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1
COLBROOK, STEPHEN. "Clandestine Networks and Closeted Bureaucrats: AIDS and the Forming of a Gay Policy Network in California." Journal of Policy History 34, no. 1 (January 2022): 60–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030621000269.
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AbstractEquating the U.S. government with the national government, historians of the AIDS epidemic have hitherto ignored the role of the states in shaping the early policy response to the disease. Responding to this historiographical lacuna, this article argues that California acted as a policy innovator during the initial years of the epidemic, intervening more effectively than the federal government in the areas of AIDS health care, antibody testing, and prevention education. California’s policy leadership drew significant impetus from a group of gay policy makers, who entered state employment in the early 1980s and relied extensively on clandestine and illicit strategies, particularly a network of “closeted” bureaucrats. Charting the career arcs of these gay policy makers shines a spotlight on the organizational growth of state LGBTQ groups in the 1980s and the evolving role of the “closet” in the modern gay rights movement.
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Mervis, Zungura. "The Role Played By NGOs in Augmenting Government Efforts towards the Achievement of Millennium Development Goal of Combating HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 4 (November 20, 2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i4.2732.
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This article examines the role of NGOs in complementing government efforts towards the achievement of millennium development goal of combating HIV and AIDS by 2015. Documentary research, key informant interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to investigate the extent to which government and NGOs coordinate their functions to avoid duplication of functions in their areas of operation as well as examining the net effect of NGO involvement in HIV/AIDS programmes. Evidence from researches points tovisible Government commitment to the eradication of the disease as evidenced by the formulation of the National Aids policy and the formation of the parliamentary portfolio committee on health. NGOs have also played a pivotal role in HIV and AIDS programmes by implementing government policies both in urban and rural areas of Zimbabwe. Notwithstanding this, lack of coordination of functions between NGOs and government has derailed the national response as studies highlight concentration of HIV/AIDS programmes in some areas whilst other areas have no programmes at all. Government’s requirement that NGOs must submit their work plans has not been adhered to by NGOs leading to mutual suspicion between the two. NGOs should comply with government demands to avoid cancellation of their contracts and the government must create a conducive working environment for NGOs for the attainment of MDG six.
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Low, Nicola, Matthias Egger, Anna Gorter, Peter Sandiford, Alcides González, Johanna Pauw, Jane Ferrie, and George Davey Smith. "Aids in Nicaragua: Epidemiological, Political, and Sociocultural Perspectives." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1p6n-bpdw-m7bm-p2dr.
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The AIDS epidemic in Nicaragua is several years behind that in the United States and neighboring countries of Central and South America. A combination of events, including the isolation caused by the war of the U.S.-backed Contra army against the Sandinista government, the complete economic embargo imposed on Nicaragua by the United States in 1985, self-sufficiency for blood products, and a low rate of recreational injectable-drug use, have contributed to this situation. Since the Sandinistas were defeated in the general election of 1990, people have returned to Nicaragua from areas where HIV is more prevalent, such as Honduras and the United States. It is probable that many HIV-infected persons have now entered the country. Because of the high rates of sexually transmitted diseases and cultural factors such as “machismo,” HIV is likely to spread rapidly by heterosexual transmission, unless effective, culturally appropriate education and sexually transmitted disease prevention programs are implemented now.
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Suharto, Suharto, Fitriani Pramita Gurning, Muchti Yuda Pratama, and Emdat Suprayitno. "Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Puskesmas Teladan." Jurnal Riset Hesti Medan Akper Kesdam I/BB Medan 4, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.34008/jurhesti.v4i2.147.
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One of the diseases that is now considered a problem that has received enough attention from the government is HIV and AIDS. Talking about HIV and AIDS means it discusses health issues that are currently quite sensitive to talk about. This relates to the unique nature of this disease. Besides the case which is like an iceberg phenomenon, namely the spread of HIV and AIDS cases that cannot be predicted at the initial phase and also has not found a cure to cure it. The purpose of this study is to obtain in-depth data on the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in the Model Health Center, whether the policies made by the government run well or not in the field. This research uses a qualitative research method with descriptive research type on June 28, 2019, by interviewing informants and distributing questionnaires. As for the total overall value of the Government Policy Implementation is 235. The value of the implementation of government policies, amounting to 78.33% of the 100% expected results. The overall total value of HIV and AIDS is 83. HIV/AIDS counts in the working area of the Exemplary Health Center, which is 92.22% of the 100% expected results. Conclusions policy implementation has been going well and has been socialized to the community and health services, people at risk and sufferers of HIV/AIDS in the work area of the Community Health Center already has its own organization where this organization is expected to help achieve the goals of this HIV/AIDS program, and to achieve this goal the Community Health Center conducts activities in the form of mobile clinics where the exemplary Community Health Center goes directly to conduct examinations to the community, and in terms of treatment for patients so far it can be said to be in good category and runs smoothly but there are obstacles where sufferers continue to do things that can trigger the development of the HIV virus although in addition patients continue to take drugs to inhibit and minimize the development of the HIV virus.
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Magaisa, Alex Tawanda. "CASE NOTES." Journal of African Law 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855303002013.
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Clearly, one of the greatest challenges that faces sub–Saharan Africa is the AIDS pandemic. The Human Immuno–Deficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, continues to spread at an alarming rate. In South Africa the statistics relating to the AIDS disease are staggering. With the greatest impact on the young and economically active population, it is estimated that without firm action, it will be an epidemic of catastrophic proportions, which will break up the foundations of socio–economic life. Against this background, the need for combative measures and strategies to deal with the problem is not in doubt. Civil society groups have taken an active interest in this issue and some, like Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), have conducted campaigns for access to quality health services. Recently, the Constitutional Court of South Africa was faced with an important case involving AIDS, pitting civil society groups on one side and the government of South Africa on the other. At the centre of the dispute was the South African government's response and policy towards combating the spread of the disease through mother–to–child transmission at birth.
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Amusa, S. B. "Towards Promoting An African Medical System: A critique of government responses to claims of a cure for HIV/AIDS in Nigeria, 1986-2007." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.111.
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has been described as the greatest health challenge of our era. Aside from Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), the virus has defied any other form of permanent cure or disease control. The continents of Africa and Asia are the worst-hit areas by the scourge of the pandemic. Yet in Africa, there have been claims of HIV/AIDS being cured by African indigenous medical practitioners. Our paper examines the official responses of the Federal Government of Nigeria to such claims. We will examine the emergence and national responses to the epidemic in Nigeria and assess the government’s contempt for the efforts of indigenous medical practitioners in the quest for a viable cure. We conclude by asserting that until African governments realize, recognize and appropriate indigenous medical achievements into mainstream health strategy and policy, Africa will not only remain at the periphery of global health systems but will also continue to be ravaged by HIV/AIDS.
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Hidayah, Nur, Azhari Aziz Samudra, Evi Satispi, and Agus Suradika. "Government policy on former foreign migrant workers who are at risk of infecting HIV/AIDS in East Lombok District, Indonesia." Nurture 17, no. 3 (June 15, 2023): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v17i3.324.
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Purpose: This study aims to determine government policies for former migrant workers at risk of transmitting HIV/AIDS and find solutions to improve the effectiveness of these policies. The Province of West Nusa Tenggara is ranked fourth in Indonesia due to the increasing transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS among migrant workers from Lombok. The main factor causing the high number of Indonesian workers going abroad is the economic factor. This sending of workers has a negative impact on their return to the district, for example the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a qualitative-descriptive approach to understand the behavior, views and attitudes of migrant workers towards government policies and the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. Determination of informants in this study using a purposive sampling technique.
Finding: The results of this study explain the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission and the lack of information about transmitting HIV/AIDS among migrant workers.
Conclusion: Migrant workers are marginalized and lack sufficient knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention. Their perception of risk is generally low, services and access to information about HIV/AIDS and its impacts are limited and there are cultural misunderstandings and the high cost of treatment for foreigners among illegal migrant workers.
Research Limitations: The study’s focus is limited to the East Lombok District. Other provinces have not been addressed.
Practical Implications: The results of this study can be used as a reference for local governments to make or reformulate health policies.
Contribution to Literature: This case can be used as a reference for developing health policies especially for Indonesian migrants.
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Mehta, Ambar, and Thomas C. Quinn. "Addressing Future Epidemics: Historical Human Rights Lessons from the AIDS Pandemic." Pathogens and Immunity 1, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v1i1.60.
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Introduction: The Ebola epidemic in West Africa sparked many ethical and polarizing public health questions on how to adequately control transmission of the virus. These deliberations had and will continue to influence patients, healthcare workers, public perceptions of disease, and governmental responses. Such extensive and potential ramifications warranted an analysis of prior epidemics to sufficiently inform policy makers and prepare them and other authorities for future epidemics. We analyzed how the general public, medical institutions, federal government, and patients themselves responded during the early stages of the AIDS pandemic in two different countries and cultures, the United States and India.Discussion: Our analysis identified four key findings pertaining to the human rights of patients and healthcare workers and to the crucial roles of the government and medical community. The first demands that authoritative officials acknowledge the presence of high-risk behaviors and properly educate the public without stigmatizing groups of individuals. For this task, the medical community and federal government must form and display to the public a respectful and collaborative partnership towards battling the epidemic. These two synergistic endeavors will then allow appropriate officials to implement effective, yet civil, interventions for limiting transmission. Finally, the same officials must ensure that their interventions maintain the human rights of high-risk populations and of healthcare workers.Conclusions: Applying these findings to future epidemics of infectious diseases can aid policy makers in navigating complicated ethical and public health questions, and help prevent them from repeating past mistakes in handling epidemics.
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Jacobson, Laura E. "President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Policy Process and the Conversation around HIV/AIDS in the United States." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 5, no. 2 (July 2020): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133320952210.
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In 2003, the George W. Bush administration passed the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government initiative to address the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic primarily in Africa. PEPFAR’s US$18 billion budget remains the largest commitment from any nation towards a single disease and has saved countless lives. Given the historical and current political resistance to foreign aid, PEPFAR’s drastic spike in spending on HIV/AIDS raises questions over how the policy process resulted in bipartisan support. Using two policy process theories, punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), this analysis helps explain the framing of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the factors that resulted in the creation of PEPFAR. The analysis of the PEPFAR policy process reveals a ‘tipping point’ in the early 2000s, when political actors, the media and advocacy coalitions benefitted from issue framing, narrative change and measures of political attention to elevate the global HIV/AIDS crisis to the public agenda. The findings highlight an increase in presidential attention, the evolution of the HIV/AIDS narrative away from stigma and the formation of powerful coalitions. Looking back on the combination of policy process factors that led to PEPFAR’s bipartisan success might lead to insights for dismantling the grand public health challenges of the present and future. This study’s findings have implications for currently stigmatised public health crises, such as the opioid epidemic.
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Komatsu, Ryuichi, and Takashi Sawada. "The Role of International Migration in Infectious Diseases: The HIV Epidemic and its Trends in Japan." International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.37.4.j.
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Globalization and its associated international migrations facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. This article reports trends in and discusses the relation between international migration and HIV infection in Japan. The authors analyze relevant literature, drawing on government and other sources. Among foreigners in Japan, there were 27.0 reported HIV and 9.3 reported AIDS cases per million in 1990, and 52.9 HIV and 38.8 AIDS cases per million in 2000. These rates were initially 45 to 90 times the population prevalence of HIV and AIDS among Japanese, but are now only 10 to 20 times the prevalence among Japanese, as HIV becomes an increasing problem for the Japanese population. HIV-infected foreigners who are uninsured are at a disadvantage for diagnosis, counseling, and treatment compared with insured persons, and at a significantly higher risk for low CD4 counts. For all sections of Japan's population, counseling and testing are inadequate, and surveillance of behavioral risk, infection, and disease is limited. International migrants are at increased risk for HIV transmission and at a disadvantage for care and treatment. Japan needs both to develop policies that assist migrants and to respond to the growing threat among its nonmigrant population.
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Kamala, R., R. M. Ravindran, R. A. Krishnan, S. Nair, R. P. Varma, S. Srilatha, T. Iype, and K. Vidhukumar. "Role of decentralised governance in implementing the National AIDS Control Programme in Kerala." Public Health Action 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.22.0029.
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<sec> <title>SETTING:</title> In alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Kerala State in India aims to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic, using its strong background in local governance to implement the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE:</title> To examine the role of local governments in the implementation of NACP in tune with SDGs. </sec> <sec> <title>DESIGN:</title> We conducted a state-wide exploratory study using document reviews, key informant and in-depth interviews, which were analysed thematically. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS:</title> Four overarching themes that emerged were 1) preparation for programme implementation, 2) positive impact of local government involvement, 3) convergence with other organisations, and 4) barriers to implementation. Local government commitment to implementing the programme was evidenced by their adoption of the HIV/AIDS policy, facilitative interdepartmental coordination and local innovations. Interventions focused on improving awareness about the disease and treatment, and social, financial and rehabilitative support, which were extended even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fund shortages and poor visibility of the beneficiaries due to preference for anonymity were challenges to achieving the expected outcomes. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSION:</title> The NACP is ably supported by local governments in its designated domains of interventions, prevention, treatment, and care and support. The programme can achieve its target to end the AIDS epidemic by overcoming the stigma factor, which still prevents potential beneficiaries from accessing care. </sec>
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Shahi, Ayushma, Sweta Shrestha, Badri K. C, Khagendra Acharya, and Sait Kumar Pradhan. "Potential roles of pharmacists in HIV/AIDS care delivery in Nepal: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e0280160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280160.
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Background Nepal is facing escalating infection rates of HIV/AIDS, a major global public health threat. Continuum of services is an identified strategic component of Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) commitment to end this public health crisis by 2030 and achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). Pharmacists are integral members of the continuum of care in HIV/AIDS but the idea is novel to Nepal. Realizing need to explore and identify potential roles of pharmacists in HIV/AIDS care delivery, this study aimed to gain an insight into the views of stakeholders on the roles of pharmacists in this arena. Methods A qualitative approach was used where 14 key informants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. Participants were selected through a sequence of purposive sampling and snowball sampling technique. The interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Potential roles of pharmacists reside in adherence monitoring, pharmacovigilance, provincial and district level ART centers. Pharmacists and other stakeholders held divergent views on the pharmacist’s role in dispensing and counseling antiretroviral medications. Barriers to the pharmacists’ involvement were lack of workforce, advocacy and government support, frailty of professional organizations, self-limited scope, policy constraints, structural limitations, biasedness, and societal unawareness. Pharmacists themselves and organizations such as National Government Organizations (NGOs) and International Government Organizations (INGOs) were identified as the facilitators. Conclusion Stakeholders are willing to expand role of pharmacists in HIV/AIDS care in Nepal. Nevertheless, some crucial impediments exist. Primarily, an aggressive and assertive advocacy is needed from pharmacists themselves and their professional organizations to establish their roles in HIV/AIDS care delivery. Additionally, unearthing potential of pharmacists as contributors in HIV/AIDS care delivery or any other chronic disease management equally demands a strong support from the government officials as well as the other health care professionals.
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Bix, Amy Sue. "Diseases Chasing Money and Power: Breast Cancer and Aids Activism Challenging Authority." Journal of Policy History 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600005807.
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Through the 1980s and early 1990s, the course of American health research was increasingly shaped by politically-aggressive activism for two particular diseases, breast cancer and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Even as national stakes rose, both in dollars spent and growing demands on the medical system, breast cancer and AIDS advocates made government policy-making for research ever more public and controversial. Through skillful cultivation of political strength, interest groups transformed individual health problems into collective demands, winning notable policy influence in federal agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists directly challenged fundamental principles of both government and medical systems, fighting to affect distribution of research funds and questioning well-established scientific methods and professional values. In the contest for decision-making power, those players achieved remarkable success in influencing and infiltrating (some critics said, undermining) both the politics and science of medical research. Between 1990 and 1995, federal appropriations for breast cancer study rose from $90 million to $465 million, while in that same period, NIH AIDS research rose from $743.53 million to $1,338 billion.
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Poudel, Ak Narayan, David Newlands, and Padam Simkhada. "Economic Burden of HIV/AIDS upon Households in Nepal: A Critical Review." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 5, no. 3 (October 5, 2015): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v5i3.13608.
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Thousands of people are infected with HIV/AIDS in Nepal and most of them are adults of working age. Therefore, HIV/AIDS is a big burden in Nepal. This review was conducted to find the existing knowledge gap about the economic burden of HIV/AIDS at the household level in Nepal, the extent of economic burden exerted by the disease, and to provide policy recommendations. It is concluded that there was a considerable knowledge gap about the issue, and the economic burden exerted by HIV/AIDS was big enough to push the affected households into poverty. It is suggested that more studies need to be conducted to fill the knowledge gap. Similarly, Government of Nepal and other organisations working in the field of HIV/AIDS need to provide economic supports (e.g.- support for travel costs) to the HIV positive people and need to increase the awareness level among general population for reducing stigma and discrimination, and reducing economic burden on them.
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Orchard, Treena. "Strategies for Sustainability Among HIV/AIDS-Related NGOS in Canada and India." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.kn11l2l008657371.
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Anthropologists have been involved in the implementation of culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS intervention programs since the advent of the disease. The tradition of applied research in areas like health in "developing" countries and urban "street cultures" (e.g., homeless and low income people, various drug scenes) since the 1950s make it a discipline well-suited to the study of HIV/AIDS, which is often associated with poor and socially marginalized groups. However, the stigma connected to the disease and the lack of political will to initiate structural changes to effectively deal with HIV/AIDS are two key factors prohibiting the establishment of long-term social and policy changes for communities at risk. These conditions have attributed to the growth of HIV/AIDS- related non-government organizations (NGOs), which have been instrumental in dealing with many aspects of the disease. Yet these groups are often faced with the challenge of balancing their clients' needs with program requirements of funding agencies. My involvement with NGOs in a western Canadian city and rural south India exposed some of the tensions these groups experience as they try to meet the demands of clients and funders. Some of these tensions reveal similar problems within NGO environments and others highlight different strategies for sustainability that reflect local constraints as well as strengths. Thus, the comparison of these cases should be of use to a discussion of HIV/AIDS research within applied anthropology and the broader discourse of NGO responses to the epidemic.
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Silvi, Rini. "Analisis Cluster dengan Data Outlier Menggunakan Centroid Linkage dan K-Means Clustering untuk Pengelompokkan Indikator HIV/AIDS di Indonesia." Jurnal Matematika "MANTIK" 4, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/mantik.2018.4.1.22-31.
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Cluster analysis is a method to group data (objects) or observations based on their similarities. Objects that become members of a group have similarities among them. Cluster analyses used in this research are K-means clustering and Centroid Linkage clustering. K-means clustering, which falls under non-hierarchical cluster analysis, is a simple and easy to implement method. On the other hand, Centroid Linkage clustering, which belongs to hierarchical cluster analysis, is useful in handling outliers by preventing them skewing the cluster analysis. To keep it simple, outliers are often removed even though outliers often contain important information. HIV/AIDS is a serious challenge for global public health since HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease attacking body’s immune system that in turn lowering the ability to fight infections which in the end causing death. HIV/AIDS indicators data in Indonesia contain outliers. This research uses gap statistic to define the number of clusters based on HIV/AIDS indicators that groups Indonesia provinces into 7 clusters. By comparing Sw/Sb ratio, Centroid Linkage clustering is more homogenous than K-means clustering. Using clustering, the government shall be able to create a better policy for fighting HIV/AIDS based on the dominant indicators in each cluster.
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Bernard, Diana, Susan Kippax, and Don Baxter. "Effective partnership and adequate investment underpin a successful response: key factors in dealing with HIV increases." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07078.
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Background: Australia has mounted an effective response to HIV and AIDS by investing in evidence-informed policy. Recently, in response to increases in HIV in some states in Australia, the New South Wales Department of Health set up a ‘think tank’ to examine differences in epidemiological and behavioural data, policies, strategies and community responses in order to account for state-based differences and ensure an effective ongoing response to HIV. Methods: The National Centre in HIV Social Research undertook key informant interviews with major stakeholders to help understand differences in responses by the three states most affected by HIV in Australia – Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. In parallel, the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations completed an analysis of the investments in HIV-prevention activities targeting gay men in all jurisdictions in Australia. The Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations also analysed the strategic contexts and government responses to HIV in the three states. Results: There were significant differences between New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria in the way the HIV partnership functions. Type of prevention strategy and level of financial investment in prevention activities appear to be related to the effectiveness of the ongoing response to HIV. Conclusions: An active commitment to and adequate resourcing of HIV prevention by all stakeholders in the HIV partnership – government and non-government departments, researchers and gay community organisations – is crucial if Australia is to respond effectively to HIV among gay and other men who have sex with men.
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Liutkutė, Vaida, Mindaugas Štelemėkas, and Aurelijus Veryga. "Smoking-Attributable Direct Healthcare Expenditure in Lithuania: A Prevalence-Based Annual Cost Approach." Medicina 54, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54020015.
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Introduction: The estimates of the economic burden of smoking provide the basis for a comprehensive assessment of the overall economic impact and evidence for potential public health policy intervention by the government. The aim of this paper is to estimate the smoking-attributable direct healthcare expenditure covered by the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) in Lithuania in 2013. Methods: A prevalence-based and disease-specific annual cost approach was applied to 25 smoking-related diseases or disease categories. Our analysis included only direct government healthcare expenditure (reimbursed by CHIF), including: smoking-attributable outpatient and inpatient care services, medical rehabilitation, reimbursable and publicly procured pharmaceuticals and medical aids, the emergency medical aid (ambulance) service, nursing, and expensive tests and procedures. The smoking-attributable expenditure on the above-mentioned healthcare services was calculated by multiplying the total annual expenditure by the corresponding smoking attributable fractions (SAFs). Results: The total smoking-attributable government expenditure amounted to €37.4 million in 2013. This represented 3% of the total CHIF budget in 2013. Smoking-attributable expenditure on inpatient care and medical rehabilitation services was two times higher for male smokers, than for female smokers. Conclusions: Smoking imposes a significant preventable financial cost within the budget of the Lithuanian healthcare system. A quantitative estimation of smoking related healthcare costs could provide an incentive for the development of smoking cessation services, with additional attention towards male smokers, as well as an important focus on smoking prevention among children and youths.
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Smartson. P. NYONI and Thabani NYONI. "Pediatric HIV outbreak in Pakistan: policy implications from generalized arima analysis." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 5 (October 2, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.5.50.
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HIV/AIDS is increasingly becoming a nightmare in Pakistan. If left uncontrolled now, the country’s limited resources could be overwhelmed by 2030 and this will cause worse sufferings and disease burden in the country. Using annual time series data on the number of children (ages 0 – 14) newly infected with HIV in Pakistan from 1990 – 2018, the study predicts the annual number of children who will be newly infected with HIV over the period 2019 – 2030. The study applied the Box-Jenkins ARIMA technique. The diagnostic ADF tests show that, W, the series under consideration is an I (1) variable. Based on the AIC, the study presents the ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model as the parsimonious model. The residual correlogram further reveals that the estimated model is stable. The results of the study indicate that the number of new HIV infections in Pakistan is rising and on this trajectory, the country’s limited resources will soon be overwhelmed. Our best model revealed that new pediatric HIV infections in Pakistan will continue to rise from the estimated 1460 to almost 1990 annual new infections by 2030. Amongst other policy directions, the study encourages the government of Pakistan to increase HIV awareness as well as expand PPTCT coverage throughout the country.
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Amantea, Michael A. "How much has the government spent on AIDS, and how does current funding compare with commitments for other major diseases?" American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/47.5.1129.
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McManus, Kathleen A., Carolyn L. Engelhard, and Rebecca Dillingham. "Current Challenges to the United States’ AIDS Drug Assistance Program and Possible Implications of the Affordable Care Act." AIDS Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/350169.
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AIDS Drug Assistance Programs, enacted through the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990, are the “payer of last resort” for prescription medications for lower income, uninsured, or underinsured people living with HIV/AIDS. ADAPs face declining funding from the federal government. State funding of ADAP is discretionary, but some states increased their contributions to meet the gap in funding. The demand for ADAP support is increasing as people living with HIV are living longer; the antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines have been changed to recommend initiation of treatment for all; the United States is increasing HIV testing goals; and the recession continues. In the setting of increased demand and limited funding, ADAPs are employing cost containment measures. Since 2010, emergency federal funds have bailed out ADAP, but these are not sustainable. In the coming years, providers and policy makers associated with HIV care will need to navigate the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Lessons learned from the challenges associated with providing sustainable access to ART for vulnerable populations through ADAP should inform upcoming decisions about how to ensure delivery of ART during and after the implementation of the ACA.
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Luth, Meriwijaya, and Muhammad Syaqiq. "UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI MENULAR SEKSUAL MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KABUPATEN BATANG." Journal Publicuho 5, no. 3 (October 16, 2022): 929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v5i3.36.
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With these various problems, the researchers set the research objective, namely to find out efforts to prevent and control the spread of sexually transmitted infections during the Covid-19 pandemic in Batang Regency and what factors influence it. Data collection in this qualitative descriptive study was carried out in three ways, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that efforts to prevent and control sexually transmitted infections, especially HIV/AIDS during the Covid-19 pandemic in Batang Regency are realized through several programs and activities, namely outreach programs, Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT), Care Support and Treatment (VCT). CST), Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART), Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT), Directly Observed Treatment, Shorourse Chemotherapy (DOTS) and Mentoring. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on several STI disease prevention and control programs is in the form of reducing service time even to the point of discontinuing services caused by government policies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, factors that hinder and support efforts to prevent and control STIs during the COVID-19 pandemic lead to the government's policy of imposing restrictions on community activities and utilizing advances in information technology.
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Park, Sunghee, and Jiyoung Woo. "Gender Classification Using Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning in a Health Web Forum." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061249.
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Sentiment analysis is the most common text classification tool that analyzes incoming messages and tells whether the underlying sentiment is positive, negative, or neutral. We can use this technique to understand people by gender, especially people who are suffering from a sensitive disease. People use health-related web forums to easily access health information written by and for non-experts and also to get comfort from people who are in a similar situation. The government operates medical web forums to provide medical information, manage patients’ needs and feelings, and boost information-sharing among patients. If we can classify people’s emotional or information needs by gender, age, or location, it is possible to establish a detailed health policy specialized into patient segments. However, people with sensitive illness such as AIDS tend to hide their information. Especially, in the case of sexually transmitted AIDS, we can detect problems and needs according to gender. In this work, we present a gender detection model using sentiment analysis and machine learning including deep learning. Through the experiment, we found that sentiment features generate low accuracy. However, senti-words give better results with SVM. Overall, traditional machine learning algorithms have a high misclassification rate for the female category. The deep learning algorithm overcomes this drawback with over 90% accuracy.
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Kelly, Jeffrey A., and Yuri A. Amirkhanian. "The newest epidemic: a review of HIV/AIDS in Central and Eastern Europe." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203765371231.
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HIV/AIDS has emerged as a grave public health threat in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Central Asian republics over the past five years. Massive political, social, cultural, and behavioural changes - along with economic upheaval and collapse of the public health infrastructure in many countries - have created circumstances conducive to the rapid spread of HIV. This paper reviews HIV and sexually transmitted disease (STD) data for all countries in the region, as well as behavioural, social, cultural, and other HIV epidemic enabling factors. The epidemiological picture of HIV in the region is mixed. Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus already have advanced epidemics. Some other countries in the region share similar enabling factors and have seen a very high proportion of their total number of HIV infections detected in only the past 18 months, indicating the emergence of recent epidemics. Several countries are more stable in their HIV incidence. Behavioural studies indicate that risky sexual and injection related practices are common in many vulnerable populations. HIV prevention steps, if taken quickly enough and on a large scale, can limit the scope of the HIV epidemic that is now unfolding in Central and Eastern Europe. This will require new models of government/non-governmental organization cooperation, policy approaches for addressing structural factors underlying the epidemic, and attention to human rights protection.
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Eko, Jimmy Edi, Nelson Chukwudi Osuchukwu, Okorie Kalu Osonwa, and Dominic Asuquo Offiong. "Perception of Students’ Teachers’ and Parents’ towards Sexuality Education in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria." Journal of Sociological Research 4, no. 2 (September 2, 2013): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v4i2.3836.
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<p><strong>ABSTRACT:</strong><strong> </strong><em>This study was aimed at assessing the perception of students, teachers and perception in Calabar south local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was employed and a structured questionnaire was used to generate both qualitative and quantitative data from 850 respondents using the multi-stage stratified sampling technique. Most students were within the age bracket of 13-18 476 (95.2%), teachers were mostly within 25-29 years 54 (27.0%) and parents were mostly 40-44 years of age 22 (22.0%). Most study participants shared similar opinion that sex education should cover areas such as abstinence, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, basis of reproduction etc. Masturbation, abortion and contraceptives were unanimously agreed not to be included in sex education content. A substantial proportion of the respondents agreed that abstinence-plus should be the main message of sex education in schools.</em><em> Training for both parents and teachers should be provided by government and NGOs for accessibility of appropriate resources to develop capacity and confidence to deliver effective sexuality education to school adolescent. Policy makers need to formulate a definite, explicit, and workable sexuality education policy.</em></p>
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Thorp, H. Holden. "Thank you, Tony!" Science 378, no. 6624 (December 9, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg0283.
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Anthony Fauci—“Tony” to friends, colleagues, and many journalists—has never backed down from controversy. During the worst of the AIDS crisis, when HIV infection was a death sentence, he was targeted by protestors frustrated by the US government’s sluggish response. Instead of ignoring their complaints, Fauci listened, acted, and eventually came to be seen as an ally to activists, all the while battling charlatans who tried to insist that HIV didn’t cause AIDS. When the COVID-19 pandemic came along, the long-time director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was a natural choice to help lead the country’s response, and he soon became one of the most recognizable physician-scientists in the world. Fauci recently announced that he would end his time in the federal government in December 2022. He sat down with me to talk about the challenges facing science and his plans for the future. The full transcript of our interview, which is filled with valuable insights into science policy and communication, is posted on the Editor’s Blog, but I wanted to share a few highlights here.
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Sari, Desy Purnama. "Oral Health-Seeking Behavior During The COVID-19 Emergency Policy Period in Padang City, Indonesia." Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 17, no. 3 (November 2, 2023): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33860/jik.v17i3.2904.
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The increase in positive cases of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has encouraged the Indonesian government to take lockdown policies by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and Emergency Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), which affect the paralysis of the health sector, especially dentistry. All actions in dental practice are limited to emergency case handling only, and many dentists have closed during the pandemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in oral health-seeking behavior during the first phase of the lockdown in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A survey method with a cross-sectional design was done by involving 120 respondents who have dental pain history. The data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire via google-form then analyzed by computerization using the fisher test. The results showed that during the PSBB period, most of the people in Padang (85%) treated dental pain independently, and only 15% asked for caregiver aids, specifically, only 3.3% of respondents take professional service. Meanwhile, during the PPKM period, the utilization of healthcare has increased by around 56,7%, (especially 43.4% treated by dental professionals, and 43.3% of respondents did self-medication. Thus, there was a significant difference of finding dental pain treatment behavior during PSBB and PPKM in Padang City (p = 0.004). As a result, limitation search for managing oral problems during COVID-19 has encouraged society to take self-medication or non-professional caregivers, so it is highly recommended to consult with dental professionals in the course of the pandemic through teledentistry without face-to-face meetings.
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Dowd, Jennifer Beam, Liliana Andriano, David M. Brazel, Valentina Rotondi, Per Block, Xuejie Ding, Yan Liu, and Melinda C. Mills. "Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 18 (April 16, 2020): 9696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117.
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Governments around the world must rapidly mobilize and make difficult policy decisions to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because deaths have been concentrated at older ages, we highlight the important role of demography, particularly, how the age structure of a population may help explain differences in fatality rates across countries and how transmission unfolds. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. This powerful interaction of demography and current age-specific mortality for COVID-19 suggests that social distancing and other policies to slow transmission should consider the age composition of local and national contexts as well as intergenerational interactions. We also call for countries to provide case and fatality data disaggregated by age and sex to improve real-time targeted forecasting of hospitalization and critical care needs.
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Ikhtiar, Ilham, Muhammad Wijdan Rosyich, Muhammad Arief Ardhanu, Dewi Setyaning Bastiana, Dedy Kurniawan, and Sita Setyowatie. "Stroke Risk Factor Profile in an Urban Population: A Community-Based Descriptive Study in Mojo Sub-District, Surabaya, Indonesia." AKSONA 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/aksona.v3i1.40764.
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Highlight: The stroke risk of the urban population in Mojo sub-district, Surabaya, was high (more than 10% risk for 36.3% of the population) . The risk factor for stroke is highly prevalent in Indonesia's urban communities, such as Surabaya. The Indonesian version of the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Index chart aids in determining stroke risk factors. The development of a stroke-spesific index chart has been done before but requires validation for the Indonesian population ABSTRACT Introduction: Stroke is still a major cardiovascular disease in Indonesia. Locally published data regarding stroke risk factors is still rarely reported. This condition complicates the regulation, policy-making, and community empowerment efforts to reduce modifiable stroke risk factors. Thus, a study is necessary to provide an overview of stroke risk factors and risks in cities in Indonesia, such as Surabaya. Objective: This study aimed to describe stroke risk factors in an urban Indonesian community, such as the Mojo sub-district in Surabaya. Methods: This was a descriptive study to describe stroke risk factors like age, gender, history of comorbidities, and history of cardiovascular disease, as well as patient clinical data like neurological symptoms, cardiovascular symptoms, anthropometry, vital signs, simple laboratory values, and cardiovascular risk categorization in the next ten years based on the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Index chart, Indonesian version. Results: In this study, 33 participants were included. Risk factors showed that many participants had histories of active smoking (18.2%), hypertension (45.5%), and diabetes (24.2%). One-third of the participants had a history of dyslipidemia. Based on the risk chart for cardiovascular disease, 36.3% of participants were at >10% risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the next ten years. Conclusion: The risk index of cardiovascular disease in the Mojo sub-district, Surabaya, was still high. A combination of government policies, public awareness improvement, and community empowerment are urgently required to manage these risk factors epidemiologically.
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Bruce, Åke. "Strategies to prevent the metabolic syndrome at the population level: role of authorities and non-governmental bodies." British Journal of Nutrition 83, S1 (June 2000): S181—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500001148.
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The remarkable increase over the past 40 years in some chronic diseases, including the metabolic syndrome, has increased the demand for government and international policies to encourage various approaches to decrease the risk of these diseases. There are some prerequisites for working out successful national food and nutrition policies. Firstly, it is necessary to have a clear picture of the dietary pattern in a country and its associated public health problems. Based on these data, nutrient recommendations and goals are formulated by international or national scientific committees. Governments should translate these nutrient goals into food goals and eventually into national dietary guidelines. The means by which the national authorities can implement a nutrition policy include fortification and supplementation. Equally important are educational and informative tools, such as labelling on the packed food products including information about ingredients and nutrient content. With respect to the metabolic syndrome, this implies nutrient recommendations regarding the intake of fat and carbohydrates (energy per cent) and dietary fibre; dietary guidelines regarding balance between energy intake and expenditure; decreased consumption of products rich in fat and increased consumption of cereals and other products rich in dietary fibre, etc.; recommendations from the authorities regarding nutrient labelling (content of fat and dietary fibre) on relevant products; and nutrient and health claims and other aids (symbols) as tools to make it easier for consumers to select the appropriate food products.
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Rodi, Paolo, Werner Obermeyer, Ariel Pablos-Mendez, Andrea Gori, and Mario C. Raviglione. "Political rationale, aims, and outcomes of health-related high-level meetings and special sessions at the UN General Assembly: A policy research observational study." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): e1003873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003873.
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Background Recognising the substantial political weight of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), a UN General Assembly special session (UNGASS) and high-level meetings (HLMs) have been pursued and held for 5 health-related topics thus far. They have focused on human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS, 2001), non-communicable diseases (NCDs, 2011), antimicrobial resistance (AMR, 2016), tuberculosis (TB, 2018), and universal health coverage (UHC, 2019). This observational study presents a comprehensive analysis of the political and policy background that prompted the events, as well as an assessment of aims, approaches, and ultimate outcomes. Methods and findings We investigated relevant agencies’ official documents, performed a literature search, and accessed international institutions’ websites for the period 1990–2020. Knowledgeable diplomatic staff and experts provided additional information. Outcomes were evaluated from a United Nations perspective based on national and international commitments, and funding trends. Eliciting an effective governmental response through UNGASSs/HLMs is a challenge. However, increased international commitment was evident after the HIV/AIDS (2001), NCDs (2011), and AMR (2016) meetings. The more recent TB (2018) and UHC (2019) HLMs have received general endorsements internationally, although concrete commitments are not yet documented. Although attribution can only be hypothesized, financial investments for HIV/AIDS following the UNGASS were remarkable, whereas following HLMs for NCDs, AMR, and TB, the financial investments remained insufficient to face the burden of these threats. Thus far, the HIV/AIDS UNGASS was the only one followed by a level of commitment that has likely contributed to the reversal of the previous burden trend. Limitations of this study include its global perspective and aerial view that cannot discern the effects at the country level. Additionally, possible peculiarities that modified the response to the meetings were not looked at in detail. Finally, we assessed a small sample of events; thus, the list of strategic characteristics for success is not exhaustive. Conclusions Overall, UNGASSs and HLMs have the potential to lay better foundations and boldly address key health challenges. However, to succeed, they need to (i) be backed by large consensus; (ii) engage UN authorities and high-level bodies; (iii) emphasise implications for international security and the world economy; (iv) be supported by the civil society, activists, and champions; and (v) produce a political declaration containing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) targets. Therefore, to ensure impact on health challenges, in addition to working with the World Health Assembly and health ministries, engaging the higher political level represented by the UNGA and heads of state and government is critical.
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Tripathi, R. "Women substance use in india: An important but often overlooked aspect." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S818—S819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2163.
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IntroductionSubstance abuse has traditionally been considered as a disease of men. Women were believed to have some kind of immunity in terms of “social inoculation”. However, due to change in societal norms and beliefs, substance use is currently increasing among women also.ObjectivesTo focus on female substance use in IndiaMethodsIn India, traditional use of various substances by women during religious festivals is not unknown. Chewing tobacco is a common practice among many women across the country. Cultural use of alcohol has been known in some tribal populations but gradually the use is increasing. There is major difference in pattern of male and female substance use including initiation, progression, recovery and relapse. Women experience greater medical, physiological and psychological impairment and experience loss of control sooner than males. Teatment needs of female substance users is different and requires a gender specific comprehensive strategy which will require medical services, mental health services, services for family and child and employment opportunities.ResultsCurrently, there is no Indian policy for women substance use. However, Government of India has started a convergence program which includes National AIDS Control program (NACP), National rural health mission (NRHM) and reproductive or sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI) to combat some aspects.Conclusions India is in great need of a policy or at least a standard operative protocol for management of female substance use disorder which may include screening for substance use disorder for all females accessing health sector, counselling, referral to addiction services, formation of a treating team and after –care.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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de Mello-Sampayo, Felipa. "Strategic flexibility in healthcare: an exploration of real options." Journal of Economic Studies 51, no. 9 (February 13, 2024): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-10-2023-0605.
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PurposeThis survey explores the application of real options theory to the field of health economics. The integration of options theory offers a valuable framework to address these challenges, providing insights into healthcare investments, policy analysis and patient care pathways.Design/methodology/approachThis research employs the real options theory, a financial concept, to delve into health economics challenges. Through a systematic approach, three distinct models rooted in this theory are crafted and analyzed. Firstly, the study examines the value of investing in emerging health technology, factoring in future advantages, associated costs and unpredictability. The second model is patient-centric, evaluating the choice between immediate treatment switch and waiting for more clarity, while also weighing the associated risks. Lastly, the research assesses pandemic-related government policies, emphasizing the importance of delaying decisions in the face of uncertainties, thereby promoting data-driven policymaking.FindingsThree different real options models are presented in this study to illustrate their applicability and value in aiding decision-makers. (1) The first evaluates investments in new technology, analyzing future benefits, discount rates and benefit volatility to determine investment value. (2) In the second model, a patient has the option of switching treatments now or waiting for more information before optimally switching treatments. However, waiting has its risks, such as disease progression. By modeling the potential benefits and risks of both options, and factoring in the time value, this model aids doctors and patients in making informed decisions based on a quantified assessment of potential outcomes. (3) The third model concerns pandemic policy: governments can end or prolong lockdowns. While awaiting more data on the virus might lead to economic and societal strain, the model emphasizes the economic value of deferring decisions under uncertainty.Practical implicationsThis research provides a quantified perspective on various decisions in healthcare, from investments in new technology to treatment choices for patients to government decisions regarding pandemics. By applying real options theory, stakeholders can make more evidence-driven decisions.Social implicationsDecisions about patient care pathways and pandemic policies have direct societal implications. For instance, choices regarding the prolongation or ending of lockdowns can lead to economic and societal strain.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lies in its application of real options theory, a concept from finance, to the realm of health economics, offering novel insights and analytical tools for decision-makers in the healthcare sector.
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Kavanagh, Matthew M., Schadrac C. Agbla, Marissa Joy, Kashish Aneja, Mara Pillinger, Alaina Case, Ngozi A. Erondu, Taavi Erkkola, and Ellie Graeden. "Law, criminalisation and HIV in the world: have countries that criminalise achieved more or less successful pandemic response?" BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (August 2021): e006315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006315.
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How do choices in criminal law and rights protections affect disease-fighting efforts? This long-standing question facing governments around the world is acute in the context of pandemics like HIV and COVID-19. The Global AIDS Strategy of the last 5 years sought to prevent mortality and HIV transmission in part through ensuring people living with HIV (PLHIV) knew their HIV status and could suppress the HIV virus through antiretroviral treatment. This article presents a cross-national ecological analysis of the relative success of national AIDS responses under this strategy, where laws were characterised by more or less criminalisation and with varying rights protections. In countries where same-sex sexual acts were criminalised, the portion of PLHIV who knew their HIV status was 11% lower and viral suppression levels 8% lower. Sex work criminalisation was associated with 10% lower knowledge of status and 6% lower viral suppression. Drug use criminalisation was associated with 14% lower levels of both. Criminalising all three of these areas was associated with approximately 18%–24% worse outcomes. Meanwhile, national laws on non-discrimination, independent human rights institutions and gender-based violence were associated with significantly higher knowledge of HIV status and higher viral suppression among PLHIV. Since most countries did not achieve 2020 HIV goals, this ecological evidence suggests that law reform may be an important tool in speeding momentum to halt the pandemic.
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Ashraf, Haroon. "Watchdog slams UK government's AIDS policy." Lancet Infectious Diseases 4, no. 8 (August 2004): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01095-3.
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Vogel, David. "When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 4 (October 1990): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006085.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.
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Utomo, Budi. "Tantangan Pencapaian Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) Bidang Kesehatan di Indonesia." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 1, no. 5 (April 1, 2007): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i5.296.
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Laporan pemerintah tentang pencapaian MDGs di Indonesia sampai tahun 2002 merefleksikan komitmen dalam mensejahterakan rakyat. Kesehatan yang dijabarkan dalam berbagai indikator tujuan 4, 5, dan 6 dilaporkan membaik. Tulisan ini menelaah status pencapaian, mencari penjelasan latar belakang pencapaian, dan menilai prospek pencapaian MDGs utamanya bidang kesehatan. Hasil telaah menunjukkan sebagian besar indikator kesehatan membaik, tetapi lamban. Walau menurun, angka kematian ibu dan anak masih tinggi. Penyakit infeksi dan masalah gizi masih prevalen. Akses masyarakat terhadap pelayanan kesehatan masih rendah. Biaya masih menjadi penghambat utama pelayanan kesehatan bagi mereka yang membutuhkan. Program pemberantasan penyakit menular, termasuk HIV/AIDS, malaria, dan TB masih dihadapkan pada banyak hambatan. Prevalensi malaria dan TB masih tinggi, sementara epidemi HIV/AIDS di beberapa daerah sudah mulai masuk kedalam populasi rendah. Gambaran ini menyiratkan prognosis pencapaian MDGs di Indonesia yang kurang menggembirakan. Tantangan utama pencapaian MDGs bidang kesehatan adalah bagaimana pemerintah dapat menerjemahkan komitmen dan kebijakan intervensi efektif yang sudah tersedia menjadi program rutin pelayanan kesehatan yang dapat langsung menyentuh masyarakat, terutama mereka yang paling membutuhkan, yaitu masyarakat miskin.Kata kunci: Pencapaian MDGs, bidang kesehatan, masyarakat miskinAbstractGovernment’s report on achievement of MDGs in Indonesia until 2002 reflects commitment towards people’s welfare. Health area as explained in indicators of goals 4, 5, and 6 were reported as improved. This review examines achievement status, elucidates background explanation about those achievement status, and assesses prospect of MDG achievement, particularly in health area. The review shows that most of MDG’s health indicators improved but in a slow manner. Funding is still posed as the main constraint of health care of those who needed it. Eradication program of infectious and contagious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB faces many hurdles. Malaria and TB prevalences are still high , while HIV/AIDS epidemic in several areas has shown infiltration and spread among low socio-economic population groups. This situation reflects a not very good prognostic of MDG achievement in Indonesia. The main challenge of MDG achievement in health area in Indonesia is related to question on how the government could translate commitment and effective intervention policy into routine health care program that directly touch the people, especially those who need most: the poor.Keywords: MDG achievement, health area, the poor
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Inyama, P. U., I. C. J. Omalu, S. S. Eke, P. Okoro, and K. Adeniyi. "Sero-prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae among HIV-positive patients in Jos, Plateau State, North-central Nigeria." Journal of Public Health and Diseases 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jphd2020.069.
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Malaria is a leading cause of disease burden in Nigeria, although surprisingly few contemporary, age-stratified data exist on malaria epidemiology in the country. Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. Malariae among HIV –infected individuals was studied in Jos, Central Nigeria to ascertain the prevalence of malaria and HIV infection with a specific focus on how risk factors differ between demographic groups. Blood samples were collected from individuals by venepuncture in 5 ml vacutainers and tubes containing Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Thick and thin blood smears were made and stained with Giemsa. These were screened for HIV and microscopically examined for malaria parasites according to standard procedure. The demographic data of the patients were obtained and documented. Out of 933 HIV-infected individuals screened for Plasmodium parasites, an overall malaria prevalence of 16.2% (151/933) was observed. Of this number, 120(12.8%) were infected with P. falciparum, 28(3.0%) were infected with P. malariae while 3(0.3%) had mixed infections. P. falciparum and P. malariae were found more in patients under 15 years of age (33.3%). Malaria was least common among the 15 to 25 year old age group (14.2%). There was however no significant difference (p>0.05) in the Plasmodium species distribution among the different age groups. This study shows that HIV/AIDS, P. falciparum and P. malariae are prevalent within the population and calls for concerted effort and intervention by the government, policy makers and indeed all and sundry to stop the spread. Effective policies and services are needed to reduce the substantial disease burden among the general population.
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Roberts, Stephen L., and Stefan Elbe. "Catching the flu: Syndromic surveillance, algorithmic governmentality and global health security." Security Dialogue 48, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010616666443.
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How do algorithms shape the imaginary and practice of security? Does their proliferation point to a shift in the political rationality of security? If so, what is the nature and extent of that shift? This article argues that efforts to strengthen global health security are major drivers in the development and proliferation of new algorithmic security technologies. In response to a seeming epidemic of potentially lethal infectious disease outbreaks – including HIV/AIDS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), pandemic flu, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola and Zika – governments and international organizations are now using several next-generation syndromic surveillance systems to rapidly detect new outbreaks globally. This article analyses the origins, design and function of three such internet-based surveillance systems: (1) the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases, (2) the Global Public Health Intelligence Network and (3) HealthMap. The article shows how each newly introduced system became progressively more reliant upon algorithms to mine an ever-growing volume of indirect data sources for the earliest signs of a possible new outbreak – gradually propelling algorithms into the heart of global outbreak detection. That turn to the algorithm marks a significant shift in the underlying problem, nature and role of knowledge in contemporary security policy.
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Samson, Idoko, Adah William, and Alkali E. "An Assessment of Internally Displaced Persons’ [IDPs] Needs in Flood Prone Areas of Kogi State." Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 8, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jpid.1801.
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Purpose: The devastating effect of flooding has led to associated serious problems and socio-economic implications. Displaced people are faced with being over-crowded in camps with the attendant consequences which include displaced children facing many dangers, especially if they have become separated from their families. Poor nutrition, poor sanitary conditions and inability to access health services make displaced persons prey to a host of diseases, most of which could be preventable. The study aim is to identify the socio-economic impacts resulting to devastating flood among internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria.
Methodology: A cross sectional study involving 4 IDP camps in Kogi State. Information on social, economic and health impacts of the devastation was collected and data analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. A total of 660 respondents (100%) were interviewed in the study. The mean age was 37.1 years and 31.9% of respondents completed secondary school education. Majority were farmers (77.3%). Of the 357 (54.09%) who had children in school before the occurrence of the disaster, only 168 (25.46%) had children in school after the flooding. Over 61.4% lost their job, 51.2% were at risk of infectious diseases and 44.35% felt insecure in the camp. Only 19.72% IDPs had access to insecticide treated net.
Findings: This study shows that IDPs face diverse challenges including food shortages, threats to health, financial constraints and psychological trauma as well as poor access to educational facilities for the children involved.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Government should ensure that necessary facilities, first aid treatment and urgent medical treatment should never be denied to any internal displacement persons, regardless of the camps. To make funds available for the management of IDPs in Nigeria governments should solicit for donations and financial aids from more international bodies. They should also collaborate with more international humanitarian organizations for assistant.
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Xue, Bin. "HIV/AIDS policy and policy evolution in China." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462054308477.
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The early cases of HIV/AIDS in China were mostly foreign nationals. The Chinese government's response then was to stop and prevent HIV from entering China. However, the policy was not effective. From the middle 1990s, HIV/ AIDS spread all over China and all modes of transmission have been reported. By the end of 2003, China estimated that there were 840,000 cases of HIV/AIDS. China's HIV/AIDS policy has been changing along with its epidemic change. Based on an extensive document and literature review, I depict China's HIV/AIDS epidemic and policy and illustrate the main factors contributing to its policy evolution.
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Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.
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Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.
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Rodrigues, Ana Rita, Edite Teixeira-Lemos, Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo, Luís Pedro Lemos, and Victoria Bell. "Pharmacist Intervention in Portuguese Older Adult Care." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101833.
Full textAbstract:
Healthy ageing has become one of the most significant challenges in a society with an increasing life expectancy. Older adults have a greater prevalence of chronic disease, with the need for multiple medications to appropriately control these issues. In addition to their health concerns, ageing individuals are prone to loneliness, dependence, and economic issues, which may affect their quality of life. Governments and health professionals worldwide have developed various strategies to promote active and healthy ageing to improve the quality of life of older adults. Pharmacists are highly qualified health professionals, easily accessible to the population, thus playing a pivotal role in medication management. Their proximity to the patient puts them in a unique position to provide education and training to improve therapeutic adherence and identify medication-related problems. This paper aims to address the importance of Portuguese community pharmacists in the medication management of older adults, emphasising their intervention in health promotion, patient education, medication-related problems, deprescription, dose administration aids, and medication review and reconciliation. We also discuss home delivery services and medication management in long-term care facilities.
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Brandon, Thomas H., Maciej L. Goniewicz, Nasser H. Hanna, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Roy S. Herbst, Jennifer A. Hobin, Jamie S. Ostroff, et al. "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Policy Statement From the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 8 (March 10, 2015): 952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.4465.
Full textAbstract:
Combustible tobacco use remains the number-one preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which include electronic cigarettes, are devices capable of delivering nicotine in an aerosolized form. ENDS use by both adults and youth has increased rapidly, and some have advocated these products could serve as harm-reduction devices and smoking cessation aids. ENDS may be beneficial if they reduce smoking rates or prevent or reduce the known adverse health effects of smoking. However, ENDS may also be harmful, particularly to youth, if they increase the likelihood that nonsmokers or former smokers will use combustible tobacco products or if they discourage smokers from quitting. The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recognize the potential ENDS have to alter patterns of tobacco use and affect the health of the public; however, definitive data are lacking. The AACR and ASCO recommend additional research on these devices, including assessing the health impacts of ENDS, understanding patterns of ENDS use, and determining what role ENDS have in cessation. Key policy recommendations include supporting federal, state, and local regulation of ENDS; requiring manufacturers to register with the US Food and Drug Administration and report all product ingredients, requiring childproof caps on ENDS liquids, and including warning labels on products and their advertisements; prohibiting youth-oriented marketing and sales; prohibiting child-friendly ENDS flavors; and prohibiting ENDS use in places where cigarette smoking is prohibited. This policy statement was developed by a joint writing group composed of members from the Tobacco and Cancer Subcommittee of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Science Policy and Government Affairs (SPGA) Committee and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Tobacco Cessation and Control Subcommittee of the Cancer Prevention Committee (CaPC). The statement was reviewed by both parent committees (ie, the AACR SPGA Committee and the ASCO CaPC) and was approved by the AACR Boards of Directors on August 6, 2014, and the ASCO Executive Committee on September 18, 2014. This policy statement was published jointly by invitation and consent in both Clinical Cancer Research and Journal of Clinical Oncology. Copyright 2015 American Association for Cancer Research and American Society of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or storage in any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
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Femi-Olagundoye, Mercy, and Olufemi Olagundoye. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE OF SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 7, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1666.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: the paper investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) of southwest Nigeria comprising Ekiti state, Lagos state, Ogun state, Ondo State, and Osun state, Oyo state.
Methodology: the authors sourced data from secondary sources; the Internally Generated Revenue was obtained from the annual publication of the National Bureau of Statistics covering 2019 and 2020 and the COVID-19 confirmed cases were obtained from National Disease Control Centre.
Findings: The result showed that paired correlation of IGR 2019 and 2020 showed a strong positive correlation and the same was also true of COVID-19 cases and IGR 2020 (p = 0.001). The result of the t-test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between IGR 2019 and IGR 2020 quarter on quarter.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The result supported two theories; The ‘Pecking Order Theory and Ability-To-Pay, Internally Generated Revenue focuses on funds derived within the state, just like internal financing to a firm. The internally generated revenue did not decline during the pandemic because taxes were paid since the majority were paid salaries during the pandemic and transactions were conducted online via platforms, more importantly, the Central Bank of Nigeria did not shut down so economic activities were not paralyzed but migrated to online. The study proved that in times of crisis, IGR may not be adversely affected if all the channels of generating income are available to taxpayers. This aids budget and planning during a crisis period, furthermore, the government will be able to plan and channel funds to areas of need accordingly. The result further supported the new model of working; people can work remotely and pay their taxes despite the lockdown.
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Maurya, Rahul, Thirupataiah Boini, Lakshminarayana Misro, Thulasi Radhakrishnan, Aswani Pulikunnel Sreedharan, and Dhanashree Gaidhani. "Comprehensive review on millets: Nutritional values, effect of food processing and dietary aspects." Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences 8, Suppl 1 (November 2023): S82—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jdras.jdras_123_23.
Full textAbstract:
Millets are a group of small-seeded grains cultivated for centuries as staple food crops in many parts of the world. In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in millet due to its exceptional nutritional and health benefits. Millets are rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also gluten-free and have a low glycemic index, making them suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance or diabetes. Studies have shown that regular millet consumption can contribute to several health benefits. The high fiber content in millet aids digestion, prevents constipation, and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. Millets reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The antioxidants in millet help to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying factors in various conditions. Furthermore, millet has a positive impact on weight management. The combination of high fiber and low glycemic index in millets promotes satiety, regulates blood sugar levels, and helps to maintain a healthy body weight. Additionally, millet has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In conclusion, millet offers a wide range of nutritional and health benefits. Their nutrient density, gluten-free nature, and low glycemic index make them valuable in a balanced diet. Incorporating millet into regular meals can contribute to improved overall health and well-being. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of millets and their specific health effects on different populations. This review discussed the various involved government bodies and their dietary guidelines. Policy development and dietary guidelines play a crucial role in promoting millet consumption.
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Kagimu, Enock, Emily M. Martyn, Jane Gakuru, John Kasibante, Morris K. Rutakingirwa, Richard Kwizera, Kenneth Ssebambulidde, et al. "COVID-19 and the HIV care continuum in Uganda: minimising collateral damage." AAS Open Research 3 (March 24, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13099.2.
Full textAbstract:
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread across the world within months of its first description in Wuhan, China in December 2019, resulting in an unprecedented global health emergency. Whilst Europe and North America are the current epicentres of infection, the global health community are preparing for the potential effects of this new disease on the African continent. Modelling studies predict that factors such as youthful and rural population may be protective in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 in the World Health Organisation (WHO) African Region, however, with 220 million infections and 4.6 million hospitalisations predicted in the first year of the pandemic alone, fragile health systems could still be placed under significant strain. Furthermore, subsequent disruptions to the provision of services for people living with HIV, or at risk of acquiring HIV, are predicted to lead to an extra 500,000 adult HIV deaths and a 2-fold increase in mother to child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020-2021. Ignoring these predictions may have severe consequences and we risk “stepping back in time” in AIDS-related deaths to numbers seen over a decade ago. Reflecting on our current experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda, we explore the potential impact of public health measures implemented to mitigate spread of COVID-19 on the HIV care continuum, and suggest areas of focus for HIV services, policy makers and governments to urgently address in order to minimise the collateral damage.
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Kagimu, Enock, Emily M. Martyn, Jane Gakuru, John Kasibante, Morris K. Rutakingirwa, Richard Kwizera, Kenneth Ssebambulidde, et al. "COVID-19 and the HIV care continuum in Uganda: minimising collateral damage." AAS Open Research 3 (July 2, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13099.1.
Full textAbstract:
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread across the world within months of its first description in Wuhan, China in December 2019, resulting in an unprecedented global health emergency. Whilst Europe and North America are the current epicentres of infection, the global health community are preparing for the potential effects of this new disease on the African continent. Modelling studies predict that factors such as a youthful and rural population may be protective in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 in the World Health Organisation (WHO) African Region, however, with 220 million infections and 4.6 million hospitalisations predicted in the first year of the pandemic alone, fragile health systems could still be placed under significant strain. Furthermore, subsequent disruptions to the provision of services for people living with HIV, or at risk of acquiring HIV, are predicted to lead to an extra 500,000 adult HIV deaths and a 2-fold increase in mother to child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020-2021. Ignoring these predictions may have severe consequences and we risk “stepping back in time” in AIDS-related deaths to numbers seen over a decade ago. Reflecting on our current experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda, we explore the potential impact of public health measures implemented to mitigate spread of COVID-19 on the HIV care continuum, and suggest areas of focus for HIV services, policy makers and governments to urgently address in order to minimise the collateral damage.
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Barbara, Alungat. "The Effects of Natural Disasters on Development: A Case of Uganda." Journal of Public Policy and Administration 7, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jppa.1695.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To examine the effects of natural disasters on development in Uganda.
Methodology: The study adopted documentary review as a data collection technique in which data is gathered from reports from different sources, journals, magazines, newspapers, institutional archives, reports and articles which have data linked to the research being undertaken (Creswell, 2014). A documentary review checklist was employed to solicit data related to an examination of effects of natural disasters on development in Uganda from the Ministry of Disaster Preparedness and Refugees archives. This method was preferred by the researcher over other methods because was able to gain permission to access information from different department at the Ministry of Disaster and preparedness archives. In addition, using document analysis takes out the personal aspect of the effect a researcher might have on an individual during an interview.
Findings: Epidemics have been the most important public health emergency in the districts of Uganda and neighboring countries. The situation has been worsened by the outbreak of COVID-19 being first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 (WHO, 2019). The most threatening epidemics in Uganda include Ebola, Marburg, Cholera HIV/AIDS and Malaria but the discussion on epidemics here will be limited to Ebola, Malaria and crop and animal diseases (Mullen et al, 2020). Floods and landslides are another type of natural disasters that affect development in Uganda leaving direct destruction or impacts on assets (Botzen et al, 2019). In addition, famine is the most dominant natural disasters Uganda faces from time to time despite having the necessary conditions for food security like fertile land and a favorable climate for agriculture as a large part of the population across the country fall victim to famine regularly (Government of Uganda, 2010). Disasters continue disrupting lives, livelihood and leaving adverse effects on individuals, communities, economies and even governments and ultimately affecting development.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: It’s therefore recommended that disaster management should focus on mitigation against identifiable Threats. The disaster management should also create more robust systems that can withstand a variety of known and unknown shocks. The disaster management theory may be used to anchor future studies in the disaster management sector
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Tsarenko, A. V., R. O. Moiseyenko, and N. G. Goyda. "The importance of multidisciplinary, interagency and intersectoral approaches as conditions for the Palliative and Hospice Care System implementation in Ukraine." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL REHABILITATION AND PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, no. 1(8) (February 25, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ijrpm.2023.8.29.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose - to carry out medical and social analysis of conditions and organizational aspects of the Palliative and Hospice Care (PHC) System implementation and development in Ukraine. Materials and methods. There were analyzed: domestic and foreign scientific literary sources; data of official statistics of the State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine; normative-legal documents of Ukraine and authoritative international professional organizations. Аnd the following research methods were applied: bibliosemantic, system approach and system analysis, comparative content analysis and generally accepted medical-statistical methods. Results. The peculiarities of the medical and demographic situation in Ukraine in recent decades are the rapid population aging, high morbidity and mortality from cancer and severe complications of chronic noncommunicable diseases, significant spread of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B and C etc. This requires the creation and improvement of an adequate regulatory framework (RF), which regulates the development of an accessible multidisciplinary, interagency and intersectoral PHC System, which requires the development of outpatient PHC services and inpatient PHC facilities, coordination of institutions and agencies subordinate to various ministries and agencies, first of all, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine; introduction of a system of motivation and training of PHC providers and involvement primary health care facilities medical staff in the palliative care provision at home. Thus, affordable and high-quality PHC should be integrated into the Health Care and Social Protection System, as PHC in the early stages of a life-threatening or incurable disease can significantly reduce suffering and improve the quality of life for both palliative patients (PPs) and their families. Conclusions. The urgency of the problem of creating and developing a System of affordable, high quality and effective PHC in Ukraine is due to the unfavorable medical and demographic situation - population aging, increasing morbidity and mortality from cancer and chronic diseases, often accompanied by chronic pain syndrom and other severe symptoms that significantly reduce the quality of life of PPs. The implementation of the PHC System for the population requires political support from the Government of Ukraine, Regional and Local Authorities, appropriate financial support and the whole society participation. Implementation and development of the PHC System in Ukraine with adequate funding from the State Budget (National Health Service of Ukraine), as well as through state, regional and local targeted PHC Programs will provide quality and effective multidisciplinary and interagency palliative care on equal terms, regardless of the nosology of the disease, PPs place of residence/stay and social status. The results of the study allowed to adapt international experience and identify different forms of PНC, which, depending on the severity of the disease and at the request of PPs and their families, can be provided in specialized inpatient PНC facilities, PНC departments of secondary and tertiary health care facilities or outpatient settings, including at home, as well as in PHC facilities of any form of ownership and departmental affiliation, subject to compliance with the standards and requirements of the RF. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.