To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: AIDS (Disease) – Malawi – Prevention.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Malawi – Prevention'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'AIDS (Disease) – Malawi – Prevention.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Poulin, Michelle J. "The sexual and social relations of youth in rural Malawi : strategies for AIDS prevention /." Citation, abstract and full text online, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1158526321&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3740&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
2
Luhanga, Aaron Andrew. "The effectiveness of coordination in the fight against HIV and AIDS in Malawi :a case study of Salima District Council." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86288.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the existence of many HIV and AIDS service providers especially at Local Authority Level which is government closer to the people, multi sector coordination of service provision becomes crucial. Therefore, this study undertook to assess the effectiveness of coordination of HIV and AIDS service provision in Salima District Council in Malawi. The researcher used the following methods to collect data: qualitative method, through a questionnaire where data was collected from the District AIDS Coordinating Committee (DACC) responsible for multi sector coordination at district level; and qualitative method, through focus Group Discussions that enabled collection of data from targeted sector heads from government, non- governmental organisations, Faith Based Organisations and Private Sector. The research found that Salima District Council has the necessary structural set-up to coordinate HIV and AIDS Response. In keeping with the three – one principle, Salima District Council has managed to develop one coordination body, one action framework and one M&E framework. The availability of the one action framework and one M&E framework (LAHARF) and that these are annually replicable, shows a level of coordination is available and it is working. Lack of adequate funding for HIV interventions and lack of involvement of DACC in planning process by most service providers are major challenges. It is thus recommended that Salima District Council should put in place a deliberate policy that makes it mandatory for all organizations working in the district to participate in planning and or share their plans with the district council. The Council should also ensure that strategic policy and guidelines documents are readily available to service providers for use when planning HIV and AIDS interventions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer daar baie diensverskaffers op Plaaslike bestuursvlak is word die koördinering van MIV/Vigsdienste baie belangrik. Die doel van hierdie studie was die bepaling van die doeltreffendheid van die koördinering van MIV/Vigsdienste in die Salima Distriksraad in Malawi. Data in ingewin deur gebruik te maak van kwantitatiew metodes en „n gestruktureerde vraelys is vir dataversameling gebruik. Ten einde nog eer data in te samel is fokusgroepe gebruik binne die Regeringsorganisasies, Nie-regeringsorganisasies, die privaatsektor en geloofsgeörienteerde organisasies. Die studie het bevind dat die nodige strukturele opset wel binne die Salima Distriksraad bestaan. Die Salima Distriksraad het ook daarin geslaag om „n enkele koördineringsliggaam te vestig en die studie het bevestig dat hierdie koördineringsliggaam inderdaar funksioneel is. Daar is egter nog steeds „n gebrek aan voldoende fondse en die nie-betrokkendheid van sekere van die diensverskaffers is steeds „n uitdaging. Voorstelle vir die verbetering van die betrokkendheid van al die diensverskaffers word in die studie aan die hand gedoen.
3
Adams, Jimi. "Religion networks and HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179942482.
Full text
4
Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa Whiteson. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on under-five mortality in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4621_1210840397.
Full textAbstract:
Although the under-five mortality rate in Malawi has been declining since 1960, it still remains one of the highest in the world. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in deaths among children under the age of five years in Malawi, there is an ongoing need for better knowledge of the proportion of cause-specific under-five mortality in the country. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct contribution of HIV/AIDS to the observed level of under-five mortality in Malawi during the period 2000 to 2004.
5
Abdullah, Abu Saleh Md. "High risk lifestyles in Hong Kong : implications for the prevention of AIDS /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1986792X.
Full text
6
Du, Plooy Frederik Simon. "Perceptions of HIV/AIDS prevention workers in Soshanguve of the role of traditional African beliefs in HIV/AIDS prevention." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02172005-103325.
Full text
7
Poehlman, Jon Aaron. "Community Participation and Consensus in HIV/AIDS Prevention: An Exploration of the Suzgo, the Issues of AIDS in Malawi." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000477.
Full text
8
Pikholz, Tracey. "An investigation into AIDS prevention in the workplace : guidelines to a social marketing workplace preventative AIDS strategy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9654.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliography.This dissertation comprises an application of social marketing principles and techniques to AIDS prevention in the workplace. The overall research objective of this dissertation is to investigate the provisions which have been made for AIDS in companies in South Africa, and to gain an understanding of the "preventative AIDS provisions" which the respondents consider practical to implement in their workplace, in order to generate conclusions and recommendations. The research findings, discussions and conclusions highlight areas for future research.
9
Wang, Ya-Chien. "A systematic evaluation of culturally sensitive HIV/AIDS prevention interventions in the US, 1996--2007." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full text
10
Kesamang, Lefhoko. "Social workers' experiences of HIV and AIDS intervention in Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/532.
Full textAbstract:
This study endeavoured to explore and describe the experiences of social workers in their intervention with HIV and AIDS clients within the Department of Clinical Services of the Ministry of Health in Botswana. The researcher undertook a qualitative research study, using an exploratory, descriptive and contextual design to explore these experiences as perceived by the social workers. The method of data collection included semi-structured face-to-face interviews, as this was deemed most appropriate to the nature of the study. Data analysis was undertaken according to the outline of Tesch (1990), as stated in Creswell (1994:155). The findings were reported as themes, sub-themes and categories emanating from the data-analysis process. In ensuring the trustworthiness of the findings, the researcher adhered to Guba’s (1981) model (in Krefting, 1991:251). The research findings were subjected to a literature control, and culminated in the compiling of the research report. The research findings centred around the following five themes: · experiences of intervention with HIV and AIDS clients; · challenges in HIV and AIDS intervention; · measures to alleviate challenges of HIV and AIDS intervention; · intervention strategies utilised by social workers; and · suggestions and advice to new social workers. The recommendations resulting from this research project proposed inter alia that social workers need to be trained in specific and specialised areas related to HIV and AIDS intervention in the health setting, and that the support structures and a holistic multidisciplinary service delivery approach need to be put in place to assist social workers to be able to meet the needs of the clients as well as their own needs. Key Words: participants, clients/patient, qualitative, HIV and AIDS, experiences, intervention, strategies.
11
Mphana, Mateboho Patricia. "HIV/AIDS prevention and care for learners in a higher education institution in Lesotho." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5307.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MCur (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Nursing Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is considered as a global problem with the number of people living with HIV infection continuing to increase. At the end of 2007 HIV/AIDS had already claimed 25 million lives. Of all new HIV infections 71% were diagnosed in the Sub-Saharan region in 2008, remaining the worst affected region globally. UNAIDS (2008:43) indicated that heterosexual intercourse remained the main origin for HIV infection in the Sub-Saharan region. Therefore the researcher is of the opinion that prevention strategies should focus mainly on sexual transmission of the disease. HIV/AIDS affects mainly people between the ages 15-24 years, notably the age group of most of the learners in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Lesotho, a country in the Sub- Saharan region, presents with the third highest HIV adult prevalence (23.2%) in the world and in the region. In an attempt to address the prevailing situation, Lesotho has a number of programmes geared towards addressing HIV/AIDS in the country. However, all these attempts exclude the learners in HEIs, yet the majority of learners are found within the most affected age group. It is also to be noted that Higher Education provides the bedrock for socio-economic and political development in Africa. Some studies have identified insufficient knowledge as being at the root of the increasing HIV infections among youth. However, other studies have shown that there is adequate knowledge among the young people, but still a challenge remains and that is to facilitate changes in behavioural patterns as a component to be linked to the knowledge. Studies conducted in other African countries have shown that there are anti-AIDS programmes and clubs for learners in HEIs where learners are involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS. No publication indicating the same for Lesotho’s HEIs could be found, except for the National University of Lesotho (NUL) that only launched its HIV/AIDS policy for learners in 2009. The researcher is of the opinion that HEIs in Lesotho are not doing enough to combat HIV/AIDS and hence intends to focus on HEIs in Lesotho. This study had two objectives namely: To determine the knowledge of learners in a specific HEI in Lesotho regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and care. To explore the needs of learners in a specific HEI in Lesotho regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and care. This mixed method study was conducted, comprising of both quantitative and qualitative designs. Quantitative phase used a questionnaire for determining the knowledge of learners. The questionnaire was adopted from a study that was performed to determine knowledge of South African educators in public schools with some modifications. The qualitative phase was used to explore the needs of the learners through the focus group discussions with the leaders of the learners. Sample was drawn from the entire population using stratified random sampling for the quantitative phase. The qualitative phase used the purposive sampling to obtain in-depth information concerning learners’ needs. Quantitative data was analysed through the use of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data was analysed using the thematic analysis and open-coding. All ethical principles were adhered to especially the principle of respect for persons. The findings from the quantitative phase of the study showed that learners had adequate knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS prevention and care and the findings from the qualitative phase showed the various needs of the learners with regards to prevention and care of HIV/AIDS in a specific HEI in Lesotho. Recommendations have been proposed based on the findings from the two phases of the study. Limitations observed by the researcher have also been identified. In conclusion the objectives of the study were met and the research questions had been answered.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV/Vigs word as ‘n internasionale probleem erken, siende dat daar ‘n verhoging in die toename van MIVgeïnfekteerde indiwidue tans is . Einde 2007 het MIV/Vigs het reeds 25 miljoen lewens ge-eis . In 2008 is 71% van al die nuwe MIV-infeksies in die Sub-Sahara streek gediagnoseer, wat aandui dat die streek die mees geaffekteerde streek tans is. UNAIDS (2008:43) het aangedui dat heteroseksuele omgang die hoofoorsaak van MIV-oordrag in die Sub-Sahara-streek is. Laasgenoemde het daartoe gelei dat die navorser van mening is dat voorkomende strategieë meestal op seksuele oordrag van die siekte moet fokus. MIV/Vigs affekteer meestal mense in die ouderdomsgroep 15-24, opmerklik is dit die ouderdomsgroep waarby meesste leerders in Hoëronderwysinstellings (HOI) is. Lesotho, ‘n land in die Sub-Sahara-streek, het tans die derde-hoogste MIV-voorkoms (23.2%) in die wêreld en in die streek. Lesotho het verskeie programme ontlont om MIV/Vigs te bekamp in ‘n poging om die huidige situasie te beredder . Nieteenstaande sluit al die programme leerders in HOI uit, alhoewel die leerders in die ouderdomsgroep van die mees-geaffekteerde groep val. Dit is ook duidelik dat Hoëronderwys die fondasie vir sosio-ekonomiese- en politieke ontwikkeling in Afrika verskaf. Sommige studies het onvoldoende kennis as die wortel van die verhoging van MIV-infeksies onder die jeug geïdentifiseer. Ander studies, daarenteen, wys dat kennis voldoende is onder jeug, alhoewel veranderinge in gedragspatrone om by die kennis aan te sluit ‘n uitdaging bly. Studies uit ander Afrikalande dui daarop dat daar anti-Vigs programme en klubs is waarby HO leerders betrokke is om teen die verspreiding van MIV/Vigs te veg. Geen publikasies in hierdie verband word in Lesotho aangetref nie, behalwe ‘n MIV/Vigs-beleid wat in 2009 deur “National University of Lesotho’ (NUL) gepubliseer is. Dus is die navorser van mening dat HOI nie genoeg doen om MIV/Vigs te beveg nie, daarom fokus sy op HOI in Lesotho. Hierdie studie het twee doelstellings ten doel gehad, naamlik om die leerders in ‘n sekere HOI in Lesotho se kennis aangaande MIV/Vigs voorkoming en sorg te bepaal en die behoeftes van die leerders aangaande MIV/Vigs voorkoming en sorg te verken. ‘n Studie met beide kwantitatiewe- en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om die doelstellings te verwesenlik. In die kwantitatiewe fase is ‘n vraelys gebruik om leerders se kennis te bepaal. Die vraelys is verkry uit ‘n vorige studie wat in RSA gedoen is, maar aangepas om in die Lesotho-konteks te gebruik. Gedurende die kwalitatiewe fase is fokusgroep besprekings met die leiers van die leerders gehou om die behoeftes indiepte te verken. Die steekproef was uit die totale populasie getrek deur van gestratifiseerde streekproefneming gebruik te maak in die kwantitatiewe fase en ‘n doelgerigte steekproefneming is in die kwalitatiewe fase te gebruik. Die navorser het ‘n kwantitatiewe data-analise sagteware (SPSS)gebruik om kwantitatiewe data te ontleed en tematiese- oopkodering is gedurende die kwalitatiewe fase gebruik. Etiese kode is ten volle gerespekteer, veral die respek vir mense gedurende navorsing. Bevindinge van die kwantitatiewe fase het bewys dat leerders voldoende kennis aangaande die voorkoming en sorg van MIV/Vigs besit en die kwalitatiewe bevindinge het die behoeftes van leerders met betrekking tot die voorkoming en sorg van MIV/Vigs in ‘n spesifieke HOI in Lesotho geopenbaar. Die aanbevelings is gemaak, gebaseer op die bevindinge uit die twee fases. Beperkinge in die studie is uitgelig. Ter afsluiting is die doelstellings in die studie bereik en die navorsingsvrae beantwoord.
12
Makhubele, Jabulani Calvin. "The impact of culture on the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas :a social work perspective." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2027.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2004.The aim of this study was to explore the impact of culture on the prevention and reatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas like Malamulele. he study focused on the lifestyles, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions around ultural elements and practices, which might impact negatively on the prevention nd treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There were three groups of research espondents namely: learners from three high schools in Malamulele, some arents of the learners and the traditional/cultural leaders. The researcher ollected both qualitative and quantitative data. The data was gathered through he use of an interview schedule (questionnaire), focus group discussions and ound-table discussion sessions. The data was presented, analysed and nterpreted by means of tables and charts. t was found that people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge about HIV/AIDS, causes, symptoms and how the disease is transmitted. Despite the fact that awareness and educational campaigns and programmes are being rendered, people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge and needed skills about prevention and treatment of the pandemic. Polygamy and extra-marital relations by men is still highly valued and viewed at high esteem. Religious structures seem to be detached to the issue of HIV/AIDS as they mentioned that talking about HIV/AIDS is immoral and against their principles. The study also tried to explore the extent to which people in low-resourced areas view and use condoms as a protective means.
13
Miller, Diane K. "AIDS, knowledge, concerns, and universal precautions." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/935925.
Full textAbstract:
Hospitals have been directed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to educate health care workers about bloodborne pathogens. The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess the knowledge and concerns of health care workers regarding bloodborne pathogens and describe the application of universal precautions in practice.Orem's Theory of Self-Care was used for the framework because nurses are self-care agents, responsible for personal well-being, as well as patient's well-being. The instrument "Bloodborne Pathogens and Universal Precautions Test" was used to collect the data (Jones & Ryan, 1992). A convenience sample of twelve hospitals within the state of Indiana with four hundred-fifty licensed nursing personnel responded to the questionnaire.Findings revealed a mean score of 84.5 on the knowledge scale. Perception of availability of supplies and equipment ranged from consistently available (68.5% to 98.7%) to never available (0.0% to 0.9%). Perception of application of universal precautions ranged from consistently applied (32.4% to 84.0%) to never applied (0.0% to 9.5%). Content analysis of concerns related by health care workers included fear of contagion and accidental injury.Conclusions indicated knowledge of transmission and availability of supplies do not ensure compliance with universal precautions. Increased knowledge levels will decrease, but not eliminate, fear of contagion.Universal precaution training alone does not adequately prepare health care workers for HIV/AIDS patients. On-going educational endeavors are needed, including affective concerns.School of Nursing
14
Lourens, Guinevere Margaretha Attilla. "TB and HIV community-outreach training project in a higher education institution." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2009. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=td_cput.
Full text
15
Sze, Mei-lun Angela. "Psychosocial correlates in adolescent AIDs prevention: the case of condom use." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29689442.
Full text
16
Bloodgood, Martha Madden. "High-Risk Sexual Behaviors of Young Adults: AIDS Prevention." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277878/.
Full textAbstract:
The Health Belief Model was used to study HIV/AIDS beliefs of 419, 18 to 24 year old, never married, sexually active, heterosexual college students and predict their AIDS preventive behaviors from a larger sample of 662 college students. The structural properties of the scales used were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Recent preventive behaviors were predicted in a LISREL Structural Equation Modeling analysis.
17
Keen, Barbara. "The role of parents in HIV/AIDS primary prevention education /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmk26.pdf.
Full text
18
Munthali, Spy Mbiriyawaka. "An institutional analysis of community and home based care and support for HIV/AIDS sufferers in rural households in Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002719.
Full textAbstract:
Standard economic models often emphasize inputs, outputs and an examination of the structures in order to conduct an economic performance evaluation. This study applies the Institutional and Development Framework (IAD) in the broader context of New Institutional Economics (NIE) in order to examine the transaction costs of delivering Community and Home Based Care and Support (CHBC) to HIV/AIDS sufferers. For purposes of unveiling the empirical reality guiding decision making processes in the CHBC service delivery, comparative qualitative research techniques of normative variable and concept formation have been adopted to draw out the relative institutional influences from the HIV/AIDS national response partnerships. The study identifies the conflict between the predominantly standardized and more rigid formal management techniques adopted by key members of the national response and the informal cultural techniques familiar to the rural communities, and a lack of motivational incentives in the CHBC structures as the key factors against CHBC capacities to draw external funding for service delivery. CHBCs are also weakened by incoherent governance structures at the district level for facilitation of funding and information flow exacerbating the community vulnerability. Rationalization of the institutional arrangements and a clarification of roles from district to community levels, a shift of focus to facilitation of informal techniques and an integration of performance enhancing incentives are the critical policy insights envisaged to spur CHBCs to work better.
19
Oliphant, Mandisa Julenda. "Knowledge of aids in Southern Africa, with special emphasis on South Africa : a critical review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51809.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: AIDS is a killer disease which is spreading like wildfire in all sectors of the population of Southern Africa, in spite of AIDS prevention programmes that are implemented in these communities. Why does this state of affairs exist? Conflicting views exist about the origin of AIDS and about the knowledge of different racial groups with regard to the disease. A number of researchers have argued that knowledge or information dissemination is not a necessary condition for behavioural change, as is evident from historical efforts to combat sexually transmitted disease. However, this thesis shows that knowledge is a variable or component that has frequently been used in almost all studies done on AIDS in Southern Africa. The present author thus searches for the rationale for the phenomenon that knowledge of AIDS does not necessarily result in preventative behavioural change. In this regard the importance of effective communication strategies and cognisance of the nature of target groups are highlighted, because negligence regarding these factors can serve as an impediment to behavioural change. The whole social fabric of the target community and basic individual needs are important elements that should also be major considerations before preventative programmes are implemented.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: VIGS is 'n dodelike siekte wat snel versprei in aile sektore van die bevolking van Suider- Afrika, ten spyte van VIGS-verkomingsprogramme wat in hierdie gemeenskappe qermplementeer word, Waarom gebeur dit? Botsende menings bestaan oor die oorsprong van VIGS en oor die kennis van die verkillende rassegroepe ten opsigte van die siekte. 'n Aantal navorsers is van mening dat kennis of informasieverspreiding nie 'n noodsaaklike vereiste is om gedrag te verander nie, soos blyk uit die geskiedenis van vorige pogings om seksueel oordraagbare siektes te beveg, In hierdie tesis word egter ge'illustreer dat kennis 'n veranderlike of komponent is wat dikwels gebruik is in byna aile vorige studies oor VIGS in Suider-Afrika. Die huidige skrywer ondersoek dus die rasionaal vir die verskynsel dat kennis van VIGS nie noodwendig tot voorkomende gedragsverandering lei nie. In hierdie verband word die belangrikheid van effektiewe kommunikasiestrategiee en kennis van die aard van die teikengroep beklemtoon, aangesien verwaarlosing van hierdie faktore as struikelblok in gedragsverandering kan dien Die totale sosiale struktuur van die teikengemeenskap en basiese individuele behoeftes is belangrike elemente wat ook in ag geneem moet word voordat voorkomingsprogramme ge'implemeteer word,
20
Fourie, Stephanus. "KAPB surveys for HIV/AIDS : a critical review." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50617.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is one of the most devastating pandemics the world has ever faced. SubSaharan Africa remains the region most affected where more two thirds of the total HIV positive population resides. Despite this region trying to grapple with many negative factors like political unrest, draughts, armed conflict, it now also have to content with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has already killed ten times more Africans than all of the armed conflicts on the African continent combined (The Washington Quarterly, 2001:191-196). Many of the Sub-Saharan countries are renowned for unemployment and poverty which can be partly be alleviated by economic growth. Studies by Bonnel (2000) concluded that a typical Sub-Saharan country with a 20% HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, would suffer a 2.6% reduction in GDP growth per annum. This indicates that South Africa, where an estimated S.5 million HIV positive people resides (the most in globe) and ever increasing HIV prevalence, is in a serious predicament. There are many interacting variables causing the negative socioeconomic decline. At organisational level direct and indirect costs attributable to HIV, results in a severe decline of profitability and jeopardises sustainable economic activity. Direct costs include costs for medical treatment, health insurance, funeral expenses, retirement and disability and costs to manage HIV in the workplace. Indirect costs include absenteeism and loss of productivity, retraining and recruiting of employees to fill deceased employees' places etc. Although South African organisations acknowledge and predict that HIV/AIDS will have an ever-increasing negative impact on their business, the response to dealing with this issue has been insufficient. The deficient response could be partly ascribed to a lack of guidance, deficient proof of cost effectiveness with no real measurement for the outcomes of intervention programs. This study will critically evaluate a KAPB (knowledge, attitude, perception and behaviour) survey as a second-generation HIV surveillance tool that could address these organisational concerns. KAPB surveys have advantages like providing guidance and increasing cost effectiveness of HIV programs, benchmarking interventions and providing a platform for communication design and feedback to stakeholders. These benefits should motivate organisations to initiate programs that address HIV at an organisational level. KAPB surveys evaluate four employee factors related to HIV - knowledge, attitudes, perception and sexual behaviour. This report will critically evaluate the appropriateness of measuring these factors and some tools used to measure these factors. Further elaboration of the methodology during the execution of a KAPB survey will highlight the current best practices identified in literature. The report will also highlight the obstacles and ways of negotiating them when conducting a KPAB survey. The study will conclude that a well -executed KAPB survey through its many benefits should motivate and assist organisations in designing and implementing HIV/AIDS programs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: HIV is een van die ernstigste pandemies wat die wereld al ooit beleef het. Die state in die Sub-Sahara streek is die ergste geaffekteer en meer as twee derdes van die totale HIV positiewe populasie kom in die gebied voor. Die streek wat deurgaans geteister word deur politieke onrus, droogte, oorlog, moet nou ook probeer tred hou met MIV /VIGS. MIV/VIGS het tot op hede alreeds tien keer meer mense gedood as al die oorloë op die Afrika continent saam (The Washington Quarterly, 2001: 191-196). Die meeste van die state in Sub-Sahara word gekenmerk deur werkloosheid en armoede wat deels verlig kan word deur ekonomiese groei. Studies deur Bonnel (2000) het getoon dat die tipiese staat in Sub-Sahara, met 'n 20% MIV insidensie 'n vermindering van tot 2.6% groei in die GDP kan ondervind. Dit voorspel dat Suid-Afrika met 'n voorspelde 5.5 miljoen HIV positiewe inwoners (die meeste in die wereld) ekonomiese noodlot in die oog staar. Daar is verskeie faktore wat saamwerk om die negatiewe ekonomiese 'effek van MIV/VIGS te bewerkstellig. Organisasies se ekonomiese vooruitgang en oorlewing word bedreig deur direkte en indirect kostes van MIV. Direkte kostes wat organisasies moet aangaan sluit in mediese behandeling, mediese fonds bydraes, begrafnis onkostes, aftrede en ongeskiktheidspensioenbetalings. Indirekte kostes sluit in afwesighede, verlies aan produktiwiteit en die heropleiding en werwing van werknemers wat afgestorwe werknemers se plek moet neem. Ten spyte van die feit dat organisasies erken en voorspel dat MIV/VIGS 'n negatiewe impak op die ekonomies welvaart van organisasies sal hê, het weining van die organisasies aksie geneem om die probleem aan te spreek. 'n Moontlike rede vir die onvoldoende aksie kan toegeskryf word aan die tekort aan leiding, bewyse vir kostedoeltreffendheid en geen werklike maatstaf om die programme se resultate te evalueer. Hierdie studie sal KGPG (kennis, gevoelens, persepsie ' en gedrag) studies as 'n tweede generasie MIV opname, krities evalueer. KGPG studies bied verskeie voordele soos om leiding vir HIV programme te bied en verbeterde koste effetiwiteit van MIV programme te bewerkstellig. KGPG studies voorsien ook 'n maatstaf om MIV programme te evalueer en 'n kommunikaise platvorm tussen aandeelhouers. Hierdie voordele sal moontlik organisasies motiveer om aksie te neem en MIV in die organisasie aan te spreek. KGPG studies evalueer vier werknemer faktore met betrekking to MIV /VIGS. Die vier faktore is kennis, gevoelens, persepsie en seksuale gedrag. Die verslag sal die vier faktore krities evalueer vir toepaslikheid en ook fokus op die instrumente wat die faktore evalueer. Aanbevelings sal ook gemaak word ten opsigte van die korrekte en beste metodes wat gevold moet work tydens 'n KGPG studie. Die struikelblokke wat ondervind kan word tydens 'n KGPG studie asook hoe om dit te oorkom sal bespreek word. Die verslag sal bewys dat 'n KGPG studie wat uitgevoer word in Iyn met die beste praktyk baie waarde kan toevoeg tot organisasies ten opsigte van die beplanning en uitvoering van programme om MIV/VIGS te bekamp.
21
Prinsloo, Tarbi. "Stigmatization of condom use amongst educated medical staff : a practical theological approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96910.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to identity whether condoms are being stigmatized, and to investigate the current perceptions, attitudes and beliefs about condom use in relation to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Through the use of Richard Osmer’s model for research in Practical Theology, the study starts off with a Descriptive-Empirical task to investigate what is going on regarding the impact of society’s perceptions on condom use. The second part of the study commences the Interpretive task investigating why the perceptions about condoms exist, exploring the impact and dynamics of stigmatization; looking at sex, sexuality, sin and taboos relative to stigmatization. The Normative task explores what ought to be the perceptions of condom use by using Louw’s (2008) theory, an integrative Christian spiritual approach to Sexual Ethics, to explore the sacred space of sexuality, evaluating human sexuality and the human body, also looking at marriage and sexuality. Lastly, the Pragmatic task looks at the possible ways that we might respond to stigmatization, recommending certain practical conclusions within a pastoral counselling view to move towards de-stigmatization. These approaches include discussion on relevant HIV education and awareness programmes, pastoral care and counselling methods and programmes for people living with HIV and AIDS, and a pastoral approach with a Jesus as model for pastoral counselling. These collectively and conclusively explain the paradigm shift of letting the theology of the resurrection state a theological critique on stigmatization. In conclusion, the thesis argues that people do hold stigmatized perceptions about condoms and HIV and AIDS and these perceptions are grounded in attitudes and beliefs that are products of cultural and religious societal processes. The study proved that educational interventions need to be adapted to be more contextually relevant in order to be effective as a practical approach to stigmatization, as the study proved that having medical, educational knowledge about HIV and AIDS and prevention interventions do not necessarily result in saver sexual practice. Ultimately, pastoral approaches should be implemented in the hope to offer a movement towards destigmatization, not only of condoms, but HIV and AIDS and people living with HIV and AIDS. Thus, the proposal for a pastoral spiritual approach in process of destigmatization based upon a theological model. In this regard, the theological model is based on the notion of the theologia resurrectionis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te identifiseer of kondome gestigmatiseer word en om die huidige persepsies, houdings en oortuigings oor die gebruik van kondome, met betrekking tot die MIV- en VIGS-epidemie, te ondersoek. Deur die gebruik van Richard Osmer se model vir navorsing in Praktiese Teologie, begin die studie begin met 'n beskrywende-empiriese taak om te ondersoek wat die impak van die gemeenskap se persepsies is oor die gebruik van kondome. Die tweede deel van die studie, die interpretatiewe taak, ondersoek waarom die persepsies oor kondome bestaan. Dit ondersoek ook die impak en dinamika van stigmatisering deur te kyk na seks, seksualiteit, sonde en die taboes relatief tot stigmatisering. Die normatiewe taak ondersoek wat die persepsies van kondom gebruik behoort te wees deur Louw se (2008) se teorie, 'n geïntegreerde Christelike geestelike benadering tot seksuele etiek, te raadpleeg. Daardeur kyk die studie na die sakrale ruimte van seksualiteit en evalueer menslike seksualiteit en die menslike liggaam asook die huwelik en sexualiteit daarvolgens. Laastens in die pragmatiese taak kyk die study na die moontlike maniere waarop ons kan reageer op stigmatisering. Die pragmatiese taak beveel sekere praktiese gevolgtrekkings binne 'n pastorale beradings oogpunt aan, as ‘n moontlike kopskuif na ‘de’-stigmatisering. Hierdie benaderings sluit in; bespreking van relevante MIV opvoeding en bewusmaking programme, pastorale sorg en berading metodes en programme vir mense wat lewe met MIV en VIGS en ook 'n pastorale benadering met Jesus as model vir pastorale berading. Gesamentlik verduidelik hierdie moontlike benaderings die paradigmaskuif na die opstandingsteologie en 'n teologiese kritiek op stigmatisering.
22
Gitonga, Priscilla Nyawira. "Music as social discourse : the contribution of popular music to the awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/962.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a critical, theoretical study focussing is on the contribution that popular music makes towards raising awareness and promoting the prevention of HIV/Aids in Nairobi, Kenya. Towards this end, an analysis of the lyrics and musical gestures of four Kenyan pop music songs is undertaken in order to highlight their communicative capabilities in this regard. These songs, namely, are Lulumbe by Wasike wa Musungu, Juala by Circute and Jo-el, Vuta Pumz by The Longombas, and Dunia Mbaya Chunguze by Princess Jully. The context in which these musical analyses occur is provided in: - An overview of the Kenya of today, in particular that of the diverse and hybrid ethnic, linguistic, musical and cultural practices of Nairobi, and of the various youth cultures in that city, as well as in an overview of the extent of the HIV/Aids pandemic in Kenya, especially amongst the youth of Nairobi, with some reflection on existing interventions. - An overview of current trends in popular music analysis and an explanation of the author’s own eclectic semiotic analytical methodology within this context. The study concludes that a repeating strategy may be discerned on the part of the composers and performers in question, namely, to first engage audiences through language and music with which they are familiar, and then to encourage audiences to confront the unknown and unfamiliar in music and language, but also ultimately in terms of their social practices. The known and the familiar is highlighted both in the lyrics and in the music itself. It includes use of commonlyspoken languages and dialects, popular musical styles typical of the particular sub-culture, and references to the day-to-day experiences of the ordinary person.
23
Zolaiha, Jumroon Mikhanorn. "HIV/AIDS prevention behavior among adolescents in high school of Jakarta, Indonesia /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd375/4737943.pdf.
Full text
24
DUFFY, PAM REID. "SURVIVING SURVIVAL: A THEORY OF LIVING WITH THE THREAT OF AIDS (IMMUNE DEFICIENCY)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184231.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory explaining the social and psychological processes employed by gay men in living with the threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As members of the high risk group for AIDS, gay men are living with a prolonged threat of unprecedented complexity which has unknown demands on health. An exhaustive preliminary literature review revealed a dearth of theoretical or empirical data addressing this problem. Theory discovery was accomplished using the grounded theory methodology. Two major data collection procedures were utilized: The conduct of increasingly structured interviews of healthy gay men, and an ongoing, progressive literature and media search. Data were sampled theoretically, as guided by the emergent theory. The constant comparative method of analytic induction was used for the analysis of data, in order to identify the elements and structure of the theory. Multiple procedures were incorporated into the analysis to ensure its trackability and credibility. A basic social process, Surviving Survival, was identified as the core category of the theory. Surviving Survival is the continuous process used by gay men to ensure mortal survival as well as outlive the extremity of the AIDS threat. The process is comprised of three subcategories: Vigilance, Safeguarding, and Balancing. The subcategory of Vigilance explains the work of monitoring the threat of AIDS and has both personal and social components. Safeguarding explains the behavior of protecting self and others from the AIDS threat, including AIDS' eventuality. The subcategory of Safeguarding contains Safer Sex, Reassuring Others, and Forecasting. The subcategory of Balancing explains efforts to conserve energy required to sustain affirmation of life and living in spite of the AIDS threat. In continuous interaction, the subcategories of Surviving Survival are interwoven into multiple aspects of gay living. This theory explains the profound impact AIDS has on the mental health of gay men, who both survive and perceive the extremity of the AIDS threat on a daily basis. These findings provide a knowledge base for the nursing discipline in becoming an informed and informing resource for the men who are outliving the threat of AIDS.
25
Hellyer, Sandra J. "Fear and knowledge of AIDS and changes in sexual behavior." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/544140.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the correlation between fear and knowledge of AIDS and changes in sexual behavior. A review of the literature showed students with more knowledge and fear of contracting AIDS made changes in their sexual behavior to help prevent becoming infected. Subjects who participated in this study were undergraduate student volunteers in the Counseling Psychology Research Pool. The subjects were given two questionnaires to complete. The first questionnaire consisted of thirty questions.It assessed their general knowledge of AIDS by asking them to respond with a "yes* or "no" to the statements. In the second questionnaire, the first eleven questions assessed their fear of contracting AIDS by asking the subjects to respond to an agree/disagree continuum from one through seven. The final four questions asked the subjects to respond to changes they have made in their sexual behavior because of the possibility of contracting AIDS. The continuum ranged from " not at all" through "a great deal." ThePearson product moment statistic was used to determine correlations.There was a significant correlation (.001) between fear of AIDS and changes in sexual behavior, but there was not a correlation between knowledge of AIDS and changes in sexual behavior. AIDS is not prevalent at this university, so the students were not as fearful of contracting the disease as students might have been in high incidence environments and as a result did not take necessary precautions.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
26
Shelver, Amy. "The AIDS of aid?: long-term organisation challenges of a CBO dealing with HIV/AIDS, poverty and donor aid." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012321.
Full textAbstract:
The following treatise first frames the role of CBOs in responding to the HIV/Aids crisis in relation to their position in the global health governance system through a literature survey that moves from an analysis of the global structures down to the local. The survey covers the role of international organisations, international NGOs (INGOs), national governments, local NGOs and CBOs and outlines the context in which Masizakhe is working within the global health governance structure. Secondly the research design and methodology are outlined focusing on the longitudinal, case study and participant--‐observation approaches. Hypotheses, conceptualisation, definitions, key variables are described and data collection methods and fieldwork practice extrapolated upon. Following that data capturing, editing and analysis are discussed in conjunction with shortcomings and sources of error. In the fourth chapter the research discusses the history, structure and outlines the research findings by comparing what has changed within the organisation over time, presenting and discussing the results. The outcomes of this research have shown that existing problems in this particular CBO are very difficult to overcome without committed, sustained support from donors, government, community and the organisation’s members. CBOs are often hamstrung by a series of intersecting factors which hamper their ability to problem--‐solve, even when the route to overcoming the problem is clear, particularly when the capacity and will to do so is not always present from both within the organisation and from outside support systems. These challenges then impact on the overall quality of and ability to deliver the services the organisation is structured to deliver. The major challenge for the organisation remains the inconsistent donor cycle and resultant instability thus created within an organisation already working in a highly volatile, unstable situation marked by poverty and disease. Thus the title, The Aids of Aid?, captures the essence of Masizakhe’s struggle with its own syndrome of problems. It summarises a comment made by the project secretary said that: “Sometimes it feels like we are not only fighting for the health of our people – We are fighting for the health of our organisation. We are a sick organisation trying to help sick people. All we need is donors and funding –we can’t live without them, and when they don't give, we get sick” (Stamper, Pers Comm, 2011). The other emergent challenges were a battle internally with ‘founder syndrome’, lack of management transparency and a dysfunctional board.
27
Wallace, Charles Edward. "AIDS/HIV infection prevention interventions : the experiences and perceptions of gay Black men /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
28
Shaw, Patricia M. "Lesbian women and AIDS : a literature review and discussion group for lesbian women on sexual health and safer sex education for prevention of HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118289.
Full textAbstract:
Research on AIDS and women is recent and focuses almost exclusively on the heterosexual population. Despite research on the sexual behavior of young women which asserts that lesbians are at low risk for exposure to HTV, many lesbians engage in high risk practices and are therefore at risk for infection. In order for AIDS education for this population to be effective, it must be designed spedfically to meet identified needs. [...]
29
Dalton, Michael. "Challenges, risks, and benefits of doing HIV/AIDS prevention/support work in rural communities." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107569.
Full textAbstract:
Note:AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) have a central role in providing HIV/AIDS related services to rural communities in Ontario, Canada. To date, very little information has been published on the experience of people employed by ASOs who work in rural Canadian communities. In an effort to learn more about this important topic, this research explored the challenges, risks and benefits people in the field associate to their work. Using A. Giorgi (1985) and B. Giorgi (2006) phenomenological method a purposive sample of three participants were interviewed on two separate occasions. From 179 significant statements, 23 themes emerged to be part of three categories that included: Rural Communities, AIDS Service Organizations, and Workers' Experiences. Through the unfolding of the participants' experiences it became apparent that HIV / AIDS remains a complex phenomenon that is influenced by the structural aspects of Society.
Les organismes offrant des services dans le domaine du VIH/SIDA jouent un rôle central dans l'offre de services en matière de VIH/SIDA auprès des communautés rurales de l'Ontario, au Canada. Jusqu'à présent, très peu d'infonnation a été publiée sur l'expérience vécue par les gens employés par ces organismes dans les communautés rurales canadiennes. Afin d'en apprendre davantage sur ce sujet d'un grand intérêt, la présente recherche a pour but d'explorer les défis, les risques et les bénéfices que ces gens perçoivent dans leur travail. En se basant sur une méthode phénoménologique de A. Giorgi (1985) et de B. Giorgi (2006), un échantillon de trois participants a été ciblé. Pour ce qui est des entrevues, elles ont été conduites auprès de chaque participant à deux occasions différentes. Les 179 commentaires des participants qui étaient pertinents ont pennis d'identifier 23 thèmes qui ont été divisés en trois catégories: les communautés rurales, les organismes offrant des services dans le domaine du VIH/SIDA et l'expérience vécue par les gens employés par ces organismes. En parcourant l'expérience décrite par les participants, il est apparu évident que le VIH/SIDA demeure un phénomène complexe qui est grandement influencé par les structures et les caractéristiques de la société.
30
Uugwanga, Iyaloo Tulonga. "Sexuality, HIV and AIDS education in Oshikoto region, Namibia: exploring young people’s voices." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13403.
Full textAbstract:
The HIV and AIDS epidemic remains a major health concern among the Namibian population despite interventions to mitigate it. The creation of awareness about the epidemic through school curricula is one of the government’s interventions. However, the provision of Sexuality, HIV and AIDS education in schools today is based on adult ideas of what they feel is right for young people to learn. This leave learners vulnerable and inadequately supported regarding possible questions they may have in this context. With vast amount and variety of conflicting information available to young people regarding their sexuality; and how their sexuality can and should be expressed, some of this information leads them to engage in risky behaviours that exposes them to HIV infection. Hence the need to involve young people in the development of the curriculum, to meet their educational needs in context of sexuality, HIV and AIDS. In this study, evidence for including learners in the construction of educational content regarding sexuality education is sought. This qualitative study used a phenomenological research design, interpretive paradigm and a participatory arts-based research methodology. Drawings, Vignettes (Agony Aunt) and follow-up focus group discussions were used to generate data with junior and senior learners, aged 15-24, from two secondary schools situated in the Oshikoto region of Namibia. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory underpinned and decipher the findings of this study. The findings revealed that the school curriculum has informed learners on Sexuality, HIV and AIDS matters. The data generated about what they want to learn revealed that there is a need for more information on matters of sexuality, HIV and AIDS, which are not provided by the current education system. The data also revealed that the information that young people are exposed to is mostly associated with myths and misconceptions. This study thus recommends that a more comprehensive sexuality education, which takes into account learners’ needs, be provided in order for them to be guided appropriately on issues concerning their sexuality in the context of HIV and AIDS, so that we can move towards as HIV free world.
31
Mankayi, Andiswa. "A situation analysis of sex education and communication and the implications thereof for HIV/AIDS prevention work." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007447.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the history of sex communication and education over a period of fifty years (1950 to the present), in a deep rural area of the Eastern Cape. It describes patterns of sex communication between peers, between siblings, between children and parents and between young people and other non-familial agencies within communities. Communication trends are traced from the period before contraception was introduced, through to the introduction of female birth control methods into the HIV/AIDS era where the focus has been on attempting to introduce condoms. Twelve semi-structured interviews and two four-person focus groups were conducted to gather information on how the participants acquired information about sexuality and their responses to the same. The findings of the present study suggest that the widespread use of injectable contraceptives has had a marked effect on the sexual culture of the community under investigation. It has led to the collapse of the regulatory practices which were previously in place. This in turn has significantly affected the sexual communication and negotiation context. Furthermore, it has had a determining influence on male involvement in sexual reproductive health matters and has created a poor context for the adoption of condoms as a prophylactic. There were no major changes in the sexual communication context within families and within communities in that education has always been limited to instructions to avoid pregnancy. Of note was a culture of collusion between adults and children surrounding sexuality, which absolved the parties involved in addressing sexuality. These factors are understood have mediated response to HIV/AIDS prevention efforts, and need to be taken into consideration in the development of sex communication and education programmes.
32
Mulonya, Rodrick K. A. R. "The political economy of development aid: an investigation of three donor-funded HIV/AIDS programmes broadcast by Malawi television from 2004 to 2007." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002926.
Full textAbstract:
Development aid in most of the developing countries can sometimes compromise the principles of public service broadcasting (PSB). This may be true when reflected against the tension between donor financed programmes in Malawi and the mandate of Television Malawi (TVM). Although the donor intentions are noble, the strings attached to the funding are sometimes retrogressive to the role of PSBs. A case in point is how donors dictate terms on the HIV/Aids communication strategies at TVM. Producers receive money from donors with strings attached on how the money should be used and accounted for. If producers deviate they are sanctioned through withholding funding, shifting schedules and reducing the funding frequency. The donors also dictate who to interview on what subject, how to conduct capacity building. Some scholars have researched much on the impact of commercialisation of the media. This study is a departure from these traditional interferences; it interrogates the interest of philanthropy tendencies by international donors in the three chosen HIV/Aids programmes broadcast by TVM. The study investigates the extent of pressure exerted by donors on the producers of HIV/Aids programmes in Malawi. Thus, the study seeks to illicit specifics in the power relationship between the donor and the producer hence the study employs the political economy of development aid as applied to the public service broadcasting and communication for development. The study employed qualitative research methods and techniques (in-depth interviews, case study and document analysis). The study reveals how donor ideologies dominate the Aids messages-content output of the texts constructed. The study argues that cultural alienation of the Malawian audiences retards efforts of donors in combating HIV infection rate.
33
Osman, Yusuf Ismail. "The cost effectiveness of a mother-to-child-transmission prevention programme in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49791.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After sexual transmission of HIV, mother-to-child (MTCT) transmission is the most common cause of HIV infection in South Africa. The Western Cape government, through the Premier, has committed itself to providing access for all HIV positive women in the province attending antenatal clinics to MTCT prevention programmes by the end of 2003. The MTCT prevention programme is aimed at intervening transmission during pregnancy, during the birth of the baby and post delivery during breast-feeding of the newborn baby. The HIV virus attacks and destroys the cells of the immune system by being incorporated into the reproductive cycle of the cell. Antiretroviral drugs in the fight against HIV target two aspects of this replication cycle of the virus and as such do not halt the infection but slow it down by preventing the replication of the virus. MTCT internationally has been reduced dramatically by the use of antiretroviral drugs (AZT) antenatally, during birth and post-natally for mother and baby. However this regimen was found to be not suitable for resource-poor countries due to the complexity in administration, compliance and costs. Poor countries have developed alternative MTCT prevention programmes based on shorter course regimens and on alternative antiretroviral drugs. MTCT prevention In South Africa initially did not have the support of the national government. However, the -Western Cape Administration had developed a regional programme phasing in MTCT prevention at all state clinics within the province. The cost drivers associated with the MTCT prevention programme include costs associated with the HIV tests, costs for pre- and post-test counselling, costs for the antiretroviral drugs and costs for substitute feeding to replace breast-feeding to prevent viral transmission during breast-feeding. Depending on the option exercised, costs can be calculated per HIV positive baby averted. As regards substitute feeding, which is a substantial cost driver and a major disadvantage to the newborn baby as regards protection from common childhood diseases such as diarrhea, research from Tanzania showed that ARV therapy during childbirth could suppress HIV transmission through breast-feeding during the first few weeks after childbirth, thus enabling an optimal combination of breast-feeding in the first few crucial weeks of the newborn's life for the protective benefits of breast-milk and formula feeding thereafter to ensure protection for the infant from HIV transmission through breastfeeding. The data were subjected to a sensitivity or a "what-if' analysis usmg an Excel spreadsheet. Costs per HIV averted were calculated for each assumed parameter in the model that was developed. As regards prevalence, the MTCT prevention programme is most cost effective at the lower levels of the seroprevalence of HIV in the population served. If the seroprevalence is above the "cross-over" or "optimal" point for the regimen an alternative regimen should be assessed. As regards levels of identification and number accepting intervention the principle of an economy of scale applies and therefore, a level of 100 percent in both cases should be targeted. This will be dependent on wide scale advertisements and support for the programme with active efforts to destigmatise the infection. Innovative programmes such as the mothers-to-mothers-to-be (M2M2B) programme must be encouraged.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na seksuele oordraging van HIV is moeder tot kind (MTK) oordraging die algemeenste rede van HIV infeksie in Suid Afrika. Die Wes-Kaapse regering, deur die Premier, het hulself verbind om toegang vir alle HIV positiewe vroue in die provinsie, wat voorgeboorte klinieke bywoon, tot MTK voorkomingsprogramme voor die einde van 2003 moontlik te maak. Die MTK voorkomingsprogram is gerig op die tussenkoms van transmissie gedurende swangerskap, gedurende die geboorte en die nasorg tydens die borsvoeding periode van die pasgebore baba. Die HIV virus val die selle van die immuun sisteem aan en' vernietig dit. Die virus word geïnkorporeer tot die reproduksie siklus van die sel. Antiretrovirale wat teen die virus gerig is, is gerig teen twee aspekte van die replikasie siklus van die virus en sodoende sal die medikasie die infeksie nie staak nie, maar eerder vertraag as gevolg van die voorkoming van die replikasie. Moeder-tot-kind infeksie is internasionaal drasties verminder deur die gebruik van antiretrovirale (AZT) gedurende die tydperk voor geboorte, gedurende die geboorte en gedurende nasorg van die moeder en baba. Hierdie regimen is egter nie altyd moontlik in arm lande nie vanweë die kompleksiteit van die administratiewe toepassing en kostes. Arm lande het alternatiewe MTK voorkomingsprogramme ontwikkel, gebaseer op korter kursusse en alternatiewe antiretrovirale. Die voorkoming van MTK infeksie in Suid-Afrika het eers nie die ondersteuning van die nasionale regering geniet nie. Die Wes-Kaapse Adminstrasie het onafhanklik van die nasionale regering, streeksprogramme ontwikkel vir die infasering van MTK voorkoming in alle klinieke in die Provinsie. Die kostedrywers wat met MTK voorkomingsprogramme geassosieer word, sluit in die koste van HIV toetse, koste van voor-en-na toets berading, koste van die antiretrovirale en alternatiewe voeding om virale transmissie te voorkom gedurende die tydperk van borsvoeding. Afhangende van die opsies wat gebruik is, kan die koste van elke baba wat nie HIV opdoen nie, bereken word. Sover dit alternatiewe voeding aangaan, wat 'n belangrike kostedrywer is en 'n nadeel vir elke baba is sover dit teen beskerming van algemene kindersiekte soos diarrhea gaan het navorsing in Tanzanië bewys dat ARV terapie gedurende geboorte ook HIV transmissie deur borsvoeding gedurende die eerste paar weke na geboorte onderdruk wat 'n optimale kombinasie van borsvoeding in die eerste paar kritiese weke van die nuutgebore baba se lewe vir die beskermende voordele van moedersmelk en formulêre voeding daarna te versterk met beskerming van die baba teen HIV transmissie deur borsvoeding. Deur die gebruik van 'n Excel werkblad en 'n "wat as" metode van analiese koste van HIV opdoen in bereken word vir elke aanvaarding. Sover dit voorkoms betref is die MTK voorkomingsprogramme die mees effektief hoe laer die "seroprevalence" van HIV in die populasie gedien word. As die "seroprevalence" hoër as die optimale punt is, moet 'n ander metode bereken word. Sover dit die mate van identifisering en hoeveelheid die tussenkoms aanvaar in 'n mate van 100 persent moet in beide gevalle die mikpunt wees. Dit sal afhang van grootskaalse advertensies en ondersteuning van die programme met bedrywige pogings om die' infeksie te destigmatiseer. Nuwe programme soos die moeder tot nuwe moeder (M2M2B) program moet aangemoedig word.
34
Ngo, Thi Thanh Huong Yothin Sawangdee. "Effects of HIV/aids prevention outreach activities on HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors of young male IDUs in Kyson, Nghean, Vietnam /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd419/5038605.pdf.
Full text
35
Bwesigye, Akankunda Denis Amara Soonthorndhada. "The practice of ABC in the prevention of HIV/AIDS : case study of Uganda /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd381/4738664.pdf.
Full text
36
Decoste, Anthony. "HIV/AIDS beliefs among MSM in the Philippines." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97043.
Full textAbstract:
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study examines the beliefs related to HIV/AIDS risks and the
perceived effectiveness of preventative measures among men who have sex with men
(MSM) in the Philippines. Using a questionnaire developed using the Health Belief
Model (HBM), this study endeavors to understand beliefs and thus improve counseling
guidelines for MSM who continue to engage in risky sexual behaviors following VCT
and a negative HIV test. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the Philippines is beginning to
increase, affecting men and their partners. The rapid growth of HIV/AIDS among Filipino
MSM indicates that more attention must be paid to the barriers and benefits of condom
use within this high-risk population.
A background of the presence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS is presented. This
study aims to answer the question of why MSM choose to have unprotected sex despite
the risk of HIV/AIDS. Multiple barriers to condom use are identified, including the
availability of condoms, partner resistance, and reduced pleasure. The impacts of
culture and society, the media, role models, social networking, drug use, and riskseeking
behavior on safer sex are assessed. Currently, supplying condoms and
providing voluntary testing and counseling is the primary mode of preventing the spread
of HIV/AIDS, but this study sheds light on the critical issues of condom availability,
perceived benefits and barriers to condom use, and the disconnect between belief and
behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and unprotected sex among MSM in the Philippines.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is ‗n ondersoek na die gelowe (beliefs) teenoor MIV/Vigs van mans wat seks het met mans. Die studie poog verder om ondersoek in te stel na moontlike voorkomende maatreëls wat ingestel kan word om die pandemie te bekamp. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is ‗n vraelys ontwikkel , deur gebruik te maak van die Health Belief Model, met die doel om ‗n beter begrip te kry van die redes vir risikogedrag onder mans wat seks het met mans in die Fillipyne. Die voorkoms van MIV/Vigs by mans wat seks het met mans is steeds aan die toeneem in die Fillipyne en dringende maatreëls is nodig om die groei van die pandemie te beperk. Die studie gee ‗n agtergrond tot MIV/Vigs in die Fillipyne. Die ondersoek gaan dan voort om te probeer bepaal waarom risikogroepe steeds voortgaan om aan onbeskermende seksuele aktiwiteite deel te neem. Resultate van die studie toon aan dat daar verskeie faktore is wat die gebruik van kondome ontmoedig in die risikogroep wat in hierdie studie aangespreek word. Kondome is nie altyd beskikbaar nie; seksuele vennote wil nie kondome gebruik nie en die vermindering in seksuele plesier word as redes aangevoer. Hierdie studie maak ‗n betekenisvolle bydrae tot die kennisbasis van die gelowe en houdings van mans wat seks het met mans ( en dan MIV-positief raak) en sal na alle waarskynlikheid betekenisvol bydra tot die meer suksesvolle bestuur van hierdie risikogroep in die Fillipyne.
37
Josefsson, Jenny. "Female Empowerment and HIV : Fighting Gender Roles and a Deadly Disease." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-698.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the role of female empowerment and NGOs in HIV-prevention. A case study from Babati, northern Tanzania, is presented as part of my investigation and will affiliate theory with reality. Further the study is based on feminist and postcolonial theory as well as gender perspectives on HIV and AIDS.
A persons gender determines how vulnerable that person is to HIV and related consequences; I will claim that HIV and AIDS threaten women to a greater extent then men and that women’s abilities to empowerment are negatively affected as well. I will also claim that female empowerment is a necessary mean to prevent HIV and that this involves a more profound change than solely equal distribution of resources.
My study will show how female subordination permeates all societal structures and how this is perceived by NGOs and others in Babati when addressing the HIV- pandemic and its effect on women. I will describe the grass-root actions taken by the NGOs to deal with this and what obstacles they encounter.
38
Lindblom, Johanna, and Maria Lundberg. "HIV prevention work in Moshi, Tanzania : Nurses’ and physicians’ views on Kilimanjaro Aids Control Association." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-112505.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAim: Since 2003 Kilimanjaro Aids Control Association (KACA) has collaborated with the Mawenzi Hospital in Moshi, in order to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to investigate Mawenzi Hospital’s staff’s views about KACA and its work. Method: Eight semi structured interviews were performed with nurses and physicians. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by a qualitative manifest content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Results: All the informants mentioned that KACA is an important stakeholder needed in the collaboration with the government to prevent HIV transmission. They also mentioned that the main problems KACA struggles with is lack of recourses, insufficient HIV tests and lack of information to their clients. KACA was described as an accessible non governmental organization (NGO) working as a bridge from society, channeling HIV positive clients to Mawenzi Hospital. Conclusion: This study confirms that KACA is considered doing a good job and is appreciated by the nurses and physicians at the Mawenzi Hospital. For KACA this may be important information to maintain their prevention work. The problems presented by the informants should be taken under consideration when planning the future work.
39
Iyiani, Christian, and n/a. "A case study of HIV/AIDS prevention in Nigeria : assessment and recommendations." University of Otago. Department of Social Work and Community Development, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080213.112805.
Full textAbstract:
This is a two-stage study of HIV/AIDS prevention. In Stage One, the study examines the HIV/AIDS approach of Western aid organisations (INGOs) and compares it to the lived realities of people who are most 'at risk', sex workers, unemployed street youth, and married low income families, in the poor migrant community of Ajegunle in Nigeria�s Lagos state. The study found that INGOs and their client NGOs emphasised Western medical models of HIV/AIDS for both intervention (e.g. testing and ARV drugs for management) and prevention (e.g. through education and behaviour change).
In contrast, among 'at-risk' groups, the study revealed a high degree of knowledge about the transmission of HIV/AIDS (contrary to Western medical assumptions), but also detected strong feelings of powerlessness in being able to address it. INGOs and their client organisations were operating at the levels of tertiary or curative and secondary or behaviour change prevention, whereas the views of the local 'at-risk people' indicated relevance of the primary prevention level, the social structural conditions of the people.
In analysing the results of the first stage of the study, the findings identified a process of 'talking past each other' by official aid agencies and those most at risk, thereby inhibiting effective prevention. The INGOs and NGOs used their financial power, based on the gross inequality in the world distribution of resources, to dictate their own agendas, omitting primary intervention and instead concentrating on secondary and tertiary prevention. The study suggests that new thinking about multi-sectoral responses with full community participation is necessary in order to engage in more effective preventive action.
The study then sought out alternative sources of power that might permit that to happen, notably the strengths of the local Ajegunle community. As a poor community, they lacked financial resources and human capital, such as skilled workers, but they had significant knowledge capital about their own circumstances and the realities people faced. The community also had considerable cultural capital and local organisations with considerable relational capital around community links, broad based support and commitment to such action.
This analysis suggests the need to identify and work through the power differentials using community development processes, especially seeking to empower local communities to take part in decision-making over prevention, if effective action is to take place. The process required is one of a negotiated, inclusive partnerships for sharing information, experience, and decision-making, involving all the relevant stakeholders - the International Organisations (INGOs), National NGOs, Community Groups and the community itself.
40
Mouton, Jeannie. "Disabled persons : predictors for the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and primary prevention strategies." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53394.
Full textAbstract:
On t.p.: Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology)Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Progress has been made in the approach to combating the spread of HIV/AIDS with regards to the Department of Health's presentation of the HIV/AIDS/STD Strategic Plan for South Africa. However, deep concem exists with regards to specific marginalized groups such as disabled persons within the South African sector threatened by the spread of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this paper was to review published academic papers on the specific ways in which disabled people are at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS, and the existence of primary prevention programmes designed and specifically aimed at the disability sector. The roles of non-governmental and other organisations were also looked at. The first section of the review focused on high-risk behaviour among disabled persons for contracting HIV/AIDS. Existing literature covered mainly areas of intellectual disability and psychiatric disability. Disabled persons struggle with the same issues of good education, workers' rights, gender equality, health care and social support and well-being as the general population. These issues are however exacerbated by struggles unique to those living with a disability. Inadequate public and social support increase disabled people's vulnerability to issues such as poverty, lack of resources, and inadequate education, heightening their risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. The second section of the review discusses the area of primary prevention, explaining why prevention programmes should be tailormade for specific needs such as those of disabled persons. Examples of prevention programmes from the literature are looked at, as well as a prevention initiative launched in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vooruitgang is gemaak op die gebied van die voorkoming van die verspreiding van MIVNIGS met die bekendstelling van die Departement van Gesondheid se MIVNIGS/STD Strategiese Plan vir Suid-Afrika. Daar is wel steeds kommer oor spesifieke gemarginaliseerde groepe, soos gestremde persone, binne die Suid- Afrikaanse sektor wat bedreig word deur die verspreiding van MIVNIGS. Die doel van die studie was om 'n oorsig te kry van akademiese materiaal wat gepubliseer is oor die spesifieke wyses waarop mense met 'n gestremdheid in gevaar verkeer om MIVNIGS op te doen, asook primêre voorkomingsprogramme wat spesifiek ontwerp en gemik is op die gestremde sektor. Daar is ook gekyk na die rol van nie-regerings- en ander organisasies. Die eerste deel van die studie fokus op hoë risiko gedrag van gestremde persone wat hulle in gevaar mag stel vir die opdoen van MIVNIGS. Bestaande literatuur handel meestaloor die areas van intellektuele gestremdheid en psigiatriese siektes. Gestremde persone moet dieselfde uitdagings oorkom as diegene in die algemene populasie, soos byvoorbeeld die gebrek aan goeie onderwys, arbeidsregte, diskriminasie op grond van geslag, gesondheidssorg, asook sosiale steun en algemene welsyn. Gestremde persone se kwessies word egter vererger deur sekere uitdagings wat uniek is aan 'n lewe met 'n gestremdheid. Gestremde persone ontvang meestalonvoldoende publieke en sosiale steun wat dikwels armoede, gebrek aan hulpbronne en onvoldoende opvoeding tot gevolg het. Laasgenoemde verhoog gestremde persone se kanse om MIVNIGS op te doen. Die tweede deel van die studie bespreek primêre voorkomingsprogramme en waarom dit noodsaaklik is om voorkomingsprogramme te ontwerp wat uitsluitlik gemik is op spesifieke populasies. Daar word dan ook gekyk na voorbeelde van primêre voorkomingsprogramme in die literatuur, asook 'n voorkomingsinisiatief wat in Suid-Afrika geloods is.
41
Kasenga, Fyson. "Making it happen prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in rural Malawi /." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå university, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-26223.
Full text
42
Nkhata, Ellen Charity. "Exploring factors that influence safer sex practices." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18254.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to explore factors that influenced safer sex practices in Malawi. A quantitative, explorative, descriptive study was conducted to determine why the prevalence of new HIV infections was still high in Malawi despite. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Sexually active men, women, boys and girls that participated in the Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation community awareness activities participated in this study. The study found that demographic, socio-economic and knowledge-related factors influence safer sex practices in Malawi. Various modifying factors played a role in influencing the individuals’ perception of susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits of practising safer sex. The findings indicated that individuals generally had a broad knowledge of the spread and prevention of HIV. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework for the studyHealth Studies
43
Manyamba, Christopher. "Correlates of HIV perceived risks and protective strategies among adolescents in rural Malawi." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8822.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined correlates of HIV perceived risks and protective strategies among
adolescents in rural Malawi i.e. whether there was an association between socio
demographic characteristics of adolescents and subsequent HIV perceived risks and
protective strategies. Age at sexual debut is a variable of interest in this study. The objectives
were to investigate whether age at first sexual intercourse does influence adolescents’
individual’s risk perceptions of HIV and protective strategies, i.e. does age at first sex set a
precedence in the thinking of adolescentswith regards HIV risks and protective strategies
such as condom use.
Data: This study uses cross sectional data from Wave 3 of a wider study, the Malawi
Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP).The MDICP is a joint collaboration
between researchers from the Population Studies Centre at the University of Pennsylvania
and the University of Malawi‘s College of Medicine and Chancellor College. In this study, a
multiple regression analysis on the cross sectional data from the 2004 wave 3of the Malawi
Diffusion and Ideational Change Project was done. The focus of this study is on the
relationship between age at first sexual intercourse and the individual‘s perception of risk of
HIV/AIDS and protective strategies, it examines if there is an association between the two
factors.
Descriptive analysis: Descriptive statistics to obtain the frequencies of the main variables of
interest such as the background characteristics of respondents (gender, marital status, mean
age at sexual debut, education, economic status of household) were computed in order to
better understand the population under study.
Multivariate Analysis: Three separate models were employed; two multinomial regression
analysis measuring worry and likelihood of infection against socio demographic variables
and a binary logistic regression measuring condom use and the socio demographic
variables. Relative Risk Ratios were used to interpret the multinomial logistic regression
output while odds ratios were used to interpret the logistic output.
Results: Consistent with existing literature, results indicate that early age at first sex is
a predictor of HIV risk perceptions and protective strategies. Age at first sex does set a
precedence in the future thinking of adolescents with regards to how they perceive HIV risks,
as well as how they perceive protective strategies against HIV-particularly condom use. This
study confirms that age at first sex alongside with other socio demographic variables are
significantly associated with HIV risk perceptions HIV and condom use, while other factors
may matter, such as gender, region, HIV knowledge, religion or educational level.
Limitations: The information on age at first sexual encounter was based exclusively on
respondent’s self–reports. This data collection method often has limitations that are
attributed to the tendency for people to under-report socially unacceptable behaviours (e.g.
having multiple sex partners) and to over-report socially acceptable behavior. The other
limitation is that the study lacks longitudinal data to allow a more in-depth analysis of trends
in HIV/AIDS-related indicators.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
44
Gadabu, Oliver Jintha. "Prescribing cotrimoxazole prophylactic therapy (CPT) before and after an electronic medical record system implementation in two selected hospitals in Malawi." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14404.
Full textAbstract:
Opportunistic infections (OIs) have been identified as a leading cause of poor outcomes in the ARV therapy (ART) programme. In order to reduce OIs, the Malawi, MoH introduced routine prescription of cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) in 2005. The MoH also started scaling up a point-of-care electronic medical record (EMR) system in 2007 to improve monitoring and evaluation.
This study had the following objectives: i) to quantify prescription of CPT before and after implementing EMR; ii) to compare the difference in CPT prescription before and after implementing EMR.
A historically controlled study design was used to compare CPT prescriptions one year before, and one year after implementation of the EMR at two health facilities.
The data indicated that there was a significant (P <0.001) decrease in CPT prescribing at one health facility and a significant increase in CPT prescription at another.Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
45
Sliep, Yvonne. "Care-counselling model for AIDS patients in rural Malawi." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10253.
Full textAbstract:
D.Cur. (Psychiatric Nursing)Malawi has a population of 9 million people with AIDS the leading cause of death in the age group of 20 • 40. The HIV prevalence rate, estimated at 23% in urban areas and 8% in rural areas, is one of the highest in the world (AIDSEC, 1994: I). Evaluation of counselling practices showed poor results with counsellors feeling ineffective and inadequate. Patients are mostly tested on medical indication but testing is increasingly refused by patients who do not see the benefit of knowing their HIV status. The counselling practice as it is known in the Western world is a foreign concept for patients living in rural Malawi. The high stigma of AIDS complicates support of the patients. The goal of this research study is to describe a model of counselling that would meet the needs of an AIDS patient in a rural community in Malawi. A qualitative research design that is explorative, descriptive and contextually specific to rural Malawi was used for the study. In order to describe a counselling model it was important to understand the illness experience of HIV reactive patients. The patients are seen in group context congruent with the African culture and therefore the experience of the primary care giver of AIDS patients is also examined. The experience of counsellors of AIDS patients is explored as the other major factor in the phenomenon examined. In the first phase of the study in-depth phenomenological interviews were conducted with identified groups. Focus interviews were conducted with a hundred AIDS patients to identify the needs and resources of the patients and to compile a demographic profile. Focus group discussions were conducted with counsellors for more complete comprehension. Data analysis and a literature control were undertaken. In the second phase of the study theory generation was used in order to develop a counselling model for AIDS patients and guidelines for implementing the model were generated. Based on the results of the analysis the major concept enable was identified as the essence of a model for counselling AIDS patients in rural Malawi.
46
Yeatman, Sara Elizabeth 1979. "Childbearing in an AIDS epidemic." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17970.
Full textAbstract:
The consequences of the African AIDS epidemic are growing--not just in size--but in complexity. These consequences are no longer just biological; increasingly, they are also social, cultural, economic, and psychological. In this dissertation, I consider one overlooked consequence of the epidemic by asking how HIV infection affects the desire to have children in a context where reproduction is so highly valued. Taking advantage of a unique situation in rural Malawi, where no one knew their HIV status prior to testing being introduced as part of an ongoing longitudinal survey, I use a quasiexperimental design and in‐depth interviews to examine the evidence for an intentional relationship between HIV/AIDS and fertility. Rural Malawians adjust their childbearing desires in response to information about their HIV status. The relationship--both in magnitude and in motivation--is highly gendered. HIV positive women fear that a pregnancy will worsen their disease. Despite this widely shared belief, there remains a lot of ambivalence: women who are positive, or who fear they are positive, want to live normal lives. For some, that means avoiding childbearing as a strategy to delay the symptoms of HIV. For others, it means having children as they would have had despite what they think it might mean for their health. Male fertility preferences are more volatile to information about HIV status. Men see childbearing as futile if they are HIV positive because they anticipate their own death and the death of their future offspring. However, men may be less likely to translate their preferences into action because--after learning they are infected--they are less motivated to stop having children than they are unmotivated to have children. This dissertation shows that rural Malawians adapt their childbearing preferences to information about their HIV status. There are strategies in these adaptations, as well as hope for a future where the conditions of childbearing in an AIDS epidemic might have changed. I conclude by discussing what the findings mean for fertility, fertility theory, and policy.text
47
Makwakwa, Eliam. "The promotion of voluntary HIV testing among hostel dwellers by community nurses." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4178.
Full textAbstract:
M.Cur.The Sub-Sahara region is riddled with HIV/AIDS to such an extent it has became a pandemic. The challenge to control or to minimize further infections has been left to the community nurses. The community nurses' primary aim is to promote and prevent the spread of infection, especially HIV I AIDS, amongst vulnerable groups (Clemen-Stone, 2002-134 ). The under-utilisation of the voluntary HIV -testing facility by hostel dwellers is a cause of concern among nurses in this Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. Clinic statistics for the year 2002 indicate that only sixty-six hostel dwellers used the voluntary HIV -testing. This number is low compared to the approximate population of twelve thousand hostel dwellers of the three hostels. The purpose of the research is to describe strategies to promote voluntary HIV -testing in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre by community nurses. To realise the purpose of the research, the following research objectives are stated: To explore and describe factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise voluntary HIV -testing by community nurses in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. To explore and describe the community nurses' response to the factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise voluntary HIV -testing in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. To describe strategies for community nurses to promote the utilisation of the voluntary HIV -testing. The research design for this study is qualitative, descriptive and contextual in nature, (Mouton, 1996:102-103, 10, 133). The research in phase one was conducted in two steps. Step one focused on the exploration and description of the factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise the voluntary HIV -testing in health care centers. Step two dealt with the responses of community nurses as to how to address these factors in the health care centre.
48
Barnard, Antonia Wilhelmina. "A strategy for the management of HIV/AIDS in the health sector of the City of Johannesburg." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/3520.
Full textAbstract:
M.Cur.The HIV/AIDS pandemic is posing major challenges to all sectors in South Africa, including the Health sector of the City of Johannesburg. The Health sector of the City of Johannesburg, as a result of the pandemic, is faced with increasing demands on its scarce resources at a time of major reform at local government level including transformation of the health sector. The inhabitants of the City of Johannesburg are particularly vulnerable to high levels of HIV/AIDS infection because of job prospects in the city, a good transport infrastructure, high levels of mobility of the community, the existence of single sex-hostels, marginalised communities living in informal settlements, poverty income inequality. An increase in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is inevitable, unless a concerted effort is established to curtail the spread of the disease. An impact analysis conducted, revealed that already in the year 2000 an estimated 168 921 HIV infected persons were living in the city (City of Johannesburg, 2001 :21). In high-risk groups, such as attenders to services for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STls), prevalence rates as high as 53% among females, and 35.8% among male persons were recorded (SAIMR, 2000:1). The City of Johannesburg, a local government structure, has not formally adopted a strategic plan to address the pandemic. The national and proVincial governments have responded to the pandemic and their 3-5 year strategic plans are known and pUblished. In spite of the absence of an official strategic plan to address the pandemic in the City of Johannesburg, the political will and strategic intentions to address the pandemic have been declared by management. Although all sectors of the City are affected, it is generally assumed that the Health sector would assume the leading role in addressing the pandemic. The objective of this study has thus been to explore and describe a strategy for the management of HIV/AIDS by the Health sector of the City of Johannesburg. The question presented for research was formulated as follows: " What strategy should be adopted by the Health sector of the City of Johannesburg to manage the HIV/AIDS pandemic in future?" An exploratory, descriptive and quantitative research design was utilised. The strategy for the management of HIV/AIDS was formulated according to the UNAIDS "Guide to the strategic planning process for a national response to HIV/AIDS" (1998), and the content validity was determined according to Lynn (1986) "Determination and quantification of Content Validity".
49
Ambali, Chikhulupiriro. "Policies and strategies implemented in Malawi to reduce the impact of HIV and AIDS on labour : the case of gender inequality / Chikhulupiriro Ambali." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15836.
Full textAbstract:
A crisis is unfolding because of the deaths among people in the labour force. It is
expected that business, government and labour address the problem of HIV and
AIDS. An intervention such as, introduction of policies and strategies would help in
the awareness of the epidemic to the society as a whole. This study looks at the
effect of HIV on gender inequality and its implications in the labour sector. There are
large social and economic gaps between women and men in Malawi, and these
inequalities have played a central role in the spread of HIV; hence it is imperative to
consider women when developing HIV workplace policies, because they seem to be
hit harder with the epidemic than men. Empowering women to refrain from risky
relationships and protecting themselves and asserting their rights would decrease
the high HIV prevalence percentage for women. The study use annual Labour
participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) and annual labour
participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) data obtained from
(www.tradingeconomics.com) and annual Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population
ages 15-49) obtained from World Bank over the period of 1980 to 2009. Prior to
doing the regression analysis, the time series data is tested for stationarity using
correlograms and the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test on each data set. The
results suggest that there is a negative relationship between HIV/AIDS and labour on
both genders for this period and that there is a gap on the effect of AIDS on women
and men in the labour sector. The time series data is found to be 1(2), intergrated of
order 2. The HIV data is regressed onto the labour data, using Ordinary Least
Squares (OLS). Following the regression line is the Engel-Granger method which is
used to test for cointegration. Other tests include diagnostic tests and stability testsThesis (M.Sc.(Computer Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011
50
Janse, van Vuuren Laurika S. "Adolescent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS education and prevention." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1241.
Full textAbstract:
M.A.Die doel van hierdie studie is om riglyne vir n geïntegreerde seksualiteit program vir adolosente daar te stel wat aandag skenk aan dwelmmisbruik en verhoogde HIV risiko. Daar is nie hipoteses geformuleer nie. Navorsing vrae is gestel en n literatuurstudie is aan die hand van die vrae gedoen. Daar is gepoog om die profiel van die skool gaande adolosent wat dwelmmiddels misbruik vas te stel. Verder is daar gepoog om die frekwensie van dwelmmisbruik by adolosente vas te stel, sowel as hulle kennis oor die verwantskap tussen HIV/Vigs en dwelmmisbruik. Daar is na die aard en effektiwiteit van huidige seksualiteit programme in die onderwys gekyk om vas te stel of hulle doeltreffend is. n Kwantitatiewe data insamelings metode is gebruik. n Beskrywende en n ondersoekende navorsings ontwerp is gebruik in die studie. Twee honderd-en-vyftig vraelyste is by twee skole versprei. Adolosente van graad agt tot graad elf het die vraelyste ewekansig beantwoord. Die hulp van Statistiese Konsultasie Dienste, te RAU, is ingewin met die optrek van die vraelys sowel as die verwerking van die data. Die profiel van die respondente toon dat die meerderheid 15 jaar en ouer is. Die meeste van die respondente was meisies. Graad nege leerders was die meerderheid van respondente terwyl die ander drie grade eweredig versprei was. Die respondente het meestal by beide of minstens by een biologiese ouer gewoon. Afrikane was die meerderheid van respondente. Blankes was tweede meeste verteenwoordig en die res was verteenwoordig deur Asiërs en Kleurlinge. Leerders het hul skool prestasie as gemiddeld beleef. Belangstelling in skoolwerk was matig. Die misbruik van dwelmmiddels het n verhoogde misbruik oor die naweek getoon. Al die dwelmmiddels was in n mate gebruik, met dagga as die gewildste middel. Die respondente was ambivalent oor die invloed van verhoogde risiko vir HIV met alkohol misbruik. Die meerderheid het bevestig dat daar n verhoogde risiko vir HIV is met die misbruik van dwelmmiddels. Die meerderheid van die adolosente is nie seksueel aktief nie. Die respondente wat wel seksueel aktief is, erken dat hulle in meeste gevalle onder die invloed van dwelmmiddels was tydens hulle laaste seksuele omgang. Die skool is geïdentifiseer as die prominentste plek waar leerders oor dwelmmiddels leer. Die media en tweedens, die skool, is aangedui as die belangrikste plek van leer aangaande HIV. Die leerders verkies klasse waar beide geslagte teenwoordig is. Die medium van onderwys wat verkies word, is n dialoog vorm. Daar is twee groepe adolosente geïdentifiseer in die studie. Die minderheid van adolosente is in gevaar van HIV/Vigs. Die ontwikkeling van n omvattende geïntegreerde seksualiteit program moet gemik wees op die groep adolosente. Aanbevelings met betrekking tot die ontwikkeling van n geïntegreerde seksualiteit program word aan die hand gedoen.
Prof. L. Patel