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Journal articles on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) in women – Lesotho'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Harrison, Abigail, Susan E. Short, and Maletela Tuoane-Nkhasi. "Re-focusing the Gender Lens: Caregiving Women, Family Roles and HIV/AIDS Vulnerability in Lesotho." AIDS and Behavior 18, no. 3 (May 18, 2013): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0515-z.

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2

Hlalele, Dipane, and Puleng Relebohile Letsie. "Gender Inequality and HIV/AIDS in Lesotho: A Human Disease Ecological Perspective." Journal of Human Ecology 36, no. 3 (December 2011): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2011.11906430.

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3

Møller, Valerie. "AIDS: The ‘Grandmothers' Disease’ in Southern Africa." Ageing and Society 17, no. 4 (July 1997): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x97216533.

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In Africa, AIDS is called the grandmothers' disease because the burden of caring for the sick and the survivors falls on older women. The two abstracts which follow report an overview of research on the social and economic effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa and a case study of an intervention among older women in a Botswanan village.
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4

Pinto, Valdir Monteiro, Mariza Vono Tancredi, Antonio Tancredi Neto, and Cássia Maria Buchalla. "Sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk behaviour among women who have sex with women." AIDS 19, Suppl 4 (October 2005): S64—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000191493.43865.2a.

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5

Cohan, Nancy, and Joan D. Atwood. "Women and AIDS: The social constructions of gender and disease." Family Systems Medicine 12, no. 1 (1994): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0089291.

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6

Mulenga, Maureen Makayi, and Liza Marie Conyers. "A Rehabilitation Perspective on HIV Disease and AIDS Among Minority Women." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.34.3.33.

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Women with HIV/AIOS have specific needs that require specialized approaches to address the effects of this disease on them. Minority women with HIV/AIOS, however, have to deal with the triple challenge of race, class, and gender in addition to HIV/AIOS. The paper examines two groups of minority women, African American and Hispanic women, and discusses factors that place these women at high risk for HIV/AIOS. The interaction of race, class, and gender, and how it relates to the prevalence of high rates of HIV/AIOS in minority women is explored. Medical, economic and vocational issues of minority women living with this disease are discussed, and suggestions for rehabilitation of theses women are made.
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7

Singer, Merrill, Candida Flores, Lani Davison, and William Gonzales. "Reaching Minority Women: AIDS Prevention for Latinas." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.c54j55g1l1818621.

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Minority women are dramatically over represented among female HIV disease patients. They also are more likely to be single heads of household, have less access to basic support and survival resources, and are subject to ethnic/racial discrimination across health and social institutions. They are in worse health generally than are other women and have higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are co-factors for AIDS. They are more likely to engage in poverty-driven AIDS risk behaviors and are less likely to be reached by mainstream AIDS prevention education programs. Hence, the need for women-focused AIDS prevention strategies is especially critical in ethnic minority communities.
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8

Wilson, A. O. "The grandmothers' disease--the impact of AIDS on Africa's older women." Age and Ageing 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/30.1.8.

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9

Louis, Judette, Mudathiru A. Buhari, Dianne Allen, Bernard Gonik, and Theodore B. Jones. "Postpartum Morbidity Associated With Advanced HIV Disease." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006 (2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/idog/2006/79512.

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Objective. To investigate the postpartum morbidity and postpartum management of febrile morbidity associated with advanced HIV infection. Methods. A case control study of HIV infected women at a tertiary care center during January 2000–June 2005 was performed. Postpartum morbidity was defined as endometritis, blood transfusion, wound complication, readmission, infectious morbidity, or unexpected surgery. Results. Women in Group 1 had AIDS (N=33), Group 2 were relatively immunocompetent HIV infected women (N=115), and Group 3 were uninfected women (N=152). Group 1 was more likely to have a postpartum morbidity (32.3 versus 19.3 and 13.2%,P=.03) and to have postpartum imaging 18.8 versus 7.9 and 2.6%,P=.002. After controlling for potential confounders, cesarean delivery (OR 6.2, 95%CI 2.1–505.5) but not advanced HIV disease was associated with an increased risk of postpartum morbidity. Conclusion. Cesarean delivery and not advanced HIV disease increases the risk of postpartum morbidity in women with AIDS.
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10

Brawner, Bridgette M. "A Multilevel Understanding of HIV/AIDS Disease Burden among African American Women." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 43, no. 5 (September 2014): E49—E50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12480.

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11

Brawner, Bridgette M. "A Multilevel Understanding of HIV/AIDS Disease Burden Among African American Women." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 43, no. 5 (September 2014): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12481.

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12

Ward, Martha C. "A different disease: HIV/AIDS and health care for women in poverty." Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 17, no. 4 (December 1993): 413–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01379308.

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13

Allen, Mary J., and Debbi Miller Gutierrez. "University Students' Support for Heterosexual Women with Aids." Psychological Reports 65, no. 1 (August 1989): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.171.

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Support for a woman heterosexual AIDS victim was examined among 237 university students, 54% female and 54% upper division, with a mean age of 23.7 yr. A questionnaire containing one of four scenarios (AIDS resulting from unsafe sex, unsafe drug use, sex with an unfaithful husband, or a blood transfusion) measured support by people's willingness to sign or circulate a petition supporting the victim's right to attend college classes. A five-way mixed-design analysis of variance showed that victims who took risks received less support, that respondents were more willing to sign than to circulate a petition, and, while men did not discriminate among the four scenarios, women were most likely to offer support to “innocent” victims who contracted AIDS without sexual behavior. In addition, respondents who knew someone with AIDS were more likely to sign the petition. AIDS, particularly when contracted through risky behavior, is a disease with social ramifications beyond its threat to public health.
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14

Kass, Nancy E., Holly A. Taylor, and Patricia A. King. "Harms of excluding Pregnant Women from Clinical Research: The Case of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 1 (1996): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01831.x.

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Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, the proportion of AIDS cases among women has continued to rise. Women constituted 23 percent of the AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1995, and 81 percent of these women were of childbearing age (13 to 44 years). It was not until 1991, however, that epidemiological studies of women were initiated. By comparison, the representation of HIV-infected women in clinical trials gradually has grown. Undoubtedly, a consequence of the increased numbers of women in clinical and epidemiological research is the earlier identification of and more appropriate treatments for HIV-related syndromes when women present in the clinical setting. Despite this expanded focus on women, however, clear information to guide the treatment of HIV-infected women who are pregnant is still lagging behind.
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15

McNair, Lily D., and Cynthia M. Prather. "African American Women and AIDS: Factors Influencing Risk and Reaction to HIV Disease." Journal of Black Psychology 30, no. 1 (February 2004): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798403261414.

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16

Naiman, Eleanor. "Positive Women: Emotion, Memory, and the Power of Narrative in Women Organized to Respond to Life-Threatening Diseases, 1991-2020." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal, no. 2 (2020): 46–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.2.3.

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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "By 1992, the AIDS epidemic in the United States had reached seemingly catastrophic proportions. Over ten years after the first published report of AIDS-related lung infection, the number of AIDS cases in the United States far exceeded 100,000. It would be four years until the FDA approval of the first protease inhibitor. Over ten thousand women had been diagnosed with the disease, and experts expected over ninety thousand more were already infected. The disease, lacking effective treatment, increasingly struck women and people of color in the early 1990s; cases rose 151 percent among women and by 105 percent among men in 1993. Without a cure in sight, women with HIV did not have much tangible reason for optimism. Nonetheless, in January 1992 Debra McCarthy cast her HIV diagnosis as the turning point in her journey towards personal fulfillment. “Even though I may be HIV positive,” she wrote, “I am more healed in my life than I ever have been.”"
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17

Naiman, Eleanor. "Positive Women: Emotion, Memory, and the Power of Narrative in Women Organized to Respond to Life-Threatening Diseases, 1991-2020." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal 1, no. 2 (2020): 46–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.1.2.3.

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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first paragraph. "By 1992, the AIDS epidemic in the United States had reached seemingly catastrophic proportions. Over ten years after the first published report of AIDS-related lung infection, the number of AIDS cases in the United States far exceeded 100,000. It would be four years until the FDA approval of the first protease inhibitor. Over ten thousand women had been diagnosed with the disease, and experts expected over ninety thousand more were already infected. The disease, lacking effective treatment, increasingly struck women and people of color in the early 1990s; cases rose 151 percent among women and by 105 percent among men in 1993. Without a cure in sight, women with HIV did not have much tangible reason for optimism. Nonetheless, in January 1992 Debra McCarthy cast her HIV diagnosis as the turning point in her journey towards personal fulfillment. “Even though I may be HIV positive,” she wrote, “I am more healed in my life than I ever have been.”"
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18

Wright, Caradee Y., D. Jean du Preez, Danielle A. Millar, and Mary Norval. "The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031017.

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Skin cancer is a non-communicable disease that has been underexplored in Africa, including Southern Africa. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The countries which comprise Southern Africa are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. They differ in population size and composition and experience different levels of solar UVR. Here, the epidemiology and prevalence of skin cancer in Southern African countries are outlined. Information is provided on skin cancer prevention campaigns in these countries, and evidence sought to support recommendations for skin cancer prevention, especially for people with fair skin, or oculocutaneous albinism or HIV-AIDS who are at the greatest risk. Consideration is given to the possible impacts of climate change on skin cancer in Southern Africa and the need for adaptation and human behavioural change is emphasized.
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19

Yunadi, Frisca Dewi, and Rochany Septiyaningsih. "PENGETAHUAN TERHADAP KEIKUTSERTAAN IBU HAMIL MELAKUKAN SCREENING HIV/AIDS." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 15, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v15i3.823.

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HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a disease that can attack the human immune system, including pregnant women. HIV / AIDS screening for pregnant women is an effort to open access to HIV / AIDS status for pregnant women. The hope is that all pregnant women, both positive and negative, can find out and prevent early prevention, namely the transmission of HIV / AIDS to their children. This is to determine the relationship between knowledge and the participation of pregnant women in screening for HIV / AIDS. The subjects in this study were 30 pregnant women who were in the working area of ??Puskesmas Cilacap Selatan 1. The method of this research was observational analytic using cross sectional method. The subjects of this study were 30 pregnant women in the area of Puskesmas Cilacap Selatan 1. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Based on the results of the chi square statistical test, it showed that there was no significant relationship between knowledge and the participation of pregnant women in HIV / AIDS screening (p = 0.001 <a = 0.05) Keywords: knowledge, screening, HIV / AIDS
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20

Herlambang, Herlambang, Amelia Dwi Fitri, and Erny Kusdiyah. "Maternal And Neonatal Management In The Cases Of HIV / AIDS Infected Pregnant Women In Jambi City." Jurnal RSMH Palembang 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/jrp.v1i2.9.

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A B S T R A C TBackgrounds: HIV/AIDS is a disease that still becoming a global health problem, andalso became a disease that given special attention by Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in 2016 points number 3. In Jambi Province recorded that in the year of 2014the number of cumulative cases of HIV and AIDS is 145 cases of HIV and AIDS 59.Vertical transmission can occur from a mother who is infected by HIV/AIDS to theirbabies. To increase epidemiological knowledge of perinatal outcome from pregnantmother with HIV/AIDS infection, because in Indonesia this type of information is notmuch known, In Jambi This kind of information doesn’t exist. Methods:This is adescriptive research. The data are taken from 41 registers by total sampling. The dataanalysis is using proportion descriptive method. Results: According to 41 datarecorded. 35 neonates (85,4 %) delivered with weight around 2500 gram or more, 41neonates (100 %) delivered with APGAR score (neonatal asthfixia) APGAR 7-9, 32neonates (78,1 %) delivered by Sectio Caesarean, 40 neonates (97.6 %) born at 36weeks, and 25 neonates (60,1 %) delivered from mothers infected by HIV/AIDS withCD 4 counts above 350 cell/ml 41 neonates (100%) born without HIV/AIDS infection.Conclusions: Neoanatal outcome from HIV / AIDS infected mothers in Raden Mattaherthe state hospital of Jambi Province were delivered with normal weight, APGAR score7-9 (normal), delivered by Sectio Caesarea, at the age of 36 weeks or above from motherwith CD4 counts over 350 cell/ml without HIV/AIDS infection.
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21

SILVEIRA, MARIÂNGELA F., JORGE U. BÉRIA, BERNARDO L. HORTA, ELAINE TOMASI, and CESAR G. VICTORA. "Factors Associated With Risk Behaviors for Sexually Transmitted Disease/AIDS Among Urban Brazilian Women." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29, no. 9 (September 2002): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200209000-00008.

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22

Vidayati, Lelly Aprilia. "TINGKAT KECEMASAN WANITA YANG MENDERITA PENYAKIT HIV/AIDS DI YAYASAN GENTA SURABAYA." JURNAL ILMIAH OBSGIN : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kebidanan & Kandungan P-ISSN : 1979-3340 e-ISSN : 2685-7987 10, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36089/job.v1i1.73.

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HIV/AIDS is a collection of symptoms of diseases caused by the immune system that are acquired (not congenital) caused by Human Immunodificiency Virus, which cause anxiety. From the results of the preliminary study showed that all experienced anxiety. Objective of the study is to describe the level of anxiety of women who suffer from the disease of HIV/AIDS in the foundation Genta Surabaya. Method use is descriptive research, using primary and secondary data. The variable in this study is the level of anxiety in women who suffer from HIV/AIDS. Collecting data is using questionnaires with a total population of 30 women suffering from HIV/AIDS. Analysise use univariate. Of the research results obtained from 20 women who have HIV/AIDS, most of the anxiety being experienced as many as 15 women (75%), and small portion experienced mild anxiety as many as 2 women (10%), severe anxiety 3 women (15%). For women with HIV/AIDS more often follow is activiting such as counseling, groups, more open to the family or friends, counseling on health workers to be struck with illness and emergencies can be reduced. For health professionals the results of this study can be used as input and new information about the problems of Anxiety Levels in Women Who Suffer from HIV / AIDS, resulting in medical treatment there is no discrimination for people with HIV / AIDS. So that the level of anxiety in patients is not increased and life expectancy for any high
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Siqueira, Márcia Cristina de Figueiredo, Greicy Kelly Gouveia Dias Bittencourt, Maria Miriam Lima da Nóbrega, Jordana de Almeida Nogueira, and Antonia Oliveira Silva. "Term base for nursing practices with elderly women with HIV/AIDS." Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem 36, no. 1 (March 2015): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2015.01.46671.

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The aim of this study was to create a term base for nursing practices with elderly women with HIV/AIDS. This documental descriptive research was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Paraíba, from August 2012 to July 2013, based on a list of terms from the Integrated Plan to Combat the Feminization of AIDS and other STDs. These terms were cross-mapped with those of the International Classification for Nursing Practices 2011 (CIPE(r) 2011) and use of these terms in nursing practices was confirmed with the help of 15 participants. The base comprised 106 constant terms and 69 non-constant terms in the CIPE(r) 2011. Results revealed the need to reconsider nursing care for elderly women with HIV/AIDS in light of epidemiological changes in relation to aging and feminization of the disease. The term base will support the construction of more appropriate wording for nursing diagnoses, results and interventions for elderly women with HIV/AIDS.
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24

Beauregard, Christine, and Patty Solomon. "Understanding the Experience of HIV/AIDS for Women: Implications for Occupational Therapists." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200206.

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Background. Within the past few years, HIV/AIDS has shifted from being an acute, palliative disease to one that is more chronic and episodic in nature. This shift has major implications for the role of occupational therapy in women's lives. Very few studies, however, have examined the perspective of women living with HIV/AIDS from an occupational therapy perspective. Purpose. This qualitative study was designed to examine the experiences of five women living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Ontario and to begin to explore the implications of these findings for occupational therapy. Method. Through the implementation of five in-depth interviews, a phenomenological approach was used to explore the lived experience of women with HIV/AIDS. Results. Four main themes emerged: fearing disclosure, experiencing challenges (physical and psychological), having supportive networks, and coping positively with being HIV positive (spirituality and opportunity for living and learning). Practice Implications. There are several potential roles for occupational therapy in working with women who are living with HIV/AIDS More studies need to be pursued in this area of rehabilitation.
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Ward, Martha. "Poor and Positive: Two Contrasting Views from Inside the HIV/AIDS Epidemic." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.f5787254243m53k1.

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No longer a disease exclusively of homosexual men, HIV/AIDS is increasingly prevalent in women and children, especially among the poor. The social and cultural patterns associated with the disease in this population are very different than they are among homosexual men, as are many of the measures needed to address the problems of those infected. Substantial bureaucracies already provide services to poor women, and newly created AIDS agencies are adding women to their rolls. But the professionals who work within these institutions are dealing less with a new disease than with an old problem, namely, how to provide care to a population already afflicted by poverty, racism, sexism, drugs, sexually transmitted diseases, and other problems.
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26

Miranda, Angelica Espinosa, Bettina Moulin Coelho Lima, Alain Giami, Jonathan E. Golub, and Sinesio Talhari. "Behavior assessment of women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Vitória, Brazil." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 87, no. 2 (April 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962012000200002.

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BACKGROUND: Studies about sexual risk behaviors can provide information to support design strategies to control the spread of HIV infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess sexual risk behaviors among women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among women attending an STD/AIDS reference center. Enrolled participants were interviewed and provided a blood sample to determine HIV status. RESULTS: A total of 276 women participated. among 284 selected; 109 (39.5%) were HIV-positive and 167 (60.5%) HIV-negative. Median age was 31 years (interquartile range (IQR)24-36) and 69% of women were between 18 and 34 years of age. Women reported high access to information about STD (87%) and AIDS (90%) but information about sexuality was less common (55%). HIV-positive women asked their partners to use condoms more often than HIV-negatives (31% vs. 5%, p=0.02), and were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse (65% vs. 33%, p<0.01). Among all patients, questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse (99.6%) and needle sharing (99.2%) were most frequently answered correctly, while questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through blood donation (57%) were least. CONCLUSION: Though this population reports easy access to information and services for HIV/sexually transmitted diseases, most report little understanding of unsafe sexual behaviors, particularly HIV-negative women.
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27

Ernawati, Eka, Dewi Rahmawati, Indah Wulandari, and Firda Afriyani. "Life Experiences in Parenting: The Perspective of Women with HIV-AIDS." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T4 (February 27, 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5760.

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BACKGROUND: The role of mother with HIV/AIDS in caring for their children has its own complexities. The mother plays a role in taking care of the family as well as being the caregiver for her children. Mothers with HIV-AIDS need to take care of themselves and their children who are either infected or not. Mothers can do multiple roles if their partner leaves them. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the life experiences of mothers with HIV-AIDS in childcare. METHODS: A phenomenological study was chosen as a design to explore the phenomenon of mothers with HIV-AIDS in parenting their children using in-depth interviews. Participants were drawn based on a purposive sample of seven people. The participant’s considerations were the wife who was diagnosed with HIV-AIDS positive and was registered as a patient managed by the HIV-AIDS program at the Serang City Health Center; the participants received ARV treatment, good general condition, able to communicate well, and cooperatively. The data analysis used was Colaizzi. RESULTS: The results of the study generate four new themes: Expectation of negative status of the loved ones, lamentations of wives with People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) status, management of sick child care and HIV testing, tendencies of authoritarian, and permissive parenting in children. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is important to increase peer group counseling on the process of disease acceptance, management of sick children management, and implementation of HIV testing that can be accessed by family members of PLWHA.
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Andrews, Stanley. "Straight Sex and the Stigma of HIV/AIDS: Support Groups on the Gold Coast." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.g206h7281667553p.

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HIV and AIDS in the United States is changing from what has been perceived as a gay man's and intravenous drug user's disease to an epidemic with a profile more characteristic of third world countries. Recent figures released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control show that more heterosexuals, male and female, are being claimed by HIV/AIDS; at least 10 percent of HIV cases and about 7 percent of AIDS cases are now attributed to heterosexual transmission. Additionally, persons afflicted with HIV/AIDS increasingly are poorly educated, low-income, minority women, men, and children.
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Farzaneh, F., Z. Amiri, F. Rahimi, Z. Tadjik, and E. Barouti. "O294 Squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with AIDS disease and CD4 cell counts in Iranian women." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 107 (October 2009): S176—S177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(09)60666-4.

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30

Breimer, L. H. "AIDS might have been tackled differently if it had presented as a disease of women." BMJ 313, no. 7052 (August 3, 1996): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7052.303c.

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31

Hessol, Nancy A., Sandra K. Schwarcz, Ling Chin Hsu, Martha Shumway, and Edward L. Machtinger. "Gender differences in causes of death among persons with HIV/AIDS in San Francisco, California, 1996–2013." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417720370.

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The objective was to examine gender differences in causes of death using the San Francisco HIV/AIDS and death registries. Data from San Francisco residents diagnosed with HIV/AIDS who died from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. Age, race/ethnicity, year, and gender-adjusted standardized mortality ratios and Poisson 95% confidence intervals were calculated for underlying causes of death. Among the 6268 deaths, deaths attributed to drug use, mental disorders due to substance use, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease, and septicemia were more likely among women than among men. Compared to the California population, women had elevated standardized mortality ratios for drug overdose (25.37), mental disorders due to substance abuse (27.21), cerebrovascular disease (2.83), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.37), heart disease (2.37), and liver disease (5.54), and these were higher than the standardized mortality ratios for the men in our study. Men, but not women, had elevated standardized mortality ratios for suicide (2.70), undetermined intent (3.88), renal disease (2.29), and non-AIDS cancer (1.68) compared to population rates. Continued efforts to reduce HIV-related illnesses and an increased emphasis on diagnosing and treating preventable causes of death, including substance use, heart disease, and mental health disorders, are needed as part of comprehensive HIV care.
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Salem, Benissa E., Yvita Bustos, Chidyaonga Shalita, Jordan Kwon, Padma Ramakrishnan, Kartik Yadav, Maria L. Ekstrand, Sanjeev Sinha, and Adeline M. Nyamathi. "Chronic Disease Self-Management Challenges among Rural Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh, India: A Qualitative Study." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 17 (January 1, 2018): 232595821877376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958218773768.

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Rural women living with HIV/AIDS (WLHA) in India experience challenges self-managing HIV/AIDS in their rural communities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore factors influencing their care and antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence. Themes that emerged from the qualitative focus groups among WLHA (N = 24) in rural Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh, India, included: (1) coming to know about HIV and other health conditions, (2) experiences being on ART, (3) challenges maintaining a nutritious diet, (4) factors affecting health care access and quality, and (5) seeking support for a better future. Chronic disease self-management in rural locales is challenging, given the number of barriers which rural women experience on a daily basis. These findings suggest a need for individual- and structural-level supports that will aid in assisting rural WLHA to self-manage HIV/AIDS as a chronic illness.
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Moazen, Babak, Andreas Deckert, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Priscilla N. Owusu, Parinaz Mehdipour, Mostafa Shokoohi, Atefeh Noori, et al. "National and sub-national HIV/AIDS-related mortality in Iran, 1990–2015: a population-based modeling study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 14 (November 19, 2019): 1362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419869520.

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Surveillance of HIV/AIDS mortality is crucial to evaluate a country’s response to the disease. With a modified estimation approach, this study aimed to provide more accurate estimates on deaths due to HIV/AIDS in Iran from 1990 to 2015 at national and sub-national levels. Using a comprehensive data set, death registration incompleteness and misclassification were addressed by demographical and statistical methods. Trends of mortality due to HIV/AIDS at national and sub-national levels were estimated by applying a set of models. A total of 474 men (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 175–1332) and 256 women (95% UI: 36–1871) died due to HIV/AIDS in 2015 in Iran. Peaked in 1995, HIV/AIDS-related mortality has steadily declined among both genders. Mortality rates were remarkably higher among men than women during the period studied. At the sub-national level, the highest and the lowest annual percent change were found at 10.97 and −1.36% for women, and 4.04 and −3.47% for men, respectively. The findings of our study (731 deaths) were remarkably lower than the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (4000) but higher than Global Burden of Disease (339) estimates in 2015. The overall decrease in mortality due to HIV/AIDS may be attributed to the increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases; however, the role of the national and international organizations to fight HIV/AIDS should not be overlooked. To decrease HIV/AIDS mortality and to achieve international goals, evidence-based action is required. To fast-track targets, the priority must be to prevent infection, promote early diagnosis, provide access to treatment, and to ensure treatment adherence among patients.
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Navas-Nacher, Elena L., Jennifer S. Read, Robert M. Leighty, Ruth E. Tuomala, Carmen D. Zorrilla, Sheldon Landesman, Howard Rosenblatt, and Ronald C. Hershow. "Mode of delivery and postpartum HIV-1 disease progression: The Women and Infants Transmission Study." AIDS 20, no. 3 (February 2006): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000206506.47277.e7.

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Mozaleva, O. L., and A. V. Samarina. "DEMOGRAPHIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN IN SAINT-PETERSBURG." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 11, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-3-7-15.

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Analysis of the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women is important for organizing effective care for this group of patients and further reducing the frequency of mother-to-child transmission. Between 2014 and 2017 in Saint-Petersburg, there were 2524 deliveries in HIV-infected women who were observed during pregnancy, mainly in the Saint-Petersburg AIDS Center (AIDS Center). The average frequency of perinatal HIV transmission over the study period in the city was 1,3%, which is lower than the average for Russia. Out of 2524 women recently confined, 1858 HIV-infected women, who were observed during pregnancy at the AIDS Center in 2014–2017, were enrolled. Risk groups for perinatal HIV transmission in Saint-Petersburg are HIV-infected pregnant women: external or internal migrants, women with late registration at the dispensary registration for pregnancy in the antenatal clinic and the AIDS Center and, accordingly, late initiation of perinatal HIV transmission, active consumers of surfactants, pregnant women with low adherence to observation in medical institutions and to getting antiretroviral agents. The increase in coverage of the city’s population with HIV testing reveals new infections, including among women of reproductive age, as well as their partners. The timely use of ARV at the planning stage of pregnancy reduces perinatal HIV transmission and the risks of opportunistic diseases. The availability of medical care and free distribution of ARV drugs to all pregnant women who applied to the AIDS Center helps to reduce perinatal HIV transmission, including among internal and external migrants who do not have a permanent registration in Saint-Petersburg. Counseling women at the planning stage and during pregnancy by various specialists of the AIDS Center (gynecologists, infectious disease specialists, psychologists, narcologists) allows one to form a commitment to monitoring, to receiving ARV, giving up bad habits, to reduce the incidence of HIV-dissidence.
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U., Shrinivasa Bhat, Anish V. Cherian, Aneesh Bhat, Helena J. Chapman, Ammu Lukose, Ninad Patwardhan, Veena Satyanarayana, and Jayashree Ramakrishna. "Factors affecting psychosocial well-being and quality of life among women living with HIV/AIDS." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 04 (December 2015): 066–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703938.

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AbstractWomen who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent a major public health priority due to the disease impact on health, family, and society. Despite the growing number of empirical studies in this area, particularly from developing countries, there are few review articles that explore the psychosocial challenges faced by women living with HIV/AIDS. This clinical review describes prominent factors that influence treatment and quality of life among this target group. Implications and recommendations highlight therapeutic interventions that provide immediate psychosocial and psychophysical support. The review also proposes a conceptual model that may serve as a psychosocial management tool for mental health practitioners in developing countries who counsel women living with HIV/AIDS.
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Sennott, Christie, and Nicole Angotti. "Reconsidering Gendered Sexualities in a Generalized AIDS Epidemic." Gender & Society 30, no. 6 (October 8, 2016): 935–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243216672805.

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Using the threat of a severe AIDS epidemic in a collection of rural villages in South Africa, we illustrate how men and women reconsider gendered sexualities through conversations and interactions in everyday life. We draw from data collected by local ethnographers and focus on the processes through which men and women collectively respond to the threat posed by AIDS to relationships, families, and communities. Whereas previous research has shown that individuals often reaffirm hegemonic norms about gender and sexuality in response to disruptions to heteronormative gender relations, we find that the threat of AIDS provokes reconsideration of gendered sexualities at the community level. That is, our data demonstrate how men and women—through the interactions and exchanges that make up their daily lives—debate, challenge, make sense of, and attempt to come to terms with social norms circumscribing gendered sexual practices in a context where the threat of a fatal disease transmitted through sex looms large. We argue that ethnographic data are particularly useful for capturing communal responses to events that threaten heteronormative gender relations and reflect on how our findings inform theories of gender relations and processes.
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Nasir, Jamal Abdul, Muhammad Imran, and Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi. "HIV/AIDS AWARENESS IN PAKISTAN." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 05 (May 10, 2015): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.05.1274.

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Globally 35 million people were living with HIV in 2013 whereas around 78 millionpeople have been infected since the start of the epidemic and 39 million people have died ofAIDS- related illness. Objectives: To examine the factors associated with HIV/AIDS awareness ofever married men and women age 15-49. Design: The secondary data sets are used of Pakistandemographic and health survey (PDHS) of ever married men and women with sample size 3134and 13558. Period: PDHS 2012-13. Setting: The national institute of population studies done thissurvey with the technical support from ICF International and Pakistan bureau of statistics and theUSAID supported the financially. Methods: Bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis hasbeen carried out to evaluate the significant socio demographic factors. Results: Every 7 out of10 ever married men have heard about AIDS, while the situation is much critical for ever marriedwomen, 6 out of 10 have not heard about HIV/AIDS. Generally finding revealed that almost bothof the respondents have misconception regarding HIV/AIDS transmission. Two binary logisticregression models are executed one for ever married man and other for ever married women.Two models revealed that early age groups have less knowledge about HIV/AIDS; urban hasmore knowledge compared to rural. Education level, media assess and wealth index have positiveassociation regarding to HIV/AIDS awareness. Conclusions: Socio-demographic aspects suchas age, education, place of residence and access to media TV, radio and newspaper, wealth indexand occupation are found to be significant varied systematically with the awareness of HIV/AIDS.These statistical outcomes will enhance the capability in disease management and control.
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Shotwell, Alexis. "“Women Don't Get AIDS, They Just Die From It”: Memory, Classification, and the Campaign to Change the Definition of AIDS." Hypatia 29, no. 2 (2014): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12081.

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In this paper, I examine activist group ACT UP's campaign to change the US Centers for Disease Control surveillance case definition of HIV and AIDS. This campaign's effects included a profound shift in how AIDS is understood, and thus in some real way in what it is. I argue that classification should be understood as a political formation with material effects, attending to the words of activists, most of them women, who contested the way AIDS was defined in a moment when no one else thought that definition needed to be changed. I argue that philosopher Sue Campbell's work on the importance of understanding memory and feeling as relational helps understand the histories of death and loss, resistance and fierce joy, crystallized in activist responses to HIV and AIDS.
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Passador, Luiz Henrique. ""Tradition", person, gender, and STD/HIV/AIDS in southern Mozambique." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 25, no. 3 (March 2009): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2009000300024.

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In southern Mozambique, the "traditional" notion of personhood is constructed through a process, as an outcome of diachronic and synchronic social relations that encompass kin and other peers, including spirits. Both person and body are thought of as elements traversed and determined by these relations, which include the gender relations whose complementarity finds expression in alliances and the production of descendants. In this system of agnatic kinship, descent is possible through women, who produce the male and female persons. Because of women's structural position, they may be suspected of fostering deconstruction of the person as well, with diseases providing the objective data that ground such a charge. To a certain degree, HIV/AIDS has been experienced in terms of this sociocultural arrangement, which defines disease as the result of action by social subjects that jeopardizes the person, placing women in the vulnerable position of being seen as the producers of disease. This has defined the ways in which people experience both the epidemic as well as STD/HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment messages and public policies.
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Mauliku, Novie E., Siti Nur Endah, and Sri Yuniarti. "PENGARUH RELAKSASI OTOT PROGRESIF TERHADAP KECEMASAN PADA WANITA PASANGAN USIA SUBUR (WPUS) PENDERITA HIV/AIDS." JOMIS (Journal of Midwifery Science) 5, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jomis.v5i2.1723.

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HIV / AIDS is an infectious disease that attacks the immune system. HIV / AIDS cases are still a health problem in the world, because the disease trend is still increasing. Negative stigma and discriminatory can cause high psychological distress and feelings of anxiety. Excessive anxiety will cause feelings of uncertainty, guilt, depression, and helplessness, anxiety, phobias, illusions and hallucinations, thus affecting the quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on anxiety levels in women of reproductive age couples (WPUS) with HIV / AIDS. The research method used a quasi-experimental with One group pretest-posttest design. The sample was 10 people with HIV / AIDS. Data obtained using HARS and analyzed the T-dependent test with a significance test of p value 0.05 (95% CI). The results showed that the average anxiety index before progressive muscle relaxation therapy was 29.90 (severe anxiety), the average anxiety index after progressive muscle relaxation therapy was 16.50 (mild anxiety). The results of the analysis showed that there was an effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on the anxiety level of WPUS suffering from HIV / AIDS (p Value = 0.000). It is hoped that this progressive muscle relaxation therapy can be used to reduce the anxiety level of women of reproductive age couples (WPUS) suffering from HIV / AIDS through health education and demonstration of progressive muscle relaxation therapy movement.
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Zięba, Hubert. "Rasa, płeć, choroba. Sposoby reprezentowania czarnych kobiet w kontekście epidemii AIDS w Stanach Zjednoczonych." Prace Kulturoznawcze 21, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.21.4.6.

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Race, sex, disease. Modes of representing black women in the context of the AIDS epidemic in the United StatesIn this article I try to outline the ways of representing black women in the context of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. The point of departure for prospecting for such images is the development of the feminist thought and women cinema practices, described by E. Ann Kaplan and Alexandra Juhasz, which diverge from a unified category of women towards a multicultural aspect of femininity. In the face of rendering HIV/AIDS dominantly from a white male perspective in the most popular motion pictures about the disease, I begin with Georges Didi-Huberman assumption, according to which, under a layer of popular images of disasters, there are always different depictions yet to be discovered. Referring to the concept of minoritarian strategies, formulated by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, I attempt to make a formal and stylistic analysis of four films, two documentaries and two features. Simultaneously I try to demonstrate that actions taken by women involved in different levels of film production cross the traditional opposition between the mainstream and independent cinemas. The films analyzed in this article are: Sandra’s Web: A Mother’s Diary 1996, dir. Beverly Peterson, Wilhemina’s War 2015, dir. June Cross, Life Support 2007, dir. Nelson George, and Precious 2009, dir. Lee Daniels.
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Khan, Huma, Saurabh Mishra, Dhirendra Kumar Srivastava, and Reena Srivastava. "An assessment of the awareness and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among married women of the reproductive age group in urban slums of Eastern Uttar Pradesh." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193478.

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Background: HIV/AIDS is such a dreaded disease which can be prevented if the people are aware of the ways to do so. Urban slums share a specific position in the demographic profile of district because of the inequalities of health care system where the rural health care system is far to reach and the more flourished private health care system is unaffordable for most of the inhabitants. HIV/AIDS is not only a health-related problem but it also has socioeconomic, behavioral and cultural aspects.Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional among currently married women in reproductive age group (15-49 years) residing in any of the selected urban slums of district Gorakhpur. Cluster sampling was used and clusters were chosen by probability proportional to size (PPS) method of cluster sampling from a list of urban slums obtained from District Urban Development Authority (DUDA), Gorakhpur. The final sample size was 600.Results: 82% of women had ever heard about HIV/AIDS and 72% of women got the knowledge about HIV through television followed by 56% of woman who got knowledge by relatives and friends. 68% of woman believes that the mode of transmission of HIV is unsafe sex followed by 58% of women who believed that infected blood transfusion is the mode of transmission of HIV.Conclusions: Awareness is crucial in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Women should have more access to the knowledge resources and facilities for testing and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
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Belle, Johanes A., and Nokuthula N. Gamedze. "Behavioral factors contributing to the transmission of HIV and AIDS amongst young women of Mbabane in Swaziland." African Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 2302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i3.2.

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Background: HIV and AIDS remains a pandemic that has greatly affected many regions and countries in the world. Africa is the hardest hit region by tthis disease while southern Africa appears to be the melting pot for HIV and AIDS. The HIV and AIDS pandemic remains the greatest sustainable human development and public health challenge for Swaziland. Swaziland is the world’s worst affected country with the youth the most vulnerable group to HIV and AIDS due to many factors.Objectives:’Methods: This study investigated the behavioral factors that contributed to the transmission of HIV and AIDS among female youth of Mbabane in Swaziland and to suggest measures that could encourage positive female youth behavior change in order to mitigate the spread and impacts of the pandemic. The study used a qualitative research approach in order to gain an in-depth experience of female youths in Mabane. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which were distributed to 210 randomly sampled females aged 16 to 24 years in Mbabane and who attended Mbabane Public Health Unit. The Behavior Change Communication (BCC) theoretical framework was usedin order to contextualize the study.Results: Most respondents were female-single youth (64%), almost half (45%) had a high school education and most were unemployed (57%) with little or no source of income. The majority (88%) were sexually active and the main sources of HIV/AIDS transmission was through sex. For many (52%) health facilities were their main source of HIV and AIDS information. The majority (97%) were knowledgeable about HIV and AIDS, but casual sex, inconsistent condom usage and early sexual debut among others were still prevalent indicating resistance to behavior change.Conclusion: The findings indicated that though the majority of the respondents had knowledge of HIV and AIDS, positive behavior change remained a challenge. Most respondents (88%) had one sexual partner with 38% reporting condom use during their last sexual encounter. HIV/AIDS awareness was widespread. However, there were still characteristics of resistance to behavior change, because there was evidence of underestimation of HIV risk through engagement in behavior, which contributed to HIV infection and spread.Behavioral change measures using the BCC model is proposed.Keywords: BCC Model, behavior change, HIV, AIDS, youth, Swaziland.
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Schwarcz, Sandra K., and George W. Rutherford. "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Infants, Children, and Adolescents." Journal of Drug Issues 19, no. 1 (January 1989): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268901900106.

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The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described as a disease of homosexual men. The first cases of AIDS in children were reported in 1982 and involved a transfusion recipient and four infants born to women at increased risk for AIDS. Infants may acquire their infection perinatally or possibly postnatally through infected breast milk. Parenterally acquired infection, through transfusion of blood or blood products, occurs in infants, children, and adolescents. Adolescents are also at risk for infection through sexual transmission and through shared needles among intravenous drug users. By January 1987, 1.4% of the AIDS cases were in children less than 13 years old, and 0.4% were in adolescents 13 to 19 years old. Additionally, 4.4% of the total AIDS cases were reported in 20 to 24 year olds, which most likely reflects infection which occured during adolescence. In children less than 13 years old, infection occurred primarily thorugh perinatal transmission from mothers who were intravenous drug users or sexual partners of intravenous drug users. Adolescent cases of AIDS have followed adult patterns of transmission with most cases resulting from sexual transmission. As the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus increases, increases in drug-use-associated transmission in women followed by perinatal transmission to infants and sexual transmission in adolescents seems likely to occur. To prevent further spread, health agencies must develop and target extensive AIDS prevention campaigns at adolescents, young adults, and sexually active women.
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Maimaiti, Rena, and Rune Andersson. "Awareness and Attitudes About HIV Among Pregnant Women in Aksu, Northwest China." Open AIDS Journal 2, no. 1 (September 25, 2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613600802010072.

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The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region has a firmly established HIV epidemic among its intravenous drug user (IDU) population. Local sex workers were also found to be positive in 1998. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and attitudes among consecutively selected pregnant women was conducted November 2005 in Aksu Prefecture, north-western China, with a population on 2 million with about 25 000 pregnancies per year. A total of 291 pregnant women participated. We found a limited knowledge on mother-to child transmission with several misconceptions. The AIDS campaigns have been successful in making all the women aware of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease. However, the common belief that social contact causes transmission gives a high risk that patients are stigmatized. Obviously, it is important to design HIV information strategies that target pregnant women in north-western China.
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Levine, Alexandra M., Lasika Seneviratne, Byron M. Espina, Amy Rock Wohl, Anil Tulpule, Bharat N. Nathwani, and Parkash S. Gill. "Evolving characteristics of AIDS-related lymphoma." Blood 96, no. 13 (December 15, 2000): 4084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v96.13.4084.h8004084_4084_4090.

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Over time, the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics of AIDS have changed in the United States, while the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has changed the natural history of the disease. The goal of the study was to ascertain any changes in the epidemiologic, immunologic, pathologic, or clinical characteristics of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) over the course of the AIDS epidemic. Records of 369 patients with ARL diagnosed or treated at a single institution from 1982 through 1998 were reviewed. Single institutional data were compared to population-based data from the County of Los Angeles. Significant changes in the demographic profile of patients with newly diagnosed ARL have occurred, with the later time intervals associated with a higher prevalence in women (P = .25), in Latino/Hispanic individuals (P < .0001), and in those who acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) heterosexually (P = .01). These changes were similar in both countywide, population-based analyses and in those from the single institution. The median CD4+ lymphocyte count at lymphoma diagnosis has decreased significantly over the years, from 177/dL in the earliest time period (1982-1986), to 53/dL in the last time period from 1995 to 1998 (P = .0006). The pathologic spectrum of disease has also changed, with a decrease in the prevalence of small noncleaved lymphoma (P = .0005) and an increase in diffuse large cell lymphoma (P < .0001). Despite changes in the use of antiretroviral or chemotherapy regimens, the median survival has not significantly changed.
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Mohite, Vaishali R., Rajsinh Vishwasrao Mohite, and J. George. "Correlates of perceived Stigma and depression among the women with HIV/AIDS infection." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 14, no. 2 (April 18, 2015): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v14i2.21864.

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Background: Depression, a universal problem for individuals with HIV/AIDS because the disease creates uncertainty and disruption in every aspect of their lives.Objectives: To assess the level of perceived stigma and depression among women with HIV/AIDS infection and to determine relationship between perceived stigma and depression.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Bel-Air hospital located at Panchgani, state of Maharashtra, India during year 2013 among the women with HIV/AIDS infection. By purposive sampling technique, 50 women were enrolled and interviewed by utilizing standardized data collection tool i.e. stigma perception scale by Sowell et al and CES-D by Radloff after institutional ethical clearance certificate.Statistics: Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data.Results: Out of a total 50 HIV infected women, maximum 26 (52%) belonged to the age group of 28-36 years. All the women were married; out of which majority were widows 28 (56%). Among the study subjects, maximum, 25 (50%) were having secondary education, followed by 46 (92%) as housewives. 38 (76%) women were aware of HIV status ranging from 1 month to 2.5 years. However, 43 (86%) reported that they had acquired HIV infection from their husband. Almost all women perceived stigma at some or other time of which majority, 26 (52%) perceived stigma frequently whereas 19 (38%) and 5 (10%) perceived stigma always and occasionally respectively. Similarly all the women have some sort of depression and majority, 37 (74%) experienced depression most of the time whereas 13 (26%) experienced depression occasionally. The perceived stigma and depression have a significant positive correlation as indicated by correlation coefficient.Conclusion: Moderate to severe degree of stigma and depression was perceived by women with a status of HIV/AIDS infection. A significant positive relationship is also existed between perceived stigma and depression among the women with HIV/AIDS infection.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(2) 2015 p.151-158
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Martin, Angela, Dorothee Seifen, and Mary Maloney. "Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Perceptions of Risk in the Bluegrass." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.4q254035v3k67uu5.

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In September 1992, we embarked upon a research project designed to investigate lesbian attitudes towards HIV/AIDS risk and the impact on these attitudes of a safer sex workshop for lesbians and bisexual women. This project was part of a graduate seminar aimed at familiarizing students in the Anthropology Department at the University of Kentucky with techniques involved in community-based ethnographic research. As anthropologists, we were interested in collecting data on individual behaviors and perceptions of risk. We then wanted to contrast our findings with institutionally recognized risk categories and behaviors, such as those of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Over the course of three months, teenagers, minorities, and so on. A pamphlet aimed at teens will often employ the language teens use. Similarly, materials geared toward gay men will not present information on vaginal intercourse. If one examines a range of such materials, one finds that lesbians are nowhere represented or targeted. (See Rebecca Cole and Sally Cooper, "Lesbian Exclusion from HIV/AIDS Education," SEICUS Report, December 1990/January 1991.)
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Tripiboon, Dinlaga. "A HIV/AIDS Prevention Program for Married Women in Rural Northern Thailand." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 3 (2001): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01051.

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HIV/ AIDS transmission is a major threat to married women around the world and especially in developing areas such as rural northern Thailand. Heterosexual transmission is the dominant route by which this disease is acquired. Married women routinely have unprotected sex with their husbands and have limited ability to change this behaviour to protect themselves. Specific intervention is needed to enable married women to take action to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The study aims to develop, conduct and evaluate the effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention program in rural northern Thailand. It used a community development model to enable married women to improve their internal factors of self-efficacy, self-esteem and hope and to increase their behavioural skills for negotiation of safe sex practices and condom use with their husbands. The method was used in which eight villages were randomly assigned to either treatment or control conditions, with the village as the unit of randomisation. The intervention program was delivered by health volunteers and trained as agents of change to motivate and mobilise married women in the program. The intervention was implemented through community mobilisation and a grass roots community-based initiative. Pretest and post-test questionnaires were administered to assess internal factors and behaviour skills among 607 married women aged between 18-49 who were living in the villages participating in the study. The results of the intervention program showed enhanced internal factors among the married women. Most importantly, the number of married women demonstrating ability in negotiation skills increased from 33% to 92%, and the percentage of couples using condoms more frequently increased from 24% to 59%. In conclusion, the trial demonstrated that HIV/AIDS prevention intervention increases married women?s ability to protect themselves against HIV infection. This inexpensive education and skills building package to help the prevention level of HIV/AIDS could be widely implemented throughout Thailand and in other developing countries, which have similar social structures
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