Academic literature on the topic 'AIM-90'
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Journal articles on the topic "AIM-90"
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Kamberi, Lulzim, Ahmet Karabulut, Hajdin Citaku, Daut Gorani, and Arton Beqiri. "Incidence of Early Left Ventricular Thrombus and Stroke After Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Primary Coronary Intervention Era Compared to Conservative Treatment." Acta Informatica Medica 19, no. 2 (2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/aim.2011.19.88-90.
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Masic, Izet. "Acta Informatica Medica Journal Review in 2021." Acta Informatica Medica 30, no. 1 (2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/aim.2022.30.88-90.
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Acta Informatica Medica journal (www.actainformmed.org), as Biomedical Informatics journal, during past 30 years of existing played important role in distribution of knowledge and experience within this scientific field, by publishing contributions of the biomedical experts from worlwide and spreading of Biomedical informatics knowledge and experiences in scientific and academic community. Acta Informatica Medica journal has been founded in the year 1993 as official journal of Bosnian-Herzegovinan Society of Medical Informatics (BHSMI). In the year 2019 Acta Informatica Medica has been accepted as official journal of the European Federation for Medical Informatics (www.efmi.org), besides 3 other journals: International Journal of Medical Informatics, Methods of Information in Medicine and European Journal of Biomedical Informatics. Journal Acta Informatica Medica is abstracted and indexed in 30 on-line data bases, including Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Scopus, Embase, Hinari, etc. The journal follows the Guidelines and recommendations of ICJME, COPE, EASE, WAME, etc. as well as the recommendations of the “Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Journals”, accepted by 17 Editors of biomedical journals at “SWEP 2018” Conference held in Sarajevo and printed in the countries in South-Eastern Europe. The journal supports presentations at conferences held in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The abstract papers presented at “The Mediterranean Seminar on Science Writing, Editing and Publishing“ – “SWEP 2016”, “SWEP 2018”; “SWEP 2020” and “SWEP 2021”, also found its place in the journal, by which we met our goal of promoting science and scientific publication at the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina and other countries in the region. SCImago rank for 2021 announced the bibliometric list of the journals deposited in SCOPUS indexed database. On the list are 16 journals which are published in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and between them are 7 within biomedical sciences. Three highest are Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences - H-Index is 29, Medical Archives - H-Index is 26 and Acta Informatica Medica - H-Index is 24, etc. Acta Informatica Medical journal has Impact Score, Overall Ranking, h-index, SJR, Rating, Publisher updated on May 27, 2022: Impact Score - 1.87; h-Index - 24; Rank -12749 and SJR - 0.372.
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Muchtaridi, Muchtaridi, Elvan Kamal, Anas Subarnas, and Abdul Mutalib. "Application of Ion-Exchange Resin Column for Basic Development of Strontium-90/Yttrium-90 Generator for Preparation of Radiopharmaceutical Therapy." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.23581.
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The aim of this study is to examine the possible use of ion-exchange resin on Dowex AG 50x8 in separating Y-90 from Sr-90 which then could be applied in the basic of manufacture of producing Sr-90/Y-90 generator for the production of radiopharmaceutical cancer therapy. The findings showed that a distributive coefficient of Sr-90 and Y-90 with HCl 6 N solvent showed that distributive coefficient of Sr-90 in cation-exchange resin on Dowex 50x8 was greater than Y-90. Y-90 in HCl 6 N solvent was more easily eluted, while Sr-90 was bound to resin.. In conclusion, resin on Dowex AG 50x8 with HCl 6 N elution solvent might be able to separate Y-90 from Sr-90 as the basis for Sr-90/Y-90 generator.
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Narkhede, Devesh, Mayur Ajmera, and Quazi Ibtesaam Huma. "Prevalence of Hamstring Tightness in Nursing Students Using 90-90 SLR Test: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 12, no. 3 (2024): 4738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2024.117.
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Background: Flexibility is a range of movement available at a joint. Tightness of muscle is caused by a decline in the ability of muscle to disfigure. Hamstring tightness can lead to low back pain, bad posture, imbalances of muscles and knee pain. According to previously performed studies, prolonged sitting can be a factor that leads to hamstring tightness; therefore, we selected nursing students as a participant in the study who have a daily sitting time of 6-8 hours. Hence objective of the study is to find out the prevalence of hamstring tightness among nursing students. Aim: The study's aim was to find out if Nursing Students have hamstring tightness due to Prolonged Sitting using a 90-90 SLR test. Study design: Observational study. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 145 participants were included by verifying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consent was taken before evaluation. Hamstring tightness was measured by a 90-90 SLR test. After that, height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. After evaluating all participants, prevalence was calculated. Then, it was compared with BMI. Result: 20.68 per cent of participants had hamstring tightness. Conclusion: The result indicates that the prevalence of hamstring tightness is low in nursing students. KEYWORDS: Hamstring tightness, Nursing students, 90-90 SLR test, Body Mass Index.
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Heyer, Geoffrey L., Sara Q. Perkins, Sean C. Rose, Shawn C. Aylward, and JoEllen M. Lee. "Comparing patient and parent recall of 90-day and 30-day migraine disability using elements of the PedMIDAS and an Internet headache diary." Cephalalgia 34, no. 4 (2013): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102413508240.
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Aim The aim of this article is to compare 90-day and 30-day recall of Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS) elements and headache frequency against daily entries from an Internet headache diary among pediatric patients and their parents. Methods In a prospective cohort study, patients aged 10–18 years with episodic migraine or probable migraine completed a 90-day Internet-based headache diary that incorporated PedMIDAS questions. Following the 90-day diary period, patients and parents completed modified PedMIDAS instruments to assess 90-day and 30-day recall. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to measure recall reliability. The Kruskal-Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used to explore recall accuracy as it relates to each participant’s self-reported confidence in recall and to patient age. Results Fifty-two subjects completed 90 consecutive diary entries. Comparing 30-day to 90-day recall of PedMIDAS elements, ICC scores improved by 26.2% (patients) and 17.5% (parents). Patients had better recall than their parents for all study measures. Self-reported confidence in recall and patient age had limited and inconsistent effects on recall accuracy. Conclusion The optimal recall interval to assess migraine disability must balance recall accuracy with generalizability across a range of headache frequencies. When compared to daily diary entries, recall accuracy of PedMIDAS elements and headache frequency improves at 30 days compared to 90 days. Parent report of migraine disability should not be used as a replacement for patient report.
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Wawrzyk, Anna, Janina Poskrobko, Krystyna Guzińska, et al. "Analysis of the Surface of Historic Fabric from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum after Treatment with Ethanol Mist Used to Eliminate Microorganisms Harmful to Human Health." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102323.
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Aim: the aim of the work was to present the changes occurring on the model and historical cotton surface of cotton resulting from disinfection with 90% ethanol mist. Materials and methods: Samples of historical materials consisted of fabric elements from suitcases stored in A-BSM. A mist of 90% ethanol was applied for 15 s at a distance of 16 cm from the surface. The spectra of cotton samples before and after ethanol application were recorded using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Analyses of the surface layers were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results: the decontamination performed did not show any significant differences in the chemical composition and surface structure of cotton before and after the use of 90% ethanol mist. Conclusions: Ethanol mist, which eliminates microorganisms from the historical surface, does not cause significant changes to the surface of historical objects.
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Mendez-Rebolledo, Guillermo, Amanda L. Ager, Diana Ledezma, Julieta Montanez, Juan Guerrero-Henriquez, and Carlos Cruz-Montecinos. "Role of active joint position sense on the upper extremity functional performance tests in college volleyball players." PeerJ 10 (June 9, 2022): e13564. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13564.
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Background It has been well established that proprioception plays a decisive role in shoulder stability and sport performance. Notwithstanding, there is a lack of clear association between active joint position sense (AJPS) and the performance of upper-extremity functional performance tests. The aim of this study was to determine whether the AJPS of the shoulder complex is associated with the performance of college volleyball players with the following functional tests: Y-Balance Test-Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), and Seated Medicine Ball Throw (SMBT). The secondary aim was to investigate whether the magnitude of the proprioception error through the AJPS had the ability to act as a predictor for functional test scores. Methods Cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling. Healthy college volleyball players (≥12 h of training/week), 30 males and 22 females, between 18 and 26 years of age were included. AJPS of the shoulder (90° of flexion (90°Flex), 90° of internal rotation at 90° of abduction (90°IR/ABD), 90° of external rotation at 90° of abduction (90°ER/ABD)) and three upper-extremity functional performance tests (YBT-UQ, CKCUEST and SMBT) were assessed. A Pearson’s test and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine possible associations and relationships between outcome measures, respectively. Results The analysis revealed that AJPS at 90°IR/ABD and 90°ER/ABD were the only proprioceptive variables with an association to the YBT-UQ and SMBT. Despite these relationships, only the AJPS at 90°IR/ABD was associated with the performance of the YBT-UQ in; superolateral direction (β = −0.7; 95% CI [−1.3 to 0.1]; p = 0.025); inferolateral direction (β = −1.5; 95% CI [−2.1 to −0.8]; p = 0.001); and composite score (β = −0.8; 95% CI [−1.3 to −0.3]; p = 0.002). From these, AJPS at 90°IR/ABD mainly explained the variability of YBT-UQ (inferolateral direction) performance (R2 = 0.32; %R2 = 0.32). Our findings allow for a possible expanded role for proprioception as a contributing factor in upper limb motor control during functional movements. Further research is required to explore and distinguish the associations between proprioception, motor control and sport performance involving the upper limbs.
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MACHROWSKA, Anna, Robert KARPIŃSKI, Przemysław KRAKOWSKI, and Józef JONAK. "DIAGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR OPENED AND CLOSED KINEMATIC CHAIN OF VIBROARTHROGRAPHY SIGNALS." Applied Computer Science 15, no. 3 (2019): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2019-19.
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The paper presents results of preliminary research of vibroarthrography signals recorded from one healthy volunteer. The tests were carried out for the open and closed kinematic chain in the range of motion 90° - 0° - 90°. Analysis included initial signal filtration using the EMD algorithm. The aim was to investigate the occurrence of differences in the values of selected energy and statistical parameters for the cases studied.
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Arslan, Nuri, Mustafa Emi, Engin Alagöz, et al. "Selective intraarterial radionuclide therapy with yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres for hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: Initial experience at a single center." Vojnosanitetski pregled 68, no. 4 (2011): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1104341a.
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Background/Aim. Selective intraarterial radionuclide therapy (SIRT) with Yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres is also known as radioembolization and delivers high doses of radiation to hepatic tumors with minimum healthy liver exposure. The aim of this study was to present our preliminary experience in the role of liver directed radiotherapy with Y-90 microspheres for the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Methods. The results of SIRT in 10 patients (5 males, 5 females; mean age 48.7 years; age range 24-73 years) with metastatic liver disease from NETs during the period from April 2008 through August 2010 were reviewed. All patients had meticulous pre- and post-imaging studies as a part of their work-up procedure, as well as serologic tests of liver function to determine the extent of liver function damage. The patients who were eligible for SIRT had pretreatment visceral angiography to define and occlude non-target arteries. Results. The mean ? SD administered SIR-Spheres? activity was 1.49 ? 0.42 GBq (range 0.72-2.21 GBq) in all the patients. These treatments delivered a dose of 99.73 ? 66.36 Gy (range 49- 420.8 Gy) to the target tumors. The estimated dose to the lungs and normal liver was 4.45 ? 1.95 Gy (range 2.4-8.5 Gy) and 26.73 ? 14.19 Gy (range 5-58.9 Gy), respectively. Overall response rate of 90% and patient tolerance was satisfactory for most patients. Conclusion. From our limited experience, we can conclude that SIRT with Y-90 microspheres is a safe and efficacious treatment option for patients with liver metastasis of NET without any serious side effects.
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Hrytsevych, Nazar R., and Volodymyr V. Vereschaka. "FEATURES OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SKIN OF WHITE RATS 60 AND 90 DAYS AFTER MODELING OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 9 (2021): 2197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202109130.
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The aim: The aim of the research was to study the features of the ultrastructure of the skin of white rats 60 and 90 days after modeling of portal hypertension. Materials and methods: The investigations were performed on male white nonlinear rats. The animals of the first (control) group underwent a sham operation. In rats of the second group, portal hypertension was simulated by applying a ligature to the portal vein. 60 and 90 days after the start of the experiment, a biopsy was taken from the anterior abdominal wall for electron microscopy research. Results: It was shown that skin in intact animals (control group) was of typical structure before beginning of experiment and 60 and 90 days after a sham operation. 60 days after the start of the experiment, we found severe edema of the basal and spinous layer of the epidermis, breakdown of intercellular contacts, edema of endotheliocytes, their perivascular edema, leukocytes infiltration, edema of mitochondria and lysosomes. 90 days after the start of the experiment, ultrastructural changes in the skin were more pronounced. Ultrastructural changes of microvessels were characterized by narrowed lumen. Endothelial cells had significant edema. Conclusions: Тhe data obtained should be taken into account when performing surgical interventions to prevent complications in the formation of the scar.
Books on the topic "AIM-90"
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McGregor, Evan. Aim High Habit Tracker: Achieve Your Goals in 90 Days or Less. Independently Published, 2019.
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Smith, Sam. Aim High Habit Tracker: Achieve Your Goals in 90 Days or Less. Independently Published, 2019.
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Bull's-Eye Puzzles: 90 Wordplay Teasers That Aim to Tickle Your Brain. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2013.
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Jensen, Lene Arnett, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676049.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development: An Interdisciplinary Perspective provides a comprehensive, international, and up-to-date review of research on moral development. It is organized into four sections: Moral Motives, Moral Behaviors, Contexts of Moral Development, and Applications and Policies. Across more than 40 chapters, the handbook provides a broad view of moral motives and behaviors, ontogeny and developmental pathways, and contexts that children, adolescents, and adults experience with respect to morality. More than 90 authors from disciplines such as anthropology, education, human development, psychology, and sociology address moral development through the entire life course among diverse groups within and across countries. They review the accumulated knowledge of moral development while also engaging with today’s exciting and challenging research issues. The aim of the handbook is to contribute to the revitalization and flourishing of the field of moral development.
Book chapters on the topic "AIM-90"
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Piepenbrock, Jelle, Tom Heskes, Mikoláš Janota, and Josef Urban. "Guiding an Automated Theorem Prover with Neural Rewriting." In Automated Reasoning. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_35.
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AbstractAutomated theorem provers (ATPs) are today used to attack open problems in several areas of mathematics. An ongoing project by Kinyon and Veroff uses Prover9 to search for the proof of the Abelian Inner Mapping (AIM) Conjecture, one of the top open conjectures in quasigroup theory. In this work, we improve Prover9 on a benchmark of AIM problems by neural synthesis of useful alternative formulations of the goal. In particular, we design the 3SIL (stratified shortest solution imitation learning) method. 3SIL trains a neural predictor through a reinforcement learning (RL) loop to propose correct rewrites of the conjecture that guide the search.3SIL is first developed on a simpler, Robinson arithmetic rewriting task for which the reward structure is similar to theorem proving. There we show that 3SIL outperforms other RL methods. Next we train 3SIL on the AIM benchmark and show that the final trained network, deciding what actions to take within the equational rewriting environment, proves 70.2% of problems, outperforming Waldmeister (65.5%). When we combine the rewrites suggested by the network with Prover9, we prove 8.3% more theorems than Prover9 in the same time, bringing the performance of the combined system to 90%.
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Sassa, Kyoji, and Matjaž Mikoš. "Introduction: Aim and Outline of the Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology”." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_1.
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AbstractThe Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk (Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020: KLC2020) was launched on 5 November 2020 by the adoption of 2020 Kyoto Declaration in the end of the launching session of the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020. The KLC2020 was signed by 90 worldwide partners. On 3 November 2021, during the 5th World Landslide Forum (WLF5) held in a hybrid mode (onsite, online-virtual, and pre-recorded modes) in Kyoto, Japan, the ICL and the KLC2020 partners launched the new open-access book series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology” to promote the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk. This article introduces the aim and outline of the new book series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology.”
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Borca, Bianca, Lisa-Maria Putz, and Bernhard Bieringer. "Container Barge Design to Optimize Hinterland Transport in Europe." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_71.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to develop and evaluate new design options for barges for the economically viable transport of 45’ standard high-cube containers. Special attention was given to the potential performance of the new designs for navigation during low water periods on the Danube. To reach this aim, a four-step approach was conducted: first, a literature review was conducted, second, a scenario was selected leading to defined waterways and goods, third, the results were visualized, and fourth, the design options were evaluated. The research resulted in six design options for barges optimized for accommodating 45’ standard high-cube containers. The barges should serve the Danube stretch between Enns/Austria and Giurgiu/Romania. A major conclusion is that which of the six barge designs fits best depends on the business case, since each of the options have several advantages and disadvantages which have to be investigated such as a different loading capacity. A barge being able to carry between 24 and 90’ standard high cube containers.
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Monaco, Giulia. "Il Laurenziano Pluteo 42, 3 e la tradizione caratterizzante del Decameron." In Intorno a Boccaccio / Boccaccio e dintorni 2020. Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-510-3.06.
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The aim of this article is to illustrate the most relevant results of the philological and textual analysis that I accomplished on a witness of Boccaccio’s Decameron, MS. Firenze, Bibl. Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 42, 3. The work consisted in an integral collation, based on two Giornate and some loci critici, between Plut. 42, 3 and the most authoritative tradition of Decameron (MSS. Berlin, Staatsbibl., Ham. 90, Paris, Bibl. nationale de France, It. 482 and Firenze, Bibl. Med. Laur., Plut. 42, 1). On one hand, the purpose of this work is to demonstrate that the text transmitted by Plut. 42, 3 is contaminated and altered by errors and innovations, therefore unusable for a new critical edition of the work; on the other hand, it leads us to an investigation into the existence of a «characterizing tradition» of Decameron.
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Sassen, Barbara. "Verpleegkundigen & van triple aim naar quadruple aim." In Verplegen vanuit ambitie. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2604-4_27.
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van Goor, Jaap Noothoven. "The Realisation of the AIM Programme." In Medical Informatics Europe ’90. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51659-7_146.
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Smeets, Peter J. A. M. "Context, aim and method." In Expedition agroparks. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-719-6_1.
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Yamori, Wataru. "Strategies for Engineering Photosynthesis for Enhanced Plant Biomass Production." In Rice Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_2.
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AbstractCrop productivity would have to increase by 60–110% compared with the 2005 level by 2050 to meet both the food and energy demands of the growing population. Although more than 90% of crop biomass is derived from photosynthetic products, photosynthetic improvements have not yet been addressed by breeding. Thus, it has been considered that enhancing photosynthetic capacity is considered a promising approach for increasing crop yield. Now, we need to identify the specific targets that would improve leaf photosynthesis to realize a new Green Revolution. This chapter summarizes the various genetic engineering approaches that can be used to enhance photosynthetic capacity and crop productivity. The targets considered for the possible candidates include Rubisco, Rubisco activase, enzymes of the Calvin–Benson cycle, and CO2 transport, as well as photosynthetic electron transport. Finally, it describes the importance of considering ways to improve photosynthesis not under the stable environmental conditions already examined in many studies with the aim of improving photosynthetic capacity, but under natural conditions in which various environmental factors, and especially irradiation, continually fluctuate.
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Tran, Quang Duy, and Fabio Di Troia. "Word Embeddings for Fake Malware Generation." In Silicon Valley Cybersecurity Conference. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24049-2_2.
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AbstractSignature and anomaly-based techniques are the fundamental methods to detect malware. However, in recent years this type of threat has advanced to become more complex and sophisticated, making these techniques less effective. For this reason, researchers have resorted to state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to combat the threat of information security. Nevertheless, despite the integration of the machine learning models, there is still a shortage of data in training that prevents these models from performing at their peak. In the past, generative models have been found to be highly effective at generating image-like data that are similar to the actual data distribution. In this paper, we leverage the knowledge of generative modeling on opcode sequences and aim to generate malware samples by taking advantage of the contextualized embeddings from BERT. We obtained promising results when differentiating between real and generated samples. We observe that generated malware has such similar characteristics to actual malware that the classifiers are having difficulty in distinguishing between the two, in which the classifiers falsely identify the generated malware as actual malware almost $$90\%$$ of the time.
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Schweitzer, Reinhard. "Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91731-9_1.
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AbstractWhat happens in institutions like schools or hospitals when local service provision overlaps with the control of national borders? Such overlap is unavoidable if unlawful residents are to be excluded from mainstream public services. With this explicit aim, governments not only modify the rules and established practices of welfare provision, but also encourage the people who administer and deliver these services to incorporate the logic of immigration control into their everyday work. To identify and better understand the concrete mechanisms that either help or hinder such internalisation of immigration control, this study systematically compares three spheres of service provision – healthcare, education and social assistance – across two distinctive legal-political environments: Barcelona/Spain and London/UK. Looking at official policies as well as their implementation, it primarily draws on a total of almost 90 semi-structured interviews with irregular residents, providers and administrators of local services, and representatives of NGOs and local government. Its innovative analytical framework helps to map and explain the significant variation in how immigration control works within different institutions and how individual actors occupying key positions in these can reproduce, contest, or readjust formal structures of inclusion and exclusion.
Conference papers on the topic "AIM-90"
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Powell, C. A., and H. T. Michels. "Copper-Nickel Alloys for Seawater Corrosion Resistance and Antifouling-A State of the Art Review." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00627.
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Abstract This review describes the behaviour of the 90-10 and 70-30 copper-nickel alloys, which were developed for and have been used extensively in seawater applications for over half a century. It provides an assessment of the corrosion resisting characteristics and also the inherent biofouling resistance of the alloys with the aim of learning from past experiences and ensuring good commissioning and operational practices for future use.
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Schleich, Wilhelm, Ralf Feser, and Werner Siedlarek. "Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CUNI 90/10 in Chlorinated Seawater under Stagnating Conditions." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07261.
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Abstract The copper-nickel alloy CuNi 90/10 has been extensively used on different marine engineering structures. Its main application is piping for seawater handling and heat exchangers. Regardless of the macro fouling resistance of the material, seawater is often chlorinated. As there is only limited information available about the effect of chlorination on the corrosion rate of copper-nickel, a systematic approach is required to understand the effect of free chlorine on its corrosion behavior. The aim of the first part of this project has been the characterization of the electrochemical behavior of CuNi 90/10 in chlorinated seawater under stagnating conditions at room temperature. The results were obtained in synthetic seawater containing up to 5 ppm free chlorine using fresh and pre-exposed samples. Testing involved free corrosion potential and polarization resistance measurements, cathodic and anodic po-larization as well as gravimetric and metallographic examinations. The data obtained did not reveal a distinct relationship between corrosion behavior and the free chlorine concentration. Instead, the corrosion rate was found to decrease with increasing formation of oxide layers. This fact underlines a clear advantage of CuNi 90/10 versus high alloy materials in applications where the presence of chlorine is often combined with high seawater temperatures. The data obtained is being used as the basis for a second part of the project, which compares chlorination under erosive conditions with previously reported data. This will be used to validate current practical service recommendations.
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Allo, Bartolomeus Rante, and Yosta Laurentius Ngganggu. "Green Technology Implementation: Manufacture and Utilization of Coconut Liquid Bioethanol in Lawn Mowers." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED TECHNOLOGY 2024. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-oupf2n.
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The manufacturing industry should implement green technologies to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency. The use of bioethanol as an alternative fuel is one example of a successful green technology. This article discusses the use of green technology by making bioethanol from coconut liquid and testing it on a lawn mower. The aim of this experiment is to produce bioethanol from coconut liquor, which can be used as an environmentally friendly fuel. The results show that coconut liquid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly fuel alternative. The lawn mower uses a fuel mixture of pertalite and bioethanol, consisting of 90% pertalite fuel and 10% coconut liquid bioethanol. The tool used to produce coconut liquid bioethanol can produce a maximum bioethanol content of 38%.
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Olaison, Magnus, Katarina Persson, and Ulf Kivisäkk. "Recent H2S Corrosion Tests of Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05742.
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Abstract A recently developed hyper duplex material, UNS S33207, characterized by high strength and excellent localized corrosion resistance, can be utilized as downhole tubing, for raw seawater injection, in umbilicals and for other applications where high strength combined with high chloride induced corrosion resistance is needed as the material has a Pitting Resistant Equivalent number (PRE) minimum of 50. For tubes with a wall thickness larger than 4 mm the minimum yield strength is 700 MPa (100 ksi). Currently the limit of H2S for super duplex material with PRE 40 to 45 in NACE MR0175 is 20 kPa (3 psi) H2S. Previously published data established that UNS S33207 passed C-ring testing at 90°C with 3 psi H2S. However, the limit for UNS S33207 performances in a sour environment was not defined and the aim of this work is to investigate how UNS S33207 performs at higher H2S partial pressures than the present limit in the NACE MR0175 standard for super duplex. Stress corrosion cracking experiments were performed on UNS S33207 in different H2S environments containing low pH levels. The tests were conducted based on NACE TM0177 using constant strain four point bend (4-PB) loaded at 100% of AYS as well as constant load at 90% of AYS, both at 90°C. No cracks were observed in the constant load specimens after testing at a partial pressure of 35 kPa (5 psi) H2S with 25% NaCl and at 52 kPa (7.5 psi) H2S, 15% NaCl. Slight localized corrosion was observed at 7.5 psi H2S. No cracks or corrosion was observed after testing using four point bend even at 55kPa (8 psi) partial pressure of H2S and 25% NaCl concentration. These results are set in relation to the limits in NACE MR0175.
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Hillenbrand, H. G., and R. K. Pöpperling. "HFI Welded Pipe for Sour Service Results of Laboratory and Full Scale Tests." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93166.
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Abstract HFI welded pipes for distribution and service lines offer advantages in terms of better tolerances and higher strength over seamless pipe and in terms of suitability for sour service including high toughness in the weld area over conventional ERW pipe. The realization of the aim of the production of a thin wall line pipe for sour gas applications from homogeneous, finegrained steel with low degree of segregation of alloying elements needs special measures to be taken in all production steps, like selection of a steel with specific composition, use of a rigid continuous casting machine, rolling and accelerated cooling process during strip production and double induction heat treatment of the seam weld region following the high frequency welding. To prove the suitability of thin wall HFI pipes for sour service, different laboratory and full scale tests were performed using the conservative environment according to NACE Standard TM 0177-90, method A.
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de Sousa, Flavio V. Vasques, Merlin C. E. Bandeira, Oscar Rosa Mattos, Carlos J. B. M. Joia, and Fabricio P. dos Santos. "Laboratory Test to Evaluate Lean Duplex UNS S32101 and UNS S32304 Flexible Pipe Carcass at Sour Service." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09622.
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Abstract The systematic studies to evaluate the corrosion resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) and crevice corrosion susceptibility of UNS S30400 and S31603 carcass material showed that serviceability limits to these materials can be extended to: 60°C, 1%H2S 99%CO2, pH>4.0, 60,000ppm Cl-. Notwithstanding, the present field conditions at Campos Basin is still less aggressive than the new serviceability limits just mentioned, but the oil production scenarios may change to more aggressive environments in a near future. Therefore, the test program was extended to lean duplex stainless steel, such as UNS S32101 and S32304. The aim of this test program is to provide technical data to support the replacement of austenitic flexible pipe carcass, at Campos Basin, by low cost materials with suitable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when the field conditions turn too aggressive to carcass materials in operation. According to results presented herein, in the range of 70 to 90 °C, up to 4% H2S, 96%CO2, 120,000 ppm Cl- and pH>3.8 the UNS S32101 and UNS S32304 are not susceptible to SSC or any other type of localized corrosion, pits or crevice corrosion.
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Rossi, Stefano, Luiz G. Ecco, Michele Fedel, and Flavio Deflorian. "Influence of the Deposition Parameters on the Properties of Electrophoretic Acrylic Paints." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07448.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Steel is generally coated with the purpose of improved anticorrosive protection and aesthetic properties. In the early 90’s, few strict environmental protection regulations boosted the replacement of the traditional solventborne coatings and consequently development of waterborne paint technologies. In this view, the aim of the present work is the study of the cathodic electrodeposition of a waterborne acrylic binder in presence of different color pigments considering the effect on the aesthetic properties of the coated panels in function of accelerated exposure. Essentially, the activity was divided into two stages. First of all the optimization of the deposition parameters was carried out in order to obtain, in terms of thickness and physical barrier property, a suitable coating layer without the pigments. Next, the influence of pigments incorporation into the bath on the aesthetic properties during UV-B radiation exposure was studied. The film thicknesses were found about 20 μm. Preliminary estimations of the anticorrosive properties using electrochemical test have shown a quasi-capacitive behaviour of the paint. The magnitudes of the |Z|0.01Hz have been verified in the order of 1011 Ohm.cm2 for about two weeks of immersion indicating a good corrosion protection properties. After 500 hours under UV-B radiation, changes were verified on both, the coatings morphology and chemical structure.
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Groysman, Alec. "The Role of Corrosion Management in Prevention of Corrosion Failures." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07252.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze the role of corrosion management in prevention of corrosion accidents related primarily to safety of personnel and the environment. Corrosion management includes planning actions for corrosion mitigation and prevention. This is achieved by use of anti-corrosion measures, corrosion monitoring, regular inspection, study of each accident, implementation of meetings, publications of minutes, education, and knowledge transfer. Many corrosion failures are caused by mismanagement in corrosion policy. The reasons of inevitability of corrosion failures and ways for their decreasing are analyzed. Humans are responsible in 65-90% of corrosion cases occurring in different industries. The human factor is a key issue in corrosion management and reducing corrosion accidents. The reasons of humans` mistakes are the lack of awareness, education, knowledge, and training, incorrect design, insufficient control and supervision, lack of motivation and incentives to reduce corrosion risk, and wrong operation. It is suggested to establish legislation about corrosion management on the state and federal levels, improve education of students, experienced engineers, educators, and managers, and knowledge transfer. Penalties of management can force them to put more attention on corrosion problems and make it priority issue in technical and economic policy at enterprises.
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Groysman, Alec, Naphtali Brodsky, Joseph Pener, and Dmitry Shmulevich. "Low Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Study." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07569.
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Abstract The aim of this work is to define the corrosiveness of naphthenic acids and to examine a non-phosphorus corrosion inhibitor for low temperature (~ 200°C) naphthenic acid corrosion. Corrosiveness of NA is a function of their molecular weight (boiling point), and temperature. Corrosiveness of seven pure NA, twelve aliphatic and two aromatic organic acids, and fractions of NA distilled from industrial NA mixtures of three suppliers “F”, “A”, and “M”, was examined at their boiling points and at 195°C. Corrosion rates of carbon steel in contact with boiling aliphatic organic acids were 12 to 90 mm/year, but in pure boiling NA were 100 to 400 mm/year. Two aliphatic organic acids, heptanoic and nonanoic, showed corrosiveness similar to pure NA with corrosion rates 179 and 195 mm/year, respectively. Two aromatic hydrocinnamic (benzenepropanoic) and 6-phenylhexanoic acids showed extremely high corrosiveness in carbon steel: 646 and 638 mm/year respectively. The corrosiveness of the fractions from “F”, “A”, and “M” showed a maximum at about 300°C. Correlation between total acid number (TAN) and corrosiveness of NA fractions was not found. An industrial sulfur-based corrosion inhibitor showed lower efficiency (80 to 85%) than the phosphorus inhibitor (94 to 99%) and did not deteriorate catalyst activity and fuel quality.
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Zadorozne, Natalia S., Martín A. Rodríguez, Ricardo M. Carranza, Nacéra Sabrina Meck, and Raul B. Rebak. "Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo and Ni-Mo-Cr Alloys in Different Metallurgical Conditions." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10236.
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Abstract Ni-Cr-Mo alloys offer an outstanding corrosion resistance in a variety of highly-corrosive environments. This versatility is due to the beneficial effects of Cr and Mo in oxidizing and non-oxidizing conditions, respectively. Alloy 22 (Ni-22%Cr-13%Mo-3%W) is a well known member of this family, while alloys Ni21Cr17Mo and Ni15Cr22Mo have been introduced recently. Alloy Ni21Cr17Mo is age hardenable and Alloy Ni15Cr22Mo is able to deal with reducing acids with oxidizing species. Aging of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys lead to different microstructure changes depending on the temperature range. A long range ordering reaction occurs between of 350°C and 600°C, producing an ordered Ni2(Cr,Mo) phase. Tetrahedral close packed phases precipitate at grain boundaries in the range of 600°C to 1100°C. The aim of the present work was to compare the corrosion rate and the crevice corrosion susceptibility of Ni-Cr-Mo alloys in different metallurgical conditions when exposed to chloride solutions at 90°C. All the tested alloys showed similar corrosion rates in 1M NaCl. In 1M HCl solution, Alloy Ni15Cr22Mo had the best performance. The corrosion rate in 1M HCl and the crevice corrosion resistance in 1M NaCl of the alloys were determined by their Mo content. As the Mo content increased, the corrosion rate decreased, and the resistance to crevice corrosion increased.
Reports on the topic "AIM-90"
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Soontaros, Suganya, Wenika Benjapong, Ahnond Bunyaratvej, and Kovit Pattanapanyasat. Effect of lead on human erythroid precursor cells. Chulalongkorn University, 2002. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2002.31.
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The mechanism of lead toxicity in human erythroid precursor cells (EPCs) is the main aim of this research. Abnormal development of EPCs, the imma red blood cells, may involve with lead induced anemia. Human EPCs, the model in this study, were prepared by two-phase liquid culture (TPLC) technique. Highly purified EPCs (>90%) and substantial numbers of the cells (30.46 +-19.48x10[superscript 6] cells/blood unit) were obtained from this technique. By using TPLC system, the early stage of EPCs obtained on day 7 of secondary phase were cultured in the presence of lead acetate. Morphological study showed that lead could inhibit EPC survival by inducing the cell cytolysis and apoptosis. The inhibition was time and dose-dependent. Marked effect of lead on EPC survival was at lead acetate concentration >= 1ppm. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect apoptotic cells by monitoring the binding of fluorescence labeled annexin V to phosphatidylserine on the outer memberane of apoptotic cells. The study showed that lead could induce apoptosis in EPCs in time and dose-dependent manner at lead concentration >=1 ppm. These findings suggest new aspect of lead inducted anemia besides the impairment of hemoglobin synthesis and shortened life span of erythrocytes, lead induced apoptosis in human EPCs resulting in the inhibition of EPC survival may ne another mechanism of lead induced anemia.
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Albert, Jose Ramon, Aniceto Jr Orbeta, Kris Ann Melad, and Mohammad Mahmoud. https://pids.gov.ph/publication/discussion-papers/is-the-4ps-targeting-and-reaching-the-right-beneficiaries-an-assessment-of-the-veracity-of-the-list-of-pantawid-pamilya-4ps-beneficiaries. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.27.
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This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program's (4Ps) beneficiary targeting system, called the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) or Listahanan, since the program's institutionalization under Republic Act 11310 in 2019. Conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) as mandated by law, this research examines both the accuracy of beneficiary information and the effectiveness of the program's targeting mechanisms in reaching intended beneficiaries. Through a dual-component analysis examining both data veracity and targeting effectiveness, the study evaluates how well the 4Ps identifies and reaches poor households while maintaining accurate beneficiary records. The study combines extensive primary data collection through a nationwide survey with sophisticated statistical analysis of the targeting accuracy, providing a comprehensive assessment of the program's beneficiary identification and management systems. Key findings reveal both strengths and challenges in the program's implementation. While static demographic information maintains high consistency rates (e.g., household address consistency at 90-94%), dynamic information such as employment and educational status shows notably lower consistency (e.g., employment status consistency at 71-76%). The analysis demonstrates strong progressive targeting conducted through a proxy means test, with 71.9% of 4Ps beneficiaries coming from the bottom three income deciles, though significant urban-rural variations exist (e.g., 27% of rural beneficiaries fall into the poorest decile compared to 7.9% in urban areas). These findings point to specific areas for systematic improvement in both targeting methodology and information management systems. The study's recommendations aim to enhance both the precision of beneficiary targeting and the reliability of program information systems, ultimately supporting more effective poverty reduction through improved program implementation. These findings have significant implications for policy refinement and operational improvements in one of the Philippines' flagship social protection programs.
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Shiihi, Solomon, U. G. Okafor, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Improving the Outcome of GMP Inspections by Improving Proficiency of Inspectors through Consistent GMP Trainings. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317433.
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Approximately 90% of the pharmaceutical inspectors in a pharmacy practice regulatory agency in West Africa have not updated their training on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection in at least eight years. However, in the last two years the inspectors relied on learning-on-the job skills. During this time, the agency introduced about 17% of its inspectors to hands-on GMP trainings. GMP is the part of quality assurance that ensures the production or manufacture of medicinal products is consistent in order to control the quality standards appropriate for their intended use as required by the specification of the product. Inspection reports on the Agency’s GMP inspection format in-between 2013 to 2019 across the six geopolitical zones in the country were reviewed retrospectively for gap analysis. Sampling was done in two phases. During the first phase sampling of reports was done by random selection, using a stratified sampling method. In the second phase, inspectors from the Regulatory Agency from different regions were contacted on phone to send in four reports each by email. For those that forwarded four reports, two, were selected. However for those who forwarded one or two, all were considered. Also, the Agency’s inspection format/checklist was compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) GMP checklist and the GMP practice observed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reporting skills and the ability of inspectors to interpret findings vis-à-vis their proficiency in inspection activities hence the efficiency of the system. Secondly, the study seeks to establish shortfalls or adequacies of the Agency’s checklist with the aim of reviewing and improving in-line with best global practices. It was observed that different inspectors have different styles and methods of writing reports from the same check-list/inspection format, leading to non-conformances. Interpretations of findings were found to be subjective. However, it was also observed that inspection reports from the few inspectors with the hands-on training in the last two year were more coherent. This indicates that pharmaceutical inspectors need to be trained regularly to increase their knowledge and skills in order to be kept on the same pace. It was also observed that there is a slight deviation in placing sub indicators under the GMP components in the Agency’s GMP inspection format, as compared to the WHO checklist.
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Agarwal, Smisha, Madhu Jalan, Holly C. Wilcox, et al. Evaluation of Mental Health Mobile Applications. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb41.
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Background. Mental health mobile applications (apps) have the potential to expand the provision of mental health and wellness services to traditionally underserved populations. There is a lack of guidance on how to choose wisely from the thousands of mental health apps without clear evidence of safety, efficacy, and consumer protections. Purpose. This Technical Brief proposes a framework to assess mental health mobile applications with the aim to facilitate selection of apps. The results of applying the framework will yield summary statements on the strengths and limitations of the apps and are intended for use by providers and patients/caregivers. Methods. We reviewed systematic reviews of mental health apps and reviewed published and gray literature on mental health app frameworks, and we conducted four Key Informant group discussions to identify gaps in existing mental health frameworks and key framework criteria. These reviews and discussions informed the development of a draft framework to assess mental health apps. Iterative testing and refinement of the framework was done in seven successive rounds through double application of the framework to a total of 45 apps. Items in the framework with an interrater reliability under 90 percent were discussed among the evaluation team for revisions of the framework or guidance. Findings. Our review of the existing frameworks identified gaps in the assessment of risks that users may face from apps, such as privacy and security disclosures and regulatory safeguards to protect the users. Key Informant discussions identified priority criteria to include in the framework, including safety and efficacy of mental health apps. We developed the Framework to Assist Stakeholders in Technology Evaluation for Recovery (FASTER) to Mental Health and Wellness and it comprises three sections: Section 1. Risks and Mitigation Strategies, assesses the integrity and risk profile of the app; Section 2. Function, focuses on descriptive aspects related to accessibility, costs, organizational credibility, evidence and clinical foundation, privacy/security, usability, functions for remote monitoring of the user, access to crisis services, and artificial intelligence (AI); and Section 3. Mental Health App Features, focuses on specific mental health app features, such as journaling and mood tracking. Conclusion. FASTER may be used to help appraise and select mental health mobile apps. Future application, testing, and refinements may be required to determine the framework’s suitability and reliability across multiple mental health conditions, as well as to account for the rapidly expanding applications of AI, gamification, and other new technology approaches.
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.
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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Progress Report (2013-2014) of the MDB Working Group on Sustainable Transport. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006460.
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1. In June 2012, at the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, our eight Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) delivered a joint statement Commitment to Sustainable Transport (hereafter the Rio+20 Commitment). The aim was to draw attention to the critical role that transport plays in sustainable development, and to make clear our commitment to increase support for more sustainable transport in developing countries. 2. Building on our collective history of support for transport, the Rio+20 Commitment outlined our expectation to provide more than $175 billion of loans and grants for transport in developing countries over the coming decade (2012-2022). Increasingly, this funding will support more sustainable transport projects transport that is accessible, affordable, efficient, financially sustainable, environmentally friendly, and safe. 3. In the second year of the Rio+20 Commitment (2013), our eight MDBs approved approximately $25 billion for transport projects. Combined with the $20 billion approved in the first year of our Commitment (2012), we are on target to meet our goal of $175 billion in support for more sustainable transport in developing countries over the ten-year commitment period. 4. This $25 billion in funding represented more than 200 approvals, including: 115 for roads; 39 for urban transport; 24 for rail; 13 for airports; 5 for inland waterway and maritime projects. 5. In addition, more than 90 technical assistance projects were approved. These efforts seek to support policy development, research, and capacity building efforts. 6. The Rio+20 Commitment includes a commitment to report annually on our sustainable transport-related lending. Under a common reporting framework, our institutions have made progress in assessing the sustainability of our transport lending, in economic, social and environmental terms. 7. For 2013, four of our eight MDBs have completed the assessment of the sustainability of their entire transport lending, up from two in the year before. Other MDBs have conducted sustainability assessments for a number of projects, in preparation for wider application in subsequent years. 8. 2015 marks several important milestones in international processes, which are directly relevant to sustainable transport. These include completion of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Second Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety to mark the mid-year of the United Nations Decade of Action on Road Safety. Our MDBs, in close coordination with our client countries and development partners, will work further in support of these processes.