2030 and this will cause worse sufferings and disease burden in the country. Using annual time series data on the number of children (ages 0 – 14) newly infected with HIV in Pakistan from 1990 – 2018, the study predicts the annual number of children who will be newly infected with HIV over the period 2019 – 2030. The study applied the Box-Jenkins ARIMA technique. The diagnostic ADF tests show that, W, the series under consideration is an I (1) variable. Based on the AIC, the study presents the ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model as the parsimonious model. The residual correlogram further reveals that the estimated model is stable. The results of the study indicate that the number of new HIV infections in Pakistan is rising and on this trajectory, the country’s limited resources will soon be overwhelmed. Our best model revealed that new pediatric HIV infections in Pakistan will continue to rise from the estimated 1460 to almost 1990 annual new infections by 2030. Amongst other policy directions, the study encourages the government of Pakistan to increase HIV awareness as well as expand PPTCT coverage throughout the country.
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Kelly, Jeffrey A., and Yuri A. Amirkhanian. "The newest epidemic: a review of HIV/AIDS in Central and Eastern Europe." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203765371231.
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HIV/AIDS has emerged as a grave public health threat in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Central Asian republics over the past five years. Massive political, social, cultural, and behavioural changes - along with economic upheaval and collapse of the public health infrastructure in many countries - have created circumstances conducive to the rapid spread of HIV. This paper reviews HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) data for all countries in the region, as well as behavioural, social, cultural, and other HIV epidemic enabling factors. The epidemiological picture of HIV in the region is mixed. Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus already have advanced epidemics. Some other countries in the region share similar enabling factors and have seen a very high proportion of their total number of HIV infections detected in only the past 18 months, indicating the emergence of recent epidemics. Several countries are more stable in their HIV incidence. Behavioural studies indicate that risky sexual and injection related practices are common in many vulnerable populations. HIV prevention steps, if taken quickly enough and on a large scale, can limit the scope of the HIV epidemic that is now unfolding in Central and Eastern Europe. This will require new models of government/non-governmental organization cooperation, policy approaches for addressing structural factors underlying the epidemic, and attention to human rights protection.
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Liutkutė, Vaida, Mindaugas Štelemėkas, and Aurelijus Veryga. "Smoking-Attributable Direct Healthcare Expenditure in Lithuania: A Prevalence-Based Annual Cost Approach." Medicina 54, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54020015.
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Introduction: The estimates of the economic burden of smoking provide the basis for a comprehensive assessment of the overall economic impact and evidence for potential public health policy intervention by the government. The aim of this paper is to estimate the smoking-attributable direct healthcare expenditure covered by the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) in Lithuania in 2013. Methods: A prevalence-based and disease-specific annual cost approach was applied to 25 smoking-related diseases or disease categories. Our analysis included only direct government healthcare expenditure (reimbursed by CHIF), including: smoking-attributable outpatient and inpatient care services, medical rehabilitation, reimbursable and publicly procured pharmaceuticals and medical aids, the emergency medical aid (ambulance) service, nursing, and expensive tests and procedures. The smoking-attributable expenditure on the above-mentioned healthcare services was calculated by multiplying the total annual expenditure by the corresponding smoking attributable fractions (SAFs). Results: The total smoking-attributable government expenditure amounted to €37.4 million in 2013. This represented 3% of the total CHIF budget in 2013. Smoking-attributable expenditure on inpatient care and medical rehabilitation services was two times higher for male smokers, than for female smokers. Conclusions: Smoking imposes a significant preventable financial cost within the budget of the Lithuanian healthcare system. A quantitative estimation of smoking related healthcare costs could provide an incentive for the development of smoking cessation services, with additional attention towards male smokers, as well as an important focus on smoking prevention among children and youths.
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Mueller, Daren S., Kiersten A. Wise, Adam J. Sisson, Tom W. Allen, Gary C. Bergstrom, Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette, Carl A. Bradley, et al. "Corn Yield Loss Estimates Due to Diseases in the United States and Ontario, Canada, from 2016 to 2019." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-20-0038-rs.
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Annual reductions in corn (Zea mays L.) yield caused by diseases were estimated by university Extension-affiliated plant pathologists in 26 corn-producing states in the United States and in Ontario, Canada, from 2016 through 2019. Estimated loss from each disease varied greatly by state or province and year. Gray leaf spot (caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis Tehon & E.Y. Daniels) caused the greatest estimated yield loss in parts of the northern United States and Ontario in all years except 2019, and Fusarium stalk rot (caused by Fusarium spp.) also greatly reduced yield. Tar spot (caused by Phyllachora maydis Maubl.), a relatively new disease in the United States, was estimated to cause substantial yield loss in 2018 and 2019 in several northern states. Gray leaf spot and southern rust (caused by Puccinia polysora Underw.) caused the most estimated yield losses in the southern United States. Unfavorable wet and delayed harvest conditions in 2018 resulted in an estimated 2.5 billion bushels (63.5 million metric tons) of grain contaminated with mycotoxins. The estimated mean economic loss due to reduced yield caused by corn diseases in the United States and Ontario from 2016 to 2019 was US$55.90 per acre (US$138.13 per hectare). Results from this survey provide scientists, corn breeders, government agencies, and educators with data to help inform and prioritize research, policy, and educational efforts in corn pathology and disease management.
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Park, Sunghee, and Jiyoung Woo. "Gender Classification Using Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning in a Health Web Forum." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061249.
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Sentiment analysis is the most common text classification tool that analyzes incoming messages and tells whether the underlying sentiment is positive, negative, or neutral. We can use this technique to understand people by gender, especially people who are suffering from a sensitive disease. People use health-related web forums to easily access health information written by and for non-experts and also to get comfort from people who are in a similar situation. The government operates medical web forums to provide medical information, manage patients’ needs and feelings, and boost information-sharing among patients. If we can classify people’s emotional or information needs by gender, age, or location, it is possible to establish a detailed health policy specialized into patient segments. However, people with sensitive illness such as AIDS tend to hide their information. Especially, in the case of sexually transmitted AIDS, we can detect problems and needs according to gender. In this work, we present a gender detection model using sentiment analysis and machine learning including deep learning. Through the experiment, we found that sentiment features generate low accuracy. However, senti-words give better results with SVM. Overall, traditional machine learning algorithms have a high misclassification rate for the female category. The deep learning algorithm overcomes this drawback with over 90% accuracy.
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Bacon, Simon L., Norm Campbell, Kim Raine, Ross Tsuyuki, Nadia Khan, Manuel Arango, and Janusz Kaczorowski. "Canada’s New Healthy Eating Strategy: Implications for Healthcare Professionals and a Call to Action." Canadian Journal of General Internal Medicine 14, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): e6-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/cjgim.v14i4.340.
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AbstractNearly two-thirds of all deaths worldwide are from non-communicable chronic diseases, with a similar proportion in Canada. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, unhealthy eating is the leading risk for death and the second leading risk for disability in Canada. It is clear that to adequately address this major health issue, we need a comprehensive approach that includes strong governmental policy. In 2016 the Canadian government released its Healthy Eating Strategy, for which updating Canada’s Food Guide was a key element. The Government has proposed to release the guiding principles and policy statements documents in early 2019, followed by the healthy eating plans later in 2019. Much of this work aligns with many policies that have been developed and adopted by the Canadian health and scientific organizations that are members of the Canadian Hypertension Advisory Committee. As such, the current editorial is a call to action for the healthcare and scientific community, both individuals and organizations, to ensure they have policies consistent with and supportive of those that have been developed through the Hypertension Advisory Committee collaboration, and to actively participate in providing input and feedback on the Healthy Eating Strategy through the Health Canada Stakeholder Registry.
ResumePrès des deux tiers de tous les décès dans le monde sont attribuables à des maladies chroniques non transmissibles, dont une proportion semblable au Canada. Selon l’Étude mondiale sur le fardeau de la maladie, une mauvaise alimentation est le principal risque de décès et le deuxième risque d’invalidité au Canada. Il est clair que pour s’attaquer adéquatement à cet important problème de santé, nous avons besoin d’une approche globale qui comprend une politique gouvernementale solide. En 2016, le gouvernement canadien a publié sa Stratégie en matière de saine alimentation, dont la mise à jour du Guide alimentaire canadien était un élément clé. Le gouvernement a proposé de publier les principes directeurs et les énoncés de politique au début de 2019, puis les plans de saine alimentation plus tard en 2019. Une grande partie de ce travail s’harmonise avec un certain nombre de politiques qui ont été élaborées et adoptées par les organismes scientifiques et de santé canadiens qui sont membres du Comité consultatif canadien sur l’hypertension artérielle. À ce titre, l’éditorial actuel est un appel à l’action à l’intention de la communauté scientifique et du milieu de la santé, tant les particuliers que les organisations, pour s’assurer qu’ils disposent de politiques conformes à celles qui ont été élaborées dans le cadre du comité consultatif sur l’hypertension et qui les appuient, et pour participer activement à la formulation de commentaires et de suggestions sur la stratégie sur la saine alimentation au moyen du Registre des intervenants de Santé Canada.
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Mathews, Maria, Sarah Spencer, Lindsay Hedden, Emily Gard Marshall, Julia Lukewich, Leslie Meredith, Dana Ryan, et al. "Development of a primary care pandemic plan informed by in-depth policy analysis and interviews with family physicians across Canada during COVID-19: a qualitative case study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e048209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048209.
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IntroductionGiven the recurrent risk of respiratory illness-based pandemics, and the important roles family physicians play during public health emergencies, the development of pandemic plans for primary care is imperative. Existing pandemic plans in Canada, however, do not adequately incorporate family physicians’ roles and perspectives. This policy and planning oversight has become increasingly evident with the emergence of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, pandemic. This study is designed to inform the development of pandemic plans for primary care through evidence from four provinces in Canada: British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Ontario.Methods and analysisWe will employ a multiple-case study of regions in four provinces. Each case consists of a mixed methods design which comprises: (1) a chronology of family physician roles in the COVID-19 pandemic response; (2) a provincial policy analysis; and (3) qualitative interviews with family physicians. Relevant policy and guidance documents will be identified through targeted, snowball and general search strategies. Additionally, these policy documents will be analysed to identify gaps and/or emphases in existing policies and policy responses. Interviews will explore family physicians’ proposed, actual and potential roles during the pandemic, the facilitators and barriers they have encountered throughout and the influence of gender on their professional roles. Data will be thematically analysed using a content analysis framework, first at the regional level and then through cross-case analyses.Ethics and disseminationApproval for this study has been granted by the Research Ethics of British Columbia, the Health Research Ethics Board of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Nova Scotia Health Authority Research Ethics Board and the Western University Research Ethics Board. Findings will be disseminated via conferences and peer-reviewed publications. Evidence and lessons learnt will be used to develop tools for government ministries, public health units and family physicians for improved pandemic response plans for primary care.
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Lougheed, M. Diane, Janice Minard, Shari Dworkin, Mary-Ann Juurlink, Walley J. Temple, Teresa To, Marc Koehn, Anne Van Dam, and Louis-Philippe Boulet. "Pan-Canadian Respiratory Standards Initiative for Electronic Health Records (PRESTINE): 2011 National Forum Proceedings." Canadian Respiratory Journal 19, no. 2 (2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/870357.
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In a novel knowledge translation initiative, the Government of Ontario’s Asthma Plan of Action funded the development of an Asthma Care Map to enable adherence with the Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines developed under the auspices of the Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS). Following its successful evaluation within the Primary Care Asthma Pilot Project, respiratory clinicians from the Asthma Research Unit, Queen’s University (Kingston, Ontario) are leading an initiative to incorporate standardized Asthma Care Map data elements into electronic health records in primary care in Ontario. Acknowledging that the issue of data standards affects all respiratory conditions, and all provinces and territories, the Government of Ontario approached the CTS Respiratory Guidelines Committee. At its meeting in September 2010, the CTS Respiratory Guidelines Committee agreed that developing and standardizing respiratory data elements for electronic health records are strategically important. In follow-up to that commitment, representatives from the CTS, the Lung Association, the Government of Ontario, the National Lung Health Framework and Canada Health Infoway came together to form a planning committee. The planning committee proposed a phased approach to inform stakeholders about the issue, and engage them in the development, implementation and evaluation of a standardized dataset. An environmental scan was completed in July 2011, which identified data definitions and standards currently available for clinical variables that are likely to be included in electronic medical records in primary care for diagnosis, management and patient education related to asthma and COPD. The scan, sponsored by the Government of Ontario, includes compliance with clinical nomenclatures such as SNOMED-CT®and LOINC®. To help launch and create momentum for this initiative, a national forum was convened on October 2 and 3, 2011, in Toronto, Ontario. The forum was designed to bring together key stakeholders across the spectrum of respiratory care, including clinicians, researchers, health informaticists and administrators to explore and recommend a potential scope, approach and governance structure for this important project. The Pan-Canadian REspiratory STandards INitiative for Electronic Health Records (PRESTINE) goal is to recommend respiratory data elements and standards for use in electronic medical records across Canada that meet the needs of providers, administrators, researchers and policy makers to facilitate evidence-based clinical care, monitoring, surveillance, benchmarking and policy development. The focus initially is expected to include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary function standards elements that are applicable to many respiratory conditions. The present article summarizes the process and findings of the forum deliberations.
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Bartram, Mary, and Steve Lurie. "Closing the Mental Health Gap: The Long and Winding Road?" Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 36, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2017-021.
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With 5 billion dollars in new federal funding to improve access to mental health services set to roll out over the next 10 years, a window of opportunity has opened to begin to close the long-standing gap in mental health funding in Canada. Public spending on mental health in Canada is only 7% of public spending on health overall (Jacobs et al., 2010), well short of the 9% called for in the Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada (MHCC, 2012). This percentage is also well short of the disease burden comprised by mental illnesses, which ranges from 13% globally (WHO, 2011) to 23% in the UK (OECD, 2014). By comparison, recent figures from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2014) indicate that some countries devote as much as 18% of their health spending to mental health, with the UK sitting at 13%. Even with new targeted federal funding, closing, or at least narrowing, this gap will require careful attention to lessons learned in the past. This article explores how the gap in mental health funding came about in Canada and provides a more detailed analysis of the size of the gap itself. While it is now clear that the federal government will introduce a transfer that is directly targeted to mental health, there are still many policy options to consider for moving forward with next steps, including provincial/territorial contributions, accountability mechanisms, outcome measures, the insurance/financing model, and how tightly eligible expenses are tied to specific initiatives, population groups, or levels of evidence.
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Vamos, Sandra, Orkan Okan, Tetine Sentell, and Irving Rootman. "Making a Case for “Education for Health Literacy”: An International Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041436.
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In many countries, health literacy research, practice, and policy have been moving away from a focus only on medical care and health-care settings to a much broader conceptualization. In this broader perspective, health literacy can be obtained and used across many other settings (e.g., school, home, workplaces, government) towards achieving health and wellness goals across the life-course for individuals, families, and communities. The education sector is a critical domain towards these achievements and education for health literacy is a fundamental process and outcome. This can help towards important public health goals, including critical health literacy, as oriented not only towards individual actions, but also towards supporting effective social and political action. This Perspective Article describes the importance and utility of the education for health literacy perspective, which, follows a view that health literacy is a key outcome of health education from which improved population health, health promotion and disease prevention could be achieved across diverse contexts. We first describe different educational paradigms to address health literacy and clarify the education for health literacy perspective as a supportive, instructional and capacity-building global resource across the life-course. Then, using specific examples from Canada, America, and Germany, we provide a snapshot of the diverse ways in which the education for health literacy perspective can be found in national policies. These include broad national goals and standards (Germany and Canada) and major health care reform (America). We next consider the tensions and gaps that can arise in the translation and implementation of these policies relative to the ideal education for health literacy perspective, especially related to equity. These include the need for funding, goals of the educational system, and limited evaluation of policy in practice. Finally, we highlight strategic opportunities to achieve education for health literacy and equity especially offering examples from innovative practice in Canada across the lifespan.
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Anderson, Kevin, and Lynne M. Emmerton. "Contribution of mobile health applications to self-management by consumers: review of published evidence." Australian Health Review 40, no. 5 (2016): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15162.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to review the contribution of mobile health applications (‘apps’) to consumers’ self-management of chronic health conditions, and the potential for this practice to inform health policy, procedures and guidelines. Methods A search was performed on the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Global Health (Ovid) databases using the search terms ‘mobile app*’, ‘self-care’, ‘self-monitoring’, ‘trial’, ‘intervention*’ and various medical conditions. The search was supplemented with manual location of emerging literature and government reports. Mapping review methods identified relevant titles and abstracts, followed by review of content to determine extant research, reports addressing the key questions, and gaps suggesting areas for future research. Available studies were organised by disease state, and presented in a narrative analysis. Results Four studies describing the results of clinical trials were identified from Canada, England, Taiwan and Australia; all but the Australian study used custom-made apps. The available studies examined the effect of apps in health monitoring, reporting positive but not robust findings. Australian public policy and government reports acknowledge and support self-management, but do not address the potential contribution of mobile interventions. Conclusions There are limited controlled trials testing the contribution of health apps to consumers’ self-management. Further evidence in this field is required to inform health policy and practice relating to self-management. What is known about the topic? Australian health policy encourages self-care by health consumers to reduce expenditure in health services. A fundamental component of self-care in chronic health conditions is self-monitoring, which can be used to assess progress towards treatment goals, as well as signs and symptoms of disease exacerbation. An abundance of mobile health apps is available for self-monitoring. What does this study add? A limited number of randomised control trials have assessed the clinical impact of health apps for self-monitoring. The body of evidence relating to current and long-term clinical impact is developing. Despite endorsing self-care, Australian health policy does not address the use and potential contribution of mobile health apps to health care. What are the implications? Widespread and sustained use of validated mobile health apps for chronic health conditions should have potential to improve consumer independence, confidence and burden on health services in the longer term. However, a significant body of scientific evidence has not yet been established; this is mirrored in the lack of acknowledgement of health apps in Australian health policy referring to consumers’ self-management.
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Fischer, Benedikt. "Prescription Opioid Related Misuse, Harms, Diversion and Interventions in Canada: A Review." July 2012 3S;15, no. 3S;7 (July 14, 2012): ES191—ES203. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/es191.
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Background: The non-medical use of and harms related to prescription opioid (PO) analgesics – key medications to treat severe and chronic pain - are an emerging public health concern globally. PO use is proportionally highest in North America, where, consequently, nonmedical PO use (NMPOU) and morbidity/mortality are high and well documented for the United States. Canada is the country with the second highest PO consumption rate in the world – with steeper recent increases in PO use than the US - mainly driven by substantial increases in the use of strong opioids (e.g., oxycodone). Indications and select data of NMPOU and PO-related morbidity and mortality have emerged in recent years, yet a systematic and comprehensive collection of relevant data to characterize the phenomenon in Canada does not exist. Objectives: This paper comprehensively reviews the available data in Canada regarding NMPOU, and PO-related harms, diversion, and interventions, and discusses implications for interventions and policy. Study Design: Narrative literature/data review. Setting: Canada. Methods: Publicly available data and information – either from journal publications, “grey literature” (e.g., government/technical reports) or Web sites reporting relevant data on Canada - were searched and narratively reviewed. Results: Indicators on NMPOU and PO-related harms in Canada are highly fragmented, and not nearly as systematic and comprehensive as they are in the US; virtually no national statistics/data are collected. Available –largely provincial/local - data indicate that PO misuse is increasingly common in key populations, including general adult and student populations, street-drug users, First Nations/Aboriginal Peoples, and correctional populations. Co-morbidities – e.g., pain, mental health problems, polysubstance use – among people reporting NMPOU appear to be high. Substance use treatment admissions for those with problematic PO use have risen substantially where reported. Opioid-related mortality (and oxycodone-related mortality, specifically) have increased considerably in Ontario where relevant data from the mid-1990s onward have been examined. In Canadian populations reporting NMPOU, sourcing of POs occurs through various diversion routes, including from family/friends, “double-doctoring,” or street drug markets. In addition, losses and theft/robberies from pharmacies and licensed medications dealers appear to be on the rise. Finally, interventions (i.e., provincial PO guidelines, prescription monitoring programs, substance use treatment services) are fragmented and inconsistently applied throughout the country, and currently fail to effectively address the growing problem of NMPOU and PO-related harms across Canada. Limitations: This review did not rely on systematic review methodologies. Conclusion: Corresponding to its increasing and high overall PO consumption levels, NMPOU and POrelated harms in Canada are high based on available data, and likely now constitute the third highest level of substance use burden of disease (after alcohol and tobacco). The data and monitoring situation in Canada regarding NMPOU and PO-related harms are fragmented, un-systematic, and insufficient. While major and concerted policy initiatives – primarily from the federal level - are absent to date, these urgently require vastly improved national data indicators and monitoring in order to allow for and evaluate evidence-based interventions on this urgent and extensive public health problem. Key words: Prescription opioids, pain, non-medical use, epidemiology, public health, morbidity, mortality, treatment, policy, Canada
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Nagy, Rosemary, and Robinder Kaur Sehdev. "Introduction: Residential Schools and Decolonization." Canadian journal of law and society 27, no. 1 (April 2012): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjls.27.1.067.
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“Home” to more than 150,000 children from the 1870s until 1996, the residential school system was aimed at “killing the Indian in the child” and assimilating First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children into white settler society. It was, in short, a genocidal policy, operated jointly by the federal government of Canada and the Catholic, Anglican, United, and Presbyterian Churches. Children as young as four years old were torn from their families and placed in institutions that were chronically underfunded; mismanaged; inadequately staffed; and rife with disease, malnutrition, poor ventilation, poor heating, neglect, and death. Sexual, emotional, and physical abuse was pervasive, and it was consistent policy to deny children their languages, their cultures, their families, and even their given names. While some children may have had positive experiences, many former students have found themselves caught between two worlds: deprived of their languages and traditions, they were left on their own to handle the trauma of their school experience and to try to readapt to the traditional way of life that they had been conditioned to reject. Life after residential school has been marred for many by alcohol and substance abuse, cycles of violence, suicide, anger, hopelessness, isolation, shame, guilt, and an inability to parent.First Nations leader Phil Fontaine catalysed the struggle for redress in 1990 when he stunned Canada by speaking about his residential-school experience. The second major catalyst was the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) of 1991–1996, which broadly exposed the horrors of residential schools to Canadians and called for a public inquiry.
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TODD, EWEN C. D. "Worldwide Surveillance of Foodborne Disease: the Need to Improve†." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.1.82.
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A foodborne-disease surveillance program is an essential part of a food safety program. Foodborne surveillance should be able to issue early alerts on contaminated food to which a large population is exposed; collate notifications of enteric diseases and laboratory isolations; report foodborne disease incidents on a regular basis; and use sentinel and specific epidemiological studies as required. Although most countries have some kind of reporting of notifiable diseases, few have foodborne-disease surveillance programs, and little is known of foodborne disease in general on a worldwide basis. However, in the last decade many European countries have generated annual reports to join those of Canada, England/Wales, Japan and the United States. In addition, a few other countries are attempting to develop foodborne-disease reporting programs but are hampered by lack of resources. However, it is apparent that staphylococcal intoxication has been decreasing in most nations, except in some Latin American countries where cheese from unpasteurized milk and cream-filled desserts are widely consumed. In contrast, salmonellosis has been increasing or remaining steady as the main foodborne disease in practically all other countries. Newly-recognized agents such as E. coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli, or previously-known agents in new food associations such as Clostridium botulinum, are also being documented in several countries. Although the socioeconomic impact of foodborne diseases is very high, there are at best limited effective control measures to reduce them, even in industrialized countries. One reason control is difficult to achieve is that surveillance is inadequate and the burden of foodborne disease is not fully understood by policy-makers. Another reason is that a consistent and coordinated effort by industry and government is required, as has been practiced in Sweden to reduce substantially the Salmonella contamination of poultry. Improvement of surveillance on a worldwide basis is all the more important with increasing world trade and travel, and international organizations need to take a lead role in accomplishing this.
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Marquis, Greg. "Civilized Drinking: Alcohol and Society in New Brunswick, 1945-1975." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 11, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031136ar.
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Abstract Alcohol policy in New Brunswick was contested terrain. Following the political defeat of prohibition, the province introduced government liquor stores in 1927, but refused for more than three decades to license public establishments, although Legions and private clubs enjoyed a quasi-legal status. By the end of the Second World War, the province had one of the lowest liquor consumption rates in Canada, a small but vocal temperance movement, and a fairly dry hospitality sector. During the 1960s and 1970s, access to alcohol was liberalized with the licensing of taverns and dining rooms, the decriminalization of public drunkenness, and the lowering of the drinking age to 19. Meanwhile, the public health, social service, legal and voluntary sectors lobbied for prevention and treatment programs based on the disease concept of alcoholism, rather than the moralistic arguments of the older temperance movement. By 1975, it was clear that New Brunswick's alcohol control policies mirrored the wider Canadian experience as residents were treated to competing discourses: drinking was a modern, reasonable, and fashionable recreation but alcohol was society's most widespread and costly addictions problem.
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Mema, Silvina, Gillian Frosst, Kristen Hanson, Cheryl Yates, Amanda Anderson, Jennifer Jacobson, Caroline Guinard, America Lima, Tannis Andersen, and Melissa Roe. "COVID-19 outbreak among temporary foreign workers in British Columbia, March to May 2020." Canada Communicable Disease Report 47, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v47i01a02.
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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, temporary foreign workers (TFWs) provided a critical role to maintaining the food supply in Canada, yet workers faced a number of challenges that made them particularly vulnerable to COVID-19. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological investigation and public health response to a COVID-19 outbreak among TFWs in an agricultural setting in British Columbia from March to May 2020. Methods: An outbreak was declared on March 28, 2020 following detection of two cases of COVID-19 among a group of 63 TFWs employed by a nursery and garden centre. Outbreak control measures included immediate isolation of cases, case finding via outreach screening and testing, cohorting of asymptomatic workers and enhanced cleaning and disinfection. The outbreak was declared over on May 10, 2020. Results: A total of 26 COVID-19 cases were identified among the group of TFWs; no cases were identified among local workers. Cases were primarily male (77%) with a median age of 41 years. Symptom onsets ranged from March 8 to April 9, 2020. One case required overnight hospitalization for pneumonia. Conclusion: This was the first COVID-19 community outbreak identified in British Columbia and the first COVID-19 outbreak identified among TFWs in Canada. This outbreak began prior to implementation of provincial and federal quarantine orders for international travellers. A provincial policy was later developed that requires TFWs to quarantine in government-funded accommodation prior to deployment to agricultural settings.
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Stephen, Craig, and Joy Wade. "Testing the Waters of an Aquaculture Index of Well-Being." Challenges 10, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe10010030.
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Social licence is rooted in perceptions of local rights holders and stakeholders. The disease focus of aquaculture health policy, practices, and research insufficiently reflects societal expectations for aquafarms to protect health of shared resources. Our case study of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in British Columbia (BC), Canada, assessed the readiness of aquaculture to change from managing health as the absence of disease to a perspective of health as well-being to maintain social licence. We drafted an index of well-being based on agroecosystem health and socio-ecological health principles. We then reviewed publicly available industry and government information and undertook key informant interviews. The industry was well situated to develop and use a well-being index. Interviewees saw value in a well-being index and found it compatible with area-based management. Many elements of the index were being collected but there would be challenges to overcoming feelings of over-regulation; negotiating specific indicators for local situations; and securing the necessary expertise to integrate and assess the diversity of information. Health conflicts and disagreements facing salmon farming in BC are like those in other aquaculture sectors. Social licence may be improved if companies transparently report their state of the health by adapting this conceptual framework.
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Whitfield, Yvonne, and Angela Smith. "Household pets and zoonoses." Environmental Health Review 57, no. 02 (June 1, 2014): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2014-021.
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The popularity of having exotic animals as pets is increasing, particularly among children. It is also estimated that approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. The implications of these two trends are areas of concern for the public health community. We conducted a review of household pet zoonoses studies. This included a jurisdictional scan of public health agencies in Canada for policies and protocols on household pet zoonoses. Key stakeholder consultations with pet-related zoonoses experts and authors in Canada enhanced the information reviewed. Trends in pet ownership, risks of disease transmission, burden of illness, and current public health practices were examined. As a result, policy and intervention gaps and future opportunities for research and collaboration were identified. Specifically, pets remain as a primary source of numerous reportable and nonreportable diseases and outbreaks for example, salmonellosis, tularaemia, cutaneous larvae migrans, and Human Lymphocytic Chorimeningitis Virus infections. Pet treats and some pet foods were cited as potential sources of zoonotic diseases. Children under 5 years of age and immuno-compromised individuals were noted as potential high-risk groups; and daycares, schools, summer camps, private homes, and acute care and veterinary hospitals were noted as high-risk settings for zoonotic disease transmission. The primary risk factors identified include improper handling of pets and improper hand hygiene. The continued growth of the pet industry will necessitate interventions by public health, veterinary, and regulatory communities to mitigate the impact of pet zoonoses on the public. These interventions should include enhancement of the current surveillance systems, regulations to address existing gaps in the pet food industry, the development of policies and protocols at the provincial and federal levels of government, education of the public regarding the risks associated with the handling of pets, and greater collaboration among the human and animal health sectors.
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Pathirathna, Ravindra, Pamila S. Adikari, WKWS Kumarawansa, Damitha Balasooriya, and Mahendra Senavirathna. "New Normal Context in Health Care Settings after COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2021.1237255.
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COVID-19 is an infectious disease that rapidly developed into a pandemic status. This deemed a need for new strategies to carry out routine health care activities. The recent practices and adaptations of the system as a response to the pandemic status were called a new normal situation. The aim of the study was to describe principles for adaptation to a new normal context for health care settings in COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review of literature was conducted based on policy documents, guidelines, and public notices issued by the government and other key policymakers from the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and Canada between June 15, 2020, and July 15, 2020, available on their government websites. The study revealed several principles, namely, enhanced surveillance, phasedown strategy for restoring routine services, vulnerability, dynamics of the service demand, new principles in human resource management, infection control measures, supply and usage of personal protective equipment, demand for intensive-care unit bed capacity, coordination and collaboration internally and externally, promotion and utility of remote care, ensuring equity, pre-hospital communication and assessment before reaching service facility, enhancing clinician participation in local-level decision-making, and risk assessments within all levels of service facility. The results of this study exposed new principles that facilitated managerial decision-making to the adaptation of new strategies. This new normal context created many challenges for resource management, which needed to consider dynamics of demand of services, prevention of spreading infections, and readiness for surge of cases while safeguarding quality and safety.
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Chung, Ping-Chen, and Ta-Chien Chan. "Impact of physical distancing policy on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 globally: Perspective from government’s response and residents’ compliance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0255873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255873.
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Background COVID-19 was declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Various physical distancing interventions were introduced to flatten the epidemic curve and reduce the disease burden. We evaluated the impacts of policy stringency and residents’ compliance on time-varying reproduction number in 17 countries. Methods Data were from WHO reports of local transmission (February 28 to April 8, 2020) in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the UK, US and Vietnam. Earlier local transmission data where available from press releases were added for Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan starting January 28, 2020. COVID-19 policy responses were from the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker with 17 indicators. Changes in people’s behaviors were from Google’s COVID-19 community mobility reports and Apple Maps’ mobility trends reports. We estimated the daily time-varying reproduction number (Rt) by country. 0-, 7- and 14-day lagged effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and changes in human mobility on Rt were estimated by linear mixed-effects models. Results Rt initially surged rapidly, then declined gradually depending on policy stringency. The highest mean policy stringency scores were for Italy (69.97) and South Korea (61.00). Variations in stringency scores were higher in Europe, the US and Australia than in Asia. The human mobility reduction was greater in countries with strict policies (median stringency score > = 50). In terms of immediate (0-day lag) effects, Rt reductions were found for workplace-closure, limited-gathering, and stay-at-home policies. At a 7-day lag, Rt reductions were found for workplace closure, restrictions on gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, international travel controls, contact tracing and reducing walking around. At a 14-day lag, Rt reductions were found for restrictions on gatherings, less visiting and staying in parks, and reduced walking around. Conclusion The findings show physical distancing policies and residents’ compliance can slow transmission, with the lag-to-effect time varying by policy.
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Brandon, Thomas H., Maciej L. Goniewicz, Nasser H. Hanna, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Roy S. Herbst, Jennifer A. Hobin, Jamie S. Ostroff, et al. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Policy Statement From the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 8 (March 10, 2015): 952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.4465.
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Combustible tobacco use remains the number-one preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which include electronic cigarettes, are devices capable of delivering nicotine in an aerosolized form. ENDS use by both adults and youth has increased rapidly, and some have advocated these products could serve as harm-reduction devices and smoking cessation aids. ENDS may be beneficial if they reduce smoking rates or prevent or reduce the known adverse health effects of smoking. However, ENDS may also be harmful, particularly to youth, if they increase the likelihood that nonsmokers or former smokers will use combustible tobacco products or if they discourage smokers from quitting. The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recognize the potential ENDS have to alter patterns of tobacco use and affect the health of the public; however, definitive data are lacking. The AACR and ASCO recommend additional research on these devices, including assessing the health impacts of ENDS, understanding patterns of ENDS use, and determining what role ENDS have in cessation. Key policy recommendations include supporting federal, state, and local regulation of ENDS; requiring manufacturers to register with the US Food and Drug Administration and report all product ingredients, requiring childproof caps on ENDS liquids, and including warning labels on products and their advertisements; prohibiting youth-oriented marketing and sales; prohibiting child-friendly ENDS flavors; and prohibiting ENDS use in places where cigarette smoking is prohibited. This policy statement was developed by a joint writing group composed of members from the Tobacco and Cancer Subcommittee of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Science Policy and Government Affairs (SPGA) Committee and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Tobacco Cessation and Control Subcommittee of the Cancer Prevention Committee (CaPC). The statement was reviewed by both parent committees (ie, the AACR SPGA Committee and the ASCO CaPC) and was approved by the AACR Boards of Directors on August 6, 2014, and the ASCO Executive Committee on September 18, 2014. This policy statement was published jointly by invitation and consent in both Clinical Cancer Research and Journal of Clinical Oncology. Copyright 2015 American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or storage in any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
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Yu, Cheng-Sheng, Shy-Shin Chang, Tzu-Hao Chang, Jenny L. Wu, Yu-Jiun Lin, Hsiung-Fei Chien, and Ray-Jade Chen. "A COVID-19 Pandemic Artificial Intelligence–Based System With Deep Learning Forecasting and Automatic Statistical Data Acquisition: Development and Implementation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e27806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27806.
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Background More than 79.2 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1.7 million deaths were caused by SARS-CoV-2; the disease was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. Control of the COVID-19 epidemic has become a crucial issue around the globe, but there are limited studies that investigate the global trend of the COVID-19 pandemic together with each country’s policy measures. Objective We aimed to develop an online artificial intelligence (AI) system to analyze the dynamic trend of the COVID-19 pandemic, facilitate forecasting and predictive modeling, and produce a heat map visualization of policy measures in 171 countries. Methods The COVID-19 Pandemic AI System (CPAIS) integrated two data sets: the data set from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker from the Blavatnik School of Government, which is maintained by the University of Oxford, and the data set from the COVID-19 Data Repository, which was established by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering. This study utilized four statistical and deep learning techniques for forecasting: autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), feedforward neural network (FNN), multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, and long short-term memory (LSTM). With regard to 1-year records (ie, whole time series data), records from the last 14 days served as the validation set to evaluate the performance of the forecast, whereas earlier records served as the training set. Results A total of 171 countries that featured in both databases were included in the online system. The CPAIS was developed to explore variations, trends, and forecasts related to the COVID-19 pandemic across several counties. For instance, the number of confirmed monthly cases in the United States reached a local peak in July 2020 and another peak of 6,368,591 in December 2020. A dynamic heat map with policy measures depicts changes in COVID-19 measures for each country. A total of 19 measures were embedded within the three sections presented on the website, and only 4 of the 19 measures were continuous measures related to financial support or investment. Deep learning models were used to enable COVID-19 forecasting; the performances of ARIMA, FNN, and the MLP neural network were not stable because their forecast accuracy was only better than LSTM for a few countries. LSTM demonstrated the best forecast accuracy for Canada, as the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were 2272.551, 1501.248, and 0.2723075, respectively. ARIMA (RMSE=317.53169; MAPE=0.4641688) and FNN (RMSE=181.29894; MAPE=0.2708482) demonstrated better performance for South Korea. Conclusions The CPAIS collects and summarizes information about the COVID-19 pandemic and offers data visualization and deep learning–based prediction. It might be a useful reference for predicting a serious outbreak or epidemic. Moreover, the system undergoes daily updates and includes the latest information on vaccination, which may change the dynamics of the pandemic.
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Monteith, Hiliary, Tracey Galloway, and Anthony J. Hanley. "Protocol for a scoping review of the qualitative literature on Indigenous infant feeding experiences." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e043476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043476.
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IntroductionPrudent infant nutrition, including exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months, is essential for optimal short-term and long-term health. Quantitative research to date has documented that many Indigenous communities have lower breastfeeding rates than the general population and that this gap in breastfeeding initiation and maintenance may have an important impact on chronic disease risk later in life. However, there are critical knowledge gaps in the literature regarding factors that influence infant feeding decisions. Qualitative research on infant feeding experiences provides a broader understanding of the challenges that Indigenous caregivers encounter, and insights provided by this approach are essential to identify research gaps, community engagement strategies, and programme and policy development. The objective of this review is to summarise the qualitative literature that describes breastfeeding and other infant feeding experiences of Indigenous caregivers.Methods and analysisThis scoping review will follow guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews, the Joanna Briggs Institute and the methodological framework from Arksey and O’Malley. In October 2020, we will conduct an electronic database search using Medline, Embase, The Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and Scopus, and will focus on qualitative studies. Publications that have a focus on infant feeding in Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand, and the Indigenous caregiver experience from the caregiver perspective, will be included. We will conduct a grey literature search using Indigenous Studies Portal, country-specific browser searches, and known government, association, and community websites/reports. We will map themes and concepts of the publications, including study results and methodologies, to identify research gaps, future directions, challenges and best practices in this topic area.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this review as no unpublished primary data will be included. The results of this review will be shared through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. This protocol is registered through the Open Science Framework (osf.io/4su79).
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Aliyeva, Zamina. "The Law Aspects in Health Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of Issues on the Injury, Damage and Harm in Criminal Law." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 3 (2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-21.
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The paper presents the analysis of the approaches to define the areas of research on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. The obtained results proved that crimes, connected to drugs abuse, their legislation become an essential part of the issues. At the same, developing of government control, medical standards, improving quality of medical education balancing the «medical mistake – injury to human’s health – jurisprudence consequences» triangle in the tendency of the injury, damage and harm in criminal laware becoming very important to the healthcare system due to increasing requirements of regulators, customers and shareholders. The paper aimed to analyse the tendency in the literature on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law, which published in books, journals, conference proceedings etc. to identify future research directions. The methodological tools are VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) software. This study covers 1072 papers from Scopus and WoS database. The time for analysis were 1970-2020. The Scopus and WoS analyse showed that in 2012-2019 the numbers of papers on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues began to increase. However, the topics changed from general issues to the problem of decriminalisation of drug trafficking, and the corresponding paradigm shift in the punishment of some crimes, increasing interest in punishing corporations for violating environmental regulations. In 2017 the number of documents dedicated to injury, damage and harm in criminal law was increased by 667% compared to 2012. The main subject areas of analyses of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law were the next: Law, Public environmental, occupational health, Criminology penology, Substance abuse, Psychiatry, Medicine. The biggest amount of investigations of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law was published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. In 2019 such journals with high impact factor as International Journal of Drug Policy, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, The Lancet etc. published the number of issues, which analysed of the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. Such results proved that theme on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law is actually in the ongoing trends of the modern jurisprudence and regulation. The findings from VOSviewer defined 6 clusters of the papers which analysed the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law from the different points of views. The first biggest cluster (with the biggest number of connections) merged the keywords as follows: criminal justice, law enforcement, public health, health care policy, harm reduction, drug legislation, drug and narcotic control, substance abuse, homelessness etc. The second significant cluster integrated the keywords as follows: criminal behaviour, crime victim, adolescent, violence, mental health, mental disease, prisoner, young people, rape, police etc. The third biggest cluster concentrated on criminal aspects of jurisprudence, criminal law, human right, legal liability, social control, government regulation etc. The obtained results allow concluding that balancing the triangles «medical mistakes – criminal – education» and «drugs – criminal – justice» and «abortion – criminal – women/children» form an important part of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues. Keywords injury, damage, harm, human health, criminal law, management, governance.
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De Jaka, Pamela Sandhya, Dyah W. Woro Dwi Lestari, and Lantip Rujito. "Persepsi Calon Pasangan Menikah Di Banyumas Terhadap Skrining Thalassemia : Studi Kualitatif." Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 47, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v47i2.1261.
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Thalassemia is the most common genetic disease in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of couples who will get married to the premarital screening policy so that a full picture of the readiness of the bride and groom's couple to prevent thalassemia is known. The study used qualitative research with a phenomenological approach with semi-structured in-depth interviews as a method of data collection. Sampling using purposive sampling got informants as many as ten people with criteria aged 20-30 years, domiciled in Banyumas, in a serious relationship (fiance), and not visually impaired. In-depth interviews with the subject of the research were carried out by recording aids accompanied by observations of the situation, facial expressions, and body language of the subject. Transcripts were carried out after data saturation occurred with several interviews. The data were analyzed used through coding until the making of the research theme.
The results of the study illustrated that most of the informants claimed to have heard and known of thalassemia from various media. Most informants know the consequences of thalassemia and how the life and treatment of thalassemia children. The informant’s understanding varied from very understanding to not understanding. The group of informants who responded positively to premarital thalassemia screening claimed to want to conduct premarital thalassemia screening with various considerations, including the potential for diseases that would burden life in the future. In the negative group, premarital screening can inhibit ongoing relationships. Concerning the national program, most of the informants agreed or followed this regulation if applied by the government. Informants differed on the continuation of the relationship after knowing the positivity of the screening results. Some couples will continue the relationship; there are also couples who will try to find alternative ways related to the future of their marriage. The study concludes that there are various individual responses related to premarital thalassemia screening. Each response is based on various backgrounds of potential partners. In general, the informants will follow and obey if the government will apply the premarital screening policy. Informants differed on the continuation of the relationship after knowing the positivity of the screening results.
Thalassemia adalah penyakit genetik yang paling banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui respon pasangan yang akan melangsungkan pernikahan terhadap kebijakan skrining premarital, sehingga dapat diketahui gambaran utuh tentang kesiapan pasangan calon pengantin terhadap upaya pencegahan thalassemia. Studi menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dengan wawancara mendalam semi-terstruktur sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Pengambilan sampel dengan purposive sampling mendapatkan informan sebanyak 10 orang dengan kriteria usia 20-30 tahun, berdomisili di Banyumas, berada dalam hubungan serius (tunangan), dan bukan tunanetra. Wawancara mendalam kepada subjek penelitian dilakukan dengan alat bantu rekam disertai observasi terhadap situasi, ekspresi wajah, dan bahasa tubuh subjek. Transkrip dilakukan setelah terjadi saturasi data dengan beberapa kali wawancara. Data dilakukan analisis melalui pengkodingan sampai pembuatan pokok tema penelitian. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa sebagian besar informan mengaku pernah mendengar dan mengetahui thalassemia dari berbagai media. Sebagian besar informan mengetahui konsekuensi thalassemia dan bagaimana kehidupan dan pengobatan terhadap anak thalassemia. Pemahaman informan bervariasi mulai dari sangat paham sampai tidak paham. Kelompok informan yang merespon positif terhadap skrining premarital thalassemia mengaku mau melakukan skrining premarital thalassemia dengan berbagai pertimbangan diantaranya potensi penyakit yang akan memberatkan kehidupan di masa mendatang. Pada kelompok negatif berpendapat bahwa skrining premarital dapat menghambat hubungan yang sudah berlangsung. Kaitannya dengan program nasional sebagian besar informan menyetujui atau mengikuti regulasi ini jika diberlakukan oleh pemerintah. Informan berbeda pendapat akan kelanjutan hubungan setelah mengetahui positivitas hasil skrining. Ada pasangan yang akan terus melanjutkan hubungan, ada pula pasangan yang akan mencoba mencari jalan alternatif terkait masa depan pernikahan mereka. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah terdapat berbagai respon individu terkait skrining premarital thalassemia. Masing masing respon dilandasi oleh berbagai macam latar belakang calon pasangan. Secara umum informan akan mengikuti dan patuh jika kebijakan skringing premarital ini akan diberlakukan oleh pemerintah. Informan berbeda pendapat akan kelanjutan hubungan setelah mengetahui positivitas hasil skrining.
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Gupta, P. "Cancer Prevention and Control Through Advocacy on Tobacco Control, Cancer Control by Focusing on Primary and Secondary Prevention on Cancer." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 125s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.63900.
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Background and context: Cancer Aid Society an ISO 9001 national level social organization working since 1987 for control and prevention of cancer. I am connected with this society from nine years and helping society to reaching his goal to improve the qualities of life of peoples. We are addressing on healthy lifestyle, tobacco abuse, active and passive smoking etc. Our society is working at community level by generating awareness among masses, crowd for the prevention of cancer. As we know cancer is the second biggest killer disease after heart attack and death due to cancer are almost five times more than AIDS. Aim: “Your health is our concern” is our mission and “Quality in cancer control” is our vision. So we are going to community level school, colleges, malls, offices aware peoples for the prevention of cancer. We are also working for palliative care for improving quality of life of cancer patients. Palliative care is care for uncared. We are also covering all the factors of palliative care but mostly focuses on spirituality. Strategy/Tactics: We have eight branches all our the country at Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabd, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kolkata these all are the metro cities of India and in branch we have minimum three social workers who all are covering the near by states so it shows our national presence. Having offices and accommodation in these cities save cost of hotels for stay. So in this way we are covering the whole country. Program/Policy process: We allot the areas to each social worker which they have to covered in the given time. In the month mostly minimum each social worker is doing 10 workshops which is organizing free of cost without any charges from institutions. We visit the institution and taking permission from head for conducting cancer awareness workshop. Outcomes: Personally in my nine years of working I have explored more than 24 states of India in which each year I have address more than 1 lac peoples for cancer prevention. Until now I have covered more than 500 institutions in the country and conducted the workshops. And declared more than 800 institutions tobacco free zone under COTPA ACT made by government of India. What was learned: In my work the thing only I learned is serving humanity is a service to God. So I am working for prevention of cancer I feel lucky that Cancer Aid Society give me opportunity for serving society.
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Li, Ye, Sander M. Calisal, and Alexander C. Landsburgh. "An Integrated Approach to Increase Marine Transportation Safety in Harbor Areas." Marine Technology Society Journal 51, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.51.6.6.
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AbstractThe importance of marine transportation safety in harbors and waterways access has become a very serious governmental concern in recent years, with the holding of special conferences on major marine disasters, increasing concerns on environmental issues, frequent occurrence of waterway congestion, and the presence of ever larger vessels with increased potential impacts from accidents. An additional serious concern is the blockage of key waterways due to the national economic and social impact from terrorism attacks. These concerns have compelled naval architects and marine engineers to seek effective solutions to solving the issues of marine transportation safety through improved instrumentations and applying more advanced modeling technologies. However, all of these efforts focus primarily on the engineering and technology aspects, such as ship maneuverability, controllability, channel design, navigation aids, etc. There is a lack of systematic improvements in marine transportation safety.In order to achieve this goal of a systematic improvement of marine transportation safety, investigation efforts need to be increased in all seriousness. Meanwhile, the approach should move from a pure engineering and deterministic approach toward a probabilistic and integrated policy approach with the adoption of risk analysis and decision sciences applied in various fields. Therefore, the issues of ship transportation and harbor safety are discussed in this paper from a policy perspective. This integrated approach considered not only various technology factors but also the empirical judgment, social factors, and economic factors (nontechnology factors). A decision-making process diagram based on all factors inside the integrated approach is proposed as a framework first. In this diagram, “improving the ship maneuverability standards or not” is listed in the center as the key role in the decision-making process. Both technology and nontechnology factors are presented and discussed according to their positions in the decision-making process, and uncertain issues are identified because they are the most sensitive issues in the process. Particularly, four most important uncertain issues are explained with a justification of the discussion based on numerous government reports and academic papers. These uncertain issues include ship maneuverability prediction, escort tug assistance, channel reconstruction, and emergency response. Understanding of these sensitive uncertainties provides the diverse factors that show their relative importance with respect to the standards of ship maneuverability and the resultant impacts on marine transportation safety. This integrated approach is expected to be used to assist policy makers to find the best starting point for their special purpose.<def-list>Nomenclature<def-item><term>CFD</term><def>Computational fluid dynamics</def></def-item><def-item><term>GDP</term><def>Gross domestic product</def></def-item><def-item><term>GPS</term><def>Global position system</def></def-item><def-item><term>IMO</term><def>International Maritime Organization</def></def-item><def-item><term>ITTC</term><def>International Towing Tank Conference</def></def-item><def-item><term>L</term><def>Length of the ship</def></def-item><def-item><term>LNG</term><def>Liquefied natural gas</def></def-item><def-item><term>NTSB</term><def>National Transportation Safety Board</def></def-item><def-item><term>RINA</term><def>Royal Institution of Naval Architects</def></def-item><def-item><term>SNAME</term><def>Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers</def></def-item><def-item><term>TSBC</term><def>Transportation Safety Board of Canada</def></def-item><def-item><term>USCG</term><def>U.S. Coast Guard</def></def-item><def-item><term>V</term><def>Speed of the ship</def></def-item></def-list>
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Austen, Dick. "Foreword to 'Producing and Processing Quality Beef from Australian Cattle Herds'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav41n7_fo.
Full textAbstract:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
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Bindon, B. M., and N. M. Jones. "Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01052.
Full textAbstract:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.