Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ail des bois – Croissance'
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Dion, Pierre-Paul. "Caractérisation des conditons de culture propices à l'ail des bois en système agroforestier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25770.
Full textWild leek (Allium tricoccum) is a forest spring ephemeral popular amongst consumers. Overharvesting caused a major decline of its natural populations in southern Quebec, Canada. Forest farming could provide a mean of sustainable exploitation of this vulnerable species. According to our experiments, planting under late bud-bursting tree species improves growth of wild leek, which delays its senescence and can acclimate to the higher light availability. A lower planting density improves individual growth and reproduction, but lowers the yield per cultivated area. Partial harvest of the bulbs in dense populations slightly improves post-harvest growth. Harvesting leaves does not affect survival, but delaying it in the season and harvesting only one leaf out of two favors regeneration. These results will allow optimizing yield in wild leek cultures.
Bernatchez, Antoine. "Conditions de culture propices à l'ail des bois (Allium Tricoccum)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23730.
Full textDanjon, Frédéric. "Variabilité génétique des courbes de croissance en hauteur du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait. )." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10240.
Full textLepoittevin, Camille. "Génétique d’association chez le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.) pour la croissance et les composantes de la qualité du bois." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13923/document.
Full textDuring the last four decades, the optimization of silvicultural and tree breeding methods has contributed to improve growth and wood homogeneity of maritime pine. In order to provide the different actors of the forestry wood-chain with high quality raw material, the genetic determinism and chemical components of wood quality are being studied in the frame of a multidisciplinary research program. First, nine transcription factors putatively involved in wood formation have been sequenced in the Aquitaine population, and their nucleotide diversity pattern studied. Since these genes potentially play important roles in the adaptation of trees to their environment, their patterns have been compared to those expected under neutral evolution. Strong departures from neutrality were observed, with high levels of linkage disequilibrium and an excess of intermediate frequency variants for three of them (HDZ31, LIM2 and MYB1), which could be linked to population size changes that affected the whole genome, and to balancing selection effects at one of them (MYB1). Secondly, the genitors of the Aquitaine breeding population were genotyped for 384 markers and evaluated for growth and wood chemical properties. Significant associations were detected for two markers, one in a HD-Zip transcription factor (HDZ31) with growth, and the other in a gene coding for a fasciclin protein with cellulose content. The consistency of evolutionary and molecular genetics opens encouraging perspectives for understanding the genetic architecture of wood formation in this species. However, the low number of associations detected raises several theoretical and methodological issues which are discussed for the perspective of improving future experimental designs
Lagraulet, Hélène. "Plasticité phénotypique et architecture génétique de la croissance et de la densité du bois du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0085/document.
Full textEvaluating the impact of climate change on current plantations supposes the evaluation of their phenotypic plasticity and their genotypic diversity within the species, under abiotic pressure. Maritime pine is a perennial species of major economical interest in the french Aquitaine region. Wildly studied genetically and ecophysiologically, maritime pine is a very good biological model to see that type of study to the end. In this thesis, we intend to study various traits related to maritime pine growth under a biotic constraints, according to the following approaches: (1) evalutation of the phenotypic variability and (2)dissection of the genetic architecture of the traits (number, location and effects of QTLs). The comparisonbetween envrionmental and phenotypic data will allow us to appreciate the phenotypic pasticity of individuals. Afterwards, studying the genetic architecture of these traits and its variability according to the genetic background of individuals and environmental conditions will allow us to assess the stability ofdetected QTLs.We used 4 progenies of maritime pines: 3 controlled crosses of parents originated from contrasted ecotypes (Corsica, Landes and Morocco) and 1 controlled cross from a second generation of self-pollination (F2). Micro-cores were extracted from the individuals of the F2 population andmicrodensity profiles were established trough 7 consecutive years. Total height and diameter of eachindividual were measured once a year on the 3 others crosses, from 2010 to 2014. Dynamics of apical budburst was also followed on the same individuals in 2012 and 2013. Finally, dynamics of radial growth were monitored on a sub-sample of 239 individuals (spread in 2 of the 3 controlled crosses) during 3 yearsthanks to a unique device of microdendrometers.At the same time, all individuals (form the 4 crosses) were genotyped with several DNA bioarraysof molecular markers, allowing the building of genetic maps. The confrontation of phenotypic and genotypic data enabled to identify genome are as involved in the genetic architecture behind the traitsand to study their stability according to environmental conditions and the genetic background of individuals.This study showed that bud burst varies from year to year, depending on the conditions oftemperature and of the genetic background of individuals. Same way as growth, bud burst is controlled bymany QTLs of moderate effect, varying according to climatic conditions and the genetic background of individuals. The monitoring of seasonal dynamics of wood formation also showed a QTL x environment interaction revealing that wood density is regulated by different genes or the same set of genes,differentially regulated in response to the climate. The last part of the study puts forwards, for the firsttime, the variability of radius daily fluctuations within a full-sib family and its interaction with environmental variables. [...]
Berthier, Stéphane. "Effets des sollicitations aérodynamiques sur la croissance et le développement du pin maritime (pinus pinaster Ait. ) : influence sur la morphogenèse aérienne et racinaire, et sur la formation du bois de cœur." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12443.
Full textGuimberteau, Guillaume. "Modélisation volumique de bois." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/efac4ad2-040e-49df-80d1-dd989a9796a1/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4017.pdf.
Full textIn this thesis, we present the results of our research about the generation of internal structure of trees based on the simulation of the tree growth. For the modelling of these structures, we use a model which allows the presentation of subdivisions of 3D objects : the 3Gmaps. Thanks to a structuring of objects at different levels (ring, volume), our approach allow simplifying the control of the evolution. Moreover, we add a formalization of the growth management with an extension of L-systems in dimension 3 : 3Gmap L-systems. Provided with this modelling and with this formalism, we are able of generating internal wood structures and credible from a botanical point of view. To validate our model, we offer some lanes of farms : generation of wooden textures with management of knots, wood defects, weathering,. .
Espagnacq, Laurence. "Contribution à l'étude de la physiologie de l'ail (Allium sativum L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT003A.
Full textFournier, Meriem. "Mécanique de l'arbre sur pied : maturation, poids propre, contraintes climatiques dans la tige standard." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10470.
Full textSevrin, Eric. "L'alisier torminal (sorbus torminalis (l. ) crantz) : qualite du bois et conditions de croissance." Paris, ENGREF, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENGR0019.
Full textJaouen, Gaëlle Fournier Djimbi Meriem. "Etude des stratégies biomécaniques de croissance des jeunes arbres en peuplement hétérogène tropical humide." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0118_JAOUEN.pdf.
Full textSimorte, Valérie. "Approche de la nutrition azotée du noyer à bois dans les associations agroforestières." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT104G.
Full textBaillères, Henri. "Précontraintes de croissance et propriétés mécano-physiques de clones d'eucalyptus (Pointe-Noire, Congo) : hétérogénéités, corrélations et interprétations histologiques." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10521.
Full textThe study contributes to the determination of technological characterisation protocols for eucalyptus wood planting. To this end the following clear wood properties are analysed: longitudinal elastic modulus, fracture energy in RL plane, tangential and longitudinal shrinkages, and longitudinal residual strains of maturation. The latter, measured at the stem periphery, leads to growth stresses. The vegetable material of the study is composed of hybrid clones of eucalyptus (Congo, Africa) Spatiotemporal variations of properties were studied, as well as the correlations between these properties. The three main causes of heterogeneity within tree are: the transition from the juvenile wood to the mature wood, the tension wood formation and the proximity of green branches. For the five studied properties some significant differences between the distributions or the means of the measured values for the various clones examined were noticed. The analysis of the chemical (content and monomeric composition of liginins) or ultrastructural (microfibril angle) variations of wood allows to interpret the observed coreelations. Finally, at time of the crosscutting, end splits occurs; their proportion is correlated to the mean of the longitudinal residual strains of maturation measured in the vicinity of the end face. This proportion depends also on the material fissility and would seem to be different from a clone another
Schneider, Robert. "Effet de l'éclaircie commerciale sur la croissance et la qualité du bois du pin gris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24263/24263.pdf.
Full textDecou, Raphaël. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle des xylanes et des xyloglucanes fucosylés au cours de la formation du bois : application à la formation du bois de tension chez le peuplier." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/1779a5ab-dcbe-47f8-b003-4c9c6f6f937b/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4034.pdf.
Full textXylogenesis leads among others to the formation of fibers and vessels which involves a cascade of events including the establishment of a secondary wall. However, under the effects of environmental constraints (wind, slope), a new architecture of this wall is observed. This last one will directly affect the mechanical properties and wood quality. In order to reinstate verticality of their stems, the woody angiosperms develop a particular wood called “tension wood” which is characterized by the formation of an atypical layer : the “gelatinous layer”. By techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology on the hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba, clone INRA 717-1-B4), and in order to highlight some molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of this wood, we have sought to isolate and characterize two groups of enzymes -β(1,4)-xylosidases and α(1,2)-fucosyltransferases- involved in the rearrangement and the biosynthesis of xylans and xyloglucans respectively. Two of these enzymes, PtaBXL1 and PtaFUT1, appear down-regulated specifically in tension wood. In parallel, we developed a study model in vitro of formation of tension wood in order to carry out an inventory by immunohistochemistry and various staining of the different polymers that may be involved in the formation and mechanical properties of this particular wood. Also, AGPs and RG-I has been found in G layer, which suggests their participation in the development of tension forces in straightening of stems
Daya, Abdelmajid Jodin Philippe. "Etudes des contraintes de croissance des arbres sur pied d'eucalyptus grandis et du chêne vert caractérisation et valorisation sous forme de bois collé /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2006/Daya.Abdelmajid.SMZ0615.pdf.
Full textThèse soutenue sur ensemble de travaux. Bibliogr. p. 118-128. Annexes p; 129-145. Liste des fig. p. 141. Liste des tabl. p. 144-145.
Sotelo, Montes Alcira del Carmen. "Variation génétique des caractéristiques de croissance et du bois de Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum) provenant de l'Amazonie péruvienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23993/23993.pdf.
Full textA provenance/progeny test of Calycophyllum spruceanum was established in one watershed in the Peruvian Amazon in order to (a) evaluate genetic variation in tree growth (height, diameter) and wood properties (density, color, shrinkage, ultimate crushing strength (σL) and static compliance coefficients (s11) in longitudinal compression, and dynamic s11 in the longitudinal direction determined by ultrasound), (b) estimate the proportion of the variation under genetic control, (c) estimate the effect of selection for growth on wood properties, and (d) determine the radial variation in wood density (by microdensitometry)and its correlation with tree growth. Tree height and stem diameter near ground level were measured at 16, 28 and 39 months. Diameter at 1.3 m and wood properties were measured at 39 months. In general, the wood was relatively uniform in color, with average shrinkage and relatively high strength and stiffness. Significant variation due to families within provenances and/or provenances was found in tree growth, wood density, and some color, shrinkage, strength and stiffness characteristics. In general, families accounted for more variation than provenances. Heritability was moderately high for basic wood density, shrinkage, strength, and stiffness determined by the static s11, and relatively low for growth traits, wood color, coefficient of anisotropy and stiffness determined by the dynamic s11. The heritability of growth traits, wood density, color and shrinkage was generally higher in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly. Genetic correlations indicated that (a) selecting faster-growing trees would result in denser wood; (b) the selection of faster-growing trees with denser wood would result in stronger and stiffer wood, without a significant effect on its color, but would increase the shrinkage. In addition, wood density increased significantly from pith to bark, especially in the zones where trees grew more rapidly. Phenotypic correlations suggested that selecting faster-growing trees would result in greater radial variation in wood density. Finally, the non-destructive methods used were very effective for studying wood quality in this species.
Fang, Changhua. "Contribution de la couche gélatineuse au comportement du bois de tension du peuplier : contraintes de croissance et propriétés du matériau." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20239.
Full textIn this study, tension wood behaviour from microscopic to macroscopic levels were observed and measured compared to normal wood. Poplar (Populus cv. I4551 from France and Populus deltoids CV. I-69/55 from China) was chosen as plant material, because poplar is known to have a characteristic tension wood with gelatinous layer (G-layer) and to produce a high longitudinal tensile stress and poplar is also a very important fast growth plantation tree in the world. This study advances the discussion on the origin of growth stresses generation and reveals the growth stresses at cell wall and tissue levels. G-layer is proved to play the most important role in high growth stress generation in tension wood. The measurements were performed on embedded samples sectioned with glass knife and diamond knife, which allows to avoid the uncontrolled swelling and detachment of G-layer during sample preparation with conventional sectioning method. From normal wood to different severities of tension wood, defined by measured growth strain, wood properties were measured including anatomical, physical, mechanical and chemical properties, as well as the properties of rotary cutting veneer including woolly area proportion and distortion, which are the two most important problems for poplar veneer utilizations. The relationships between these properties and growth stress level are established. Due to its high importance for wood utilizations, the transverse drying shrinkage of tension wood was studied in particular compared to that of normal wood at cell wall, tissue and massive wood level. A shrinking model is proposed for tension wood and normal wood
Davi, Hendrik. "Développement d'un modèle forestier générique simulant les flux et les stocks de carbonne et d'eau dans le cadre des changements climatiques." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112303.
Full textA model simulating CO2 and H2O stocks and fluxes is described, parameterised, validated and improved at forestry stand scale and up scaling to the region is set about. The effect on simulated fluxes of the uncertainty on key input parameters is estimated. Each process implemented in the model is then separately evaluated. After that, the model is adapted to various forest ecosystems and validated from hours to decals by comparison with carbon fluxes and wood growth measurements. To improve the carbon water coupling and the response of foliar photosynthesis to irradiance, the mésophylle resistance for CO2 flux between stomata and chloroplasts is incorporated in the photosynthesis model. To improve the aerial wood growth simulation, an allocation scheme is developed for deciduous trees using two kinds of functional constraints: the carbohydrates homeostasis and the hydraulic equilibrium. Two models, one simulating the Leaf Area Index from carbohydrates content, the other simulating the Leaf mass per Area from absorbed irradiance by leaves, are also developed and validated. After that, the spatial aggregation effect of the key input parameters, spatially varying, on the simulated fluxes, is quantified using a sensitivity analysis and three study cases at three different scales (from 1 ha to 1000 ha). Lastly, at regional scale, a linear relationship between the average LAI and the logarithm of the standard deviation of NDVI measured by remote sensing is highlighted and the theoretical basis of this relationship is studied
Bossu, Julie. "Potentiel de Bagassa guianensis et Cordia alliodora pour la plantation en zone tropicale : Description d'une stratégie de croissance optimale alliant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois." Thesis, Guyane, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015YANE0002/document.
Full textThe forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana
Gagné, Louis-Vincent. "Évaluation du potentiel de croissance et de qualité des tiges de bouleau jaune (betula alleghaniensis Britton) dans une forêt dégradée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29182/29182.pdf.
Full textGagné, Claude. "Tendance à long terme de la croissance de l'épinette noire, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., en forêt boréale québécoise." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0027/MQ49063.pdf.
Full textRycabel, Tadeusz. "Qualité et rendement en sciages selon les conditions de croissance des tiges d'épinette noire (Picea mariana Mill.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24228/24228.pdf.
Full textThe development of black spruce stands under various ecological conditions and the hierarchy of the trees according to various heigths in a stand (dominant (over story) or dominated (under story)) influence the stem form and increment (growth rate). Stems characteristics influence directly the volume and the quality of the products. Therefore, the objectives of this research were: (1) to evaluate the quality of the stems and the yield in sawing according to specific conditions of growth of the stands and the trees; (2) to build a suitable model which describes the relationships among stand density, trees growth conditions, trees growth on various sites, mechanical properties as well as wood quality and value. Trees (180) taken in two natural stands (1) Alno rugosae – Piceetum marianae which constitute a rich site, SI ≈ 11 m at 50 years (Tembec site) and (2) Ledo groenlandici – Piceetum marianae which is described as poor site, SI ≈ 6 m at 50 years (Norbord site) showing various characteristics (age, diameter, stem position) were studied. The proportion and frequency of the defects such as curves and taper were evaluated on the entire bole. Wood mechanical properties (MOE and MOR) and defects before and after drying were directly determined for each piece of lumber (1500). The space available to each tree to grow was quantified with a new index. The index of competition (IC), characterizes the competition a tree undergoes and enables comparisons with wood characteristics. The statistical analyses indeed showed thad the IC become the principal variable to explain the characteristics of the trees, the volume of harvested wood and the value fo the products. Thus, the methodology consisted to elaborate a coherent system of equations which adequately reflects the productivity according to these various properties. This research contributes both to the fields of forest management and wood technology. The results obtained indicate that the mechanical properties of the lumber obtained in the Norbord site are definitely higher compared to lumber obtained from the Tembec site. The average MOE for lumber of the Norbord site reaches 13,4 GPa compared to 11,2 GPa for wood coming from the Tembec site. Thus, the MOR is estimated to 64,3 MPa and 48,7 MPa respectively for the Norbord and Tembec sites. However, the total volume of the products in the Tembec site is 3,5 times higher than in the Norbord site : 43,0 m3/ha (18,2 Mpmp/ha) for Norbord and 150,5 m3/ha (63,8 Mpmp/ha) for Tembec. Consequently, the total value per hectare ($/ha) of wood collected on the territory of Tembec (16 012 $) represents threefold the value of the lumber of the other site (5 514 $) even if the price per unit volume is more advantageous for the lumber of Norbord.
Grenon, Frank. "Relation entre la présence du nodulier (Petrova albicapitana) et les diminutions de la croissance du pin gris (Pinus banksiana)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33787.pdf.
Full textMeredieu, Céline. "Croissance et branchaison du pin laricio (Pinus nigra Arnold ssp laricio (Poiret) Maire) : élaboration et évaluation d'un système de modèles pour la prévision de caractéristiques des arbres et du bois." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10242.
Full textFournier, Mylaine. "Structure et croissance d'un peuplement d'épinette noire, Picea mariana, issu d'une coupe d'une vingtaine d'années dans la région du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25789.pdf.
Full textGionest, François. "Relations temporelles entre des données de défoliation par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (choristoneura fumiferana) et la croissance du sapin baumier (abies balsamea)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40549.pdf.
Full textLaliberté, Juliane. "Conséquences de l'éclaircie précommerciale pour la qualité du bois et la croissance des tiges : Le cas des peuplements mixtes à feuillus intolérants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27581/27581.pdf.
Full textA precommercial thinning (PCT) trial was conducted in mixedwood stands of balsam fir – white birch bioclimatic domain in three different regions of Quebec (Portneuf, Maurice, Lac St-Jean). Ninety-six stems (balsam fir and black spruce) were selected in three different PCT treatments. These stems were analyzed and compared to stems from control stands. Two alternative PCT treatments were compared to 2001 PCT standard. The first one consists in the preservation of residual stems in a quarter circle. The second one consists in spacing out to five meters intolerant hardwood stems. The five year impact of PCT was analyzed against PCT treatments and the number of competing stems (in a four meters radius). Results suggest that the number of competing stems has a negative impact on five-year increment in stem diameter and on branch diameter, but a positive impact on latewood content. Branch diameter five years after PCT varies according to PCT treatment and branch position in the stem. Latewood content varies according to PCT treatment, initial stem diameter and position in the stem. Latewood content is also affected by the number of competing stems. This study provides a better understanding of PCT effects on wood quality in mixedwood stands and allowed us to compare those results to the situation that prevails in softwood- dominated stands. In the light of our results, we suggest to preserve some competing stems in order to weaken negative impacts of PCT on wood quality.
Lesage, Isabelle. "Effets d'un gradient de lumière et de compétition intraspécifique sur la croissance et la morphologie de la cime du sapin baumier (Abies Balsamea (L.) Mill.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25794.pdf.
Full textClair, Bruno. "Enquête sur le comportement paradoxal du bois de tension." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818173.
Full textDaya, Abdelmajid. "Études des contraintes de croissance des arbres sur pied d'eucalyptus grandis et du chêne vert : caractérisation et valorisation sous forme de bois collé." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Daya.Abdelmajid.SMZ0615.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study is to measure the growth stress indicators (GSI) of the wood of grown Eucalypti and holm oak and to determine the technological properties for the valorization of these two species in the form of glued wood. Three trees of grown Eucalypti and holm oak were studied. Tensile specimens with massive wood and glued wood (end to end and in bevel), and DCB specimens with massive wood and glued wood were prepared. The quality of the assembly is treated by a probabilistic model based on the Weibull's statistical approach permitting to predict the reliability of the glued systems. The GSI, measured in the periphery of the trees, characterize the state of the wood formed in the very last years. The GSI distribution revealed generally that these two species have different behaviours. The grown Eucalyptus and the holm oak present a high nervousness. These obtained characteristics allowed us to classify them in a hard to half-hard wood, nervous, of strong shrinkage and an average rigidity. The massive wood presents a brittle behaviour with a fracture stress of the holm-oak twice bigger than that of the grown eucalyptus , although the glued wood (end to end or beveled) presents a ductile behaviour with a fracture stress almost the same for these two types of assembly. The Weibull coefficient m of the massive wood of these two species is weaker than that of the glued wood. The measurement of the restitution rate of the energy (toughness) of the massive wood and glued wood of grown eucalyptus and holm-oak has been experimentally achieved using the compliance method. The massive wood of these species is stronger than the glued wood. This latter has a higher toughness than that of the glued polyurethane. The average value of the experimentally determined toughness is very close to that calculated by the finite element code CASTEM 2000, which is greater than those found by ASTM and two embedded beams methods. In the massive wood, the crack initiates in the plan of low strength and the types of fracture observed during its propagation are intercellular and transcellular. In the glued wood the crack starts in the glue joint for the holm-oak, and both in the glue and wood for the grown eucalyptus. Whereas, its propagation is always adhesive for the holm-oak and mixed for the grown eucalyptus (alternately in wood and glue)
Obeidou, Wafa. "Influence de quelques sels d'ammonium quaternaires sur la croissance et le métabolisme azote de divers organismes : champignons de dégradation du bois et noyer." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10348.
Full textFantin, Natalie. "Croissance juvénile des arbres mères comparée à celle de jeunes semis d'épinette noire (Picea Mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) issus de graines après un feu sur un même site." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48309.pdf.
Full textBERGES, LAURENT. "Variabilite individuelle et collective de la croissance et de la densite du bois de quercus petraea (matt. ) liebl. En relation avec les facteurs ecologiques." Paris, ENGREF, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENGR0043.
Full textLamara, Mebarek, and Mebarek Lamara. "Architecture génétique des caractères reliés au bois, à la croissance et à la résistance contre la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette chez l'épinette blanche." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27836.
Full textLes analyses d’association visent à mieux comprendre l’architecture génétique des caractères quantitatifs comme ceux reliés à l’adaptation, la croissance et la structure du bois, et mettre en évidence les gènes qui les contrôlent. Ces connaissances sont utiles pour notamment mieux appréhender le potentiel de résilience dans le contexte de changements climatiques, ainsi que pour la conservation et l’amélioration génétique des arbres forestiers. Cette thèse porte sur l’épinette blanche (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) avec deux objectifs principaux : 1) développer une compréhension plus intégrée des caractères quantitatifs, et ; 2) développer des stratégies permettant de mieux exploiter les analyses d’association face aux contraintes génétiques et statistiques liées à leur utilisation chez les arbres forestiers. La thèse s’appuie sur deux études d’association qui portent respectivement sur la croissance et les caractéristiques physiques du bois (chapitre 2), et la résistance contre la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette (TBE, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) (chapitre 3). Nous avons d’abord analysé les caractéristiques du bois ainsi que la croissance en utilisant un seuil de significativité statistique permissif (P < 0,05; sans correction pour tests multiples) pour maximiser la découverte de gènes comportant des SNPs significatifs. Selon les caractères étudiés, entre 229 et 292 gènes ont été identifiés, qui ont ensuite été soumis à des analyses complémentaires portant sur leurs annotations fonctionnelles et leur expression tissulaire. Les gènes associés aux caractères du bois se sont montrés surreprésentés dans un groupe de co-expression préférentiel au xylème secondaire. Une analyse de réseau de ce groupe de gènes a permis d’identifier certains facteurs de transcription de type MYB et NAC ayant un niveau de connectivité élevé, dont notamment PgNAC-7 qui était le gène ‘hub’ le plus connecté, suggérant un rôle dans la régulation des caractères physiques du bois. L’étude des caractères de défense contre la TBE s’est appuyée sur trois méthodes d’analyse d’association considérant soit un locus à la fois, plusieurs loci, ou encore plusieurs caractères simultanément. Les analyses ont permis d’identifier 33 gènes ayant des fonctions métaboliques variées et expliquant une proportion élevée de la variation phénotypique observée. Des corrélations phénotypiques faiblement positives ont également été observées entre la croissance et les facteurs de résistance contre la TBE, indiquant l’absence d’un compromis métabolique entre ces caractères. Nos résultats indiquent que les stratégies proposées dans la présente thèse pourraient être appliquées à d’autres caractères quantitatifs et permettre de développer des connaissances utiles pour mieux comprendre l'architecture génétique des caractères complexes chez les arbres forestiers.
The general aim of association analyses is to decipher the genetic architecture of quantitative traits such as those related to adaptation, growth and wood structure, and to highlight the genes that control them. This knowledge is useful to better understand the potential for resilience toward climate change, and for the genetic conservation and improvement of forest trees. This thesis focuses on white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and has two main objectives: 1) develop a more integrated understanding of quantitative traits, and; 2) develop strategies to better exploit association analyses despite the genetic and statistical constraints related to their use in forest trees. The thesis is based on two association studies, which focus respectively on growth and wood physical traits (Chapter 2), and resistance to spruce budworm (SBW, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) (Chapter 3). We first analyzed wood and growth traits using a permissive threshold of statistical significance (P < 0.05, without correction for multiple tests) to maximize the discovery of genes carrying significant SNPs. For each of the traits studied, between 229 and 292 such genes were identified, which were then subjected to further analyses based on their functional annotations and their tissue expression. The genes associated with wood traits were over-represented in a co-expression group that is preferential to secondary xylem. A network analysis of this group of genes allowed identifying certain transcription factors of MYB and NAC types with a high level of connectivity, including PgNAC-7 which was the most connected hub gene, suggesting a role in the regulation of wood physical traits. The study of SBW defence traits was based on three methods of association analysis considering one locus at a time, several loci, or several traits simultaneously. The analyses identified 33 genes with various metabolic functions, which explained a major proportion of the observed phenotypic variation. Weakly positive phenotypic correlations were also observed between growth and resistance traits against SBW, indicating the absence of a metabolic trade-off between these traits. Our results indicate that the strategies proposed in this thesis could be applied to other quantitative traits to develop a better understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits in forest trees.
The general aim of association analyses is to decipher the genetic architecture of quantitative traits such as those related to adaptation, growth and wood structure, and to highlight the genes that control them. This knowledge is useful to better understand the potential for resilience toward climate change, and for the genetic conservation and improvement of forest trees. This thesis focuses on white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and has two main objectives: 1) develop a more integrated understanding of quantitative traits, and; 2) develop strategies to better exploit association analyses despite the genetic and statistical constraints related to their use in forest trees. The thesis is based on two association studies, which focus respectively on growth and wood physical traits (Chapter 2), and resistance to spruce budworm (SBW, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) (Chapter 3). We first analyzed wood and growth traits using a permissive threshold of statistical significance (P < 0.05, without correction for multiple tests) to maximize the discovery of genes carrying significant SNPs. For each of the traits studied, between 229 and 292 such genes were identified, which were then subjected to further analyses based on their functional annotations and their tissue expression. The genes associated with wood traits were over-represented in a co-expression group that is preferential to secondary xylem. A network analysis of this group of genes allowed identifying certain transcription factors of MYB and NAC types with a high level of connectivity, including PgNAC-7 which was the most connected hub gene, suggesting a role in the regulation of wood physical traits. The study of SBW defence traits was based on three methods of association analysis considering one locus at a time, several loci, or several traits simultaneously. The analyses identified 33 genes with various metabolic functions, which explained a major proportion of the observed phenotypic variation. Weakly positive phenotypic correlations were also observed between growth and resistance traits against SBW, indicating the absence of a metabolic trade-off between these traits. Our results indicate that the strategies proposed in this thesis could be applied to other quantitative traits to develop a better understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits in forest trees.
Zhang, Dapeng. "Conséquences physiologiques de la taille de la vigne : structure conductrice du vieux bois : autorégulation de croissance et régime hydrique selon divers types de taille mécanisables." Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR20032.
Full textGauchat, Funes Drewes María Elena. "Phenologie de la formation du bois chez le Mélèze : un pas vers une meilleure compréhension de la formation du bois par rapport à climat." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0037/document.
Full textLarix is a genus of high interest for plantation due to its fast growth rate and appreciated wood quality. Larch has a great potential to be introduced in middle and lowland afforestations as an alternative to Douglas-fir. One important question for breeders is adaptation to environment. It is particularly relevant in the context of climatic changes where a strong decrease of soil water availability during the growth period is predicted. Three larch species are used by foresters in France for plantation establishment, for which breeders must supply more adapted material: European and Japanese larch and their interspecific hybrid. The higher performance of hybrid larch in afforestations demonstrates its great potential. The tissue structure of annual rings reflects the response of cambium (cell division, elongation and thickening of cell walls) to environmental factors (climate, soil fertility, competition, etc), as well as physiological states and genetics. Then, wood density can be interpreted as the result of cambial activity and its variation as the response of the tree to environment. However, to gain a better understanding of this response and of the variation of the xylogenesis process itself, it is important to spot the timing of wood cell production. There are different approaches to study the timing of wood formation. We used a combination of wood microdensitometry and of pinning method as a new approach to study the dynamic of wood formation from a tree improvement point of view. This new approach allowed us to go beyond the static character of the microdensity profile (where density variation is related to distance) and to transform it into a dynamic profile (where density variation is related to time). Variation in phenology of cambial activity can be seen as a mechanism better adjusting trees to their environment. If this adjustment improves fitness, then the corresponding tree anatomical response to environment variation may be seen as an adaptive response. As breeders, our interest is twice: on one side, a better understanding of cambial phenology and of wood formation in relation to pedo-climatic factors and climatic stress is urgent for profiling genotypes better fitted to their environment. On the other side, exploitation design trees with better wood properties. In larch, phenotypic variation of variables through breeding of knowledge about phenology of wood formation will help to related to the dates of initiation and completion of the formation of different tissues and to the total duration of ring formation is low. Last and final summary in the thesis
Deslauriers, Annie. "Mise en place du cerne de croissance chez le sapin baumier (Abies Balsamea (L.) Mill.) et relation avec le climat local." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37781.pdf.
Full textNoguera, Diana. "Interactions entre "terra preta" et vers de terre : analyse de leurs effets sur la croissance et la physiologie des plantes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066528.
Full textDassot, Mathieu. "Relations entre morphologie, croissance, bois de réaction et contraintes de maturation. : Apport de la technologie LiDAR terrestre pour répondre à des questions écologiques et sylvicoles." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00903914.
Full textZhang, Dapeng. "Conséquences physiologiques de la taille de la vigne structure conductrice du vieux bois, autorégulation de croissance et régime hydrique selon divers types de taille mécanisables /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610926r.
Full textClair, Bruno. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques et du retrait au séchage du bois à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire : essai de compréhension du comportement macroscopique paradoxal du bois de tension à couche gélatineuse." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008857.
Full textLes fibres à couche G semblant être le moteur du fort retrait axial du bois de tension, une observation du comportement au séchage à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire est mise au point. Des observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et en microscopie à force atomique montrent que, en plus de son fort retrait transverse, la couche G a aussi un très fort retrait longitudinal. Une approche simple de modélisation par éléments finis est proposée pour rendre compte des phénomènes observés.
Afin de récolter des données pour la modélisation, deux outils complémentaires sont mis au point pour une estimation des propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques des couches de la paroi cellulaire. La réalisation d'un microscope acoustique en transmission et l'utilisation de la microscopie atomique en mode contact vibrant permettent d'envisager la caractérisation quantitative des propriétés mécaniques à l'échelle de la paroi dans différentes conditions d'humidité.
Adili, Boutheina. "Croissance, fructification et régénération naturelle des peuplements artificiels de Pin pignon (Pinus pinea L.) au nord de la Tunisie." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856265.
Full textLaghdir, Aziz. "Modélisation de la fissuration en bout de grumes liée aux contraintes de croissance : application aux eucalyptus." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20079.
Full textDu, Huan. "Observation et modélisation de la croissance de Postia placenta : de l'échelle discrète de la colonie à l'échelle macroscopique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC022/document.
Full textThe use of bio-based materials in thermally efficient buildings raises the question of the sustainability mainly due to fungal degradation. Among the wood-decay fungi, Postia placenta is one of the most common brown rot fungi, which are the most destructive due to their rapid decaying mechanisms. This work focused on the experimental observation and the modeling of fungal growth at three successive scales: the mycelial network (discrete scale), mycelial growth in homogeneous media (continuous scale) and mycelial growth in porous media (macroscopic scale).The experimental observation of the growth of Postia placenta was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to quantify the different growth mechanisms and obtain the growth parameters. A discrete model has been derived from this observation and is capable of generating mycelial networks extremely similar to the observed ones. A continuous formulation based on a reaction diffusion equation was developed from the radial biomass density of a mycelial network obtained in the discrete model. This continuous formulation was then used to derive an equivalent macroscale model able to account for fungal development in porous media. Simulations were performed on various periodic porous media. The parameters of the macroscale model was identified on the macroscopic fields obtained by averaging the local field over one periodic unit cell
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Roignant, Jeanne. "Biologie de développement du bois en réponse à des sollicitations mécaniques environnementales." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC032/document.
Full textTrees have the ability to perceive daily mechanical stresses related to wind and to acclimate their growth and development accordingly. Wind essentially results in organs bending, in particular in branches and stem. Previous studies have shown that growth diameter of poplar stem increased in response to bending; mimicking wind mechanical effect. This growth increment goes along with a change in the structure of the wood formed under bending stimulation. This type of reaction wood has been described for some conifers and angiosperms species, and was called "flexure wood". Until now, its anatomical characteristics have been poorly described, and the molecular actors of its formation have never been investigated. In addition, in most of these previous studies the mechanical stresses applied to the stem were bidirectional bendings with an uncontrolled intensity. Because mechanical strains constitute the physical variable perceived by the plant, it appeared necessary to carefully control the bending amplitude applied to the stem. Thanks to an original experimental setup, we applied unidirectional bendings on young poplar stems, while controlling its intensity. This study showed that the strains are perceived at a local scale and that the secondary growth response was also local, leading to stem ovalization. We also distinguished the wood formed under tension we named “Tensile Flexure Wood” from the wood formed under compression we named “Compressive Flexure Wood”. The anatomical and molecular analyzes show that the strain intensity in absolute value is not enough to explain all the answers and that the sign (tension or compression) of these strains also plays a role. In trees stimulated by more frequent unidirectional bendings, growth and cell differentiation are modulated even differently, especially in the area under compression, bringing to the stem an adaptive benefit to the following solicitations. The CLE12.2 gene, which belongs to the CLAVATA gene family involved in meristematic regulation, has been shown to be mechanosensitive. Functional analysis of the CLE12.2 gene in transgenic plants with under- or overexpression of the gene allowed us to hypothesize that the CLE12.2 peptide is involved in the regulation of the cell-wall biosynthesis pathways. This work highlighted the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in wood formation and brings new knowledge for further studies on trees acclimation to wind
Hamada, Joël. "Effet de la variabilité intra et interspécifique du bois sur les procédés de traitement thermique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0254/document.
Full textIn the context of sustainable development which has seen the introduction of the biocides directive BPD 98/8/CE in the EU, innovative wood preservation practices such as Heat Treatment (HT) become relevant. Wood HT, also termed wood thermal modification, is a physical modification technology by which wood is heated at around 200 °C in an inert atmosphere. The main purpose of the treatment is to improve the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. Current studies on thermally modified wood (TMW) quality are focusing on treated material, on treatment conditions or on species effect on the end-product characteristics. Relatively little is known about the effect of intrinsic wood properties on its thermal modification. As wood properties vary especially under the influence of human activities through sylviculture, this thesis studied the effect of European oak and silver fir wood density and chemical composition on their thermal modification kinetic. An X rays computed tomography (CT) and densitometer were used to characterize wood samples. Boards were heat-treated by conduction under vacuum using a pilot furnace, whereas sawdust samples underwent thermo-gravimetric analysis under nitrogen. The analysis allowed finding intra- and interspecific variations, especially within growth rings and along radial direction (from pith to bark). Forest management impacted heat modification kinetic of the studied samples, especially in silver fir where fast grown wood was more sensitive to treatment. The finding will be used as additional information to the wood industry which will account for homogeneity of loadings destined to heat treatment
Klumpers, Johannes. "Le déterminisme de la couleur du bois de chêne : Etude sur les relations entre la couleur et des propriétés physiques, chimiques et anatomiques ainsi que des caractéristiques de croissance." ENGREF, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENGR0033.
Full textMarsden, Claire. "Bilans carbonés et hydriques de plantations à croissance rapide d'Eucalyptus : modélisation et extrapolation spatiale de la parcelle à la région." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10084/document.
Full textIndustrial Eucalyptus plantations are expanding rapidly in many tropical regions, and in particular in south-eastern Brazil. Their sustainability and environmental impact are an issue of concern, and questions have been raised regarding their carbon balance and effects on soil fertility and water ressources. This thesis addresses some of these questions, by studying the carbon, water and nitrogen balance of Eucalyptus plantations in São Paulo State.A process-based modelling approach was adopted, with the ultimate aim of application at the scale of large plantations. A first empirical approach was developed to estimate wood production on a spatial basis, involving the construction and interpretation of MODIS vegetation index time series on a set of Eucalyptus stands of contrasted age and productivity levels. The complete ecophysiological C-H2O-N cycling model "G'DAY" was then adapted for Brazilian plantations. Rotation-length simulations of C, H2O and N fluxes were carried out on the afore-mentioned set of plantation stands, either with or without the integration of leaf area index data obtained from MODIS reflectance time-series. The satellite time series carry useful information about the spatio-temporal variability of productivity, which is also well reproduced by the proposed ecophysiological model