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1
Booth, Samuel Hallsor. "A Comparison of the Early Responses to AIDS in the UK and the US." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.1558.
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Upon its emergence in the western world in the early 1980s, AIDS marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of communicable disease. In the early stages of the epidemic there was a distinct lack of knowledge about the causation or transmission of the disease, rendering control of the situation a practical impossibility. It was clear that AIDS necessitated a definitive response from several sectors of society. With its apparent associations with then largely marginalised groups of society, namely homosexuals and injecting drug users, virtually no aspects of the response to AIDS were free from the influence of social and political perceptions of the disease and its victims. The US and the UK have strong political and cultural links and in this essay I will compare the responses of these two nations to the AIDS epidemic at a scientific, political and community level and explore the interactions which occurred therein.
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Galjour, Joshua, Philip Havik, Peter Aaby, Amabelia Rodrigues, and Emmanuel Kabengele Mpinga. "Chronic Political Instability and the HIV/AIDS Response in Guinea-Bissau from 2000 to 2015: A Systematic Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010036.
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Guinea-Bissau suffers from political instability and an unusually high HIV/AIDS burden compared to other countries in the West Africa region. We conducted a systematic review on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea-Bissau during the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) period (2000–2015), which dovetailed with a period of chronic political instability in the country’s history. We searched published works on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guinea-Bissau for references to chronic political instability. Six databases and the grey literature were searched, informed by expert opinion and manual research through reference tracing. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The search yielded 122 articles about HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau during the MDG years. Biomedical, clinical, or epidemiological research predominated public health research production on HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau in this period. Six articles addressing themes related to chronic political instability, including how political instability has affected the HIV/AIDS disease response, were identified. The results suggest the importance of considering a broader political epidemiology that accounts for socio-political aspects such as governance, human rights, and community responses into which any national HIV/AIDS response is integrated.
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Fidler, David P. "SARS: Political Pathology of the First Post-Westphalian Pathogen." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00117.x.
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In March 2003, the world discovered, again, that I humanity's battle with infectious diseases continues. The twenty-first century began with infectious diseases, especially HIV/AIDS, being discussed as threats to human rights, economic development, and national security. Bioterrorism in the United States in October 2001 increased concerns about pathogenic microbes. The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the spring of 2003 kept the global infectious disease challenge at the forefront of world news for weeks. At its May 2003 annual meeting, the World Health organization (WHO) asserted that SARS is “the first severe infectious disease to emerge in the twenty-first century” and “poses a serious threat to global health security, the livelihood of populations, the functioning of health systems, and the stability and growth of economies.”
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Orchard, Treena. "Strategies for Sustainability Among HIV/AIDS-Related NGOS in Canada and India." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.2.kn11l2l008657371.
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Anthropologists have been involved in the implementation of culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS intervention programs since the advent of the disease. The tradition of applied research in areas like health in "developing" countries and urban "street cultures" (e.g., homeless and low income people, various drug scenes) since the 1950s make it a discipline well-suited to the study of HIV/AIDS, which is often associated with poor and socially marginalized groups. However, the stigma connected to the disease and the lack of political will to initiate structural changes to effectively deal with HIV/AIDS are two key factors prohibiting the establishment of long-term social and policy changes for communities at risk. These conditions have attributed to the growth of HIV/AIDS- related non-government organizations (NGOs), which have been instrumental in dealing with many aspects of the disease. Yet these groups are often faced with the challenge of balancing their clients' needs with program requirements of funding agencies. My involvement with NGOs in a western Canadian city and rural south India exposed some of the tensions these groups experience as they try to meet the demands of clients and funders. Some of these tensions reveal similar problems within NGO environments and others highlight different strategies for sustainability that reflect local constraints as well as strengths. Thus, the comparison of these cases should be of use to a discussion of HIV/AIDS research within applied anthropology and the broader discourse of NGO responses to the epidemic.
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Santilli, Cecilia. "Ethnography of the socio-sanitary reception in Rome. How are HIV/AIDS and hepatitis b involved in creating the construction of legal categories assigned to migrants?" International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-07-2019-0061.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the role that Italian third sector organizations have in the process of social and administrative categorization of newly arrived migrants living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/Aids) or hepatitis b. In Italy, free access to health is provided to all migrants and residence permits for medical treatment is granted for migrants living with a “serious illness” since the 1990s. The case of HIV/Aids and hepatitis b shows how this political openness, however, clashes with the tightening of migration policies. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on ethnographic research conducted between 2014 and 2016 within an associative centre that deals with the socio-health care of newly arrived migrants in Rome. In addition to the participant observations, the study is based in semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 health-care providers (nurses, health-care assistants and socio-cultural mediators) and doctors and with 22 migrants coming from Sub-Saharan Africa and living with HIV/AIDS (10) and hepatitis b (12). Findings In Italy, the two infections have been identified as top diseases among migrant populations in the country but if HIV/Aids is always considered as a “serious illness”, hepatitis b is considered as a public health priority only in the case of a treatment prescription. These aspects have an important impact on the interactions between medical and social professionals and migrants affected by HIV/AIDS and hepatitis b, contributing differently to the creation of legal categories assigned to migrants. Originality/value The case of HIV/Aids and hepatitis b shows how the political openness of the public health system, clashes with the tightening of migration policies and analyse the role of the third sector has in this issue.
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Kelly, Matthew. "Bridging Divides: art and religion in the early AIDS pandemic." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 66, no. 3 (June 2023): 398–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2023.a902034.
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ABSTRACT: Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, visual artists created a canon of work examining the illness experience of people living with AIDS. Largely forgotten today is a subset of this canon that simultaneously engaged AIDS narratives and religion, thereby dialoguing across political, cultural, and ideological divides. The artists who crafted these works created spaces of sanctioned discourse, drawing together sexual and religious histories in a manner reminiscent of the confessional as analyzed in Michel Foucault’s work. This article rediscovers an archive rich in interdisciplinary illness narratives, arguing that the unearthed art pieces articulate four themes that interrogate the relationship between people with AIDS and religious traditions. In addition to furthering our understanding of a forgotten expression of AIDS illness narratives, this analysis provides insight into art’s capacity to dialogue between communities in the setting of internal divisions. These lessons may aid us as we endeavor to understand the diversity, function, and applications of illness narratives in the setting of the politicized diseases of the 21st century, including COVID-19.
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Ebrahim, Osman, and Ahmad Haeri Mazanderani. "Recent developments in HIV treatment and their dissemination in poor countries." Infectious Disease Reports 5, no. 1S (June 6, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e2.
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As the world enters the fourth decade of the HIV/AIDS epidemic a number of new drugs have been developed that address current challenges with antiretroviral therapy (ART), such as pill burden, toxicity and drug-resistance. These new agents have not only been developed from established drug-classes, namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), but also include innovative ways of suppressing viral replication. Intergrase inhibitors and chemokine receptor blockers have been developed which, combined with NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs, comprise highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens able to tackle all aspects of the HIV life cycle with minimal toxicity. Furthermore, the ability of pharmaceutical companies to formulate these powerful drugs into fixed-dose combinations provides exciting new strategies for reducing pill burden, thus ensuring adherence and limiting the emergence of drug-resistance. The enthusiasm with which these new drugs have been received has, however, been tempered by the reality of limited access in the developing world, further highlighting the disparity between rich and poor countries in the fight against HIV/ AIDS. Access to these treatments in low- and middle-income countries will require the necessary political will, regulatory approval, affordability of drugs, as well as efficient procurement and supply management strategies. The priority of developing countries remains increased scale up of ART, but there is also a need to acquire new drugs in order to tackle toxicity and drug-resistance, both of which threaten the sustainability of such programmes. Thankfully, the vast majority of patients receiving ART in the developing world are still on first-line regimens, thus allowing time for newer agents to be made available as part of third-line treatment option. However, there is no room for complacency - the developing world needs access to new HIV treatments, an AIDS-free generation depends upon it.
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Hamada, Shigeyuki, Naokazu Takeda, and Taroh Kinoshita. "Japan-Thailand Collaboration Research on Infectious Diseases: Promotion and Hurdles." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0784.
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The Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (RCC-ERI) was established in 2005 by the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Department of Medical Sciences (DMSc), Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Thailand. This was initiated based on the recognition that, with today’s highly developed transportation networks including those between Japan and Thailand, infectious disease outbreak and transmission are no longer limited to a single country. Indeed, such diseases are likely to be transmitted immediately to a third country. This makes it essential to cooperate globally in exchanging information fast and often. A dozen Japanese researchers are working regularly at RCC-ERI, where they conduct joint research with Thai researchers on bacterial and viral infectious diseases prevailing in Thailand that could conceivably affect Japan. Examples of such diseases include cholera, meningitis with Streptococcus suis, AIDS, chikungunya fever, and dengue fever. Conducting long-term research in other countries often reveals gaps in perception due to differences in national laws and regulations, in rules and operating customs within research institutions, in economic and cultural backgrounds, and in values and ways of thinking among individual researchers. RCCERI is being operated as fine adjustments are made to achievemaximumproductivity and developing human resources. Some of the many researchers stationed at the Center faced unpredicted situations such as social chaos due to political instability or evacuation due to flooding and had to take emergency response measures. In this article, we cover aspects related to these experiences.
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Ramos Júnior, Alberto Novaes, Dalmo Correia, Eros Antônio Almeida, and Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda. "History, Current Issues and Future of the Brazilian Network for Attending and Studying Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV Coinfection." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 11 (August 17, 2010): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1176.
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Introduction: In countries with endemic Chagas disease, coinfection involving Trypanosoma cruzi and HIV is expected to become more frequent. There is a clear need to structure a comprehensive care network aimed at dealing with this situation, with mobilization going from primary care to care at the highest level of technological complexity. The objective of this study was to describe the Brazilian response to the challenges of Chagas disease: the history, current issues, and future of the Brazilian Network for attending and studying T. cruzi/HIV coinfection. Methodology: This descriptive study reviewed technical documents relating to the basis and structuring process of the Brazilian network for attending and studying T. cruzi/HIV coinfection. Results: The process of setting up the network was marked by technical and political debates in technical-scientific meetings going back to the 1990s. This process made it possible to expand and focus on different aspects of comprehensive care for Chagas disease in Brazil, regardless of the associated immunosuppressive conditions. These meetings produced a structure of national technical guidelines and standards, health care and research protocols and research priorities, along with mobilization and awareness-raising among HIV/AIDS reference centers regarding occurrences of coinfection. Conclusions: The creation of the Brazilian network was a milestone for the country in terms of integration of control programs, with the reference point of quality of care and comprehensiveness. The possibility of extending this network to form a Latin American network is seen as a strategy for dealing more effectively with this condition.
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Koethe, John R., Angela Eeds, LaMonica V. Stewart, David W. Haas, James E. K. Hildreth, Simon Mallal, Celestine Wanjalla, et al. "The Tennessee Center for AIDS Research HIV Research Training Program for Minority High School and Undergraduate Students: Development, Implementation, and Early Outcomes." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 94, no. 2S (October 1, 2023): S42—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000003261.
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Background: The Southern region of the United States has the highest HIV incidence, and new infections disproportionately affect Black Americans. The Tennessee Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Pathway Initiative (CDEIPI) program supports the training of individuals from groups underrepresented in medicine and science in multiple areas of research to increase the pool of HIV-focused investigators at early educational and career stages. Setting: The Tennessee CFAR is a partnership between Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Meharry Medical College (one of the oldest historically Black medical colleges), Tennessee Department of Health, and Nashville Community AIDS Resources, Education and Services (a sophisticated community service organization, which emphasizes research training responsive to regional and national priorities). Methods: The Tennessee CFAR CDEIPI program leverages existing Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Meharry Medical College structured biomedical training programs for high school and undergraduate students to provide an intensive, mentored, HIV research experience augmented by CFAR resources situating this training within the broader history, scientific breadth, and societal and political aspects of the HIV epidemic. Results: The first year of the Tennessee CFAR CDEIPI program trained 3 high school and 3 undergraduate students from underrepresented in medicine and science backgrounds in basic, clinical/translational, and community-focused research projects with a diverse group of 9 mentors. All students completed the program, and evaluations yielded positive feedback regarding mentoring quality and effectiveness, and continued interest in HIV-related research. Conclusions: The Tennessee CFAR CDEIPI program will continue to build upon experience from the first year to further contribute to national efforts to increase diversity in HIV-related research.
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Hamisi, Salum Haji, and Mussa Kitota Abdillah. "Role of Climate Change During the Covid-19 Pandemic." American Journal of Environment and Climate 1, no. 3 (November 27, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i3.760.
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Climate change has become a topic of concern around the world. Many aspects of human well-being are affected by climate change. The social, economic, political, ecological and cultural development was influenced directly or indirectly. This paper has examined the role of climate change during the current period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The documentary analysis method was chosen. Various books, research reports, WHO databases and internet sources have been used extensively. Various literature shows that climate change may have played a significant role in the widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 affects people with compromised immunity. The weakened immunity results from some diseases and treatments that weaken the body’s immunity. These include chronic lung diseases such as chronic asthma, some cancers, high blood pressure (hypertension), HIV / AIDS, and some developmental diseases. As a result, people become vulnerable to COVID-19. Poor diet also causes people to have weak immunity and become less resistant to the coronavirus. Poor nutrition results from changes in the climate pattern; Unavailability of sufficient and high-quality food, low production of sufficient food, and inaccessibility of high-quality food due to poverty. The world must take serious steps to stop excessive greenhouse gas emissions. If not, the human species will die as new diseases and viruses will emerge to take our lives as COVID-19 did.
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Saal, Ilka. "‘Let's Hurt Someone’: Violence and Cultural Memory in the Plays of Neil LaBute." New Theatre Quarterly 24, no. 4 (November 2008): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0800047x.
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In this essay Ilka Saal examines one of the most perplexing aspects of Neil LaBute's work: his deployment of excessive and gratuitous violence. She insists that such deployment of violence has little to do with a humanist critique of the propensity for evil in all of us, nor with the playwright's biography (as suggested by a number of critics), but instead functions as a satirical interrogation of the mythological significance attributed to violence in American culture. The casual cruelties of LaBute's ordinary mid-Americans point up the central and ‘ordinary’ role that violence has played in the nation's history and self-understanding. Focusing on the example of the one-act play a gaggle of saints and drawing on the theories of Jan Assmann and Richard Slotkin, she shows in what ways LaBute uses violence to interrogate the country's cultural memory and to alert us to the general lethargy that has settled over the nation with regard to the historical violence it systematically exerted against its Others. Ilka Saal received her PhD in Literature from Duke University, North Carolina and is now working as Associate Professor of English at the University of Richmond, Virginia, where she teaches modern and contemporary American literature and culture. She is the author of New Deal Theater: the Vernacular Tradition in American Political Theater (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), Dramatizing the Disease: Representations of AIDS on the US American Stage (Tectum, 1997), and co author of Passionate Politics: the Cultural Work of American Melodrama from the Early Republic to the Present (Cambridge Scholars Press, 2008).
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Djita, Rian, and Ashley Hill. "World Policy Analysis." Iris Journal of Scholarship 1 (May 12, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15695/iris.v1i0.4633.
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Food is one of the fundamental aspects of human existence. Thus, it important for every country in the world to be able to be food-secure. Providing access to food for its citizens will bring positive long-term impacts ranging from economic growth and job creation, poverty reduction, trade opportunities, increasing global security and stability, and also improving health and healthcare in a nation (National Institute of Food and Agriculture, n.d.). However, not every nation has the capacity to achieve that goal due to several contributing factors such as 1) Drought and other extreme weather events, 2) Pests, livestock diseases and other agricultural problems, 3) Climate change, 4) Military conflicts, 5) Lack of emergency plans, 6) Corruption and political instability, 7) Cash crops dependence, 8) AIDS as it reduces the available workforce in agriculture and puts an additional burden on poor households, 9) Rapid population growth.
Yemen, and Burundi were intentionally chosen to be analyzed because of their unambiguous differences in order to show the various needs and solutions of each country. These 2 countries represent different rankings in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI 2018) where Burundi became the lowest ranking country, yet poses an interesting connection to Yemen. Yemen was selected because of the current famine crisis happening. From the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that long-standing conflict, Scarcity of basic needs, blockade of import and export activities are the main factors contributing to Yemen's food insecurity. On the other hand, it was found that Gender inequality especially the role of women in labor force, climate shock, and political instability are the main factors contributing to Burundi's food insecurity.
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Hoste, Natalie, Ellen Baele, Aster De Vleeschauwer, Peter Pype, Barbara Janssens, Fien Mertens, and Louise Poppe. "Needs and barriers for interprofessional collaboration in oral health care for frail home-dwelling older people: experiences of primary care professionals in Belgium." International Journal of Integrated Care 23, S1 (December 28, 2023): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic23162.
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Background: Although older people are at risk for worsening oral health, dental attendance decreases in Belgium for home-dwelling frail people after the age of 65, resulting in a high burden of untreated oral disease. Furthermore, primary care professionals do not seem to pay enough attention to oral health.
Objective: Oral health is an integral and essential part of overall health and well-being. Oral diseases do not only share common risk factors with overall health problems (e.g. aspiration pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes), but can also cause mental health issues (e.g. feelings of shame, lower self-esteem and social isolation).
Literature shows that interprofessional collaboration and the integration of oral health care into other aspects of care are important factors in improving oral health for frail home-dwelling older people.
The aim of the study is to gain insights into the perceived barriers and needs of primary care professionals to collectively contribute to the oral health of frail home-dwelling older people.
Methods: Focus groups were organized between December 2022 and May 2023. Participating professionals were oral healthcare professionals (dentists and dental hygienists) and primary care professionals or caregivers (general practitioners, pharmacists, speech therapists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dietitians, home nurses, home care workers, social workers and cleaning aids).
Homogeneity by professional group was aimed for. In each professional group, two focus groups were conducted in two regions in Flanders.
A stakeholder group of organizations dedicated to the care and support of elderly people was assembled. They supported the recruitment of participants and served as a sounding board to discuss the results, thereby increasing the internal validity.
With respect to frail home-dwelling older people, the following topics were discussed:
1.The importance of oral health care within their profession
2.Current practices regarding interprofessional collaboration on oral health
3.Perceived needs and barriers for interprofessional collaboration on oral health
4.How oral care should ideally be organized
Results were classified according to the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care.
This study is part of the larger Gerodent PLUS project at Ghent University.
Results: Preliminary results show a variety of needs and barriers at different levels. For example, at the macro level, reimbursement criteria can impact dental attendance. At the meso level, unclear responsibilities regarding oral health care complicate interprofessional collaboration (normative integration) and referral practices are inadequate (functional integration). At the micro level, increasing awareness of the importance of oral health is needed.
Next steps: These findings aim to provide broad insights into the experienced needs and barriers, since many different primary care professionals or caregivers who work with home-dwelling frail older people were included. These insights will be used to develop interventions to improve the oral health of frail home-dwelling older people (e.g. the development of an interprofessional training and a referral tool). Furthermore, policy recommendations will be formulated to improve integration of oral care into other aspects of healthcare.
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Alenichev, Arsenii, Halina Suwalowska, Marlyn C. Faure, Shu Hui Ng, Chelsea Modlin, Ilana Ambrogi, Jonathan D. Shaffer, Michael Parker, and Patricia Kingori. "Invisibility in global health: A case for disturbing bioethical frameworks." Wellcome Open Research 8 (December 14, 2023): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19346.2.
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In recent years, the global health community has increasingly reported the problem of ‘invisibility’: aspects of health and wellbeing, particularly amongst the world’s most marginalized and impoverished people, that are systematically overlooked and ignored by people and institutions in relative positions of power. It is unclear how to realistically manage global health invisibility within bioethics and other social science disciplines and move forward. In this letter, we reflect on several case studies of invisibility experienced by people in Brazil, Malaysia, West Africa and other transnational contexts. Highlighting the complex nature of invisibility and its interconnectedness with social, political and economic issues and trends, we argue that while local and targeted interventions might provide relief and comfort locally, they will not be able to solve the underlying causes of invisibility. Building from the shared lessons of case study presentations at an Oxford-Johns Hopkins Global Infectious Disease Ethics Collaborative (GLIDE), we argue that in dealing with an intersectional issue such as invisibility, twenty-first century global health bioethics could pursue a more ‘disturbing’ framework, challenging the narrow comforting solutions which take as a given the sociomaterial inequalities of the status quo. We highlight that comforting and disturbing bioethical frameworks should not be considered as opposing sides, but as two approaches working in tandem in order to achieve the internationally set global health milestones of providing better health and wellbeing for everyone. Insights from sociology, anthropology, postcolonial studies, history, feminist studies and other styles of critical reasoning have long been disturbing to grand narratives of people and their conditions. To rediscover the ethos of the WHO Alma Ata Declaration—a vision of “health for all by the year 2000”—these thinking tools will be necessary aids in developing cooperation and support beyond the narrow market logic that dominates the landscape of contemporary global health.
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Tichler, Anna, Dorijn Hertroijs, Dirk Ruwaard, Martijn Brouwers, and Arianne Elissen. "The development of a web-based patient decision aid for type 2 diabetes to support patients and their healthcare professionals in the treatment decision-making process." International Journal of Integrated Care 23, S1 (December 28, 2023): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic23147.
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Introduction: Patient decision aids (PDAs) are useful tools in facilitating shared decision-making (SDM) between patients and healthcare professionals. The International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration developed a model for the systematic development of PDAs. However, there is still some uncertainty about which approach is most suitable for each step of the development process and questions remain on how to best involve patients and healthcare professionals in the development process. We aim to provide insights into how the IPDAS model for the development of a PDA for type 2 diabetes could be used.
Target audience: Our developed PDA is for individuals with type 2 diabetes, who need to decide on a new or additional glucose-lowering treatment (lifestyle and/or medical treatment), and their healthcare professionals in primary care.
Methods: The PDA was systematically developed in the Netherlands, following five steps: 1) define scope; 2) establishment of expert group; 3) design of PDA (determine, among others, the preferences of patients and healthcare professionals); 4) draft prototype; and 5) iterative process of review and redraft. The preferences of patients and healthcare professionals, in combination with input from the expert group and the available evidence of the treatment options for type 2 diabetes, were used to determine the content of the PDA and develop a prototype. Content was written by a scientific writer. The prototype of the PDA was reviewed by the research team and expert group.
Patient and public involvement: A multidisciplinary expert group was established at the beginning of the study. The expert group consisted of patients with type 2 diabetes (N=2), a representative from the Dutch Diabetes Association, a representative from the Netherlands Diabetes Federation and healthcare professionals representing the broad range of disciplines involved in type 2 diabetes care (i.e., general practitioner, diabetes nurse, practice nurse, pharmacist, endocrinologist and dietician). The expert group met twice a year (online) and advised on the development process and content of the PDA. The expert group meetings were interactive and small-group discussions were held using statements about different aspects of the PDA, such as the format of the PDA.
Results: Individuals with type 2 diabetes wanted to compare multiple treatment options for both their clinical aspects and their impact on daily life. Following the systematic development process, a web-based PDA was developed consisting of five sections: 1) information about type 2 diabetes and the different treatment options; 2) comparison of treatment options based on, for example, clinical outcomes, effect on weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases; 3) questions to test patients’ knowledge; 4) value-clarification exercise; and 5) summary of the patient's answers and notes.
Conclusions: We provided insights into how you could use the IPDAS systematic development process for the development of a PDA. Involving patients and healthcare professionals throughout the development process is valuable for the development of the PDA for type 2 diabetes. They were involved in an early and iterative way, which ensured that the PDA is compatible with the needs and preferences of all relevant stakeholders in Dutch diabetes care.
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Tsarenko, A. V., R. O. Moiseyenko, and N. G. Goyda. "The importance of multidisciplinary, interagency and intersectoral approaches as conditions for the Palliative and Hospice Care System implementation in Ukraine." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL REHABILITATION AND PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, no. 1(8) (February 25, 2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ijrpm.2023.8.29.
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Purpose - to carry out medical and social analysis of conditions and organizational aspects of the Palliative and Hospice Care (PHC) System implementation and development in Ukraine. Materials and methods. There were analyzed: domestic and foreign scientific literary sources; data of official statistics of the State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine; normative-legal documents of Ukraine and authoritative international professional organizations. Аnd the following research methods were applied: bibliosemantic, system approach and system analysis, comparative content analysis and generally accepted medical-statistical methods. Results. The peculiarities of the medical and demographic situation in Ukraine in recent decades are the rapid population aging, high morbidity and mortality from cancer and severe complications of chronic noncommunicable diseases, significant spread of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B and C etc. This requires the creation and improvement of an adequate regulatory framework (RF), which regulates the development of an accessible multidisciplinary, interagency and intersectoral PHC System, which requires the development of outpatient PHC services and inpatient PHC facilities, coordination of institutions and agencies subordinate to various ministries and agencies, first of all, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine; introduction of a system of motivation and training of PHC providers and involvement primary health care facilities medical staff in the palliative care provision at home. Thus, affordable and high-quality PHC should be integrated into the Health Care and Social Protection System, as PHC in the early stages of a life-threatening or incurable disease can significantly reduce suffering and improve the quality of life for both palliative patients (PPs) and their families. Conclusions. The urgency of the problem of creating and developing a System of affordable, high quality and effective PHC in Ukraine is due to the unfavorable medical and demographic situation - population aging, increasing morbidity and mortality from cancer and chronic diseases, often accompanied by chronic pain syndrom and other severe symptoms that significantly reduce the quality of life of PPs. The implementation of the PHC System for the population requires political support from the Government of Ukraine, Regional and Local Authorities, appropriate financial support and the whole society participation. Implementation and development of the PHC System in Ukraine with adequate funding from the State Budget (National Health Service of Ukraine), as well as through state, regional and local targeted PHC Programs will provide quality and effective multidisciplinary and interagency palliative care on equal terms, regardless of the nosology of the disease, PPs place of residence/stay and social status. The results of the study allowed to adapt international experience and identify different forms of PНC, which, depending on the severity of the disease and at the request of PPs and their families, can be provided in specialized inpatient PНC facilities, PНC departments of secondary and tertiary health care facilities or outpatient settings, including at home, as well as in PHC facilities of any form of ownership and departmental affiliation, subject to compliance with the standards and requirements of the RF. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.
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Darrow, William W., Peter Aggleton, and Hilary Homans. "Social Aspects of AIDS." Contemporary Sociology 18, no. 3 (May 1989): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073882.
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Levine, Alexandra M., David T. Scadden, John A. Zaia, and A. Krishnan. "Hematologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS." Hematology 2001, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2001.1.463.
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Abstract This review addresses various aspects of HIV infection pertinent to hematology, including the consequences of HIV infection on specific aspects of hematopoiesis and an update on the current biologic, epidemiologic and therapeutic aspects of AIDS-related lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. The results of the expanding use of progenitor cell transplantation in HIV infected patients are also reviewed. In Section I, Dr. Scadden reviews the basis for HIV dysregulation of blood cell production, focusing on the role of the stem cell in HIV disease. T cell production and thymic function are discussed, with emphasis placed upon the mechanisms of immune restoration in HIV infected individuals. Results of clinical and correlative laboratory studies are presented. In Section II, Dr. Levine reviews the recent epidemiologic trends in the incidence of lymphoma, since the widespread availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The biologic aspects of AIDS-lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are discussed in terms of pathogenesis of disease. Various treatment options for these disorders and the role of concomitant anti-retroviral and chemotherapeutic intervention are addressed. Drs. Zaia and Krishnan will review the area of stem cell transplantation in patients with AIDS related lymphoma, presenting updated information on clinical results of this procedure. Additionally, they report on the use of gene therapy, with peripheral blood CD34+ cells genetically modified using a murine retrovirus, as a means to treat underlying HIV infection. Results of gene transfer experiments and subsequent gene marking in HIV infected patients are reviewed.
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Mapou, Robert L., and Wendy A. Law. "Neurobehavioral aspects of HIV disease and AIDS: An update." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 25, no. 2 (1994): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.25.2.132.
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Conway, Brian, and Francisco J. Diaz-Mitoma. "Virological and Immunological Aspects of AIDS Pathogenesis." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 5, suppl e (1994): 13E—18E. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/157142.
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The most common and serious problem associated with long term antiretroviral therapy is waning efficacy over time. To date. a number of studies has suggested an association between drug resistance and clinical deterioration. However. a precise causal relationship has yet to be demonstrated. In a large American clinical trial. resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) was predictive of subsequent disease progression if this therapy was continued. Surprisingly. this was also predictive of deterioration if therapy was changed to didanosine (ddl). This suggests that other factors (perhaps virological and immunological) which may be present in addition to resistance. were as important (if not more so) in predicting clinical outcomes. It is likely that viral load. resistance. viral phenotype and alterations in immune function interact in this regard. Proper· studies may allow us to determine a “threshold” for a composite virological and immunological parameter beyond which disease progression will occur. As more antiretroviral agents become available. we will be in a position to intervene to “improve” laboratory markers and monitor them prospectively. potentially to maintain clinical latency for an indefinite period of time. In the authors' laboratories, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the evaluation of circulating proviral load has been developed. In an initial study of 70 patients. proviral load/ 106CD4 cells was clearly associated with the severity of immune disease. with up to 9.6% of cells being infected in subjects with CD4 cell counts below 200/µL. However. large variability in proviral load among individuals with comparable or dissimilar CD4 cell counts precludes the use of this measurement as an individual marker of the severity of immune disease. More recent work evaluated the combined use of proviral load (expressed as a dichotomous variable based on values above or below one copy/a03CD4 cells) and resistance in a prospective fashion. In five patients with high proviral loads and isolates resistant to their current therapy. a mean decrease of 72 CD4 cells/µL was observed over 12 months of observation. In contrast. in six patients with low proviral loads and sensitive isolates. there was a mean increase of 43 CD4 cells/µL. It appears that virological markers are associated with immune disease progression in this small cohort of patients. The association appears most marked when the two virological parameters are considered together rather than individually. The association is not always a tight one. and this may relate to a number of unmeasured factors. including viral phenotype. plasma viremia. and the immune response to HIV infection. Additional work incorporating these parameters into analysis is currently underway in the authors’ centre.
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Henahan, John F. "AIDS' Economic, Political Aspects Become as Global as Medical Problem." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 23 (June 17, 1988): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720230001001.
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Henahan, J. F. "AIDS' economic, political aspects become as global as medical problem." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 23 (June 17, 1988): 3377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.259.23.3377.
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Justesen, Mogens K. "Democracy, dictatorship, and disease: Political regimes and HIV/AIDS." European Journal of Political Economy 28, no. 3 (September 2012): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.02.001.
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Kadhim Al-Ibadi, Atheer, and Usama Abdel Jaleel. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIV/AIDS IN IRAQ." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2007.2.3.81-91.
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This work was carried out at the AIDS Researches and Studies Center and Medico Consulting Center (Ibn Zoher Hospital) in Baghdad from 1st June 2004 to 1st June 2005, by retrospective study of patients records, aiming to describe the epidemiological features of AIDS cases in Iraq and its prevalence The total number of patients was (247) which only represented the registered cases from (1986 up to 2005), The prevalence of disease was (0.00095 per 100.000) with evident preponderance of males (86.2%) and age group < 20 years was ( 34.8%) . Most of the patients were single (74.5%) ; married (23.5%), Patients' occupation were as follows : most of the cases are child (44.9%) followed by earner (29.1%), officers (14.2%) and lastly sex workers (0.4%), The patients were more in urban (95.1%) than in rural area (4.9%), The most common route of transmission was the parentral route (84.6%), then sexual route (11.3%) , The highest percentage of cases were diagnosed in phase (4):(84.6%). As declared that the number of cases were 247, only 64 patients are alive and the rest were dead. The study recommended : on-going surveillance of all risk groups, health education campaign using different mass media particularly targeting high-risk groups and highly prevalent areas, ensuring safety of donated blood and blood products by proper screening for HIV/AIDS provision of effective antenatal care for early detection and active management of pregnant women and their babies, provision of diagnostic facilities and active antiretroviral drugs in addition to increasing staff efficiency by regular training courses.
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Pappalardo, Mara C. S. M., and Márcia S. C. Melhem. "Cryptococcosis: a review of the brazilian experience for the disease." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45, no. 6 (December 2003): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652003000600001.
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Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. The disease occurs in patients with cellular immunodeficiency. The incidence of cryptococcosis arises with aids, and mycosis is one of the opportunistic infections that defines AIDS. After the HAART era the occurrence of cryptococcosis decreased all over the world, but it still continues to be a prevalent disease in Brazil. Thus, we consider this paper to be very important as a result of our reviewing of Brazilian literature regarding some relevant aspects of that disease.
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Achebe, Chidi Chike. "AIDS: ?A Disease of Mass Destruction?" Dialectical Anthropology 28, no. 3-4 (2004): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-004-3590-8.
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Hoffmann, Stanley, and Peter Baldwin. "Disease and Democracy: The Industrialized World Faces AIDS." Foreign Affairs 84, no. 6 (2005): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20031807.
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Graeff, Samara Vilas-Bôas, Renata Palópoli Pícolli, Rui Arantes, Vivianne De Oliveira Landgraf de Castro, and Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha. "Epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous populations." Revista de Saúde Pública 53 (February 7, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053000362.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS: The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.
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Gregory, Sarah, Jo Billings, Danielle Wilson, Gill Livingston, Anne GM Schilder, and Sergi G. Costafreda. "Experiences of hearing aid use among patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease dementia: A qualitative study." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212090457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120904572.
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Objectives: Hearing aid usage supports communication and independence; however, many do not use their hearing aids. This study explored the experiences of hearing aid use in adults with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Participants completed semi-structured interviews which were analysed using thematic analysis. Ten people (six males, age range 75–86 years old) with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease who had been fitted with hearing aids were recruited to the study. Results: We identified four major themes: (1) memory and other cognitive barriers to using hearing aids, (2) practical aspects of hearing aids, (3) benefits of hearing aids, and (4) ambivalence towards hearing aids. Conclusions: Participants perceived a significant impact of cognitive impairment on the experience of using hearing aids. This population may benefit from targeted strategies to support use of hearing aids. The findings from this study can inform future research to optimise use of hearing aids in this population.
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Shulyk, Mykola, Nataliia Shulha, Nataliia Oblovatska, Hanna Andrusiak, and Nelli Pobiianska. "State policy and legal provision of socially hazardous diseases in Ukraine: the case of HIV/AIDS analyzed from bioethical, medical, and legal perspectives." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 65 (June 30, 2023): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.65.05.26.
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This article analyzes the legal and policy aspects related to HIV/AIDS in Ukraine from bioethical, medical, and legal perspectives. The objective of this study is to examine the adequacy of existing policies and legal provisions to address socially hazardous diseases such as HIV/AIDS in the country. The methodology employed includes a review of existing literature and legal documents related to HIV/AIDS. The findings suggest that although Ukraine has made significant progress in tackling HIV/AIDS, there are still significant gaps in the legal and policy framework regarding the disease. These gaps include a lack of comprehensive legislation and policies, inadequate funding for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS, and stigma and discrimination against those living with the disease. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need for a more holistic approach to address HIV/AIDS in Ukraine, including strengthening the legal and policy framework, increasing funding for prevention and treatment programs, and addressing the societal stigma and discrimination associated with the disease.
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Sargazi, Atefeh, Zahra Sepehri, Prigil Kumar Nadakkavukaran Jim, Negar Aali, Masoomeh Danesh, and Aliyeh Sargazi. "The Global Burden of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Tuberculosis Infected Patients and Related Financial Aspects." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 3, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.25.
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The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Approximately about 37 million people are infected by this virus with the rate of 1.2 million deaths per year. The mortality rate is high among HIV infected patients in the first 6 months of treatment.1 Immune deficient cases are at the high risk of any opportunistic infection. AIDS has been closely linked with tuberculosis (TB) disease, so almost one third of total mortality is related to this co-infection. In this regard, tuberculosis is used as a diagnostic index for AIDS.2 AIDS is not only associated with high mortality and morbidity, but it affects social life with related stresses and anxieties.3 Considering vast influence of HIV-TB over peoples’ lives, the present study aimed to estimate direct global burden of HIV infection on the patients with TB in a one-year period in 2014.
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BEAUDIN, CHRISTY L., and SUSAN M. CHAMBRÉ. "HIV/AIDS as a Chronic Disease." American Behavioral Scientist 39, no. 6 (May 1996): 684–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039006006.
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Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Alberto Novaes Ramos, Carlos Henrique Alencar, and Jorg Heukelbach. "Mortality Related to Chagas Disease and HIV/AIDS Coinfection in Brazil." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/534649.
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Chagas disease in patients with HIV infection represents a potentially serious event with high case fatality rates. This study describes epidemiological and clinical aspects of deaths related to Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS coinfection in Brazil, 1999–2007. We performed a descriptive study based on mortality data from the nationwide Mortality Information System. Of a total of about 9 million deaths, Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS were mentioned in the same death certificate in 74 cases. AIDS was an underlying cause in 77.0% (57) and Chagas disease in 17.6% (13). Males (51.4%), white skin color (50%), age group 40–49 years (29.7%), and residents in the Southeast region (75.7%) were most common. Mean age at death was significantly lower in the coinfected (47.1 years [SD ± 14.6]), as compared to Chagas disease deaths (64.1 years [SD ± 14.7],P<0.001). Considering the lack of data on morbidity related to Chagas disease and AIDS coinfection, the use of mortality data may be an appropriate sentinel approach to monitor the occurrence of this association. Due to the epidemiological transition in Brazil, chronic Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS coinfection will be further complicated and require the development of evidence-based preventive control measures.
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Potts, M. "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): a commentary on the international aspects of the disease." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 26, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(88)90189-0.
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Schlebusch, Lourens, and Michael J. Cassidy. "Stress, Social Support and Biopsychosocial Dynamics in HIV-AIDS." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 1 (March 1995): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500104.
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Research trends in psychosocial aspects of HIV-AIDS are reviewed, exploring the role of psychosocial cofactors in disease progression. This is undertaken within a biopsychosocial model and gives cognisance to the role of psychosocial stress, social support, and emotional adjustment. Research data from a study of biopsychosocial interrelationships in a sample of HIV-positive patients show a significant correlation between social support and emotional adjustment and that social support exerts a mediatory, stress-buffering effect in these patients. Some observations are made on aspects of the social conditions of South Africans with HIV-AIDS.
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Cole, Roger M. "Medical Aspects of Care for the Person with Advanced Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A Palliative Care Perspective." Palliative Medicine 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921639100500203.
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The classification and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is outlined briefly, followed by a detailed consideration of the prognostic factors that form the basis for effective medical communication and decisionmaking in palliative care. The broad clinical spectrum of AIDS and selected management problems are discussed, including palliation by control of oppportunistic infections, neuropsychiatric disorders (including AIDS-related dementia) and safety in the use of corticosteroids. The article ends with consideration of when to stop specific AIDS-related treatments in advanced disease.
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Mohanty, Purabi. "HIV / AIDS at a glance – Legal and ethical aspects and scenario in the state of Odisha." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 7, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2022.017.
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Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a lethal epidemic which alarmingly decreases the body’s ability to combat disease resulting in susceptibility to infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ AIDS have now moved from being viewed solely as a public health issue to a human rights issue. The goal in this regard is now to strengthen the anti-discrimination and other protective laws that safeguard the vulnerable group. To ensure confidentiality and privacy of people living with AIDS, legal and ethical implications for the medical profession are discussed here.In this article, many aspects of HIV / AIDS are discussed in general along with some ethical issues. Odisha is a state with low prevalence of AIDS, and attempts have been made at various levels to make it a zero prevalence state. In this regard, a study of the epidemiological scenario & steps taken by Odisha State AIDS Control Society (OSACS) and to reduce the prevalence in the state and ensure every person living with HIV has access to quality care and is treated with dignity.
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May, Robert M., Sunetra Gupta, and Angela R. McLean. "Infectious disease dynamics: what characterizes a successful invader?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0866.
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Against the background of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other potentially emerging (or re–emerging) infectious diseases, this review will focus on the properties which enable an infectious agent to establish and maintain itself within a specified host population. We shall emphasize that for a pathogen to cross a species barrier is one thing, but for it successfully to maintain itself in the new population is must have a ‘basic reproductive number’, R 0 , which satisfies R 0 > 1. We shall further discuss how behavioural factors interweave with the basic biology of the production of transmission stages by the pathogen, all subject to possible secular changes, to determine the magnitude of R 0 . Although primarily focusing on HIV and AIDS, we shall review wider aspects of these questions.
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Shah, Tejas A., Nirmal Brahmbhatt, and Jyotsna M. Pandor. "Impact assessment of IEC intervention on knowledge of HIV/AIDS among secondary and higher secondary school students of Himmatnagar, Gujarat, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192344.
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Background: Pertaining to increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS among youths, it becomes a need of the hour to make them aware about every aspects of disease. Students of secondary and higher secondary school can be targeted for achieving this goal. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the school students before and after giving educational intervention.Methods: An educational interventional study was carried out among school going adolescents of one of the school situated in the field practice area of one of the rural teaching hospitals of Gujarat. Pre-designed and pre-tested proforma was used for pre and post test study. Educational intervention in the form of power point presentation was conducted on various aspects of HIV/AIDS.Results: Around 163 students participated in the study. Mean age of the students were 16.6±0.7 yrs. Among them, 148 (90.8%) have heard about HIV/AIDS and only 26.3% could tell correctly about full form of HIV/AIDS before intervention. After giving educational intervention this percentage was raised to 89.2% which was significant statistically. Knowledge on almost all the aspects viz. modes of transmission and preventive aspects were significantly raised among the student after giving educational session.Conclusions: Correct knowledge about etiological and preventive aspects were lacking among the students before intervention. Various misconceptions which were prevalent among them were cleared by giving educational intervention. Secondary and Higher secondary schools can be selected as a platform for raising overall awareness about HIV/AIDS.
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Chan, Caroline, Berthold Seitz, and Barbara Käsmann-Kellner. "Morphological and Functional Aspects and Quality of Life in Patients with Achromatopsia." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2023): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071106.
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(1) Background: Achromatopsia is a rare disease of which the natural course and impact on life are still unknown to this date. We aimed to assess the morphological, functional characteristics, and quality of life in a large sample size of patients with achromatopsia. (2) A total of 94 achromats were included in this retrospective cohort study. Sixty-four were patients of the Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Centre in Homburg/Saar, Germany, between 2008 and 2021. Thirty further participants with achromatopsia from the national support group were included using an online questionnaire, which is available under ‘Supplementary data’. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 25; (3) The 94 patients (37 males (39.4%) and 57 females (60.6%)) showed a mean age of 24.23 ± 18.53 years. Visual acuity was stable (SD ± 0.22 logMAR at 1.0 logMAR) over a time of observation from 2008 to 2021. Edge filter glasses were the most used optical aids, while enlarged reading glasses were the most used low vision aids. (4) Conclusions: Our findings give an insight into describing the natural process and the quality of life of achromatopsia. The results demonstrate that achromatopsia is a predominantly stationary disease. The individual prescription of edge filters and low-vision aids is essential following a personalised fitting.
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Tinkle, JD. "AIDS and the podiatric medical practice." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 85, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-85-8-420.
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The number of patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has increased to the point that every podiatric physician in this country will be treating patients who are HIV positive, knowingly or not. Podiatric physicians continue to be part of the medical team that must bear responsibility for the rapid changes in HIV education. Attention must be focused on educating physicians about all aspects of this disease, especially the primary and secondary diseases of AIDS and new treatments and their side effects. Sterile technique and universal precautions have now taken on new importance.
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Antinori, Spinello. "New Insights into HIV/AIDS-Associated Cryptococcosis." ISRN AIDS 2013 (February 25, 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/471363.
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Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. According to the most recent taxonomy, the responsible fungus is classified into a complex that contains two species (Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii), with eight major molecular types. HIV infection is recognized worldwide as the main underlying disease responsible for the development of cryptococcal meningitis (accounting for 80–90% of cases). In several areas of sub-Saharan Africa with the highest HIV prevalence despite the recent expansion of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy programme, cryptococcal meningitis is the leading cause of community-acquired meningitis with a high mortality burden. Although cryptococcal meningitis should be considered a neglected disease, a large body of knowledge has been developed by several studies performed in recent years. This paper will focus especially on new clinical aspects such as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, advances on management, and strategies for the prevention of clinical disease.
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Coimbra, Carlos E. A., and Mohammad R. Torabi. "Sexual Behavior and AIDS in Sociocultural Perspective." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 7, no. 3 (October 1986): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4y6t-t3yh-h8jv-e3ea.
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AIDS, its cause, effect, and possible cure, has become a complex sociopsychological issue with ramifications extending far beyond the purely medical sphere. Spreading rapidly, with a higher incidence rate recorded among young people, the disease transcended the biomedical sphere, presenting sociocultural and psychological ramifications that go beyond its physical impact. With a higher incidence rate among male homosexuals, the epidemic raises morally sensitive questions which further confuse an already clouded picture. Current knowledge on the sexual transmission of AIDS and the role of male homosexuality demonstrates the need for more serious research into the various social and cultural aspects of homosexuality itself. To this end, medical anthropology may provide important information to those dealing with educational and preventive programs for the general population, as well as those in high risk groups for acquiring the disease.
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Villa, Daniel Paul, and Craig Demmer. "Exploring the Link between Aids-Related Grief and Unsafe Sex." Illness, Crisis & Loss 13, no. 3 (July 2005): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105413730501300303.
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This review article focuses attention on the impact of AIDS deaths on gay survivors, in particular whether the complex nature of AIDS-related grief contributes to increased sexual risk behavior among these survivors. There has been surprisingly little research investigating the association between AIDS-related grief and sexual risk behaviors. This article describes aspects of the bereavement experience of AIDS survivors in an effort to understand how such factors might potentially influence survivors to engage in high risk behaviors. Suggestions are offered to both grief counselors and HIV prevention educators on how to address this issue with bereaved gay individuals.
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INCIARDI, JAMES A. "AIDS — A Strange Disease of Uncertain Origins." American Behavioral Scientist 33, no. 4 (March 1990): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764290033004002.
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Dhai, A. "HIV and AIDS in Africa: social, political, and economic realities." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29, no. 5 (September 2008): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11017-008-9081-1.
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Hanker, J., W. P. Webster, E. J. Burkes, G. Greco, D. Hamamoto, R. L. Hopfer, M. Kutcher, et al. "Elevated Candida albicans scores obtained by microscopic examination of subgingival plaque from atypical periodontal disease sites in immunocompromised states (especially AIDS)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160637.
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Gingivitis and periodontitis have immunologic aspects that can influence or be influenced by the pathogenic microbiota present. In immunocompromised states, especially AIDS, an abnormal gingivitis (HIV-G) and periodontitis (HIV-P) are known. Although acute periodontal lesions generally respond to conventional therapy, in AIDS patients the atypical lesions may also be present which deteriorate further. Candida albicans(CA) lesions of the oral mucosa (not due to diabetes, cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy or antibiotics) were present in almost all AIDS patients and were helpful in defining this disease. In 1988 it was shown that CA could be cultured from a greater percentage of the atypical than the conventional gingivitis or periodontitis sites in AIDS patients but this required many hours and could not show the relative number of CA present in the different sites.
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Fee, Elizabeth, and Nancy Krieger. "Thinking and Rethinking Aids: Implications for Health Policy." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gh7c-lqe5-ynk5-jym8.
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In the United States, we see three main phases in the construction of the history of AIDS, with each having very different implications for health and social policy. In the first, AIDS was conceived of as an epidemic disease, a “gay plague,” by analogy to the sudden, devastating epidemics of the past. In the second, it was normalized as a chronic disease, similar in many ways to diseases such as cancer. In the third, the authors propose a new historical model of a slow-moving, long-lasting pandemic, a chronic infectious ailment manifested through myriad specific HIV-related diseases. The new paradigm of AIDS incorporates the positive aspects of both earlier conceptions. It emphasizes, like the plague model, the etiology, transmission, and prevention of disease but rejects its assumption of a time-limited crisis. It takes from the chronic disease model an appropriate time frame and concern with the clinical management of protracted illness but insists on the primacy of prevention. The authors criticize both infectious and chronic disease models for their individualistic conceptions of disease and their narrow strategies for disease prevention. They further argue that the traditional distinction between, and approaches to, infectious and chronic diseases need to be rethought for other diseases as well as for AIDS.
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ORNSTEIN, MICHAEL. "Aspects of the political and personal sociology of AIDS: knowledge, policy attitudes and risk." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 29, no. 3 (August 1992): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1992.tb02438.x.
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